Turning toward Edication Foreigners in Chosŏn Korea Adam Bohnet ‘ © University of Hawai‘i Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America University of Hawai‘i Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Council on Library Resources. Cover art: Hummel, Arthur W., Sr. Jilin Yu Tu. [Between and , ] Map. https://www.loc.gov/item/gm/. is book is published as part of the Sustainable History Monograph Pilot. With the generous support of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the Pilot uses cutting-edge publishing technology to produce open access digital editions of high-quality, peer-reviewed monographs from leading university presses. Free digital editions can be downloaded from: Books at JSTOR, EBSCO, Hathi Trust, Internet Archive, OAPEN, Project MUSE, and many other open repositories. 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Acknowledgments ix Reigns of Chosŏn Kings xiii Map of the Korean Peninsula with Chosŏn Provinces xiv Introduction ­ Foreign Communities in Early Chosŏn ­ Civilizing Barbarians and Rebellious Allies: Japanese Defectors and Ming Deserters during the Imjin War ­ Border Peoples and Flexible Loyalties in Chosŏn during the Seventeenth Century ­ Administration of Foreign Communities aer the Wars ­ Ritual Transformation of Foreign Communities ­ New Narratives Conclusion Notes Bibliography This book, and the research underlying this book, took many years, during which time I received help from a great many people and institutions. It is hard to know where to begin, and I am certain to miss many people. The topic of this book originated with my doctorial work at the University of Toronto, and it owes much to my advisor, Andre Schmid, who shepherded me through the process and who continued to provide advice throughout the pro- cess. Bob Binnick taught me Manchu, and Timothy Brook kindly allowed me to participate in his Classical Chinese seminars. They, along with Pamela Kyle Crossley of Dartmouth and the late Vincent Shen, provided me with excellent advice, which has contributed greatly to this book. I pursued my initial research as a Korea Foundation eld research fellow at Sogang University, at which time I was greatly aided by Kim Han-kyu and Chong Du-hee, who allowed me to sit in on their classes, and Chung In-chai, who gave me great support during my fellowship. Jung Jiyoung and Kenneth Robinson were generous with both their friendship and their knowledge. I also received great assistance from numerous fellow graduate students (who have now gone on to greater things), at Sogang, the University of Toronto, and elsewhere, including Desmond Cheung, Merose Hwang, Kim Sungjo, Ko Sunho, Jeong Myeon, Lee Kyungsoon, Ihor Pidhainy, Darryl Sterk, Joshua Van Lieu, and Lidu Yi. I began writing this book in – as a Korea Foundation postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Asian Studies at the University of British Columbia (UBC) and in – as Humanities Korea research professor at the Research Institute for Korean Studies (RIKS), Korea University. I turned my full e ort toward writing, however, thanks to the nancial support of an Academy Korean Studies grant during –. I owe enormous thanks to Nam-lin Hur, the director of this grant, for his hard work in managing the grant and his patience in putting up with my frequent tardiness, and I should acknowledge that he was the initial guardian angel who brought me to UBC in . Also at UBC, I was greatly aided by Ross King, who sponsored my postdoctoral fellowship. At RIKS, I owe thanks to countless scholars, including Kim Seonmin, Lee Hun, Lee Sun-ae, and Yoon Wook, who invited me to their Manchu Studies seminar; ix x Acknowledgments Kang Sangsoon, Kim Jeong Suk, and Koh Youngnan, who explored Chosŏn literature with me; and also Cho Sungtaek, Hong Yunhee, Jin Tae-won, Jong Byung-wook, Kim Moon-yong, Kwon Naehyun, Park Heon-ho, Park Yu-hee, Shim Tae-shik, Woo Eungsoon, and many others who helped me during my period as Humanities Korea research professor. I continued to benet from my connection to RIKS aer I took up my position at King’s University College, when they frequently o ered me a place to study during summer research trips to Seoul. I nished the writing of my book during my stay at the Kyujanggak Institute, in –. I thank especially Sem Vermeersch and Kum Heekyung for their help and assistance. Other scholars who have provided me with vital feedback during conferences and other occasions include Javier Cha, Ksenia Chizhova, John Duncan, Marion Eggert, Han Myung-gi, Han Seunghyun, Sun Joo Kim, James Lewis, Saeyoung Park, Evelyn Rawski, Pierre-Emmanuel Roux, Isabelle Sancho, Sarah Schnee- wind, Kenneth Swope, Sixiang Wang, Yuanchong Wang, and Barbara Wall. I could not have written this book without the librarians at the University of Toronto East Asian Studies Library, UBC Asian Studies Library, the RIKS Library and the Hanjŏkshil Library of Korea University, the National Library of Korea, the Kyujanggak Library, and indeed the Cardinal Carter Library at King’s University College. I must also acknowledge that I previously discussed key aspects of my argument in the Journal of Early Modern History, the Review of Korean Studies, Korean Studies, and Korean Histories. Little verbal overlap remains from those articles (except where I quote them specically), but I do acknowledge that I beneted greatly from the process of publishing them. I thank employees and associates of the University of Hawai‘i Press for their help in bringing this book to publication. I thank especially my acquisitions ed- itor at Hawai‘i, Masako Ikeda; my copyeditor, Jessica Ryan; and Ihsan Taylor at Longleaf for their aid in shaping this manuscript into a publishable text. As the COVID- pandemic hit as I nished my book, I have never had the pleasure of meeting them personally, and our communications have oen been disrupted, but it was always such a pleasure communicating with them over email. At King’s University College at the University of Western Ontario, both students and professors have had to deal with my gloomy outlook whenever my writing went badly. I thank especially my department colleagues Stephanie Bangarth, Graham Broad, Renée Soulodre-LaFrance, Eric Jarvis, Alison Meek, Je ery Temple, Roberto Ventresca, Nicholas Virtue, and Paul Webb, as well as colleagues in other departments, including Carl Young, Jacquetta Neuman, Therese Khimasia, and Chris Roney. I also must thank members of the nance Acknowledgments xi department who administered my grants, especially Vishal Kothari. Also invalu- able for me was the help of graduate students and postdoctoral fellows, on my campus and elsewhere, including Hua Huang (now at the United International College in Zhuhai) and Lu Wang, who both provided their valuable services as research assistants; Thomas Quartermain, who draed the maps used in this book; and Jang Jeong-soo of Korea University, whose work on Chosŏn Jurchens during the seventeenth century I found very informative indeed. It was during my master’s work in the Department of Philosophy at Kangwon National University that I gained many of the key skills, not least linguistic, that I have used for preparing this book. I thank of course my advisor Lee Kwang-lae; Lee Ai-hi and Kim Cheol-un, who taught me Classical Chinese; Nam Sang-ho, whose generous teaching style comes to mind whenever I prepare to teach my own classes; and Ch’oe Heebong, Park Haesun, and Yu Sungsun, who provided me with so much emotional and intellectual support during this productive but challenging time. This work was supported by the Laboratory for the Globalization of Korean Studies through the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and Ko- rean Studies Promotion Service of the Academy of Korean Studies (AKS-- LAB-). I also beneted from a Korea Foundation eld research fellow- ship during my initial research, a Korea Foundation postdoc as I started my research up again postgraduation between –, support from the North- east Asia History Foundation during one summer in Seoul, a Kyujanggak re- search fellowship as I completed my writing between –, and numerous internal grants from King’s University College. I was attracted to this project initially by Kang Shijue, a Liaodongese refugee in northern Korea during the late seventeenth century, who was culturally ex- ible, geographically marginal, and likely held a falsied genealogy that he used to improve his position within the social hierarchies of the late Chosŏn. Above all he reminded me of my father’s family—multilingual Swabians from the Rus- sian empire who adapted their ethnic aliation and political loyalties according to the changing circumstances of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The long period of my writing was hard on my family. But they supported me in so many ways by providing a potential refuge during the precarious period aer my doctoral work was completed and as a source of strength and support aer I obtained stable employment. I owe a huge debt to my parents, Artur and Sarah Bohnet, who have been a great source of support, emotionally and intellectually.