A Poética Imaginária Do Videogame: As Passagens E As Traduções Do Imaginário E Dos Mitos Gregos No Processo De Criação De Jogos Digitais

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A Poética Imaginária Do Videogame: As Passagens E As Traduções Do Imaginário E Dos Mitos Gregos No Processo De Criação De Jogos Digitais PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação e Semiótica A Poética Imaginária do Videogame: As passagens e as traduções do imaginário e dos mitos gregos no processo de criação de jogos digitais Flávia Tavares Gasi São Paulo, Novembro de 2011 A Poética Imaginária do Videogame: As passagens e as traduções do imaginário e dos mitos gregos no processo de criação de jogos digitais|Flávia Gasi 1 PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação e Semiótica A Poética Imaginária do Videogame: As passagens e as traduções do imaginário e dos mitos gregos no processo de criação de jogos digitais Flávia Tavares Gasi Dissertação apresentada à Banca Examinadora da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, como exigência parcial para obtenção do título de MESTRE em Comunicação e Semiótica, sob orientação da Professora Doutora Lúcia Clemente Isaltina Leão. São Paulo, Novembro de 2011 A Poética Imaginária do Videogame: As passagens e as traduções do imaginário e dos mitos gregos no processo de criação de jogos digitais|Flávia Gasi 2 À Banca Examinadora: A Poética Imaginária do Videogame: As passagens e as traduções do imaginário e dos mitos gregos no processo de criação de jogos digitais|Flávia Gasi 3 Agradecimentos Agradeço à Prof. Dra. Lúcia Leão, por ser minha guia para o universo do imaginário, pois eu não poderia conceber uma mentora mais versada e gentil. Ao Prof. Dr. Roger Tavares, que me encaminhou para o estudo acadêmico. Ao meu noivo Rafael Marques de Campos, pela dedicação e paciência, pelos conselhos e por dividir comigo todos os momentos em que escrevia este texto. À minha mãe, Tânia Mara Tavares Gasi, por me lembrar tanto do rigor, quanto do divertimento, ao se escrever uma dissertação. Ao meu irmão, Rogério Tavares Gasi, e meu pai, Walter Gasi, por passarem tanto tempo de suas vidas jogando comigo. Aos meus amigos Ivan Chiarelli, Guilherme Schwenck, Do Lemes, Bruno Conte, Artur Chagas, Marcus Oliveira, Rômulo Máthei, Leo Wilhelm, Sabrina Carmona que me apoiaram enquanto estava em modo Berserker. Aos meus colegas de trabalho que permitiram certas ausências para que essa dissertação pudesse ser escrita. Agradeço a todos que tomaram o tempo de suas vidas para confabular comigo a cerca de um game, um livro, ou um quadrinho. A Poética Imaginária do Videogame: As passagens e as traduções do imaginário e dos mitos gregos no processo de criação de jogos digitais|Flávia Gasi 4 Resumo A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender como figuras do imaginário e dos mitos gregos são traduzidas no processo de criação de narrativas em videogames. O estudo é composto por uma revisão dos conceitos de imaginário, mitos gregos, e narrativas ludológicas. Na sequência, realiza-se o estudo de caso de três jogos digitais, que apresentam figuras do imaginário de três maneiras: o primeiro demonstra presença de narrativas e figuras dos mitos gregos que ressurgem de forma quase literal, e pode ser enquadrado no gênero de ação (franquia God of War); o segundo, propõe uma narrativa que hibridiza figuras do imaginário contemporâneo, e tem como gênero o FPS – Tiro em Primeira Pessoa – (Bioshock); e o terceiro recria a aura de tais figuras do imaginário através de construção narrativa e de personagens, mas sem literalismo, e enquadra-se no gênero de RolePlaying - RPG - (Eternal Sonata Para a fundamentação teórica, a pesquisa discute mitos, imagem e imaginário, segundo as idéias de Bachelard, Durand, Campbell; tradução intersemiótica, segundo Julio Plaza e as relações entre tradução, imaginário e processos criativos segundo Lucia Leão. O estudo investiga as imagens e as ações que estão presentes em videogames e, através de uma abordagem arqueológica, refaz o percurso das narrativas na cultura. PALAVRAS-CHAVES: processos de criação nas mídias, imaginário, mitologia, tradução, jogos digitais A Poética Imaginária do Videogame: As passagens e as traduções do imaginário e dos mitos gregos no processo de criação de jogos digitais|Flávia Gasi 5 Abstract The attendant research has as its main objective to comprehend how imaginary figures and Greek myths are transported to creative process of games storytelling. This study is a review of some concepts such as: imaginary, Greek myths, in-game ludology and narratives. The next step is a case study proposal of three games, each of them translating the imaginary figure in a different way: the first one demonstrates narrative and mythological images from Greece appearing almost exactly the same and fits in action genre (God of War frachise); the second one proposes a storytelling that merges contemporaneous imaginary figures, and belongs to FPS genre – First Person Shooter – (Bioshock); and the last and third one recreates the essence of imaginary figures through the narrative and characters, however, it’s not made literally, and fits Role Playing genre – RPG – (Eternal Sonata). For its theoretical ground the research is supported by Gaston Bachelard, Gilbert Durand, Joseph Campbell; the translation point of view is approached considering Julio Plaza´s research; and the concepts of imaginagy in the creative process are based on Lucia Leão´s writings. For the theoretical point of view of ludology, we will look through the writings of authors Turkle and Landow. This research focus on the comprehension of the creative process, narrative and ludology from the imaginary and myths point of view. Therefore, we will investigated from an archeological perspective and understand the passages of archetypical figures in game narrative. KEYWORDS: creative process, imaginary, mythology, translation, videogames A Poética Imaginária do Videogame: As passagens e as traduções do imaginário e dos mitos gregos no processo de criação de jogos digitais|Flávia Gasi 6 Índice de figuras e gráficos CAPÍTULO 1. A POÉTICA DO IMAGINÁRIO DOS VIDEOGAMES Gráfico 1 – A Nova Síntese da Imagem e Observador, para Weibel 17 Gráfico 2 – O Trajeto Antropológico de uma Imagem para Durand 25 Figura 1 – Ico Empunha a Espada e Protege Yorda 28 Figura 2 – Ico Entra no Sarcófago 29 Gráfico 3 – Tabela Adaptada: Características dos Regimes do Imaginário 31 Gráfico 4 – O Trajeto Antropológico de Durand em Ico 34 Gráfico 5 – O Trajeto Antropológico Realizado 37 CAPÍTULO 2. O PROCESSO DE CRIAÇÃO DE VIDEOGAMES COMO NARRATIVAS LUDOLÓGICAS Gráfico 6 – O Caminho Narrativo de Mass Effect 43 Figura 3 – O Jogo Digital Space Invaders, de 1978 50 Figura 4 – Capa do Videogame Mario Bros., de 1983 51 Figura 5 – Exemplo de Videogame MUD, Lost Mud 52 Gráfico 7 – As Tricotomias Peircianas 56 Figura 6 – Ilustração para a Divina Comédia, Inferno, por Gustave Doré. Dante na Floresta Sinistra 58 Figura 7 – Arte conceitual de Dante, no jogo digital Dante´s Inferno 58 Figura 8 – Ilustração para a Divina Comédia, Inferno, por Gustave Doré. Homero, 62 os poetas clássicos Figura 9 – Limbo, no jogo digital Dante´s Inferno 63 Figura 10 – Ilustração para a Divina Comédia, Inferno, por Gustave Doré. Os Túmulos em Chamas, os Hereges 64 Figura 11 – A Cidade de Dite no jogo digital Dante´s Inferno 65 Figura 12 – O Vilão Pyramid Head, de Silent Hill 2 68 Figura 13 – O Arcanjo Miguel, pelo artista Guido Reni 72 Figura 14 – O Arcanjo Miguel, em seu corpo humano, em Supernatural 72 Figura 15 – Gabriel empunha a adaga que pode trazer o filho de Satã à vida, em Constantine 73 Gráfico 8 – O arquétipo do anjo castigador traduzido na contemporaneidade 74 CAPÍTULO 3. AS PASSAGENS DO IMAGINÁRIO E DOS MITOS GREGOS NO VIDEOGAME A Poética Imaginária do Videogame: As passagens e as traduções do imaginário e dos mitos gregos no processo de criação de jogos digitais|Flávia Gasi 7 Figura 16 – Kratos, o Fantasma de Esparta, em arte conceitual do videogame God of War III 78 Figura 17 – A Caixa de Pandora, em arte conceitual do videogame God of War 79 Figura 18 – Gaia, em arte conceitual do videogame God of War II 81 Figura 19 – Pandora, em arte conceitual do videogame God of War III 82 Figura 20 – O espírito de Atenas, e ao fundo o mundo destruído do videogame God of War III 83 Figura 21 – Pandora, em pintura de Jules Joseph Lefebvre, de 1882 88 Figura 22 – Lulu, de Pandora´s Box (1929) 89 Figura 23 – O Rei Demônio Chestra, de Violinist of Hamelin, desenhado pela artista Mallory 91 Dyer, em 2006 Figura 24 – Locke vê a luz que emana de dentro escotilha, antes de ser aberta, em Lost, 2004 92 Gráfico 9 – As figuras revisitadas do imaginário da Mitologia Grega de Pandora, em seu 93 trajeto antropológico Figura 25 – A cidade de Rapture, em arte conceitual do videogame Bioshock 96 Figura 26 – Uma Little Sister protegida por um Big Daddy, no videogame Bioshock 97 Figura 27 – Frank Fontaine, ou Atlas, em Bioshock, quando confrontado pelo protagonista, Jack 99 Figura 28 – Frank Fontaine, depois de ingerir uma quantidade massiva de ADAM 100 Figura 29 – Estátua de Atlas, na Praza do Toural, Santiago de Compostela 106 Figura 30 – Cena de O Grande Ditador, de 1940 107 Figura 31 – Tullius Detritus, em Asterix e a Cizânia, de 1970 108 Figura 32 – Apocalipse, vilão antagonista de Super-Homem, criado em 1992 110 Gráfico 10 – As figuras revisitadas do imaginário da Mitologia Grega de Atlas, em seu trajeto antropológico 111 Figura 33 – O mundo onírico, de formas arredondadas e cores vibrantes do videogame Eternal Sonata, de 1997 113 Figura 34 – Arte conceitual de Frederic Chopin, no videogame Eternal Sonata, de 1997 114 Figura 35 – Polka e Alegretto, no videogame Eternal Sonata, de 1997 116 Figura 36 – Tenuto, a primeira vila do videogame, em que
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