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The British, Bengalis, and Animals in Colonial Bengal, 1850-1920 Samiparna Samanta

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The British, Bengalis, and Animals in Colonial Bengal, 1850-1920 Samiparna Samanta Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2012 Cruelty Contested: The British, Bengalis, and Animals in Colonial Bengal, 1850-1920 Samiparna Samanta Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES CRUELTY CONTESTED: THE BRITISH, BENGALIS, AND ANIMALS IN COLONIAL BENGAL, 1850-1920 By SAMIPARNA SAMANTA A Dissertation submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2012 i Samiparna Samanta defended this dissertation on June 28, 2012. The members of the supervisory committee were: Frederick R. Davis Professor Directing Dissertation Kathleen Erndl University Representative Claudia Liebeskind Committee Member Will Hanley Committee Member Charles Upchurch Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii To my parents iii Acknowledgements This dissertation is a joint endeavor; it could not have been written and successfully submitted without the help and support of great many people. I owe my gratitude to all those people who have made this dissertation possible and because of whom my graduate school experience at FSU has been one that I will cherish for many years to come. My deepest gratitude is to my advisor, Prof. Frederick Davis. I have been amazingly fortunate to have an advisor who gave me the freedom to explore on my own while aptly guiding me to ask the most critical questions about my own research. As I developed my dissertation project, Prof. Davis provided me with sustained encouragement, sound advice, and many good ideas. I am grateful to my Committee member, Prof. Claudia Liebeskind, for her expert advice and insights that I have used in this dissertation project and for also carefully reading and commenting on revisions of this manuscript. I remain grateful to both of them not only for this dissertation but also for shaping my future academic interests and engagements. I also take this opportunity to thank the other members of my dissertation committee- Prof. Charles Upchurch, Prof. Will Hanley and Prof. Kathleen Erndl--for their many contributions to the presentation and contents of this dissertation. I am indebted to my professors at Penn State---Prof. Kumkum Chatterjee and Prof. Mrinalini Sinha, and my teachers in India--- Prof. Deepak Kumar, Prof. Mahesh Rangarajan, Prof. Ranjan Chakrabarti, Prof. Anuradha Roy, Prof. Sujata Mukherjee for their valuable insights. Additionally, the help of both Chris and Anne (graduate coordinators of our department) for keeping me organized and abreast with all the paperwork that is required to successfully accomplish graduate school deadlines is much appreciated. My friends at FSU have motivated this work and helped me to stay grounded as I navigated through the graduate program. I will fondly cherish the friendship with my friends, particularly, Vicky, Erica, Daria, Richard, Aaron and Cindy for all the fun and good-spirited discussions that influenced this research. I greatly value the friendship of my non-History friends, Rupsa, Saikat, Chaity, Tathagata, Oindrila, Mayur, Himadri, Mrinal, Santosh and Sneha for interesting dinner table conversations and countless number of delightful arguments ranging from philosophy to sociology to biology. I am indebted to them and to all my other friends in Tallahassee and in India for making this journey a memorable one. iv Last, but not the least, I would like to thank my family for their love. Specifically, my husband, Samidh, my sister, Tannistha, and my brother-in-law, Kaushik for their continuous and untiring moral support that made this dissertation possible. Special thanks to Samidh for his love, patience, and understanding, and to my historian Dad, who has always been my staunchest critic and a loving father. I record my deepest gratitude for my parents for always being supportive of my dreams and aspirations and for loving me for what I am. I dedicate this dissertation to them. v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................x ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................. xi INTRODUCTION: ENVISIONING ANIMALS, HISTORICIZING CRUELTY AND COMPASSION IN SOUTH ASIA ..............................................................................................1 The Argument .........................................................................................................................1 Theoretical Framework and Methodology ...............................................................................2 Visualizing Animals, Perceiving Humans ................................................................................4 Tending Animals, Banishing Cruelty .......................................................................................8 Compassion/Cruelty and the Vedic ambivalence ................................................................... 10 Romanticizing Animals, Contesting Compassion .................................................................. 12 Ahimsa versus “science” ........................................................................................................ 14 HISTORIOGRAPHY: NONHUMAN ANIMALS IN NATURE, SCIENCE, AND IMPERIALISM ........................................................................................................................ 17 Historiographical Location of the Argument .......................................................................... 17 History of Science and Social Constructivism ....................................................................... 18 Material Culture, Identities, and Dismantling Eurocentrisms ............................................. 19 Science, Epidemics, and Empire ............................................................................................ 24 “The Question of the Animal” ............................................................................................... 27 Cruelty as a Discourse ........................................................................................................... 30 Animals in Modern South Asian Scholarship : Cattle, Classification, Cow ............................ 32 Meat, Vegetarianism and Urban History ................................................................................ 35 Environmental Historians and the Work Animals .................................................................. 37 Colonial Knowledge .............................................................................................................. 39 Dismantling Binaries ............................................................................................................. 41 THE DISEASED AND THE DEAD: RINDERPEST, CONTAGION AND “WRATH OF THE GOD,” 1850-1890 ..................................................................................................................... 43 Comprehending Epizootics .................................................................................................... 45 The Politics of Naming: Ghooty vs. Rinderpest ..................................................................... 49 Constructing Rinderpest: “The Calcutta Epizootic of 1864” and the Bengal Cattle Plague ..... 53 The Trail of Mortality............................................................................................................ 61 Controlling Cattle Disease: Local Knowledge, Acquired Knowledge and “Science”.............. 64 Epizootics and Colonial Politics ............................................................................................ 70 THE POLITICS OF DIAGNOSIS: GERMS, VETERINARIANS, AND MEDICINE, 1860-1920 ................................................................................................................................................. 73 Germs, Contagion, Veterinarians ........................................................................................... 75 Disease, Diagnosis and Treatments ........................................................................................ 77 Quarantine, Slaughter and Culling ......................................................................................... 78 Opposition to Slaughter and Culling ...................................................................................... 80 Scientific Experiments and Veterinary Education .................................................................. 83 The Bengal Veterinary College ............................................................................................. 87 Veterinary Medicine, Status and Colonial Claims .................................................................. 90 Inoculation, Laboratory Experiments and Caste Convictions ................................................. 93 The Bengali bhadralok discourse and the Rural/Urban Divide ............................................... 94 vi Cruelty, Murrains and Crisis of Cattle Health .......................................................................
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