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Radiodifusión, Patentes Históricas Informe de tecnologías de dominio público Radiodifusión, patentes históricas Febrero de 2019 Número 91 Instituto Nacional de Propiedad Industrial CRÉDITOS Este informe ha sido elaborado por Paz Osorio Delgado, Paola Guerrero Andreu, Sebastián Farías Inostroza y Miguel Cruz Martínez, profesionales del Instituto Nacional de Propiedad Industrial, INAPI. El presente informe “Tecnologías de dominio público” cuenta con el respaldo de la Organización Mundial de la Propiedad Intelectual, OMPI. INTRODUCCIÓN l 13 de febrero se conmemora el Día Mundial Heinrich Hertz6, Nikola Tesla7 y Guillermo de la Radio, que coincide con la fecha de Marconi8, entre otros, muy probablemente no Ecreación de la radio de Naciones Unidas dimensionaron el impacto que sus invenciones el año 1946. Esta celebración se proclamó en e investigaciones tendrían en el ámbito la 36ª sesión de la Conferencia General de de la radiocomunicación como forma de la UNESCO1 el año 2011 y fue aprobado por telecomunicación. unanimidad por la Asamblea General de las Fue recién en 1886 que el físico alemán Naciones Unidas en el año 2012 como un Día Heinrich Hertz, descubrió que las variaciones de la ONU.2 en la energía eléctrica se podrían proyectar en No cabe duda que la radio es un medio de forma de ondas. El primer antecedente de la comunicación de gran masividad, que cumple radio fue la telegrafía sin hilos: por un lado se un rol inclusivo e igualitario al permitir la tenía un generador de corriente alterna de alta participación de todas las personas, sin frecuencia, que se conectaba a un hilo conductor ningún tipo de discriminación. Es también aislado del suelo (antena) y a una toma de una plataforma de debate público que tierra. El receptor también se componía de una históricamente ha tenido un fuerte impacto en antena, una toma de tierra y unos circuitos de situaciones de emergencia -como desastres procesamiento de la señal recibida. naturales3- así como también en eventos de Por su parte, Nikola Tesla comenzó sus relevancia histórica. Por ejemplo, durante la investigaciones sobre la radio en 1891. Su Segunda Guerra Mundial la radio fue un potente invención se basaba en la utilización de altísimas elemento de propaganda para el régimen Nazi; frecuencias, con las cuales preveía que sería de igual manera fue el medio elegido por el rey posible la transmisión telefónica transatlántica Jorge VI de Inglaterra para informar a toda la sin cables. En 1897, Tesla presentó en la nación a través de un discurso difundido por la Oficina de Patentes estadounidense su primera BBC4, que ese país le declaraba la guerra a la solicitud de patente sobre un sistema de radio Alemania Nazi.5 (US 645576). Entretanto, en Europa, el italiano Guillermo 1 Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura. 2 https://es.unesco.org/commemorations/worldradioday 6 Físico alemán que descubrió el efecto fotoeléctrico, la propagación de las 3 El año 2010 luego del terremoto y posterior maremoto que afectó a Chile ondas electromagnéticas y las formas para producirlas y detectarlas. (27F), radio Biobío reinició transmisiones a sólo 20 minutos de lo ocurrido las 7 Ingeniero mecánico e ingeniero eléctrico de origen serbio. que se mantuvieron durante varios días sin cortes comerciales o musicales. 8 Ingeniero electrónico, empresario e inventor italiano, conocido como uno de 4 British Broadcasting Company. los más destacados impulsores de la radiotransmisión a larga distancia, por el 5 El Discurso fue pronunciado desde el Palacio de Buckingham el 3 de septiembre establecimiento de la ley de Marconi, así como por el desarrollo de un sistema de 1939. de telegrafía sin hilos (TSH) o radiotelegrafía 1 Marconi, sobre la base de las investigaciones de evitando una expansión caótica, la Oficina Tesla y Hertz, trabajó sobre la idea de que las General de Correos -que administraba ondas sobre las que hablaban sus predecesores las licencias de emisión- propuso que se podían emplearse para lograr la comunicación emitiera una única licencia de radiodifusión sin hilos. Su primera solicitud de patente sobre a una compañía, propiedad de un consorcio la radio se presentó en Gran Bretaña, también de fabricantes líderes de receptores en 1897, con el número GB 12039 y en 1901 inalámbricos, conocida como British obtuvo sus dos primeras patentes en Estados Broadcasting Company Ltd (BBC). Unidos sobre su sistema de radio (USRE11913 y • En Estados Unidos, el 20 de agosto de 1920 US676332). Su contribución al establecimiento la radioemisora WWJ debutó con el programa de las comunicaciones por radio sin hilos le radial “Detroit News Radiophone”. Por otra valió la obtención del Premio Nobel de Física parte, la estación radial KDKA (1020 kHz), en 1909, galardón que compartió con Karl con licencia en Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Ferdinand Braun.9 y fundada por la Westinghouse Electric A través de la historia, si bien Marconi ha sido Corporation el 2 de noviembre de 1920, considerado como el padre de la radio, resulta realizó su primera emisión, siendo la primera interesante indicar que el Tribunal Supremo de radio emisora comercial y la segunda en los los Estados de Unidos dictaminó en 1943 que Estados Unidos en transmitir por la Amplitud la patente relativa a la radio era legítimamente Modulada (AM). propiedad de Tesla, reconociéndolo de forma • En Sudamérica, Argentina fue el primer legal como inventor de ésta. Sin embargo, este país en realizar una transmisión radial. hecho no fue capaz de arrebatar el protagonismo Esto ocurre el 27 de agosto de 1920 desde a Marconi, quien no fue sólo un científico sino la terraza del Teatro Coliseo de la Ciudad también un empresario, fundando en 1897 la de Buenos Aires13, proyecto encabezado por compañía “The Marconi Company Ltd”.10 el Dr. Enrique Telémaco Susini14. Se señala que la primera transmisión radiofónica • En Chile, la primera transmisión pública del mundo se realizó en la Nochebuena de 1906. radial fue el 19 de agosto de 1922, gracias a Fue Reginald Aubrey Fessenden11 quien transmitió la iniciativa de los profesores Enrique Sazié desde Brant Rock Station, Massachusetts, la y Arturo Salazar, ambos ingenieros de la primera radiodifusión de audio de la historia. Universidad de Chile. Esta transmisión se Buques desde el mar pudieron oír a Fessenden realizó con un transmisor montado en el tocando en el violín la canción Oh Holy Night y Laboratorio de Electrónica de la casa central leyendo un pasaje de la Biblia. de la propia universidad, hasta un receptor Sin embargo, no fue sino hasta 1920 que instalado en el hall del Diario El Mercurio. comenzaron las primeras transmisiones La transmisión fue simple y breve. En ella radiofónicas para entretenimiento con una se plasmaron todos los componentes de programación regular, ya que hasta entonces la primera etapa de la radiofonía chilena: habían sido experimentales o sin la requerida música grabada, música en directo, noticias continuidad. Al igual que en el caso de la y comentarios políticos.15 televisión o el teléfono, esto tuvo lugar de forma Técnicamente, la radiocomunicación es una independiente en varios lugares del mundo con forma de telecomunicación, que se realiza a poco tiempo de diferencia. través de ondas de radio u ondas hertzianas, • La primera emisión pública en vivo de Gran caracterizada por el movimiento de Bretaña fue desde una fábrica de Marconi los campos eléctricos y campos magnéticos. en Chelmsford. Tuvo lugar en junio de 1920 La comunicación vía radio se realiza a través y fue patrocinada por Lord Northcliffe12, del del espectro radioeléctrico, cuyas propiedades Daily Mail, y contó con la participación de son diversas y dependen de sus bandas la famosa soprano australiana Dame Nellie de frecuencia. De esta manera es posible Melba. A fin de ordenar a las empresas distinguir entre bandas de baja, media, alta, de radiodifusión bajo una única licencia, muy alta, ultra alta frecuencia, entre otras, lo cual está dado por el comportamiento de las 9 Previamente en 1915 Tesla había intentado una acción legal contra Marconi por infracción de patente la cual no tuvo éxito. ondas. 10 http://www.madrimasd.org/blogs/patentesymarcas/2014/patentes-histori- cas-la-radio/ 13 Las transmisiones se realizaron bajo la identificación «Sociedad Radio 11 Inventor canadiense, reconocido por sus trabajos en las primeras épocas Argentina», organización luego devenida en «LOR Radio Argentina». Para iniciar de la radio, incluyendo el uso de ondas continuas y la temprana. A lo largo las transmisiones se eligió la ópera Parsifal de Richard Wagner, interpretada por de su carrera, recibió cientos de patentes por dispositivos en campos como la soprano argentina Sara César. la transmisión de alta potencia, sonar y televisión. 14 Médico argentino, artista pleno y un pionero de la radiodifusión mundial. 12 Periodista y escritor irlandés, propietario y editor de periódicos conocido como 15 https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_transmisi%C3%B3n_radiof%C3%B- el «Napoleón de la Prensa». 3nica 2 Cabe destacar que, si bien se usa la palabra radio, las transmisiones de televisión, radio, radar y telefonía móvil están incluidos en esta clase de emisiones de radiofrecuencia. Para calcular la frecuencia de un suceso, se contabiliza un número de ocurrencias de éste, teniendo en cuenta un intervalo temporal, y luego estas repeticiones se dividen por el tiempo transcurrido. Según el Sistema Internacional (SI), la frecuencia se mide en hercios o hertz (Hz), en honor a Heinrich Rudolf Hertz. INAPI ha querido aportar a este importante medio de comunicación elaborando un nuevo informe sobre “Tecnologías de Dominio Público”, el que tiene por objeto entregar información sobre estas tecnologías que, en razón de su condición jurídica, pueden ser utilizadas libremente en el país con fines productivos. Esta nueva publicación de INAPI reúne una selección de patentes de invención históricas relacionadas con radiodifusión, que en Chile se encuentran en el dominio público.
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