Te Karaitiana Te Korou Report Wai 770
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Te Karaitiana Te Korou Report Wai 770 Craig Innes and Bob Metcalf Report commissioned by the Waitangi Tribunal for the Wairarapa ki Tararua (Wai 863) district inquiry January 2003 Wai 770 Te Karaitiana Te Korou Report ii Contents I. Abbreviations ______________________________________________________v II. Introduction _____________________________________________________ vi ii.i. The Claim __________________________________________________________vi ii.ii. The Commission ____________________________________________________vi ii.iii. Methodology ______________________________________________________ vii ii.iv. The Authors_______________________________________________________viii 1. Chapter 1: Pre-1853 ________________________________________________1 1.1. The Korou whanau __________________________________________________ 1 1.2. Early European contacts______________________________________________ 4 1.3. Pre-1853 Introduction ________________________________________________ 5 1.4. Korou Whanau Involvement in Early Transactions________________________ 6 1.4.1. The Russell lease.________________________________________________________ 6 1.4.2. Background to Leasing __________________________________________________ 10 1.4.3. The Donald Lease ______________________________________________________ 11 2. Chapter 2: Crown Purchases ________________________________________15 2.1. Early Crown Purchases______________________________________________ 15 2.1.1. Castlepoint ____________________________________________________________ 15 2.1.2. Manawatu_____________________________________________________________ 17 2.1.3. Opaki ________________________________________________________________ 17 2.1.4. Whareama North _______________________________________________________ 17 2.1.5. Makoura______________________________________________________________ 18 2.1.6. Kohangawariwari_______________________________________________________ 18 Table 2.2.6.1: Crown Purchase Table: Retimana, Hoana, Erihapeti and Karaitiana __________ 19 Table 2.2.6.2: Crown Purchase Table: Ihaia Whakamairu _____________________________ 19 2.3. Problems with the Early Deeds _______________________________________ 19 2.4. What Prompted the Change in 1853? __________________________________ 23 2.4.1. The Korou Whanau and the Establishment of Masterton ________________________ 24 2.4.2. Later Whanau Involvement with the Town ___________________________________ 26 Wai 770 Te Karaitiana Te Korou Report iii 3. Chapter 3: Post 1854 Purchasing_____________________________________29 3.1. The Wairarapa Five percents _________________________________________ 29 3.1.1. Background ___________________________________________________________ 29 3.1.2. The Korou Whanau and the Five Percents____________________________________ 30 3.1.3. Heaphy’s 1873 Five Percents Payments _____________________________________ 34 3.1.4. The Five Percents Fund After 1873 _________________________________________ 35 3.1.5. Overview of Five percents________________________________________________ 36 3.2. Bishop’s Reserve ___________________________________________________ 37 3.3. Post-1854 Crown Purchases __________________________________________ 41 3.3.1. Table: Post 1854 Crown Purchase Deeds and Transactions _____________________ 41 3.3.2. The Manaia transactions __________________________________________________ 44 3.4. Poverty and Land Sales______________________________________________ 46 3.5. Delays in the Issue of Grants _________________________________________ 49 3.6. Overview of purchases to 1867 ________________________________________ 52 4. Chapter 4: Block Histories __________________________________________54 4.1. Introduction _______________________________________________________ 54 4.2. Methodology_______________________________________________________ 54 4.3. The Blocks ________________________________________________________ 55 4.3.1. Block List ____________________________________________________________ 55 4.4. The Native Land Court process and some Te Korou whanau blocks. ________ 57 4.5. Whanau Land interests ______________________________________________ 59 4.5.1. Table: Land Interests of Ihaia Whakamairu ___________________________________ 60 4.5.2. Table: Land Interests of Erihapeti Whakamairu________________________________ 60 5. Chapter 5: Consequences ___________________________________________62 5.1. Resistance - the King Movement ______________________________________ 62 5.2. Resistance - Pai Marire ______________________________________________ 63 5.3. Death, Succession and Wills __________________________________________ 65 5.3.1. Retimana Te Korou, Will and Testament _____________________________________ 65 5.3.2. Death of Karaitiana _____________________________________________________ 73 Wai 770 Te Karaitiana Te Korou Report iv 5.3.3. Te Pounamu ___________________________________________________________ 75 5.4. Hapeta’s Land interests______________________________________________ 78 Chapter 6: Conclusion________________________________________________80 7. Bibliography _____________________________________________________86 7.1. Primary sources ____________________________________________________ 86 7.2. Secondary sources___________________________________________________ 86 8. Appendix_________________________________________________________88 Wai 770 Te Karaitiana Te Korou Report v I. Abbreviations AJHR Appendix to the Journals, House of Representatives ATL Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington BPP British Parliamentary Papers CFRT Crown Forestry Rental Trust LINZ Land Information New Zealand, Wellington Regional Office NA National Archives, Archives New Zealand, Wellington NLC Native Land Court ROR Right of Road TD Turton’s Deeds TDR Turton’s Deeds, Deed Receipt. Wai 770 Te Karaitiana Te Korou Report vi II. Introduction ii.i. The Claim Edward Karaitiana of Christchurch lodged the Wai 770 claim in September 1998.1 The claim covered many issues in the Wairarapa including Crown purchases, the Wairarapa lakes and historic and present landlessness of Wairarapa Maori. At a meeting with the researcher in 2002 the claimant was particularly concerned that he and his family were essentially landless, even though they were the descendents of Wairarapa chiefs, including Karaitiana Te Korou. ii.ii. The Commission Following the filing of his scoping report, the Waitangi Tribunal commissioned Craig Innes on 22 July to write a substantive report for the Wai 770 claim.2 The Tribunal commissioned Bob Metcalf to provide research assistance on 3 December 2002.3 The commission required research into: (a) Crown purchases in the 1850s and the implications and repercussions of those transactions including: payments to family members, complaint regarding the five percent payments and the role of whanau members in the creation of the Masterton township. (b) The impact of the Native Land Court process on the whanau in particular the role of debt and the link to land alienation, and the response of whanau members to those processes. (c) An investigation of the land interests of Karaitiana Korou at his death and what therefore was available to subsequent generations. 1 Wai 863, doc number 1.14 2 Scoping report is Wai 863, document number A21. Commission is Wai 863 doc number 3.8 3 Wai 863 doc number 3.19 Wai 770 Te Karaitiana Te Korou Report vii ii.iii. Methodology Given the timeframes involved it proved to be impossible to explore all of the issues surrounding the Native Land Court hearings that Karaitiana Te Korou was involved in. All the key hearings have been summarised and included as an appendix. Given the paucity of sources available it proved difficult to identify all members of the wider whanau. The research focus has therefore been upon Retimana and his two children Karaitiana Te Korou (son) and Erihapeti Whakamairu (daughter). It sometimes proved difficult to identify Karaitiana Te Korou as ‘Karaitiana’ meaning ‘christian’ was a relatively common name and there were several other people by the same name in the Wairarapa area. The signature ‘Karaitiana’ appears on a number of deeds, with no indication as to which person signed. Where there is a reference to a ‘Karaitiana’ in the historic record, no assumption to the identity has been made unless there is supporting evidence to indicate that it was Karaitiana Te Korou. The whanau members used a number of different names with variable spellings in English. For the sake of simplicity the following names have been used in the report text: Retimana Te Korou (Also known simply as Te Korou, Te Retimana Te Korou and Ritimona), Karaitiana Te Korou (Also known as Te Tua o te Rangi, Te Turuki, Karaitiana te Tua), Erihapeti Whakamairu (Erihapeti Hineiteairarangi, Irihapeti), and Hoana Te Korou (also known as Hine-whaka-aewa, Hoana Hine-whaka-aea, Hoana Te Korou, Hoana Karaitiana). Draft translations by Takirirangi Smith of correspondence between Wairarapa Maori and Pakeha, including Crown officials such as Donald McClean, have been used. Alternative translations of sections of some of this correspondence provided by Jane McRae, who was commissioned to review the draft Smith translations, are provided in square brackets along side the relevant underlined sections of text. Jane McRae also offered alternative punctuation. This has not been included. Please note that the Wai 770 Te Karaitiana Te Korou Report viii translations relied on by this report were at the draft stage only (October/November 2001) and may vary from the final versions which