gL AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE * * JOURNAL * *

iht/lV

AUGUST, 1934 251 REDUCTION TO DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR SERVICE

Under the pinnacled, cloud-draped roofs of this giant modern hotel, every inch of space is devoted to one aim — your comfort! Such smooth, instantane¬ ous service, such charming rooms, such RATES AS LOW AS truly epicurean food as the Hotel New Yorker offers is hard to duplicate at $ low New Yorker rates. Make this trip 3 A DAY Every room has both tub and shower, a far pleasanter one (thriftier as well) by full-iength mirrors, circulating ice water, stopping here. Direct tunnel connection Servidor, bed and dresser lamps, radio. Note: the special rate reduction applies only to to Pennsylvania Station and subways. rooms on -which the rate is $4 a day or more. HOTEL NEW YORKER 34TH STREET AT EIGHTH AVENUE • NEW YORK CITY Directed by National Hotel Management Co., Inc ■ Ralph Hitz, President

HOTELS BOOK-CADILLAC, DETROIT; NETHERLAND PLAZA, CINCINNATI; VAN CLEVE, DAYTON JHE /^MERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

CONTENTS

COVER PICTURE: GUYURSHI MOSQUE, CAIRO (See also page 416) PH ILCO PAGE PHILCO—Greatest Name in Radio! Beauty Beyond Compare! JAPANESE TREATY ANNIVERSARY New Eye Appeal! By the Honorable Joseph C. Grew 401 Striking New Design! Join PHILCO’S Leadership!

THE GREAT BARRIER REEF OF AUSTRALIA By A. R. Preston 404

ALBANIA AND ITS “EAGLE-MEN” 406

THE TARIFF BARGAINING ORGANIZATION By John S. Dickey 408

A CENTURY OF PROGRESS CONTINUES By Henry S. Villard - 409

A MISSION TO MUSCAT By Denis Knabenshue 412

NEWS FROM THE DEPARTMENT 417

A POLITICAL BOOKSHELF MODEL 507-L—Radio-Phonograph 25-71 and 174-555 Meters By Cyril Wynne 419 MODEL 503-L MODEL 506-L 174-555 Meters 13-575 Meters

NEWS FROM THE FIELD 420

FOREIGN SERVICE CHANGES 424

VISITING OFFICERS 428

LETTERS 428

PEACE BY REVOLUTION—BOOK REVIEW 429

MODEL 54-S AC-DC ON THE COURSE OF EVENTS 94-555 Meters MODEL 59-S AC only By Henry L. Deimel, Jr. _ 430 174-555 Meters

The above radios are but a few of the 54 models that TEN YEARS AGO 435 Philco announces for the 1935 season. Phi loo lias a radio for every purse and every purpose. Models for AC; for DC; for Battery; for 32-volt plants; for AC-DC. Wave lengths—Short; BIRTHS, MARRIAGES 439 Intermediate; Long; also Short and Intermediate; and Inter¬ mediate and Long. Philco gives you Unexcelled Tone Pierfo tnance in every price rarge.

IN MEMORIAM 440 PHILCO—World’s Largest Manufacturer of Radios

Export Department MY SOUTHERN PINE AMERICAN STEEL EXPORT CO., INC. 347 Madison Avenue, N. Y., U. S. A. By Alvin Edward Moore 448 Cable Address: Anisia, N. Y. 397 SPEEDING the To the Joreign Service Officers World’s Business of the United States ♦

THE UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND GUAR¬

ANTY COMPANY puts at your disposal its serv¬ ice in writing your bond. Special attention is given to the requirements of Foreign Serv¬ ice Officers, our Washington Manager, Mr. Chas. R. Hooff, having specialized in this service since 1912. ♦

UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND EVERYWHERE ... on all sides . . . you hear GUARANTY COMPANY it. The battle cry of RECOVERY. The clarion 1415 K ST., N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C. call of the new era. The prayer of all people . . . of all countries. And the slogan of Under¬ wood Elliott Fisher for years . . . “Speed the World’s business.” Underwood Elliott Fisher “Speeds the World’s Business” by giving wings to the thoughts, the words, the figures that are essential parts of busi¬ ness. Through Underwood Typewriters. Through Underwood Elliott Fisher Accounting Machines. Through Underwood Sundstrand Adding-Figuring Machines. Through the supplies that are part of them. Underwood Elliott Fisher not only sells office A Representative machines . . . Underwood Elliott Fisher services A LAWMAKER who, in making the laws them for life! for his social life, considers the register at the Willard Hotel his statute hook. Single Rooms with Rath $4 up TYPEWRITER DIVISION Double Rooms with Bath $6 up UNDERWOOD ELLIOTT FISHER COMPANY 25% discount on room charges to members of the United Stales Foreign Service Homer Building, 601 13th Street N. W. Popular Priced Coffee Shop Washington, D. C. /'“•'■v/ Write for Illustrated Booklet and Rates SALES AND SERVICE EVERYWHERE ^/fie WILLARD HOTEL The UNDERWOOD “The Residence, of Presidents” STANDARD .... Model No. 6 14th and Pennsylvania Avenue Washington, D. C. H. P. SoaHivaLS, Managing Director

398 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

To Patronize Our oA dvertisers Is to Insure a digger and better Journal for Our Service.

INDEX OF ADVERTISERS

American Express Company 399 American Security and Trust Company— 425 Appleton and Cox, Inc 426 Bacardi — 451 Baltimore Mail Line 431 Brewood — — 446 Calvert School 437 Cathay Hotel—Shanghai 451 Choiseul, Hotel de France et—Paris 451 Continental Hotel—Paris —— 451 Curtis Publishing Company . 447 Dunapalota Hotel—Budapest 451 Federal Storage Company 433 Firestone Tire and Rubber Company 400 Goodyear Tire and Rubber Export Company 445 Grace, W. R., and Company . 443 WORLD SERVICE Harris and Ewing 446 Hung aria Hotel—Budapest 451 Huntington Press 443 for TRAVELERS Lafayette Hotel 443 Manhattan Storage and Warehouse Company 426 The American Express Travel Service scene above if Martinique Hotel 435 typical. It begins when the Company’s uniformed in¬ Mayflower Hotel 436 terpreter meets travelers at foreign railroad terminal*, Merchants Transfer and Storage Company 449 and continues with— Metropole Hotel—Shanghai... 451 All details incidental to foreign travel... Middleton, Mrs. Lewis 426 Foreign financial accommodations . . . The Munson Steamship Lines 449 shipment of merchandise and valuables National Geographic Magazine— 429 . . . Marine Insurance . . . Customs Clear¬ New Yorker Hotel II Cover ances ... Mail, Cable and Wireless Pagani’s Restaurant—London 451 service Palace-Ambassadeurs Hotel—Rome 451 Pan-American Airways, Inc. 435 Traveling Americans seek help, advice and informa¬ Park Lane Hotel—London — 451 tion from the American government representatives in Philco Radio . 397 cities abroad. In many of these foreign cities are Pillsbury Flour 427 American Express offices equipped to take over the Plaza Hotel 434 business of serving such Americans in their travel, for¬ Powhatan Hotel 450 eign financial and shipping requirements, and in gen¬ Ritz Hotel—Mexico City 451 eral to give them the assistance and information so Rockefeller Center III Cover important to traveling Americans. Savoy-Plaza Hotel 434 Because of their strategic locations and because of the Sea Captains’ Shop—Shanghai 451 wide variety of services they are able to perform, the Security Storage Company of Washington 425 American Express offices can be of assistance to those Socony-Vacuum Corporation _ 441 who are attending to our government’s activities in for¬ Strasbourg, Restaurant Brasserie de—Marseilles 451 eign lands. Terminus Hotel—Marseilles 451 Tyner, Miss E. J. 446 Underwood Elliott Fisher Company 398 United Fruit Company . 447 AMERICAN United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company 398 United States Lines 427 von Zielinski, Carl M. J. 443 Waldorf-Astoria Hotel IV Cover EXPRESS Willard Hotel .. 398 TRAVEL, FINANCIAL, SHIPPING SERVICE Woodward and Lothrop 439 399 JHE /^MERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

/t f ’ >. :

SELECTED BY A CENTURY OF PROGRESS FOR 1934 SuRELY it is a tribute to Firestone quality and service to again be selected to represent the rubber industry at the World’s Fair, Chicago. The Firestone Building has been remodeled and enlarged to include many new interesting and instructive features. Here one can see how rubber is gathered on the Firestone Plantations in Liberia, Africa—how Firestone High Stretch Cords are Gum-Dipped—how Firestone Low Pressure Air Balloon Tires are made—the extra values in Firestone Batteries, Spark Plugs and Brake Linings dynamically demonstrated—and the spectacular MASTERPIECE Singing Color Fountain in the Firestone Gardens, the r/TIRE only one of its kind in the world. CONSTRUCTION If you are planning to visit the United States this summer, don’t fail to go to the World’s Fair. We invite you to make the Firestone Factory and Exhibition Building your headquarters while on the Fair grounds.

Copyright, 1934, Tha Firestone Tire & Rubber Coi 400 THE

FOREIGN S JOURNAL

PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION

VOL. XI, No. 8 WASHINGTON, D. C. AUGUST, 1934

•Japanese Treaty Anniversary (Excerpts from Ambassador Grew’s Diary, April 22, 1934)

RED-LETTER DAY. We and we were met and escorted were up at 6 and boarded to it by the Chief Priest, with the Japanese destroyer “Shima- whom I have already had much kaze” at Yokohama at 7:45, to¬ correspondence, in all his robes. gether with Mr. Katsuji Debu- We first burned incense before chi, Admiral Nomura, Count each of the graves of the five Kabayama, the Rogers, Cranes, American sailors, and then to Dickovers, and Goolds, several the memory of Townsend Har¬ other prominent Japanese and ris himself, within the temple; a raft of press and camera men. profoundly moved by the so¬ This was to be the main cele¬ lemnity of it all. After paus¬ bration of the eightieth anni¬ ing before the shrine we ex¬ versary of the signing of Ja¬ amined the various relics of pan’s first treaty by Commo¬ Harris which are reverently kept dore Perry, at the spot where in the temple, including some the “Black Ships” made their of his personal articles. On a principal stay. The trip to Shi- monument to Harris near the moda lasted three hours and a temple is engraved the follow¬ half, at a speed of 25 knots. ing excerpt from his diary on The day was lovely and the sea the day that he raised the first quite smooth; Fuji, which was Harris & Ewing consular flag in Japan: constantly in sight, was crystal HONORABLE JOSEPH C. GREW “Thursday, September 4, 1856. clear and remarkably impres¬ American Ambassador to Japan Slept very little from excitement sive. The little harbor of Shi- and mosquitoes,—the latter enor¬ moda is lovely—high thickly wooded shores and mous in size. Men on shore to put up my flagstaff. pretty islands. In those days the Japanese in¬ Heavy job. Slow work. Spar falls; break cross- tended it to be the main port for foreign com¬ trees; fortunately no one hurt. At last get a re¬ merce, and in Perry’s treaty only Shimoda and inforcement from the ship. Flagstaff erected; men Hakodate were opened, but later of course Shi¬ form a ring around it, and, at two and a half p.m. moda proved to be impractical and Yokohama of this day, I hoist the ‘First Consular Flag’ ever was opened instead. We landed first at the little seen in this Empire. Grim reflections—ominous of village of Kakizaki on the other side of the har¬ change—undoubted beginning of the end. Query, bor from Shimoda where Townsend Harris lived -—if for the real good of Japan?” in his Gyokusen-ji Temple for four years before Then we motored a mile or more to Shimoda, going to Yedo. The original temple was destroyed through almost unbroken row's of Japanese school but an exact replica now stands on the same spot children, both girls and boys, hundreds and hun- 401 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

ARRIVAL AT SHIMODA—WELCOME BY JAPANESE SCHOOL CHILDREN

dreds of them gathered from town and cities as myself. Dr. Yamada, who is reputed as an ora¬ far away as Nagoya, all waving Japanese and tor, spoke very frankly. American flags and shouting “Banzai!” This was Townsend Harris in his diary got the names of really very moving too. At length we came to people and places rather mixed up; you can the town school where the exercises were to take hardly blame him, considering that he didn’t place in the open air. A shrine had been erected know the language and often had to rely on some¬ for the occasion and a Shinto service was held what vague information, and especially on the country argot, illiteracy and accent of the peas¬ in memory of Perry and Harris, with music, sev¬ ants which even today is as different from pure eral priests and the usual banquet heaped up on Japanese as is the English of the uneducated tables; the evil spirits were driven away by wav¬ from pure English. Harris, for instance, speaks ing sakaki branches, the audience was purified of passing through Fusisawa, not Fujisawa where with sacred water and then the chief priest was we now play golf. in a position to ask the gods to descend and to During the exercises Fox Films and Paramount listen to our petition for the repose of the souls both had American operators grinding away on of the two heroes which he read from a parch¬ their sound-films, so I suppose that the whole ment. Thereafter we all came up and offered thing will eventually appear in the movies at sakaki branches and finally the little door in the home, when anybody who is interested will be shrine was closed, indicating that the gods might able to visualize the scene far better than I can now retire. There followed speeches, many of describe it. They had a copy of my speech and them—from the Governor, the Mayor, the chair¬ turned the machines on and off as 1 came to man of the celebration committee, Mr. Debuchi passages which they had marked in advance. The on behalf of Foreign Minister Hirota, Count speech concluded; Kabayama, Admiral Nomura, Dr. Yamada, a “Here, on this historic ground, we can only by descendent of the famous Egawa Hidetaktsu, and words affirm and pledge the permanent continu- 402 a nee of that ceived, by many friendship. In decorated boats the greater arena and among them of international an old steam comity we can by trawler painted act ensure it.” to represent one A visit to an¬ of the “Black other temple and Ships,” with side a town luncheon paddles and all, had to be aban- and prominently' d o n e d and we labelled on the departed at 3, stern “Powha¬ having been tan.” The trip there for three back was smooth¬ hours and a half, er and very pleas¬ through the same ant, with much rows of cheering fraternizing over children, accom¬ refreshments i n panied out of the the wardroom. It harbor, just as LANDING OF COMMODORE MATTHEW C. PERRY, U. S. NAVY, was a really' we had been re- AT YOKOHAMA, JAPAN, MARCH 8, 1854 grand day.

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AMBASSADOR AND MRS. GREW AT THE GRAVES OF THE FIVE AMERICAN SAILORS

403 H

HERON ISLAND, NORTH QUEENS¬ LAND

WHILE Austra¬ are in abundance. lia has no Here one finds a mountains or riv¬ wilderness of vary¬ ers to compare aggiliStomBrt ing coral forms in with those of other whose shelter large countries, it can clams with jaws boast as its greatest agape lie in wait scenic attraction the for their victims. largest coral reef in The black sea the world. This, the slug, called beche- Great Barrier Reef, de-mer, or sea cu¬ extends along the cumber, approxi¬ Pacific Coast of mately a foot in the State of length and cylin¬ Queensland for drical in shape, is more than one gathered and dried thousand m i 1 e s for export, chiefly and is made up of Queensland Government Tourist Bureau to China, where it a number of small is used as a food. reefs, between the The giant mack¬ inner and outer erel, groper and zones of which lie The Great Barrier Reef other fish provide mountainous is¬ excellent sport for lands, some of them fishermen. The inhabited. The area of Australia “rock co d” is between the main¬ feared more by the land and the Outer By A. R. PRESTON, Consul, Brisbane pearl divers than Barrier is known the shark, for he as the “Grand Ca¬ hides among the nal” and naviga¬ rocks and rushes tion in the inner portion is safe and pleasant except forth to attack his unsuspecting victim. The name during the cyclone season, the Reef having been “cod' is purely a native terminology and has no mapped and charted so that it no longer presents relation to the true cod. dangers. The outer region, however, is full of per¬ Large green and tortoise shell turtles are ils for larger boats and only small craft can numerous on the coral islands and one of the go in safety among the reefs. At its narrowest chief sports enjoyed by those making the trip point the Grand Canal is about twenty miles to the Reef is riding along the beaches “turtle wide; its greatest width is eighty miles. back.” This does not last long, however, for the The coral growths are a feast of rainbow turtle makes for the water and in a short time colorings and the tropic seas are teeming with succeeds in unseating his rider by a fast and life from the tiny pink coral to the large skillful dive. Nevertheless one can always go sky-blue anemone. They suggest gardens in their back and try another turtle. On land the turtle is varied beauties of form and color and sea clumsy and slow, but in the water, his natural flowers grow profusely there with pink as the abode, he is swift and graceful. predominant color. There are many shades of Masthead Island is nicknamed “Turtle Island,” green, yellow and red, shading into the most and its surrounding waters swarm with green tur¬ delicate of pastel tints. Fish with beautiful tles, which sometimes attain a length of five markings and strange color combinations are feet. There is a turtle soup factory on one of found in great numbers. Sharks, beehe-de-mer, the islands, and the flesh is also used for steaks sea snakes, shell-fish, brilliant star fish and crabs and stews. Turtle eggs are soft-shelled, small, 404 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL round and white. The turtle lays them on the beach, touch the polyp they are struck with small poi¬ in one of the numerous deep pits she has dug the son darts and stung to death. In falling the day before with her flippers, and then covers them victim is caught by the waving arms of the polyp over. When the eggs are hatched the young and pushed into the stomach. The lime found turtles dig themselves out and make straightway in the food is deposited around the polyp, just for the water. They are seldom seen out of the as the human body uses lime to make its bones, water in the daytime. and thus the coral rock is formed. Although In addition to the turtle soup factory, the corals predominate in the upbuilding of the Great Great Barrier Reef is the scene of several other Barrier Reef, a large share is contributed by other industries, the principal enterprises being pearl- matter, such as shells, foraminifera and seaweeds. shell, beche-de-mer, and trochus shell. The trochus is a pyramidal sea snail having a shell Many rival theories of the formation of bar¬ three to four inches in diameter, striped with rier reefs have been advanced by scientists, nota¬ white and crimson bands and richly nacreous bly those of Darwin, Murray, Guppy and Daly. within. The shells are gathered by hand on the According to the Encyclopaedia Britannica the coral reef and the contents removed by boiling. Darwin theory is one of “subsidence,” the slow The product is exported, chiefly to Japan, where it sinking of coasts or islands with resultant up¬ is made into pearl-shell shirt and collar buttons. growth of coral. Murray attributed barriers to The only commercial sponge found on the Barrier tfie outgrowth of fringing reefs from stationary Reef is large and coarse, fit for cleaning automo¬ coasts, while Guppy believed such reefs were biles and machinery. formed on rising foundations, or sea platforms The depth and thickness of the Great Barrier of abrasion cut in coastal slopes during a pause has been estimated many times by eminent scien¬ in their emergence. Daly’s theory is that reef tists, among whom were Alexander Agassiz, and foundations have long been stationary, many of the naturalist, J. B. Jukes, the former believing the older volcanic islands of the Pacific having it to be a thin veneer, while the latter attributed been degraded in pre-glacial times to low relief; great density thereto. Much boring has been that with the coming of the Glacial period the done in an effort to determine this question and a ocean was lowered by withdrawal of water to depth of eleven hundred feet was reached at one form continental glaciers, the chill of the lowered time. ocean killing the reef-builders, the ocean waves The builder of the reef is a little animated abrading the reefs and worn-down islands to low- jelly sometimes known as a “coral insect,” but level platforms; and that as the ocean rose and correctly termed a polyp, very similar to a sea warmed in post-glacial times, barrier and atoll reefs anemone. As the animalcules float past and grew up with it on the platform margins.—ED.

Thotos, Queensland Government Tourist Bureau. WHITSUNDAY PASSAGE. AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL NORTH QUEENSLAND RIDING “TURTLE BACK” 405 Albania and Its “Eagle-Men”

ABOVE: HONORABLE POST WHEELER, AMERICAN MINISTER TO ALBANIA BELOW: AMERICAN LEGATION AND GARDENS, TIRANA, ALBANIA THE front door to Albania is Durazzo Bay, left Rome three hours ago. It will swoop down where the Crusaders landed to begin their ter¬ on the flying-field in Tirana the Capital, twenty rible march on the Bosphorus and the Holy Sep¬ miles away, in the shadow of the enormous hangar ulchre. The ten-foot-thick brick walls they built, painted en camouflage, in ten more minutes. superimposed on Roman bastions many centuries But “If you would know the East,” says the older, still stand there, looked down upon in this proverb, “do not enter the bazaar by the front twentieth century by the spick-and-span seashore door.” And if you would know Albania, you Palace of Zog I, King of the Albanians, perched must learn it not from the sea-side, but from the on its abrupt landscaped hill, with its face toward side of the mountains. The strip of plain that the Adriatic, far above the hoot of the motor- fringes the Adriatic—the part the casual tourist horns in the town below. sees from his steamer—is only the selvedge of the There are no jingling trams in Durazzo and. as real Albania. It has been quarrelled over, fought everyone knows, Albania has the unique distinction and bled over, occupied, held and evacuated, by a of being the only country in Europe—very pos¬ dozen outer peoples, from 450 B. C. to Woodrow sibly in the world—which has no single mile of Wilson and the Council of Ambassadors, while railroad. Yet if you tilt your chin, you may sight the Albanian of the mountains has watched from a far drifting mote—the plane from Valona. It his eyrie with the eagle, whose son he calls him- 406 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

self. His house is of stone or of sun-baked bricks, knits part and part together and gives birth to the its roof of thatch, and its cement floor is Mother sense of national unity. Earth. His women grind his corn in hand-mortars This was not the case in the Balkan peninsula— and spin with a hand-distaff as they trudge the least of all in that portion of it that is now Al¬ steep trails. His trolley is his donkey, his dearest bania. It is monstrously mountained and ravined, possession is his tribal honor, and its protector is niggard of comforts, a womb of winds. In a great his rifle. part of Albania it is as though Nature had devised For here one sees something that exists nowhere cunning barriers to estrange valley from valley, to else in Europe—a nation that is living in the past bar farm from farm, to thrust its people violently and the present at one and the same time. With apart. They could not readily come together as the Albania of the further northern mountains— did more northern peoples, Anglo-Saxons and the home of the Eagle-men—history has for cen¬ Scandinavians, to develop a body of common law turies stood still. for all. As families grew slowly into Tribes the family heads became the tribal Elders, and their They were known as fierce and stubborn stock general over-law was only a mutual accommoda¬ three hundred years before Christ, when the Celtic tion of tribal customs. tidal-wave over-rolled the Balkans. The Romans Only now and then a leader arose among them of a century later found them as inveterate raiders who attempted a wider codification and unifica¬ as the England of Canute found the Norsemen. tion. Such a one was the famous Lek (which Lek Albania was Rome’s prickliest “Province,” and he was is disputed, for there were several) who her rule was more nominal than real. She never impressed or imposed his personality and his wis¬ conquered the uplands, though more than one of dom so powerfully on the tribes of northern Al¬ her Emperors, including the Great Constantine, bania, a half a millenium ago, that his name has were of Albanian blood. ever since stood for the law of the mountains, the The Gaul which Julius Caesar found divided peculiar communistic practices bound together, as into partes tres was even then well past the true with a crimson cord, by the universal and com¬ tribal stage. Its smaller Clan-units, that had been pelling rule of the blood-feud—the one great built from families by the wider acknowledgment handicap, by the way, fought always by the church, of blood kinship, had coalesced into segments and nowadays by the State as well, in the way of ruled and led by confederated Chieftains—peoples the attainment of a true nationality. well on their way to become the France and Bel¬ So. while in the rest of Europe the crystalization gium of today. For Gaul was a complex of great of tribes into nations more or less homogeneous plains and navigable rivers, favorable to the inter¬ went steadily on, life in the highlands of Albania, communication that, as certain as the sunrise, (Continued to page 442)

Otello Renzoni, Tirana A RELIGIOUS PROCESSION IN TIRANA 407 The Tariff Bargaining Organization

By JOHN S. DICKEY, Department of State.

AMONG the last of many important actions by approach to the determination of a commercial President Roosevelt before embarking on policy which recognizes that in the regulation his vacation was the formulation of a basic or¬ of international trade, as in other affairs of man¬ ganization for planning and executing the work kind, a certain degree of mutuality is essential connected with the foreign trade agreements con¬ and ‘'jug-handled” policies will not suffice. templated by the recent Act of Congress, approved Like begets like, and the interdepartmental by the President on June 12, 1934, to Amend the Executive Committee on Commercial Policy hav¬ Tariff Act of 1930. ing functioned satisfactorily in this very difficult The President, apparently recognizing the field, it is not surprising to find the adminis¬ many-sided nature of any work involving the com¬ tration of the tariff bargaining work similarly mercial policy of the Government, has again organized. This development is further explained invoked interdepartmental action. In November, by the fact that by the terms of the Act the pow¬ 1933 (Press Releases of Department of State, ers of the President are limited to three years. No. 217, November 25, 1933) pursuant to a It would be both costly and difficult to create letter of November 11, 1933, from the Presi¬ temporarily a separate organization, requiring dent to the Secretary of State, an Executive persons of varied and technical training. More¬ Committee on Commercial Policy was established over, it would mean needless duplication of work for the purpose of co-ordinating the commercial to set up an autonomous organization, inasmuch policy of this Government, with a view to cen¬ as a large part of the services and material which tralizing in one agency supervision of all gov¬ will be required are already to be had within ernmental action affecting our import and ex¬ the existing Government organizations. Thus the port trade. The following Departments and or¬ organization and administrative problems in im¬ ganizations are represented on this Committee: plementing the tariff bargaining act were primar¬ Departments of State, Treasury, Commerce, Agri¬ ily problems of correlation and coordination. culture, Agricultural Adjustment Administra¬ The immediate responsibility for resolving these tion, National Recovery Administration, United problems has been placed in an Interdepart¬ States Tariff Commission, Reconstruction Finance mental Committee on Foreign Trade Agreements Corporation, and the Special Adviser to the made up of representatives of the Departments President on Foreign Trade. The functions of of State, Commerce, Agriculture and Treasury, this Committee were subsequently continued by the Tariff Commission and the Office of the Executive Order No. 6656, March 27, 1934, Special Adviser to the President on Foreign which Order also stipulated that the Chair¬ Trade. The Agricultural Adjustment Adminis¬ man of the Committee should be a represen¬ tration is also represented on this Committee and tative of the Department of State, chosen by it is probable that in the future such other gov¬ the Secretary of State. Secretary Hull selected ernmental organizations as the N. R. A. will Assistant Secretary Francis B. Sayre for this send representatives. position and under his Chairmanship the Com¬ The Interdepartmental Committee on Foreign mittee has continued to perform its impor¬ Trade Agreements held its first meeting in the tant work in the field of high commercial Department of State on June 28, 1934, under policy. It is an occurrence of signal import that the temporary chairmanship of Assistant Secre¬ the Department of State should be designated tary of State Sayre, who, under the Secretary of to participate in this capacity in the determina¬ State, will be in general charge of the negotia¬ tion of the commercial policy of the Govern¬ tions of the proposed agreements. Since then ment. Such action by President Roosevelt pro¬ the Committee has been meeting frequently with vided a timely and tangible indication that the its work being the primary concern of those desig¬ commercial policy of a nation is not merely a nated to serve thereon. The permanent organiza¬ matter of internal concern, but that it is also tion of the Committee has been effected with Mr. a matter which greatly concerns other countries, Henry F. Grady, of the Department of State, in turn, both influencing and being influenced by serving as chairman. Other representatives of the policies and practices of those nations. The the Department on the Committee are Mr. Alvin recent tariff bargaining act is a product of this (Continued to page 449) 408 Courtesy A Century or progress FEDERAL BUILDING, HOUSING EXHIBITS OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

A Century of Progress Continues

By HENRY S. VILLARD, Department of State

T T SEEMS that they laughed when “A Century 23,000,000 admissions in the thin times of 1933, I of Progress” was proposed for a second sea¬ well enough should be let alone. On April 1 this son; but picture the amazement of the skeptics year, however, more than 2,500,000 tickets had when the show opened this year not only bigger already been sold—far more than had been dis¬ and better than before but with several impor¬ posed of by opening day last year, while Chicago tant exhibitors present who had failed to come hotels reported bookings way ahead of 1933. And in last time. Many people thought that with so it would appear that the enterprising planners 409 ■i

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Kaufinann-Fabry TRAVEL AND TRANSPORT BUILDING, “THE BUILDING THAT BREATHES”—THE ROOF RISES AND FALLS WITH CHANGING TEMPERATURE

back of the World's Fair knew what they were while as for “culture,” the authorities have served about all along, and that the second run will be it out lavishly in attractive and easy-to-swallow as much talked about as its first. doses which make the most casual visitor learn Unquestionably the Fair this year is better or¬ something in spite of himself. ganized, offers more for your money, and pro¬ In his official capacity as Chairman of the vides a wider range of interest than it did a year Chicago World’s Fair Centennial Commission, ago. Experience in handling crowds, in finding composed of the Secretaries of State, Agriculture out what the public wants, and in putting across and Commerce, Secretary Hull made an inspec¬ exhibits have contributed to the smooth, efficient tion trip to the Fair on Saturday, June 2. Ac¬ and imaginative manner in which the performance companied by James Clement Dunn, Special As¬ is staged. For those, if any, w’ho haven’t yet seen sistant to the Secretary and Chief of Protocol, the show, the setting is impressive in the extreme and by Hugh S. Cumming, Jr., Assistant to the and the variety of displays makes one slightly Secretary, he was met at the station in Chicago by dizzy; for those who are returning for the new1 former Minister to Uruguay Ulysses Grant-Smith, edition, there is a wealth of material which was now Chief of Protocol of A Century of Progress. not there before and which is almost a fair in At their hotel, the party received a delegation of itself. From Ripley’s Odditorium (Believe It or officials, including ex-Governor Dunne of Illinois, Not) to the Streets of Paris, there is something United States Commissioner for the Fair, and then added, something different to write home about; was escorted to the Fair grounds by the famous 410 Black Horse Troop of the Illinois National Guard. The Secretary was given the customary salute of 19 guns for a Cabinet member, after which he reviewed the Black Horse Troop. He was then joined by Colonel Keck of the United States Coast Artillery and inspected a Guard of Hon¬ or composed of two companies of that branch of the service. These colorful ceremonies were concluded when the Guard of Honor passed in review and Mr. Hull took the salute. At the Administration Build¬ ing, the group was greeted by Rufus Dawes, President of A Century of Progress Exposi¬ tion, and by other officials, and after signing the Golden Book in that place. Mr. Hull Kaurmann-F abry Building, where he inspected the State Depart¬ THE SECRETARY INSPECTS GUARD OF HONOR UNDER COMMAND OF COLONEL MORRIS ment’s exhibit, in charge of Laurence C. Frank, M. KECK. U. S. A. of the Division of Foreign Service Administration. He then made a short radio broadcast, calling attention to the vision and the remarkable deter¬ mination displayed in making the Fair such a success despite the depression; a luncheon at the Administration Building followed, at which Mr. Hull was the guest of the Fair officials. The rest of the day was devoted to inspecting a number of the leading exhibits. In so far as any single exhibit is concerned, the consensus of opinion is that the current lime¬ light has been stolen by a certain prominent American manufacturer of light automobiles who declined to appear in 1933 and who is reputed to have spent some two million dollars this year on a breath-taking temple of industrial produc¬ tion. Mechanical achievement is here made vivid to the fascinated eye of the beholder, and it seems difficult to imagine anything more spec¬ tacular of its kind. But not far behind in interest is the Hall of Science, wherein are crammed a staggering amount of informative exhibits, at which one could spend literally days watching how a hodoscope works, what composes an artifi¬ cial larynx, or the scientific method of computing pi. Incidentally, in case you don’t know what a hodoscope is, it shows that you aren’t as up to date as the promoters of the Fair; it is an instru¬ ment recently invented which makes visible the Courtesy A Century of Progress STREET SCENE, ITALIAN VILLAGE (Continued to page 436) 411 A MISSION TO MUSCAT

By DENIS KNABENSHUE

HIS HIGHNESS SEYYID SAID BIN TAIMUR. SULTAN OF MUSCAT AND OMAN

ARMORY ENSEMBLE THE historical importance of Muscat is due PRESENTED mainly to its strategic position, which close¬ KNABENSHUE the coloniaj P0W®.rS w

Persian Port of Mohammerah, which is situated company expects to be ready for export. Mean¬ at the point where the Karoun River flows into while material has arrived for the construction of the Shatt-al-Arab. Here a steamer had run a submarine pipeline, which will project three aground thereby blocking the channel, and miles from the shore and terminate in a buoy, thirty-six hours went by before we passed at from which tankers will be loaded. Abadan, one of the world’s largest refineries, Finally, America is represented in Bahrein by and reached the open sea. medical missionaries of great enterprise. There is Twelve more hours sailing in fine weather a hospital for men and another for women. In¬ brought us, in the afternoon, to Bushire, where patients are attended by their families, and make a call was made on the British Residency. This their own arrangements for meals. The practice of Persian port, once prosperous, is still a trading the chief physician extends far into the mainland, centre of importance, but it has failed signally to and his patients include not only the neighboring improve to the extent of meeting the expanding re¬ Sheiks, but also King Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud. quirements of modern commerce. Landing facili¬ No description of Bahrein would be complete ties and warehouse accommodation are inade¬ without reference to its tombs, which lend the quate, and the freight service to the interior is island an antiquarian interest, causing much costly and unsatisfactory. speculation in the archaeological world as to In the evening, having unloaded our cargo, we their contents and origin. They consist of low turned towards the Arabian Coast, and after mounds, which cover a large area of the island. twenty-four hours of uneventful sailing, arrived Some of them have been opened, revealing two- at the Island of Bahrein. The Shaikdom of Bah¬ story constructions, but little else of interest. rein, prospering under the management of a Bahrein may have have been used as a burial British financial expert, compares favorably with ground by the inhabitants of the mainland, or the the Persian ports as a trading centre, and is of island may have been inhabited by Phoenicians. threefold importance—as the centre of the gulf Nothing however has been found in the tombs to pearl industry, as a commercial entrepot for throw light on their original use. goods entering and leaving the Arabian main¬ The Mission spent a week at Bahrein and was land, and as an oil-yielding country. entertained by Mr. and Mrs. Skinner, of the Bah¬ Before the financial crisis, the great pearl in¬ rein Petroleum Company and at dinner by His dustry was the main cause of the Island’s im¬ Britannic Majesty’s Political Agent and Mrs. Loch. portance. Pearls are found in great abundance An official call was of course made on the rul¬ in the surrounding shallows; they are furthermore ing Sheik Hammad of Bahrein, who enjoys the of the best quality, and until recently they com¬ title of Excellency under the auspices of His manded a world market. Now, however, the de¬ Britannic Majesty’s Political Agent. His Excel¬ mand for pearls has fallen off considerably, lency, gorgeously attired in gold-braided abba partly owfing to economic depression, and partly, (cloak), sword with elaborate gold scabbard, and perhaps, to the rival popularity enjoyed by other kashmere shawl, met us in person at his door articles, such as motor cars for gift purposes. and escorted us upstairs to his medjlis or recep¬ The trade still continues, nevertheless, albeit to a tion room, which was furnished in European lesser extent, and the fleets of picturesque pearl¬ style. ing boats, with their high bows and sterns, add Greetings having been exchanged, coffee was im¬ considerably to the beauty of the harbor. mediately served by slaves. Then conversation Since the decline of the pearl trade, Bahrein was held through the medium of his Britannic has been obliged to depend more upon customs Majesty’s Political Agent, who kindly acted as in¬ and excise for revenue. Lately, however, it has terpreter after which rose-water and incense were seemed that the development of oil resources will brought in. In Arab society the arrival of in¬ be an important factor in re-establishing the island cense is an intimation from the host that the guests economically. Recently Bahrein was examined for may take their leave. Accordingly we repaired oil by a British promoting company. The con¬ to the British Agency, where we awa’ted the re¬ cession which they secured was offered to but turn call of the Sheik. refused by a British oil company but was taken On resuming our journey to Muscat, we sailed over by an American oil company, of California. first to the Persian Coast, calling at the ports of A subsidiary of this company rvas organized to Lingah, IJenjam, and Bander Abbas, which were operate the concession and the development of the all situated on an apparently narrow stretch of oil resources in the Island is proceeding. Five coast, with the hills looming up behind. In the wells have already been capped, and more are ex¬ evening, when the atmosphere is blue and bazy, pected to. have been capped by July, when the the scene is not devoid of certain artistic beau- 414 ties, but was otherwise of no special interest to us. propelled with paddles. Among the first to ar¬ On entering the gulf of Oman, we came into rive was the British Agency boat, bearing His more tropical waters. In the daytime the sea was Britannic Majesty’s Political Agent, Major Brem- pellucid, and abounding with jelly-fish; in the ner, who came on board to greet the Minister, and evening, at sunset, it was iridescent, and at night to submit for approval a programme of the cere¬ it was weirdly and beautifully phosphorescent. monial. After twenty-four hours of very pleasant sailing, Soon a somewhat larger craft came alongside we reached Muscat, at noon. The approach to with the Stars and Stripes at her bow, and the Muscat harbor is very impressive. High, rocky scarlet flag of Muscat at her stern, and four very cliffs constitute an interesting change from the smartly dressed and distinguished looking gen¬ flat, sandy stretches typical of the Arabian Coast, tlemen came on board. This was the delegation and the town itself, nestling in a small, cliff-en¬ sent by the Sultan to greet the American Min¬ circled bay, dominated behind and at both sides ister, and convey him and his suite to the shore. by antique Portuguese forts, and exposing a row It consisted of the Sultan’s three senior uncles, of fine white buildings on its water-front, presents and his Prime Minister. Flowing white robes, a most picturesque sight. It has long been a brown cloaks with much gold braiding and nu¬ custom for the crews of ships visiting Muscat to merous tassels, sandals, swords, daggers, canes, paint their ships’ names on the harbor cliffs, and brightly colored turbans and well-trimmed beards, we could read these quite clearly from the boat. all gave an impression of great chic and elegance. As we dropped anchor we fired a salute of one His Britannic Majesty’s Political Agent, in his ca¬ gun. This is a long-standing custom of courtesy pacity of Master of Ceremonies, effected the in¬ to the Sultan, practiced by British India ships vis¬ troductions. We stepped into the Sultan’s boat, iting Muscat. The salute was returned from one and made for the shore. of the forts. Then, after the port doctor had As we passed the fort, a salute of fifteen guns given pratique, long and narrow rowing boats put was fired, during which the Minister stood up, out from the shore and came alongside, together bare-headed, the boatmen resting on their oars. with numerous fishing boats, canoe-shaped and (Continued to page 432)

OPENING OF THE AMERICAN HOSPITAL, MATRAH The American Minister is flanked right and left, respectively, by Prince Said Mahmoud and Prince Said flammed, who in turn are flanked by the Minister’s son and Major Bremner. 415 THE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

ASSOCIATION SCHOLARSHIP FUND Contribution Made by Naples Office A move to increase the Foreign Service Scholar¬ FOREIGN S] JOURNAL ship Fund has been initiated by the American Con¬ sulate General at Naples. AUGUST, 1934 The JOURNAL has received the following tele¬ gram from that office on the occasion of Mr. Homer M. Byington’s election as President of the PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY AMERICAN FOREIGN Association: SERVICE ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. “Naples, as the new President’s old post, The American Foreign Service Journal is open to private would like to be the first to contribute to the subscription in the United States and abroad at the rate of §4.00 a year, or 35 cents a copy, payable to the American For¬ foreign service scholarship fund. Mailing check eign Service Journal, care Department of State, Washington, for sixty dollars contributed by officers here. D. O. DuBois.” Copyright, 1934, hy the American Foreign Service Association This action on the part of the Consulate Gen¬ eral at Naples is a source of considerable grati¬ JOURNAL STAFF fication to the Executive Committee of the Asso¬ ciation and to the JOURNAL. It is hoped that vol¬ PAUL H. ALLINC untary contributions will also be made hy the offi¬ WALTER A. FOOTE cers at other posts and the Scholarship Fund sub¬ LOWELL C. PINKERTON Editorial Board HENRY S. VILLARD stantially increased. HERBERT S. BUIISI.EY Secretary, Editorial Board It is not desired, of course, that any officer make HARRY A. MCBRIDE Business Manager a contribution in excess of his ability. MAYNARD B. BARNES Treasurer The JOURNAL will from time to time publish lists of contributing offices. Contributions should be addressed “American The American Foreign Foreign Service Scholarship Fund,” Room 113, Service Association Department of State, Washington, D. C.

The American Foreign Service Association is an unofficial and ACCEPTANCES OF NEW OFFICERS, voluntary associaton of the members of The Foreign Service FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION of the United States. It was formed for the purpose of fos¬ tering esprit de corps among the members of the Foreign Serv¬ The following message has been received by ice and to establish a center a''on ml which might be g-ouped the united efforts of its members for the improvement of the Service. the Executive Committee of the American Foreign Service Association from Mr. Homer M. Byington, Honorary President the recently elected President of the Association: CORDELL HULL Secretary of State “Deeply touched by expression of esteem and confidence of the members of the Foreign Service Honorary Vice-Presidents Association in electing me President. Accept and will serve wholeheartedly.” WILLIAM PHILLIPS Under Secretary of State WILBUR J. CARR Assistant Secretary of State Mr. Ray Atherton in accepting election as Vice- ROBERT WALTON MOORE Assistant Secretary of State President of the Association said: FRANCIS B. SAYRE Assistant Secretary of State “My beliefs in the aims of the Association are SUMNER WELLES Assistant Secretary of State so definite that I trust I may justify the confidence shown in me by the Association.” HOMER M. BYINCTON President RAY ATHERTON __ Vice-President COVER PICTURE RUDOLF E. SCHOENFELD Secretary-Treasurer Photograph by Miss MARY REISNER EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE GUYURSHI MOSQUE THOMAS M. WILSON, Chairman; J. P. MOFFAT. Vice- Outer courtyard of the Guyurshi mosque on the Chairman; J. F. SIMMONS, H. S. BURSLEY, J. F. Mc- Makattem plateau to the east of Cairo. This GURK. mosque, built circa A. D. 975, is one of the few Alternates remaining Fatimide buildings. Its graceful pro¬ MAHLON F. PERKINS, RUDOLF E. SCHOENFELD portions and the magnificently molded plaster around the mihrab make it unique among the Entertainment Committee: JOHN FARR SIMMONS, Chairman; early monuments of Cairo but in consequence of JEFFERSON PATTERSON and GEORGE R. MERRELL, JR. its remoteness from the city it is but little visited. 416 News from the Department

The Secretary of State and Mrs. Hull were concluded a stage engagement in Eugene O’Neill’s guests of the Secretary of the Navy and Mrs. “Ah Wilderness” in Hollywood. It is reported Claude A. Swanson on a cruise aboard the that the privileged self-appointed diplomat will Sequoia in mid-July. leave shortly for a visit to Asia and Europe.

Secretary of State Hull is one member of the Undersecretary of State William Phillips left cabinet who does not plan to stray far from Washington on July 20 for a vacation fishing trip Washington for any protracted period during the in northern Maine. Summer or Fall. Too many things are popping Newspaper men claimed that, when asked wheth¬ in different parts of the world. The United States er he would carry on any negotiations with Cana¬ has no burning concern in any of the critical da while on the border, Mr. Phillips replied, international situations now current, but we are “No. Only with the fish.” interested in nearly all of them, for one reason or another, and Judge Hull, in view of President Mr. Francis B. Sayre, Assistant Secretary of Roosevelt’s absence from Washington, does not State in charge of tariff negotia'ions under the care unduly to absent himself from the State Administration’s new trade program, sailed from Department, world conditions being what they New York July 21 for a month’s trio to Europe. are. Europe’s explosive possibilities, particu¬ Mr. Sayre told newspapermen his ! rip was pure¬ larly in Germany; the incalculable situation in ly a vacation and that he would not conduct any the Far East, war in South America, American tariff negotiations in any European country. He negotiations for reciprocal tariff treaties—all these will return on the same vessel the latter part of things are matters that might at any moment call August. for major decisions or prompt action by the The vessel makes port at Copenhagen, Helsing¬ Secretary of State, so his purpose is to stick fors and Leningrad. pretty close to his knitting. A brief outing in the Shenandoah Valley in August is the only period One afternoon in June a number of State De¬ of relaxation now on Judge Hull’s schedule.— partment people were invited to see the summer Frederic William Wile in the Washington Star. home and gardens of Assistant Secretary and Mrs. Sumner Welles, on the Potomac River in “Just had a fine long visit (and incidentally a Maryland, near Washington. The name of the good lunch) with the kindliest, friendliest and estate, Oxon Hill Manor, dates from the latter most able of our diplomats in a long time, Secre¬ part of the Seventeenth Century. The original tary of State Cordell Hull. We talked of South manor house, one of the handsomest of the river America where he made many friends at that homes, was burned, but a mile from its site in conference. And that’s the country where we can the estate of three hundred acres, Mr. and Mrs. use some friends, too.” This was Will Rogers’ Welles have built a beautiful Georgian house version, in his daily column, on July 13, of being overlooking the river. entertained at luncheon on the preceding day by There were many garden lovers among the the Secretary and Mrs. Hull. Mr. Rogers recently guests, and the occasion was one of delightful 417 informality and gracious welcome into a beautiful The first tennis match, singles between Mr. John home. Farr Simmons, Chief of the Visa Division, and Mr. Edward Randolph Pierce, of FA (also cap¬ Mr. Harry A. McBride, Assistant to the Secre¬ tain-elect of the George Washington University tary of State, and Business Manager of the JOUR¬ tennis team), was drawn after each player had NAL, has been instructed by the Department to won a set. The doubles match was between Messrs. proceed to Monrovia to study present conditions Edwin Wilson, Chief of the Latin American Divi¬ in Liberia. Mr. McBride was connected with the sion, and Mr. George Gordon, of the Foreign Serv¬ Liberian Government in 1918 and 1919, when he ice, and a team composed of Messrs. Rudolf E. served as Receiver of Customs and Financial Ad¬ Schoenfeld and John R. Minter, of the Western viser and enjoyed to a marked degree the con¬ European Division. The latter team won two sets fidence of the Liberian people. He left Wash¬ out of three. ington July 23, and expects to return to his post While the athletically-minded members of the in the Department of State by October 1. Department were disporting themselves upon the tennis court or in and around the swimming pool, many of us found sufficient excitement in losing Mr. Robert Frazer, American Consul General, and finding ourselves in the maze of box-lined has been appointed a member of the Committee, walks and artistic gardens on many levels. established by an Executive Order, to receive in¬ formation and views from persons interested in any proposed foreign trade agreement negotiations Dr. Herbert Feis, Economic Adviser of the De¬ under the Act of June 12, 1934. partment, sailed from New York July 21st, on the Leviathan, for a vacation trip to Europe, during the course of which he will consult with Ameri¬ Did you ever see the entire State Department can missions. together in one happy gathering? Well,—we were all present—some 700 strong—as guests of former The Department will be represented at the In¬ Ambassador and Mrs. Bliss, on the afternoon of ternational Geographical Congress, convening at July 11, at their beautiful Georgetown estate, Warsaw on August 23, 1934, by Mr. S. W. Boggs, Dumbarton Oaks. Entering the impressive gates Geographer of the Department, as a delegate, and we passed under the stately, historic oaks, through Mr. J. Klahr Huddle, Consul General at Warsaw, the colorful conservatory to the upper terrace as an observer. Other representatives of the where Mr. and Mrs. Bliss greeted their guests. United States Government are Dr. Isaiah Bowman; The Secretary and Mrs. Hull received with them, Dr. Douglas Wilson Johnson; Brigadier General introductions being made by Mr. Charles Lee James Gordon Steese, D.S.M., United States Army, Cooke. Cordial greetings too were exchanged with Retired; Dr. Oscar Dietrich von Engeln; Dr. John the Under Secretary, Mr. Phillips, Mr. and Mrs. Kirtland Wright, as delegates, and Mr. Clayton Carr, Mr. Moore, Mr. Sayre, and a host of other Lane, Commercial Attache, as observer. Department officials and their ladies. Apparently in recognition of her achievements The aquatic events drew many to the terrace as an Arctic explorer and leader of two expedi¬ overlooking the swimming pool. “Grand Neptune tions, Miss Louise A. Boyd will also represent the of the Ceremonies” was Dr. Cyril Wynne, Chief United States at the Congress. of the Division of Research and Publication, who officiated at the “Balloon Race,” won by Mr. Mr. Donald R. Heath, Foreign Service Officer Thomas G. Sonner, of the Division of Communi¬ assigned to the Department, is now on a trip to cations and Records, the swimming “Potato Race,” several countries of South America as assistant to in which Mr. Sonner was again victorious, and Mr. John H. Williams, Economist of the Federal an underwater swim, won by Mr. Dudley L. Rob¬ Reserve Bank of New York, who as a special ertson, of the Passport Division. The final event representative of the Department, will confer with was a 67-foot free-style for men and women. Mr. American diplomatic missions regarding the ex¬ Sonner achieved his third victory in placing first change controls. among the men, wdiile Miss F. P. Martin, niece of Miss Margaret M. Hanna, Chief of the Office Mr. Irvin Stewart, for the past several years the of Coordination and Review, was the first woman Department’s expert on radio matters, has been across the finish line. Following the contests, the appointed by the President a member of the new winners were presented to the Secretary and Mrs. Communications Commission organized to deal Hull, who awarded the prizes on behalf of Mr. with telephone, telegraph and radio communica¬ Bliss. tion. 418 A Political Bookshelf

By CYRIL WYNNE, Department of State

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION. By Harold M. ments have “been led even to consider seriously Vinacke (New York: F. S. Crofts and Company. the creation of an international government. ’ 1934. Pp. iv 483. $5.00). One gathers that the author does not subscribe to As the author states in the preface to this the “super-state” idea which has been the cause interesting book, “three distinct but intimately re¬ of so much discussion—and misunderstanding— among students of international relations during lated fields of study of the life of the family of nations may be perceived” which are, in brief, the past fourteen years. international law, international relations, and The subject of international legislation is dis¬ cussed in chapters entitled “The International international organization. Dr. Vinacke considers Legislative Process” (VII, “The Legislative Pro¬ the third of these “fields of study” and proceeds upon the “conception that international society, cess: The Non League Conference System” (VII), and “The League and International Legislation” viewed politically, has essentially the same needs to satisfy as does a national society. These are (VIII). These chapters may well be read as an introduction to the masterly four volume com¬ for legislation, adjudication, execution, and ad¬ ministration. The purpose of this study is to pilation entitled “International Legislation, A ascertain the extent to which a satisfactory organi¬ Collection of the Texts of Multipartite Interna¬ tional Instruments of General Interest Beginning zation for the discharge of these functions has been, or is in the process of being, established.” with the Covenant of the League of Nations” T edited by Professor Manley 0. Hudson and pub¬ As is to be expected in a work of this nature, lished by the Carnegie Endowment for Interna¬ the book begins with the subject of “The State tional Peace. in International Relations” (Chapter I). In seek¬ The general issue involving the settlement of ing to define the term “State” as an international international disputes is considered with particu¬ concept, the author is about as successful as most lar reference to arbitration (Chapter IX) and authorities have been in their efforts to formulate conciliation (Chapter XI). A chapter (X) on such a definition. The first chapter is followed the “Permanent Court of International Justice” by chapters on the “Legal Framework of Inter¬ contains a too brief summary of the organization national Society” (II), the “State Organization of the Court, method of nominating judges, juris¬ for the Conduct of Foreign Relations” (III), and diction, et cetera. The last chapters deal with “Theoretical Foundations: Federalism” (IV). Dr. the “executive function” and “international ad¬ Vinacke finds many “obstacles in the path of ministration.” It may be questioned if the “ex¬ world federation” (pages 91-94) and concludes ecutive function” plays such a part in interna¬ that “international organization as it has been tional organization as Dr. Vinacke maintains but developed up to the present time is not an au¬ this is, after all, a matter of opinion. thoritative governmental system .... rather is As a whole, he has written in simple language it a somewhat loosely organized system of inter¬ a very readable book w'hich makes no claim to national association.” being a profound treatise and for that very reason This associative concept, as opposed to the idea should be of special value to the person wdio de¬ of a federal system among the states, is stressed sires to gain a general idea of how the states, by the author throughout the book. He declares members of the family of nations, cooperate that “the basic principle of the [international] through what may be termed international organi¬ organization is associational rather than govern¬ zation. mental. Even a cursory examination of the en¬ tire conception of international organization, or BRANDEIS: LAWYER AND JUDGE IN THE MODERN of any of its parts, reveals the maintenance of STATE. By Alpheus Thomas Mason (Princeton: the conception of the family or association of Princeton University Press. 1933. Pp. 203). largely independent states” (page 121). In this In spite of the criticism of our courts, state and regard he denies that the association in question federal, the Supreme Court of the United States is being accomplished “through the establishment from the time it was established has been re- of a supra-national authority” or that govern¬ (Continued to page 440) 419 ATHENS Greek officials very courteously provided all fa¬ The American Minister to Greece, the Honor¬ cilities for Mrs. Roosevelt and her daughter on able Lincoln MacVeagh, despite his arduous dip¬ this occasion, and showed marked attention to lomatic duties has found time to indulge in a the wives of the former Presidents during their practical and direct manner in one of his per¬ ent’re visit. sonal hobbies, archaeological exploration. To¬ One of the secret reasons that renders life en¬ gether with Professor Morgan, of the Ameri¬ joyable for the Foreign Service officers stationed can School of Classical Studies in Athens, Min¬ at Athens is the informal gatherings with Minis¬ ister MacVeagh has undertaken the excavation ter MacVeagh in his study at the Legation. There of a plot of land on the Acropolis. The Min¬ is no set time and no rule about these meet¬ ister and his friend, Professor Morgan, are prac¬ ings. They just happen. Everybody seems to tical archaeologists and not theoretical ones. They drift in voluntarily with a sheepish excuse about get down with pick and shovel and do their own wanting to see the Minister on some pretext or digging. So far the archaeological world has other. The truth is they just want to get to¬ not been rocked by the importance of their dis¬ gether with Mr. MacVeagh and exchange yarns all coveries here, but they are persistent and talented around the shop. At one of these recent gath¬ diggers and the secrets of the past are still at their erings the matter of appropriate transportation mercy. to the United States for officials dying abroad while in the Service was brought up. The Minister is assisted in his labors by his All agreed that an Ambassador rated a bat¬ daughter, little Miss Peggy, and the whole work tleship; a Minister, a cruiser; a Consul General, a is said to be under the direction of Chouxfleur, torpedo boat; a Consul, a row boat (there was no the Minister’s pet spaniel, who is said to be a hard Consul present, so that is probably why the taskmaster, being very insistent as to punctuality rating received no protest). Someone then asked when the hour strikes to knock off for the next what a Vice Consul should get. One of these meal. specimens present said: “From the way this as¬ The official colony recently had the honor of signment of vessels is going down the line it entertaining two ex-President’s wives at one time. looks as they (we) wouldn’t get a boat of any Mrs. Theodore Roosevelt, accompanied by her kind, but would have to be content with a pair daughter, Mrs. Derby, spent several days in of water-wings.” Athens, and Mrs. William H. Taft was here The Military Attache, Lieutenant-Colonel Lang¬ at the same time. The American Minister and ley T. Whitley, and Mrs. Whitley have been at Mrs. MacVeagh gave a tea in honor of the ex- Athens for the past two months, and have just President’s wives, who were met on board the left for Bucharest. It was very enjoyable for vessel by Secretary of Legation Gerhard Gade the Foreign Service officers and their wives to and a representative of the Hellenic Foreign Of¬ meet Colonel and Mrs. Whitley, who were on fice, and accompanied by them to the Legation. their first official tour of duty here. Mrs. Whit¬ Mrs. Roosevelt and Mrs. Derby were accom¬ ley is an Athenian and of course has a large panied by Consul General and Mrs. Morris and circle of friends and acquaintances here. Her Vice Consul Beck to the Athens Cathedral to wit¬ father was Greek Minister to Brazil at the time ness the colorful and interesting ceremony on the Lieutenant-Colonel Whitley made her acquaintance night of the feast of the Resurrection. The when he was Assistant Military Attache there. 420 The official family regrets that the Military And yet, faced with the difficulty of guiding Attache and his wife are not able to spend a his two hobby horses through the intricacies of larger portion of their time in Athens, but he, of official, social and family life, this VC manages course, is accredited to Yugoslavia and Rumania, to keep abreast of his job—and sometimes a leap in addition to Greece, and we must consequently or so ahead of it—and has rung down more share them with our colleagues at those posts. “excellents” than most of us who ride only a L. B. M. single hobby. A. G. The horde of ubiquitous bootblacks, the curious cafe proprietor, the idle passers-by, and all the station hands wondered what was going on at the SALONIKA Athens railroad station. Crowds of foreigners, Mrs. Lasell, mother-in-law of Diplomatic Sec¬ hosts of children, flowers, excitement—surely retary George Wadsworth, stopped at Salonika some potentate was leaving. The maitre d’hotel recently on the American S. S. Excelsior, on of the Simplon express, however, knew the per¬ her way to join Mr. Wadsworth at Bucharest. sonages who were leaving. He had received or¬ Mrs. Lasell was met by Consul Troutman and ders from the travel agency to prepare a feast shown the points of interest at Salonika. She for kings, even though it was only an FSO with will stop at Istanbul to see Mr. Wadsworths his wife and small son who would enjoy his children, who are in the American school there. triumph of culinary art. Mrs. Richard B. Haven, wife of the Consul at Such was the exodus of the Plitt family from Turin, accompanied by her daughter, recently Athens, after eight years of residence under the visited Salonika where her brother, Mr. Cazant- brilliant Attic sky. They were all there—the zis, is the Director of the Salonika Conservatory many friends that they had made, jointly and of Music. Mrs. Haven later visited Athens, severally, during this long period—sorry to see where she has many friends, who are always glad them go, knowing they would miss their con¬ to see her and appreciate the opportunity of de¬ genial companionship, their generous and charm¬ riving enjoyment from her musical talent. ing hospitality, their wit, but glad that they were A. L. T. going to a familiar country and to one of the most interesting posts in the world. The large crowd bade them Godspeed, and CHERBOURG with them went everyone’s wishes for a happy and The annual decoration of the graves of the interesting sojourn in their new home. American sailors buried in the Cherbourg ceme¬ As if the poor harassed mail clerk at Athens, tery took place at 10 A. M. on Memorial Day. In who works Sundays and holidays answering the the small section of the cemetery devoted ex¬ innumerable requests for stamps from the school clusively to the American dead are buried George children in America, hasn’t got enough to do, she Appleby and James King of the C. S. S. Alabama, must also be badgered and hounded by the tall, J. William L. Gowen, of the U. S. S. Kearsarge, blond Vice Consul, with an insatiable thirst for and James J. Allingham, Assistant Surgeon of the stamps—stamps of all kinds and any kind, even U. S. S. Frolic. the ones that are pasted on the envelopes upside In the Memorial Day ceremonies this year spe¬ down. The good wife has a worried look when cial mention was made of the battle between she thinks of the accumulation of sugar barrels, the Kearsarge and the Alabama, which took stuffed with envelopes and stamps, which are place off the coast of Cherbourg on June 19, 1864, sacred property in her home and may not be just seventy years ago. The consular records touched by any one, not even by the maid to at Cherbourg indicate that the engagement start¬ be dusted. ed about fifteen miles from Cherbourg and that And this is in addition to his mania for birds. it ended at a distance of six miles. The Alabama The poor feathered creatures in and around Athens sank after one hour and two minutes of fighting. haven’t dared to call their nests their own since the arrival of this ornithologically-inclined Un¬ The ceremonies on Memorial Day were at¬ classified FSO. Gone are the happy, care-free tended by local officials and citizens of Cher¬ days when a cock-sparrow could woo his mate in bourg. privacy. No longer can Jenny Wren set her Following the short address by Consul Kuy¬ house to rights without prying interference. All kendall, General Verillon, as president of the their comings and goings are now observed, Society commemorating the French War dead, classified, catalogued. What a life! made an appropriate response. 421 ^HE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

VIENNA called at the Consulate General to pay his re¬ The new American Minister to Austria, Mr. spects to the Consul General. Major General George Messersmith, arrived in Vienna with Mrs. Roy Hoffman, Commander of the United States Messersmith by motorcar in the evening of Sun¬ 45th Regiment, called on the Consul General on day, May 20th. They were welcomed by all the May 5, 1934. officers of the Government’s different departments Since that time the general atmosphere has in Austria at a tea given by First Secretary and been quiet except for a large increase in the Mrs. A. W. Kliefoth the following afternoon at volume of work in the immigration and passport their home in the Jacquingasse. sections. The weather seems to have become On Tuesday Mr. Messersmith called upon “stabilizzato” and pressure is being brought Chancellor Dollfuss and at noon on the following to bear on Luigi to launch the Santa Lucia and day, accompanied by his staff, was received by the Yankee for the summer. President Miklas. During the month of April, Florence was fa¬ Vienna is not entirely strange to the newcom¬ vored with visits of several prominent people in ers, because Mr. Messersmith was one of the official circles leading with Mrs. William H. Taft, representatives of the United States Government widow of the former President of the United to the Congress of the International Chamber of States, who spent several weeks in that city. Commerce held here just about a year ago. The Honorable J. V. MacMurray, American Visitors in Vienna included First Secretary Minister to Latvia, and Mrs. MacMurray spent George Wadsworth from Bucharest, and First several days in Florence on their way north from Secretary and Mrs. Joseph Flack, from Berlin. Rome, where Mr. MacMurray had been a Delegate George maintained he came to have bis eyes at the International Wheat Conference. treated, but the “old optics” were still good enough to enable him to take home a prize for LONDON the lowest score in that week’s Vienna golf tourna¬ Foreign Service Inspector Homer M. Bying- ment. ton spent part of the months of May and June The American official colony in Vienna has in London inspecting the Embassy and the been increased by the transfer of the Treasury Consulate General. The inspection work was Attache and his staff from Prague. The Trea¬ offset by a series of delightful parties. The sury’s agency is now installed in very handsome outstanding social event was the luncheon given offices in the building of the Prager Eisenindus- in honor of Mr. Byington by Ambassador Rob¬ trie Gesellschaft, in the Am Heumarkt, with Mr. ert W. Bingham at the Embassy. The Hon¬ Charles L. Turnbull in charge. The district of orable John Van A. MacMurray, American Min¬ the new agency includes all of Russia in addi¬ ister at Riga, was one of the guests, together tion to Austria and the Balkan States. with all the officers of the Embassy, Consul F. R. S. General Frazer and Consul N. P. Davis. BUDAPEST Consul General Frazer was Mr. Byington’s Mrs. John F. Montgomery, wife of the Ameri¬ keenest competitor in the royal and ancient can Minister, accompanied by her mother, Mrs. game of golf—Mr. Byington’s favorite sport. Wildi, and Miss Jean Montgomery, sailed from After completing his diplomatic and consular Hamburg May 23rd for New York. They will be inspection work in London, Mr. Byington, w ho had joined in July by Mr. Montgomery and after spend¬ just previously inspected eighteen other Foreign ing the summer at their country place near Man¬ Service offices in England, Wales, Scotland, chester, Vermont, expect to return to Budapest in Northern Ireland, the Irish Free State, and Fin¬ October. land, proceeded to other posts in western, central ITALY and eastern Europe to pursue his tour of inspec¬ Counselor of Embassy and Mrs. Edwin L. tion. Neville and their two children sailed on April 13 Vice Consul Merlin E. Smith, of NewTcastle-on- on leave to the United States after a short stay Tyne, and Jack, the eldest son of Consul Paul in Naples. Squire, spent a month motoring throughout the On April 21, Consul Robert L. Buell went British Isles. They called at all the Foreign through Naples en route to the United States Service offices along their route and received from Ceylon, and on April 25, Naval Attache a cordial welcome at the hands of their friends Captain McNair came down from Rome on a at every post. They covered nearly two thousand short visit of inspection. Mr. and Mrs. Harvey miles without a puncture and enjoyed the scenic Bundy were in Naples on May 3, and Mr. Bundy beauty of the British landscape by camping on 422 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL their way—a truly delightful holiday for them all. ZAGREB Consul and Mrs. Franklin C. Gowen, with The Honorable Charles S. Wilson, American their children, Billy and George, are spending a Minister at Belgrade, paid an unofficial visit to month’s leave in Sheringham, on the North Sea. Zagreb, as the guest of Mr. Archibald Walker, Sheringham has one of the most attractive golf President of the Standard Oil Company of Yugo¬ courses in England and is noted for its sandy slavia. The Minister enjoyed several games of beach and picturesque woodlands. The 2000- golf on the Zagreb links, the only course in acre royal estate of Sandringham, which is only Yugoslavia. He also w'as present at a reception a short distance from Sheringham, is visited by given in his honor by the American Consul and thousands of American tourists every year. Mrs. von Tresckow and attended by the American F. C. G. colony at Zagreb. BELFAST American Agricultural Attache and Mrs. Louis Dr. H. O’Neill Hencken, curator of Euro¬ G. Michael spent two days in Zagreb on their pean archaeology, Peabody Museum, Harvard, way to Belgrade, on a business trip by auto. has been in Belfast recently in connection with directing the extension to this area of researches FOOCHOW carried on under the auspices of the Harvard Among the numerous awards in stenography to Irish Archaeological Survey, operating for the Clerk H. C. Yen of the staff of the Foochow Con¬ past two years in the Irish Free State. In be¬ sulate have been the Gold Seal Shorthand Teacher’s ginning their work in Northern Ireland, the Proficiency Certificate, in the Annual Teachers’ Harvard University archaeologists made excava¬ Medal Test of the Gregg Publishing Company, tions near the little village of Newferry, County 1933, and a special prize for the most artistic speci¬ Londonderry, where, underneath thick layers of men from outside the United States and Canada in clay, ancient hearths and flint implements of 1930. His record is the more remarkable in that, considerable archaeological interest were found. since there is no shorthand school in Foochow, Mr. Yen has been his own instructor. He has also be¬ GLASGOW come an expert typist through his own efforts. A Glasgow newspaper states that the atten¬ G. L. B. tion of the St. Andrews Town Council was called to the fact “that rabbits are again becoming LIMA too numerous on the golf courses and that the city fathers have engaged a trapper for three Mr. Selden Chapin, Secretary of Legation at months to attend to the population question.” Quito, and Mrs. Chapin, who have been visiting This paper further states that “nothing is more Mr. and Mrs. Louis G. Dreyfus, Jr., in Lima, have calculated to drive a golfer into a fine frenzy returned to Quito. than a rabbit scrape. But these St. Andrews Mr. and Mrs. M. F. Jukes, of Blaine, Washing¬ rabbits may well claim right of settlement. They ton, the parents of Vice Consul Arthur D. Jukes, have centuries of squatter’s rights behind them. are visiting their son and his wife and expect to One of the earliest references to golf in St. An¬ remain a few weeks in Lima. Here they made the drews is found in a parchment dated January, acquaintance of their first granddaughter, Marion 1552, showing clearly that at that time the Evans Jukes, aged eight months. protecting of rabbits and the playing of golf Mr. Ernest H. Quenet, American Consular Agent on the same ground was not considered in¬ in Mollendo, Peru, was in Lima recently for a compatible.” Vice Consul Pasquet, of Glasgow, short visit. Mr. Quenet has been promoted to expresses the hope that the golfers and the rab¬ head of the office of the agency of W. R. Grace bits of St. Andrews may come to a gentlemen’s and Co., in Callao. He has resigned as Ameri¬ agreement, otherwise pray for the rabbits! can Consular Agent in Mollendo and will be moving to Callao shortly. QUEBEC On May 31st and again on June 12th the CARDIFF American Consulate at Quebec had calls from On May 25, 1934, the Consulate at Cardiff, the Honorable Roy C. Wilcox, Lieutenant-Gov¬ Wales, had the pleasure of a visit from the two ernor of the State of Connecticut, who has been American airmen, George H. Pond and Cesare in the Quebec woods for trout fishing at the Sabelli, wrho had been forced by engine trouble Metabetchouan Fish and Game Club, of which he to make a landing about 30 miles from Cardiff, is president. while en route to Rome. 423 Foreign Service Changes

The following changes have occurred in the George K. Donald, of Mobile, Alabama, Ameri¬ Foreign Service since June 18, 1934, and up to can Consul General at St. John’s, Newfoundland, July 16, 1934: assigned Consul General at Milan, Italy. (June (Date in parenthesis is that of announcement to 23, 1934.) the press.) Gerald A. Drew, of San Francisco, California, Third Secretary of Legation at Port-au-Prince, Career Haiti, designated Third Secretary of Legation at Walter A. Adams, of Greenville, South Carolina, San Jose, Costa Rica. (June 23, 1934.) American Consul General at Hankow', China, as¬ Dudley G. Dwyre, of Colorado, American Con¬ signed Consul General at Harbin, China. (July sul at Mexico City, assigned Consul at London. 7, 1934.) (July 7, 1934.) Edw'ard Anderson, Jr., of Jacksonville, Florida, Frederick E. Farnsworth, of Colorado Springs, now' American Vice Consul at Singapore, Straits Colorado, American Vice Consul temporarily at Settlements, assigned Vice Consul at Montreal, Istanbul, Turkey, from Palermo, Italy, permanent¬ Canada. (June 23, 1934.) ly assigned to Istanbul. (July 14, 1934.) Frederick W. Baldwin, of New York City, Peter H. A. Flood, of Nashua, New Hampshire, American Consul at Habana, Cuba, died in Wash¬ Second Secretary of Embassy at Mexico City, now ington, D. C., on June 7. in the United States, assigned American Consul at Lee R. Blohm, of Bisbee, Arizona, American Habana, Cuba. (July 14, 1934.J Consul at Habana, Cuba, assigned Consul at Chi¬ Carol H. Foster, of Annapolis, Maryland, Ameri¬ huahua, Mexico. (July 7, 1934.) can Consul General at Rotterdam, Netherlands, as¬ Homer Brett, of Meridian, Mississippi, Ameri¬ signed Consul General at Sao Paolo, Brazil. (June can Consul at Milan, Italy, assigned Consul at 23, 1934.) Rotterdam, Netherlands. (June 23, 1934.) Arthur C. Frost, of Arlington, Massachusetts, George A. Bucklin, of Norman, Oklahoma, hav¬ American Consul General at Calcutta, India, now ing been appointed a Consul General, transferred in the United States, assigned Consul General at from Victoria, B. C., and assigned Consul Gen¬ Zurich. (July 7, 1934.) eral at Wellington, New Zealand. (July 7, 1934.) Bernard Gotlieb, of New York City, American Parker W. Buhrman, of Botetourt County, Vir¬ Consul at Messina, Italy, assigned Consul at ginia, American Consul at Casablanca, Morocco, Trieste, Italy. (June 23, 1934.) assigned Consul at Cologne, Germany. (July 23. Herbert S. Goold, of San Francisco, California, 1934.) American Consul General at Beirut, Syria, as¬ Prescott Childs, of Holyoke, Massachusetts, signed Consul General and First Secretary of Lega¬ American Consul at Nice, France, assigned Consul tion at Helsingfors, Finland. (July 14, 1934.) at Berlin, Germany. (June 23, 1934.) Cecil Wayne Gray, of Bristol, Tennessee, Ameri¬ Charles A. Converse, of Valdosta, Georgia, can Vice Consul at Berlin, Germany, designated American Vice Consul at Capetowm, Union of Third Secretary of Legation at Vienna, Austria. South Africa, assigned Vice Consul at London, (June 23, 1934.) England. (June 23, 1934.) Harry F. Hawdey, of New York City, American Nathaniel P. Davis, of Princeton. New Jersey, Consul at Nantes, France, assigned Consul at Glas¬ American Consul at London, England, assigned to gow, Scotland. (June 23, 1934.) the Department of State for duty. (July 7, 1934.) (Continued to page 426) In Santiago, Buenos Aires, Casa¬ Banking Service blanca, Vancouver, Riga, Budapest, Madrid For Foreign Service Officers SECURITY steel lift vans are standing, and in many other places, wait¬ ing to be used for moving household goods, To members of the For¬ safely and economically overseas. eign Service stationed at their Safe because the vans are of steel, are various posts of duty a bank¬ tight, and must be handled horizontally. ing connection in Washington, Economical because of the saving in packing costs and in ocean freight. The D. C., ofttimes proves in¬ lost space in Security vans is 8f'2%; valuable. in cases it is from 20% to 25%; in wooden vans 15% to 20%. The American Security and INSURANCE FOR FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICERS You have only to write or telegraph us and Trust Company located in we will insure your household goods during Washington has for forty- shipment. The rates will be no greater four years served among (probably less) than foreign underwriters, and the policy will be in a strong American other clients many distin¬ Company and loss adjustments handled easily guished persons in the For¬ and promptly. eign Service.

Through modern facilities the American Security is pre¬ pared to render a dependable banking and trust service.

AMERICAN SECURITY jSmiril-fi jSforag? (Jorapang 1 \ AND TRUST COMPANY « | of UJaghingf'on A Safe Depository for 44 Years 15TH AND PENNSYLVANIA AVE. 1140 Fifteenth Street WASHINGTON, D. C. 31 Place du Marche St. Honore, Paris Cable Addresses "Storage” Washington CAPITAL $3,400,000 SURPLUS $3,400,000 "Medium” Paris Agents in all principal cities through whom MEMBER OP FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM we undertake packing and shipping household goods to and from anywhere—from a package to a houseful The Security Storage Company was established in 1890 C. A. ASPINWALL, President. as the Storage Department of the American Security

425 FOREIGN SERVICE CHANGES Appleton & Cox, Inc. (Continued from page 424) U nderwriters Julius C. Holmes, of Lawrence, Kansas, as¬ signed Third Secretary of Legation at Sofia, Bul¬ 8 South William Street garia, now in the United States, assigned to the NEW YORK Department of State for duty. (June 23, 1934.) Samuel W. Honaker, of Plano, Texas, American Consul General at Glasgow, Scotland, assigned Consul General at Stuttgart, Germany. (June ALL FORMS OF MARINE 23, 1934.) AND INLAND INSURANCE Charles L. Hoover, of Bolivar, Missouri, Ameri¬ can Consul General at Amsterdam, Netherlands, assigned Consul General at Hong Kong. (June Specializing in 23, 1934.) INSURANCE ON JEWELRY, PERSONAL George D. Hopper, of Danville, Kentucky, American Consul at Montreal, Canada, assigned EFFECTS, AND HOUSEHOLD Consul at Casablanca, Morocco. (June 23, 1934.) GOODS IN TRANSIT Benjamin M. Hulley, of De Land, Florida, American Consul at Dublin, Irish Free State, as¬ Agents: signed Consul at Nantes, France. (June 23, 1934.) SECURITY STORAGE COMPANY Joseph E. Jacobs, of Johnston, South Carolina, 1140 Fifteenth Street Foreign Service Officer assigned to the Depart¬ Washington, D. C. ment of State, detailed for duty as Foreign Service Inspector. (July 14, 1934.) Theodore Jaeckel, of New York City, assigned as American Consul General at Zurich, Switzer¬ land, assigned Consul General at Victoria, British Columbia. (June 23, 1934.) Douglas Jenkins, of Greenville, South Carolina, American Consul General at Hong Kong, as¬ signed Consul General at Berlin, Germany. (June 23, 1934.) Marion Letcher, of Conyers, Georgia, American Consul General at Antwerp, Belgium, will retire from the Service on July 31. (July 14, 1934.) John H. Lord, of Plymouth, Massachusetts, American Consul at London, England, now in the United States, assigned to the Department of State for duty. (June 23, 1934.) Clinton E. MacEachran, a Foreign Service Offi¬ cer on detail in the Department, assigned Chief Clerk and Administrative Assistant. (June 20, 1934.) Thomas McEnelly, of New York City, American Consul at Barcelona, Spain, assigned Consul at Singapore, Straits Settlements. (June 23, 1934.) James E. McKenna, of Boston, Massachusetts, Foreign Service Officer assigned to the Depart¬ ment of State, assigned American Consul at Lon¬ don, England. (July 14, 1934.) 426 THE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

Thomas J. Maleady, of Fall River, Massachu¬ setts, American Vice Consul at Mexico City, as¬ signed Vice Consul at Tampico, Mexico. (June 23, 1934.) Sheldon T. Mills, of Portland, Oregon, now Third Secretary of Legation at Panama, Panama, assigned Vice Consul at Bucharest, Rumania. (June 23, 1934.) Myrl S. Myers, of Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, A NEW HIQH! American Consul General at Mukden, China, as¬ signed for duty to the Department of State. (June for maritime America in these new liners 23, 1934.) S. S. MANHATTAN Edward Page, Junior, of West Newton, Massa¬ chusetts, American Vice Consul and Language Offi¬ S. S. WASHINGTON cer at Paris, France, designated Third Secretary Because they give such sensational values in roomy cabins, in broad decks, in every modern of Legation at Riga, Latvia. (July 14, 1934.) facility of luxurious ocean travel ... the Manhattan and the Washington are setting a James E. Parks, of Rocky Mount, North Caro¬ record in popularity Americans everywhere can he proud of. And Americans can be proud lina. American Consul at Paris, France, assigned that the mighty Leviathan is again making Consul at London, England. (June 23, 1934.) express sailings to Plymouth and Havre. The Manhattan and Washington, with their running mates Pres. Harding and Pres. Roosevelt, offer Kenneth S. Patton, of Charlottesville, Virginia, weekly sailings to Ireland, England, France American Consul General at Batavia, Java, as¬ and Germany. signed Consul General at Amsterdam, Netherlands. See your local agent. His services are free. (June 23, 1934.) UNITED STATES LINES James K. Penfield, of San Francisco, California, Roosevelt Steamship Co., Inc., General Agents American Vice Consul at Mukden, China, trans¬ Main Office: No. 1 Broadway, New York ferred to American Legation at Peiping, China, as Offices in all principal cities of the world. Language Officer. (July 14, 1934.) Harold B. Quartern, of Algona, Iowa, American Consul General at Guayaquil, Ecuador, now in the United States, assigned Consul General at St. John’s, Newfoundland. (June 23, 1934.) Alexander K. Sloan, of Greensburg, Pennsyl¬ vania, American Consul at Jerusalem, Palestine, now in the United States, assigned Consul at Mexi¬ co City. (July 14, 1934.) Leo D. Sturgeon, of Chicago, Illinois, American Consul at Tokyo, Japan, assigned for duty to the Department of State. (June 23, 1934.) Allan C. Taylor, of Addison, New York, Ameri¬ can Vice Consul at Port Elizabeth, Union of South Africa, assigned Vice Consul at Capetown. (June 23, 1934.) Arthur F. Tower, of Rochester, New York, American Consul at Mexico City, now in the United States, assigned to the Legation at Bang¬ kok, Siam, as Foreign Service Officer. (July 14, 1934.) The Standard of Quality Eric C. Wendelin, of Quincy, Massachusetts, American Vice Consul at Ensenada, Mexico, as¬ Throughout the World signed Vice Consul at Habana. (June 23, 1934.) Miss Frances E. Willis, of Redlands, Califor- 427 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL JgJ nia, Third Secretary of Legation at Stockholm, VISITING OFFICERS Sweden, designated Third Secretary of Embassy The following officers and clerks called at the at Brussels, Belgium. (July 7, 1934.) Department on leave or en route to their posts Rollin R. Winslow, of Grand Rapids, Michigan, during the past month, their names being taken American Consul at Trieste, Italy, assigned Con¬ from the Register in Room 115, Department of sul at Plymouth, England. (June 23, 1934.) Slate: DATE OF George H. Winters, of Downs, Kansas, Ameri¬ REGISTRATION can Vice Consul at Habana, Cuba, assigned Vice June Consul at Guadalajara, Mexico. (July 7, 1934.) Arthur F. Tower, Mexico City, on leave in New Rochelle, New York 16 Non-Career Burton Y. Berry, Istanbul, sailing for post June Leonard G. Bradford, of Boston, Massachusetts, 20 16 George W. Renchard, Baghdad, on leave in De¬ American Vice Consul, District Accounting and troit, Michigan ... 18 Disbursing Office, Paris, France, appointed Vice Charles A. Hutchinson, Tokyo, on leave in Du¬ Consul at Budapest, Hungary. (July 7, 1934.) luth, Minnesota 19 Kent Leavitt, Mexico City, on leave 20 John H. Fuqua, of Chicago, Illinois, American Romeyn Wormuth, Nuevo Laredo, returning to Vice Consul at London, England, appointed Vice post 20 Consul at Paris, France. (June 23, 1934.) Gordon P. Merriam, Cairo, on leave in Lexington, Massachusetts 25 Hartwell Johnson, of Aiken, South Carolina, Harry LI. Balch, Dublin, on leave in Huntsville, American Vice Consul at Matanzas, Cuba, ap¬ Alabama 25 pointed Vice Consul at Montreal, Canada. (July Lyle C. Himmel, Buenaventura, on leave in Huron, 7, 1934.) South Dakota 25 Jesse B. Jackson, Fort William and Port Arthur, John S. Service, of Ohio, now clerk in the on leave in Columbus, Ohio 26 American Consulate at Yunnanfu, China, appoint¬ Robert Frazer, London, on leave in Washington 26 ed Vice Consul at that post. (July 14, 1934.) Easton T. Kelsey, Cairo, on leave in Ann Arbor 28 Ray Fox, Berlin, on leave in Germantown 30 H. Armistead Smith, of Washington, D. C., Adelaide Wood Guthrie, Prague, on leave 30 American Vice Consul at Palermo, Italy, appoint¬ July ed Vice Consul at Windsor, Ontario. (June 23, B. F. Goodman, Bucharest, sailing July 10 2 1934.) William E. DeCourcy, Paris, sailing July 20 2 George A. Gordon, on leave in Washington 2 W. N. Walmsley, Jr., Prague, on leave 2 LETTERS Thomas H. Robinson, Nogales, returning to post 3 (This column wUl be devoted each month to the publication, D. P. Medalie, Stuttgart, on leave in Chicago 5 in whole or in part, of letters to the Editor from members of P. S. Heintzleman, Winnipeg, on leave 5 the Association on topics of general interest. Such letters are to be regarded as expressing merely the personal opinion of the Charles E. Asbury, formerly at Cardiff, en route writers and not necessarily the views of the JOURNAL, or of the to Tacoma, Washington 5 Association.) Robert L. Hunter, Baghdad, sailing July 10 6 Subscribers are invited to submit comment on matters of inter¬ Lloyd D. Yates, Hamburg, on leave 6 est to the Service. The names of correspondents will not be pub¬ lished or otherwise divulged when request to that effect is made. C. Burke Elbrick, Southampton, en route to Port- Communications intended for this column should he addressed: au-Prince . . 6 “To the Editor, Foreign Service Journal, Care of the Department of State, Washington, D. C.” F. R. Lineaweaver, Amsterdam, on leave 9 Ferdinand L. Mayer, Bern, on leave 9 Clayson W. Aldridge, Athens, sailing July 25 10 Colombo. Dale W. Maher, Medan, on leave 10 DEAR MR. EDITOR: P. K. Donald, Milan, sailing August 7 10 Sheldon T. Mills, Panama, en route to Bucharest 11 .... I suggest that space be devoted in the John FI. Lord, assigned to Department 12 JOURNAL to the publication of short book notes, Alan S. Rogers, Paris, sailing July 18 13 under the heading “I Have Read,” submitted by Clare H. Timberlake, Buenos Aires 13 members of the Service. This would give an indi¬ James K. Penfield, Peiping, on leave in Paxton, cation of the trend in Service reading. . . . California — 14 Marie E. Johnson, Istanbul, sailing July 18 16 Sincerely yours, Kenneth S. Stout, Tela, on leave 16 BROCKHOLST LIVINGSTON. Samuel H. Wiley, Havre, on leave in Salisbury, North Carolina . 16 The Editorial Board will give consideration to B. J. Dulaski, Warsaw, on leave 16 brief book reviews by readers of the JOURNAL. John C. Pool, Hong Kong, sailing August 10 16 428 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

PEACE BY REVOLUTION. An interpretation of Mexico. By Frank Tannenbaum. (The Columbia University Press, 1933. Pp. 316 with index. $3.50). THE LURE OF OTHER LANDS A succinct and very interesting discussion of the political, economic and cultural structures inher¬ ent in the Spanish colonial system in Mexico, from the time of the Conquest, showing the rela¬ tion of that system to the subsequent history of the country and its evolution resulting in peace which the author maintains has been brought about essentially by three major revolutions: the war against Spain for independence 1810-1823; the Three Years’ War for reform following the defeat of Maximilian in 1865, and the revolution of 1910. In developing his theme the author has set forth clearly, concisely, and apparently without bias, his interpretation of the influences both ex¬ ternal and internal, material and spiritual, which precipitated the revolutions “that have so pro¬ foundly altered the structure of Mexican political and social life from 1810 to 1930,” ingeniously tracing and emphasizing the ethnological factor involved and indicating the probable far-reaching influence of that factor on the future history of Photograph by K. Koyania Mexico. NATIVE BOATS ON THE SULU SEA, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Concerning the general upheaval following the subversion of the Diaz regime the author states: “With all of its failings, the Revolution of 1910 Your Pictures May Delight has come to mean a profound spiritual and social A Million Families change in the total attitude and relationship of the different classes and Mexico is becoming a nation to the extent that the whole country is embraced In this season of vacation and wanderlust, the in the political conscience of its governing groups. guide books and sailing schedules conjure up visions The country, with its sharply different culture, of travel in other countries. But readers of The with its great variety of life, with its poverty and National Geographic Magazine can visualize the needs has at last become a matter of concern to places they want to visit by means of its scores of the government in a way hitherto unknown.” timely, descriptive illustrations and narratives that The author cites as outstanding objectives of mirror our changing world. the Revolution, with which the Mexican Govern¬ You, as a member of the Foreign Service, may have ment is concerned, the land, agrarian, capital, taken pictures that convey the facts and glamour labor and educational problems, and describes the and variety of life in distant lands. Why not share extensive work which has already been done your experiences abroad with our readers at home by looking to the successful solution of those prob¬ submitting us your photographs and human-interest lems. Peace by revolution has made this con¬ articles? The Geographic pays liberally for all ma¬ structive task possible. terial accepted. Ask us today to mail you an illus¬ The book is well written and portrays vividly trated booklet that fully describes our requirements. and in a pleasing style the conditions, situations and events, with which the author is concerned. His interpretation and evaluation of them can not THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE fail to impress the student of socio-political his¬ GILBERT GROSVENOR, LITT.D., LL.D., Editor tory and should prove interesting to the most casual reader. The book contains a comprehensive WASHINGTON, D. C. bibliographical note and a good index. F. S. 0. 429 On the Course of Events

By HENRY L. DEIMEL, JR., Department of State.

ON June 18 adjournment brought to a close by a law passed at the very end of the session a Congress—the Seventy-third—which will farmers were accorded corresponding relief includ¬ assuredly be remembered as a most momentous ing the equivalent of a five-year moratorium, in one. The procedure of the second session was case of need, on farm mortgages, subject to pay¬ more deliberate than was the case under the ment of interest on an ascertained “real value” situation of critical emergency that characterized during that period and a preferential right to the the session of 1933, but the legislation enacted debtor to redeem his property at that value at was none the less significant. Time alone will the end of the period. In signing this very con¬ determine what measures are to have the most troversial measure the President stated that it profound and permanent effect. For those who would stop foreclosures and, being available as regard monetary policy as of predominant im¬ a last resource, “speed voluntary conciliation of portance, there is the law which revalued the gold debt and the refinancing program of the Farm content of the dollar and set up the exchange Credit Administration.” The Agricultural Adjust¬ stabilization fund, and the subsequent ment Act was modified by a measure establishing measure empowering the executive to cattle as a “basic commodity” and appropriating -i “nationalize” silver and, through pur¬ 150 million dollars for a program of reduction chase of this metal, establish it as one- by cattle purchase, by another substituting for quarter of the currency reserve. Those the contract and benefit-payment system of cotton who emphasize the need for reform of crop reduction a compulsory system (the impulse our existing institutions may contem¬ for which originated in the cotton producing plate the final enactment of control of areas) by means of a heavy tax on cotton ginned the stock market through a new fed¬ in excess of allotments established for each pro¬ eral commission to which there has ducer on the basis of average produc¬ also been transferred the regulation of tion in the base period, and by a third investment securities under the se¬ setting up a somewhat different system curities act of 1933, somewhat amended of compulsory tobacco crop reduction. at the last session; the superseding of For the stimulation of industrial activ¬ the Federal Radio Commission by a ity there was passed a measure provid¬ new Federal Communications Commis¬ ing for loans by the Federal Reserve sion with investigative and regulatory power over Banks and the Reconstruction Finance the telephone, telegraph and radio systems. Under Corporation, up to a total of 480 mil¬ legislation enacted following the much dis¬ lions of dollars, to industries for work¬ cussed cancellation of air-mail contracts last Feb¬ ing capital, as well as a “National ruary, new contracts have been negotiated at sub¬ Housing Act” designed to attract pri¬ stantially reduced subsidies, and the air-mail vate capital into housing repair and postage rate has been reduced from eight to construction through an improved and six cents an ounce. The Federal Government now insured system of home mortgages. guarantees the principal as well as the interest The Tariff Act of 1930 was amended of the farm and home mortgage bonds which, to to authorize the Executive to reduce tariff rates an ultimate combined total of four billions of by a maximum of fifty per cent in connection dollars, are being substituted (with reduction of with reciprocal trade agreements. principal and interest) for distressed farm and Among the major economic and social prob¬ home mortgages. The bankruptcy laws have been lems facing the nation which had not crystallized modified to afford relief to distressed municipal¬ sufficiently to receive definitive attention from the ities, corporations and farmers: insolvent munic¬ Seventy-third Congress is that of industrial rela¬ ipalities and other separate taxing units may tions. A railroad pension measure was enacted, proceed through the Federal courts to reorganize providing for the setting up in the Treasury their debt structure, subject to approval of the of a special fund, out of contributions from the refunding plan by creditors holding two-thirds carriers and their employees, for the retirement of their outstanding indebtedness; a similar of employees at 65 years of age or after thirty privilege has been extended to corporations, and years of service. Upon signing the act the Presi- 430 dent mentioned a number of objections to it, in¬ cluding a need for “many changes and amend¬ ments at the next session of Congress,” but stated Th zxzs Nothing that a careful weighing of the advantages (in¬ cluding the opening of places to younger men by the retirement of the superannuated—more than Quite Like a million being eligible for retirement) against the disadvantages led him to the “deliberate con¬ clusion” that he should approve the bill. By an amendment to the Railway Labor Act of 1926 the Railway Mediation Board was superseded by a new National Railway Labor Adjustment Board. The need for a strong national board to deal with labor disputes in general was, however, met at this session only by a brief resolution passed at the end of the session, in the face of an imminent and serious situation, under the authority of which the President has established a National Labor Relations Board empowered to investigate con¬ troversies between employers and employees under section 7a of the National Industrial Recovery Act or affecting interstate commerce, and to order and conduct elections by secret ballot among “any of the employees of any employer, to determine by what person or persons or organizations they de¬ to and from EUROPE sire to be represented” for the purpose of col¬ lective bargaining. (The most difficult questions Spaciousness and unrestricted freedom which mean true in this whole current problem have centered luxury at sea. The entire ship is yours to enjoy . . . broad decks, spacious, tastefully decorated lounges and around the organization of elections to deter¬ dining saloon. Fine food, choice wines and liquors. mine representation, and as to whether the rep¬ Staterooms all outside. 60 per cent private baths. Truly resentatives of the majority are to represent there’s nothing quite like American One Class. all the workers in a plant, or whether separate Special consideration given representation is to be accorded to dissident U. S. Foreign Service officials.

minorities.) Thus endowed with definite legal 4b Minimum Rates authority the lack of which hampered the Na¬ tional Labor Board which it supersedes, the J7V One Way • Round Trip J) | / | new hoard is proceeding with the aid of the Stateroom with bath or shower slightly higher former’s expert staff and of the twenty regional Passenger Offices: WASHINGTON, D. C. NEW YORK CITV labor hoards—continued in office for the time 743 14th Street, N. W. 1 Broadway being—to attack the problems raised by ap¬ or any office of International Mercantile Marine Co. proximately one hundred current strikes and LONDON HAMBURG 14 Regent St., S.W.I. Alsterthor 8C Ferdinandstrasse industrial disputes. The National Labor Re¬ BERLIN PARIS ANTWERP lations Board is set up within the Department Unter den Linden, 9 10 Rue Auber 22 Rue des Peignes of Labor and is to report periodically to the or U. S. Lines Offices in principal European Cities President through the Secretary of Labor, but its findings are to be final and not subject to review in the executive branch of the gov¬ ernment. BALT IMORE Under the authority of the same resolution and on the basis of suggestions originating with the labor unions and the managements in the MAIL steel industry, as a result of which the steel strike was called off at the last moment, the Presi¬ dent has set up a National Steel Labor Board LINE to hear and mediate labor disputes in that in¬ dustry, and authorized to conduct elections by (Continued to page 4441 Weekly Sailings to and from Havre and Hamburg. 431 MISSION TO MUSCAT followed at a discreet distance. The ceremony (Continued from page 415) was over. The same evening the members of the Mission We were taken right up to the palace steps attended at the palace a dinner which His High¬ which reached down to the water, and we passed ness the Sultan was graciously pleased to give in up and through the palace hall, which was lined honor of the American Minister. On arrival at with armed guards, and out into the courtyard the Palace they were ushered into the Sultan’s beyond. Here motor cars were ready to take us private drawing room, which was furnished in to our place of residence, whither we were ac¬ European style. The Sultan took the Minister companied by our escort. over to a sofa in the middle of the room, and While in Muscat the American Diplomatic Mis¬ conversed with him in English, which His High¬ sion stopped at the American Medical Mission, ness speaks fluently. The Princes Said Hammad and there the Minister received his Britannic and Said Mahmoud occupied armchairs on either Majesty’s Political Agent, who called officially in side, and the other Western guests disposed them¬ the afternoon. The call was immediately returned. selves at the end of the room. The following day was appointed for the presen¬ When dinner was served, the elect in the draw- tation of the letters of credence, and accordingly ing room followed the Sultan through an ante¬ the Sultan’s Prime Minister called with two cars, room, teeming with courtiers and junior royalty, to convey the Minister and his suite to the palace. into the banqueting hall beyond. On the floor On arrival the Minister reviewed the guard was spread a cloth, which was set with many of honor, after which he was received at the Palace and varied dishes. We were bidden to seat our¬ door by His Highness the Sultan, and taken by selves, and accordingly took our places on the His Highness up to the Throne Room. The floor. Meanwhile the members of the ante-room Throne Room is a large and narrow hall, with some forty strong, filed in and found their re¬ the throne at one end and a row of chairs down spective places round the food. There were sheep each side. Near the throne were seated the senior roasted whole, platters of rice, chickens, vege¬ prince and officials, with the Minister on the Sul¬ tables, pastries, sweets and fruits. Our neighbors tan’s right. The other chairs were occupied by kept us supplied with these dainties, by stretch¬ princes, courtiers, and notables of lesser rank. The ing out and taking with their hands a handful ante-room was filled with armed guards. of vegetables here, tearing off a lump of meat The ceremony began by the assembly partaking there, followed by a handful of stuffing, and of refreshments, as is customary in the East. First depositing it all on our plates. Accordingly we a flat, sticky sweet was served in a basin. One set to with our fingers, and everyone did justice scoops out a fingernail full, and then uses rose¬ to the good fare. Finally, when the Minister water and towels. There followed coffee of two began to show signs of loss of appetite, the Sul¬ varieties, hitter and sweet, after which incense was tan enquired of him if he had eaten his fill, brought in, instead of at the end of the ceremonies. and on receiving a reply in the affirmative he As soon as the slaves had left the room, the gave the signal to rise. Servants brought in Minister rose, and, having made the Sultan an washing accessories for the private use of the appropriate address, he presented his letters of Sultan and the Minister, and meanwhile the other credence, together with an autographed photo¬ guests, right hand held forward fastidiously, graph of the President in a silver frame. His passed into an adjoining room. Here servants Highness accepted the gift with a gracious smile, were in attendance with jugs of water, basins, and handed it to his Secretary, who was standing soap and towels, and after having performed the behind the throne. An interpreter then read out necessary ablutions, we returned to the drawing¬ an Arabic translation of the Minister’s speech, room. Soon incense was brought in, and we took which was apparently much appreciated by the our leave. assembly. The following afternoon the Minister formally The Sultan then replied. His voice was soft opened the new Mission Hospital, which had re¬ and quiet, but clear. There was applause. The cently been built with funds donated by a benev¬ interpreter was called upon again. As soon as he olent American citizen. Prince Said Hammad. had finished the Minister rose, and thanked the representing the Sultan, presided at the ceremony, Sultan for his gracious speech. There was a pause, which was also attended by members of the after which the assembly rose to its feet, while royal family, dignitaries, and notables. Speeches His Highness, taking the Minister’s arm, passed were read and interpreted. Bunting fluttered in with him out of the Throne Room, down the the wind. It was a great success. stairs and into the court-yard below. The rest In the evening we dined at the British Agency. 432 STEEL for Safety

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GUSTAV KNAUER Jill BERLIN Wichmannstrasse 7-8 SAFETY j&v FOREIGN SHIPMENTS His Highness the Sultan, attended by Prince Said Hammad, honored us with his presence. On the following morning, having taken leave of His Highness at the Palace, the American Diplo¬ matic Mission was escorted back to the steamer. On arriving on board, Prince Said Hammad pre¬ Distinguished members of sented the Minister, on behalf of the Sultan, with the Diplomatic Service fol¬ a most handsome gift—an armory ensemble, low tradition in selecting consisting of sword, dagger, and shield, such as The Plaza as their New are used locally. The hilts and scabbards of the sword and the dagger were of dark wood beauti¬ York home. They find here a fully embossed in silver. The shield was of standard of excellence that rhinoceros hide, with silver mountings. The is known in all countries. blade of the sword is reputed to be an old Cru¬

Single rooms from $5. FACING CENTRAL PARK sader blade, much shortened by constant sharp¬ ening throughout the ages. The Minister ex¬ • A 25% discount from room charges is pressed to Prince Said Hammad his deep grati¬ allowed members of the Foreign Service. tude and his appreciation of the Sultan’s cour¬ tesy and generosity, and he also felt much hon¬ Henry A. Rost, Managing Director, John D. Owen, Manager ored on receiving, together with his son, auto¬ graphed likenesses of His Highness, in com¬ memoration of his auspicious visit as Envoy Ex¬ traordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary on Spe¬ cial Mission from the Government of the United States to Muscat. FIFTY-NINTH STREET AND FIFTH AVENUE On the return journey the Mission disem¬ barked at Kuwait, where it enjoyed the kind hos¬ pitality of His Britannic Majesty’s Political Agent and Mrs. Dickson. Kuwait, it will be remembered, was to be the terminus of the Berlin-Baghdad railway, for which it would have been eminently suited owing to its natural deep-water harbor HOMELIKE and landing facilities. It is a clean, well-built town with wide streets and a semi-circular wall 'ith a yanetama. unequaltiled constructed hurriedly in 1920 to protect the town elsewlete in jVewdjotk ■jlet beauty . . from attacks by the Wahabbis. Before the war Kuwait was the commercial entrepot for the in¬ • The Savoy-Plaza provides the terior of Northern Arabia, but since the war Ibn homelike warmth and charm that Saud has subjected it to a rigorous blockade, informed travellers demand, plus superior service and an unsurpas¬ with a view to developing his own ports. Con¬ sed cuisine. Single rooms from $5. sequently, Kuwait has lost its former prosperity A 25% discount from room to a great degree. The blockade is counteracted to charges is allowed members of a certain extent by smuggling, both over the the Foreign Service. Saudi Arabian and the Iraqui borders. Kuwait Henry A. Rost, Managtng Director also was an important centre of the pearl fishing industry, second only to Bahrein, hut the world FIFTH AVE., 58th TO 59th STS. crisis has now cut off that source of revenue as well. The ship-building industry remains, and is brought to a high standard, Kuwait being, in fact, the supplier of the Persian Gulf, and to a m certain extent of India, of the peculiar types of sailing vessels used in that area. Immediately on arrival at Kuwait, the Min¬ PLAZA ister paid an informal call on His Excellency OVERLOOKING CENTRAL PARK Sheik Ahmad, the ruling Sheik of Kuwait, and the call was returned at the British Agency. The same evening His Britannic Majesty’s Political 434 Agent and Mrs. Dickson gave a dinner at the Agency, and the Sheik honored us with his pres¬ ence. On the following evening His Excellency AN AMERICAN INSTITUTION entertained us at dinner at the palace. On the IN FOREIGN SERVICE morrow the Mission left Kuwait by motor car for Basra. Providing Rapid, Depend¬ A bad dust-storm had arisen, and we were able Transport for Passen¬ unable to see ahead of us for any distance. gers, Express, and Mail However, owing to the ability of our driver, we Under Contract to the United States and Foreign Govern¬ made the journey across the desert to Basra in ments, Between North record time. At Basra we were the guests of America and 32 Countries Colonel Ward, Director of the Port, and having and Colonies of jhe West¬ spent a day and a night in that city, during which ern Hemisphere. the Minister inspected the interesting port-works carried out under the direction of Colonel Ward, the Mission returned to Baghdad by rail, passing through the sites of such ancient cities as Ur and Babylon.

TEN YEARS AGO (From Issue of August, 1924)

The promotion of Mr. Wilbur J. Carr to an Assis¬ tant Secretaryship, effective July 1, 1924, was re¬ ported. Secretary of State Charles E. Hughes said at that time of Mr. Carr, that he desired to express on behalf of himself and his associates the satisfac¬ tion and pleasure they felt from the fact that loyal and devoted services had been given recognition and reminded Mr. Carr that the high standard of duty which he had set had long been an inspiration to all men in the foreign service. Hotel Martinique

FIVE BLOCKS FROM THE WHITE HOUSE One of the classic service anecdotes, that of his transfer from Beirut to Dawson City, Yukon, follow¬ ing a request for a post in a warmer climate, first SIXTEENTH STREET AT M saw print in Consul General (now retired) G. Bie Ravndal’s story “In the Frozen North,” featured in WASHINGTON, D. C. the August, 1924, issue of the American Consular Bulletin.

“On Receiving Callers” by Charles Amsden is as well worth reading today as it was ten years ago. Afn Hotel of

Mr. Winthrop L. Marvin’s article “How American ‘Distinction Consuls Are Helping American Shipping” was re¬ printed from the Marine Journal.

An interesting article on Kant and Kiinigsberg was contributed by Harold D. Clum. SPECIAL RATES To ACTIVE AND RETIRED FOREIGN SERVICE The Bulletin noted the death of the Honorable OFFICERS AND THEIR FAMILIES Alvey A. Adee, Assistant Secretary of State who had served in the field and the Department since 1870. (Those who have been on duty in the Department know that in many respects Mr. Adee’s influence is Write for Booklet still felt.) L. R. HAWKINS, Manager

435 CENTURY OF PROGRESS

(Continued from, page 411)

cosmic ray and enables an observer, should he Thoughts of have the desire to do so, to count the rays as they strike. To absorb at one sitting the mass of instruc¬ WASHINGTON tive facts so lucidly demonstrated in the Hall of Science would be as easy as swallowing a bunch of grapes in one mouthful; but by judicious selec¬ tion among such a wide range of subjects as chemistry, physics, biology, geology, medicine, FOREIGN Service astronomy and music, one can learn more with Officers Have A Particular less effort in a shorter space of time than the Interest In The Many most confirmed wiseacres would suspect. Among Activities of Government. the newest babies of science only a few months old, which are exhibited and explained, are heavy hydrogen and heavy water—exceptionally im¬ • When next you visit portant discoveries, the scientists insist on telling The Capital, stay at the insti¬ us. Take a motion picture journey to the moon, tution where international per¬ take the animated drawings and microscopic pic¬ sonages reside and great events tures of the molecular theory of matter, or take occur. the biological story of embryology, just as ran¬ dom exercises on the present universe. And as Single Rooms from $4 a chaser, take the exhibit of the 92 elements which Double Rooms from $6 go to make up this world we live in. all care¬ fully arranged in groups and labeled as to names Subject to a Diplomatic and numbers, in which 40 universities, labora¬ Discount tories, governments and companies collaborated to edify the less learned of our population. Ten easy lessons in the Hall of Science, where every¬ thing is aimed at the mean average intelligence of the American citizen, is equivalent to six years of shooting spit balls and drawing pictures in the text books at high school. Last year the Streets of Paris and the Belgian Village packed them in so successfully that one can practically go on a world tour of village streets during the season of 1934. Without any more effort than hiring a streamlined jinrikisha manned by a college athlete, the sophisticated traveler from Pocatello or Peoria can now visit in rapid succession the streets or squares of Merrie England, Spain, Italy, Ireland, Tunis, Holland, Germany, or Switzerland, in addition to the im¬ proved and refurbished thoroughfares of Paris and Belgium. Altogether there are 15 “foreign” villages, where the “natives” will help to take your small change away from you; among the most novel of the lot are the German Black For¬ est village, where beer tables, skating rink and powdered-snow fir trees lend a cooling atmos¬ phere on hot summer days, and the Spanish Vil¬ lage, which is said to be the largest foreign town 436 ever erected in the United States and an exact reproduction of one made famous at the Barcelona Fair some years back. Persons who admit to a curiosity about them¬ selves as specimens of our somewhat conglomer¬ ate human race find the Hall of Social Science as irresistible as the magnet is to the armature. Several Governmental Departments have assisted in presenting the educational features here, and the Harvard Anthropometric Laboratory, as a part of its study of racial types, is providing one of the most educational features of all. All those who offer themselves as laboratory subjects are skillfully and painlessly measured as to the size, shape and thickness of their skull, so that in ten minutes’ time a visitor who is not afraid of the result can get as first class an analysis as a monkey or a guinea pig, learning from what race, or division of races, his physical characteristics are inherited. In the same Hall of Social Science, are dra¬ matic exhibits picturing in visual form the prog¬ ress made by man as to his living conditions. The primitive cave contrasts with the modern elec¬ trically equipped home; cross sections are shown School UXflh of the dumps left by prehistoric civilizations and the civilization of today. And here is a thought for the future—something for the archaeologist of U> fiu/rb! 2034 A.D., presumably, to ponder upon. In the first dump are old stone weapons and bones. In REMARKABLE as it may seem, this is the volun¬ tary statement of David, age nine, whose mother the new one are broken radio tubes, the cracked expresses regret that she had not known of the Calvert home courses several years ago. radiator of a flivver, a rusted typewriter, a dis¬ For 28 years children in this country and abroad carded phonograph horn, and a safety razor. have been enjoying the cultural training offered by Calvert School in addition to instruction in funda¬ There is even a convincing parallel drawn between mental subjects. These lessons come to the home the pictures used by the Egyptians 4,000 years from a long-established day school in Baltimore. ago to illustrate their records and the comic strips Calvert School Facts For Parents . . . of today’s Sunday supplements. 1. Gives complete education at home to children 4 to 12 years old. It goes without saying that the latest miracles 2. Provides rich cultural and scientific background. 3. Starts with Kindergarten. First Grade to High in the field of electricity are illustrated in detail School covered in six years. and the very last word in modern phenomena, 4. Enables children to work at speed best suited to their ability. many of which have as yet no known use or pro¬ 5. Provides all text-books, materials, full instruc¬ tions. ductive purpose, are on hand to mystify and as¬ 6. Gives personal, friendly, helpful guidance by tonish the public. For instance, music is played letter and encourages originality. 7. Has thousands of pupils all over the world. over invisible light beams and lamps are lighted 8. Priced surprisingly low. 9. May be started at any time. without wire connections; if anyone can suggest 10. Special rates for group. a good household appliance based on these ac¬ Thousands of parents the world over have ac¬ claimed these successful lessons for boys and girls. complishments he will receive not only a hearty Write today for the catalog which gives full in¬ round of congratulations but what would probably formation, and sample lessons. be termed a substantial monetary reward. Of CALVERT SCHOOL more comprehensible value are the exhibits in 118 E. Tuscany Road, Baltimore, Md. the Travel and Transport Building of the new Please send me full information, in streamlined, air-conditioned, Diesel-driven trains, eluding a sample lesson. one of whose kind has recently broken several Name records by approaching the sensational speed of Address nearly two miles a minute; and one of the giant Child’s Age

JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL new air liners capable of whisking you across the continent at more than 200 miles per hour. With all the education so deftly administered— WOODWARD & LOTHROP a good deal of it one must confess as sugar coat¬ ing to pink pills of advertising—one must turn 10th, 11th, F and G Streets to A Century of Progress by night to taste the WASHINGTON full flavor of the place as a spectacle. Neon "A Store Worthy of The Nation’s Capital” tubes and mazda lamps, spotlights and electric lanterns diffuse illumination totaling thirty bil¬ lion candlepower, and very well done it is too. The effects are more restrained this year, the colors are more artistic, and the fantastic archi¬ Quo tecture is correspondingly less startling and more glamorous. For those who turn loose in the evening in quest of amusement, there are “bubble” Vadis... dancers instead of fan dancers; there are the aforementioned streets of many villages; and the restaurants have gone in heavily for dining under In whatever clime the service may place you, the open sky to music. This last is one of the there too you may enjoy the pleasures of pleasures which alone make a visit worth while. Woodward & Lothrop shopping, the pride in And one of the best ways of all to spend the using Woodward & Lothrop merchandise, evening is to attend the open air pageant of trans¬ portation, “Wings of a Century,” an epic of speed the benefits of Woodward 8C Lothrop service. in locomotion. With some 200 players, 20 real locomotives and trains, and numberless horses, We have arranged a shopping service espe¬ carriages, carts, boats, motorcycles, and even cially for you. By using it, you may sur¬ automobiles and an airplane, the history of trans¬ round yourself, while abroad, with the real port in the United States, and incidentally of the American things you always want. states themselves, is admirably told each night to appreciative audiences. Given the support which has been so surpris¬ MRS. MARIAN TOLSON ingly forthcoming two years in a row, when . . . is in charge of this service . . . and she is everyone thought the enterprise was doomed by thoroughly familiar with the newest trends in the depression, we may yet see A Century of Prog¬ fashion, and with the requirements of social life. ress made into a permanent institution. If ex¬ When you are in Washington, we invite you to hibitors find it profitable they may want to con¬ call on Mrs. Tolson, on the eighth floor of our tinue this zestful form of advertising, and the store. She will help you make "outfitting for $44,000,000 which the Fair cost may even pay that foreign post” a delightfully easy and profit¬ dividends. Only the name might have to be able experience. changed—for having dated it once (1833-1933), it is already a Century and a Year of Progress; and Chicago could not afford to let Progress stop YOUR MAIL ORDERS while History marched on. . . . when addressed to Woodward SC Lothrop, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. (Attention of Mrs. MARRIAGES Tolson), will be personally filled by her . . . and The JOURNAL received no report of marriages the merchandise you order will be properly in the Departmental or field services during the packed for safe delivery, and routed according month. to your instructions. BIRTHS A daughter, Dorothy King Newbegin, was born When ordering, be sure to state your size, on June 7, 1934, at Mexico City, to Diplomatic your color preferences, and other details. Secretary and Mrs. Robert Newbegin. A card file will be kept of such information Born at Rome, Italy, on June 15, 1934, a daugh¬ for use in filling your future orders. ter, Marian, to Vice Consul and Mrs. Theodore C. Achilles. 439 A POLITICAL BOOKSHELF which involves a rather dry topic, is set forth (Continued from page 419) in an interesting manner. It is to be noted that the authors are of the garded with reverence by the American people. opinion that after the objectives of the recovery This feeling is largely due to the type of men policy are accomplished, a considerable part of who have composed the Court. Most of them the organization upon which this policy is being have been profound lawyers, quite a few of them operated will remain. have been truly great figures. Among these great figures Mr. Justice Brandeis stands out not only as a jurist learned in the law—which may be taken for granted—but as IN MEMORIAM one of whom it can be written that he loves his fellow-men. Professor Mason brings out these Sincere sympathy is extended to Mrs. Conrad qualities in his interpretation (the book is not a M. Strong, so well remembered as Miss Edna biography) of the man who was known as the Johnston, Secretary to the Chief Instructor of the “people’s lawyer” until his elevation to the bench Foreign Service School, in the death of her caused alarm to those who had been unable to husband, Conrad M. Strong, at their home, Clar- answer the logic contained in the famous “Bran¬ ens, in Quaker Lane, Fairfax County, Virginia. deis briefs.” The same logic has been present Mr. Strong, a former Treasury Department in his opinions (including his well-known dissent¬ official, who was stationed in Paris during the ing ones) which have been such a contribution World War, was a .descendant of several fami¬ to our Constitutional law. Professor Mason dis¬ lies prominent in the early history of this coun¬ cusses the more important of these opinions in try. Mildred Warner, and Betty Washington, the detail and in the discussion gives a keen analysis first President’s sister, were grandmothers in his of the great jurist’s views on political, social, and family tree. Through his mother, who was economic questions. Mary Byrd Willis, he was a direct descendant It has been said that the test of greatness is through the Byrd, Lewis, Carter and other Vir¬ whether the future vindicates one’s position on ginia families. Numbered among his ancestors fundamental questions. Professor Mason believes on his mother’s side was Alexander James Dal¬ that Mr. Justice Brandeis’ “work and ideas have las, Secretary of War and Navy in the Monroe been truly vindicated. Recent events have borne administration, and the latter’s son, Commodore out his fears as well as his hopes. There is Alexander James Dallas, who fired the first gun scarcely a phase of the recent economic and so¬ in the Chesapeake Bay in the War of 1812. cial debacle that he did not foresee. In their efforts to deal with it, the Roosevelt administra¬ Mr. Norman J. Cunningham, Chief of the Fiscal tors have been guided essentially by the philoso¬ Control Section of the Bureau of Accounts, died at phy and by something of the spirit of Brandeis.” his residence in Washington on June 15, 1934. The book is strongly recommended to Foreign Mr. Cunningham was born in Harford County, Service officers irrespective of whether they have Maryland, August 11, 1899. Prior to his entry ever studied or practiced law. into the service of the Department of State on Janu¬ THE ABC OF THE NRA. By C. L. Dearing, P. ary 9, 1934, he had filled positions in the Civil T. Homan, L. L. Lorwin and L. S. Lyon (Wash¬ Service Commission, the War Department, and in ington: The Brookings Institution, 1934. Pp. the Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks. xiv, 185. $1.50). Sympathy is extended to his widow, Mrs. Edith M. Cunningham, and children, Norman J. Cun¬ Foreign Service officers who are constantly ningham, Jr., and Jean Ellis Cunningham. being requested to describe or explain the NRA will find this brief treatise of great value. It is It is with sincere regret that the Consulate at a typical Brookings Institution product and gives Cardiff has to report the death on May 21, 1934, in concise language an exposition of the National of the mother of Miss Florence H. Little. Miss Recovery Act and of the manner in which it is Little has been clerk at the Consulate in Cardiff being administered. It is a book free from the for twenty-one years. The many officers who have complex language which a certain type of econo¬ served in Cardiff during that time know the loyal mist regards as necessary in order to impress his and highly efficient manner which characterized readers with his profound knowledge. Even the Miss Little’s work and sympathize with her. description of the administration of the codes, 440 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

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441 ALBANIA AND ITS “EAGLE-MEN” (Continued, jrom page 407) aloof and land¬ ancient tongue,, locked, seemed faiths and cus¬ scarcely to toms, at heart change at all. owning no over- For seven lord, waiting centuries the with the pa- Slav wave flood¬ tie n c e of the ed the country, mountain eagle but the Alba¬ for a turn of the nians, highland wheel that and lowland, should free strenuously de¬ rather than en¬ clined to be ab¬ slave them. sorbed. In a Americans- land dotted with STREET SCENE, TIRANA may remember ruins of dead with just pride kingdoms, they clung tenaciously to their racial that at a crisis of the Peace Conference, it was the instinct and their language. Only when the Serbian insistence of the United States that most greatly Kingdom shrank before the whelming onrush of aided Albanian independence. the Turks, when numbers overpowered them—- And with its acknowledgment, progress — in when Skanderbeg, their great national hero, for the Albanian Capital—leap-frogged at a bound, whom the tribesmen still wear their black-fringed from shank’s-mare and donkey-back, over the age and tufted mourning jackets, died—only then did of the arc-light and steam-road, to the era of the the Albanian Chieftains give up the unequal strug¬ motor-cycle, the balloon-tire motor-bus and the gle. But they were unsubdued. Through the passenger airplane. centuries-long contest of Turk and Slav, with its The Albania one sees in Tirana, the few, the Russian Holy War, and its more recent complica¬ governing few—most of all the man who from tions of the Great Powers of later generations and President of the Republic, a handful of years ago- alignments, their people have remained a nation, was acclaimed the King—have furnished the or¬ submerged but semi-independent, clinging to their ganization, and the brain-power back of it, which

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443 THE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL reflect the final stage of the process in the new ON THE COURSE OF EVENTS nationalization. They have travelled, touched the highest civilizations, absorbed foreign ideas and (Continued from page 4311 education. It is they who, out of a welter of secret ballot “to determine who are representa¬ Clans as difficult as the Scottish border before the tives of the workers for collective bargaining.” days of Rob Roy, are now kneading a nation, an Thus the struggle over industrial relations in the independent, self-governing, political entity, that steel industry has been advanced a further step already is a member in full standing of the League and a “showdown” deferred for the time being, of Nations. This is the leaven that must leaven pending the organization of elections to deter¬ the lump. mine the issue between independent and “com¬ For the people of the countryside are still to pany” unions. be taught not only hygiene and modern agricul¬ The Pacific Coast Longshoremen’s strike, which ture, but those first principles of self-government began on May 9, continues despite all efforts at that children of so many other nations learn with settlement, and at the end of its second month, the alphabet. They are still to come to think na¬ renewed and serious violence developed in con¬ tionally as well as racially. And those of the nection with the moving of goods from the piers northern mountains are still to learn even to read under protection of police and the California and write—to discover that a local court is more national guard. Extension of the strike to the to be desired than the ancient blood-feud, that the teamsters union (truck drivers) and many other Government operating at Tirana is not one im¬ crafts has been a direct consequence, approaching posed upon them by some outside Power or aggre¬ the proportions of a general strike in the San gation of Powers, but a Government of themselves Francisco region from July 16. The conflict has and by themselves. aroused passions of such intensity and bitterness Thus it comes about that in Albania, alone of that there are small prospects of reasonable settle¬ all European countries today, one may see the ment before the emotional tension has been al¬ process of nation-building in all its stages at layed. The situation in mid-July is not reassuring. one lime. In the northern mountains the tribes differ little in pastoral life and communistic prac¬ The Treasury’s statement for June 30 showed total expenditures for the fiscal year 1934 (ex¬ tices from their ancestors of two thousand years ago. In Tirana, struggling heroically to over¬ clusive of debt retirement) of 6,750 million dol¬ lars, some 3,809 millions below the total of ride with comely modernity what was a dozen years ago a rambling village—with its new and 10,559 projected in the President’s budget message sightly group of Government buildings, facing last January. Regular expenditures (exclusive of the open space that is the town’s forum— expenditures by the Agricultural Adjustment Ad¬ with its panorama of parked automobiles, sol¬ ministration) totalled 2,561 millions compared diers in khaki, hurrying gray tasselless fezes and with the projected total of 2,531 millions;* emer¬ green turbans of Turkish Hodjas, market-don¬ gency expenditures totalled 4,284 millions, or 3,754 millions below the total of 8,038 forecast in key laden with wood, black-veiled women in the budget message. So far as can be judged from voluminous trousers bound at the ankle, barracks, the Treasury’s statement, the difference between Royal Palace and Parliament—you may see the actual and anticipated emergency expenditures is process in its final development. And in be¬ largely due to smaller expenditures than antici¬ tween, in the towns and hill-villages, you may observe any step of the way. North and South, pated on the part of the Public Works Adminis¬ uplands and seaboard plains, you may pick up tration and the Reconstruction Finance Corpo¬ ration. Instead of spending 3,970 millions, the the thread where you will. It is this jostling of old and new, not of super¬ RFC is charged only with 1,615 millions; against ficialities of manners and costume but of the PWA expenditures projected at 1,677 millions, deeper traits and characteristics of human char¬ there are charged only 1,045 millions (including acter, which makes Albania intriguing. Nowhere 400 of the 716 millions charged to the CWA). in the world will the student of social customs Of the 1,166 millions mentioned in the budget find such another observation-post. message to cover “certain additional expenditures believed to be necessary” it appears possible to And while you ponder these human changes, trace actual expenditures of 340 millions by the there are round about you the everlasting Al¬ Federal Emergency Relief Administration and banian Alps, tossing back from rugged unbowed shoulders the blood-red sunsets, to remind you *The figures given in the official Treasury statement have been slightly rearranged and condensed here in order to make of the hardy constancy their indomitable peaks them more readilv comparable to the figures given in the have bred. review in the February issue of the Journal. 444 FROM SKYWAYS TO HIGHWAYS CAME AIRWHEGL TYRES

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THE WORLD OVER MORE PEOPLE RIDE ON GOODYEAR TYRES THAN ON ANY OTHER MAKE 445 316 millions by the CWA (in excess of the 400 millions charged to the PWA funds), a total of 656 millions. The Agricultural Adjustment Ad¬ ministration has also spent considerably less than anticipated. On these four counts the difference between projected and actual expenditures covers almost the whole of the 3,754 millions, as fol¬ lows: f j Projected Spent Difference Millions of Dollars RFC 3,970 1,615 2,355 PWA 1.677 1.045 632 AAA 515 352 163 “Additional” 1,166 656 510

Total difference 3,660 But the fact that the projected emergency ex¬ penditures were not fully realized in the fiscal year 1934 does not mean that they will not he made, for the authority to spend still remains. Congress, at the session recently closed, made appropriations totalling 9,666 millions of dollars, including two billions for the exchange stabiliza¬ tion fund and 139 millions for payment to the Federal Reserve Banks to finance loans of work¬ ing capital to industries, appropriated out of the in¬ crement from dollar devaluation; of the remain¬ ing 7,526 millions appropriated out of ordinary revenues, 3,747 millions are to cover regular ex¬ penditures for the fiscal year 1935 including 824 millions for interest on the public debt and 526 mil¬ lions for debt retirement. Emergency purposes cover the balance of 3779 millions, including 819 millions for payment of rentals, benefits and re¬ funds by the Agricultural Adjustment Administra¬ tion, nearly 900 millions “for allocation by the President to the Tennessee Valley Authority, Fed¬ eral Emergency Relief Administration, Public Works Administration and Civilian Conservation Corps,” and 525 millions for drought relief (the foregoing forming the greater part of the 1.8 billion dollar emergency and deficiency act passed toward * the end of the session) ; as well as 950 millions ap¬ propriated last February for emergency relief and civil works. Over a large part of these appro¬ priations the President is given wide discretion, so as to enable him to meet the largely incalcu¬ lable needs of the emergency when and as they arise. Some expenditures have already been made out of these appropriations, but of the un¬ expended balances of these and of the emergency appropriations made by the first session of the Seventy-third Congress, the Treasury estimates that there is available for expenditure in the fiscal year 1935 (or later) a total of 6,671 millions 446 JHE AMERICAN fOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

of dollars for emergency account. Of course this is a maximum which may not be entirely UNITED FRUIT CDJ11PANY spent. It is largely made up of the following: GREAT

Millions mof WHITE Dollars FLEET Reconstruction Finance Corporation 1,903 Public Works 2,021 Regular Freight and Passenger Service PWA Loans & Grants to States BETWEEN & Municipalities 480 New York, New Orleans, Boston and San Francisco Other PWA allotments 719 AND PWA funds unalloted 406 Cuba, Jamaica, Panama, Colombia, Costa Rica, Public Highways 416 Guatemala, Honduras, British Honduras, Emergency Conservation (C.C.C.) 337 Mexico, Nicaragua, Salvador. Emergency Relief 373 Weekly service with transshipment at Cristobal (Canal Zone) to West Coast Ports of Central Net Federal expenditures of 6,750 millions in the America, South America and Mexico at differ¬ fiscal year 1934 exceeded current revenues of 3,116 ential rates. Through bills of lading to all points. millions by 3,634 millions, and together with Shipments to El Salvador handled expedi¬ an increase in the Treasury’s general fund bal¬ tiously via Puerto Barrios, Guatemala and the ance from 862 millions on June 30, 1933, to International Railways of Central America. 2,582 millions on June 30, 1934, less 811 mil¬ For Rates and Other Information Address: lions representing the unallocated balance of the profit from reduction of the gold content FREIGHT TRAFFIC DEPARTMENT of the dollar—or a net increase from current Pier 3, North River, New York, N. Y. receipts of 909 millions—accounts for an in¬ 1001 Fourth St., Ill W. Washington St., San Francisco, Calif. Chicago, 111. crease of 4.5 billions of dollars in the public Long Wharf, 321 St. Charles St., debt, from approximately 22.5 billions at the be¬ Boston, Mass. New Orleans, La. ginning of the fiscal year to just over 27 bil¬ General Offices: One Federal Street, Boston, Mass. lions at the end. This exceeds the previous peak of 26,596 millions on August 31, 1919. If, however, the net debt is calculated by de¬ ducting the general fund balance—the Treasury’s cash balance—at each date from the gross total EXTRA MONEY of the debt, a net figure is reached of 25,478 millions as of August 31, 1919, which still ex¬ ceeds the net total for June 30. 1934, of 24,471 /or YOUj too! millions by more than the 811 million unallo¬ LIKE Mr. Hauck, possibly you cated balance of the increment from dollar de¬ have a need for extra money. If you have just a few hours a valuation. day or week to devote to our sub¬ During the fiscal year 1934 the Treasury is¬ scription interests in your city, we feel sure that you can make sued more than 13.5 billions in new securities, them pay handsome dividends. including nine billions for refunding. Progress The Saturday Evening Post and Ladies' Home Journal need was made in converting some of the rather almost no introduction to the large volume of short term debt into issues of English-speaking residents of longer term, and at the same time the average your city. And you will be able Mr. Paul Hauck of Nebraska, to offer them a substantial sav¬ above, writes that he has earned annual rate of interest on the outstanding debt ing on a year’s subscription. as much as $2.40 in a single was reduced from 3.35 per cent at the beginning For full particulars, fill out and hour from the sale of Curtis sub¬ mail us the coupon below. scriptions. You can do as well! of the fiscal year to 3.18 per cent at the end. The Federal Reserve indices of current busi¬ ness for May show little change from April: CURTIS PUBLISHING COMPANY, the former, with April data in parentheses, 687 Independence Square, Philadelphia, Pa. being, Production of Manufactures (85) 86; fac¬ Gentlemen: Please give me the details of your money-making offer. tory employment (82) 82; factory payrolls (67) Name Age 67; department store sales (77) 77; construc¬ tion contracts awarded (32) 26. Address The trend away from fixed price policies in 447 H THE AMERICAN FOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

NRA codes was moved a step further at the MY SOUTHERN PINE end of June by an executive order authorizing By ALVIN EDWARD MOORE cuts of as much as 15 per cent below listed Formerly Vice Consul, Guaymas prices in bids on public contracts, provided In the van of brothers, there you stand, these reductions are publicly posted upon opening A symbol of that Southern land of the bids; while there is some question as to Which once to me was home; whether such reductions thereupon become appli¬ A symbol too of friendship true, cable to non-governmental" purchases, they are ex¬ Old pine, old friend of mine, pected to result in discontinuance of identical price You still my surge to roam. quotations on public contracts and lower prices W hen autumn comes, in this Northern clime, on construction materials and bidding. On July And brings me thoughts of bygone time— 10 the Administrator stated that he had recom¬ Of haunts on our green Gulf shore— mended the substitution of the present one-man You stand serene, in evergreen. And put to shame my fleeting flame, control of the NRA by a commission form of con¬ For a life that is no more. trol. You too once lived on a green Gulf knoll, And heard the sigh where waters roll From out the boundless sea; You heard my song of childhood’s wrong, And gave me shade, in sunlit glade, For dreams of life’s long lea.

W'hen winter comes, and wild geese cry, And draw their line across the sky, To stir my soul to flight. Your calm content bids me repent My urge to go where is no snow, Nor cold of the Northern night.

As winter stays and grips the land, And snows pile up about your stand And we think of our Gulf and its green green grass; Beneath the blast you stand steadfast, And as I pray, you seem to say: “This too, my friend, will pass!”

Then comes at last surcease in spring, When all the world wakes up to sing Its song of long ago; And all the day the wind does play A tune above, of life and love, So sad and sweet and low.

As summer breathes from warm blue sky, And southern winds waft slowly by, To wrap our souls in dream; 1 know again your truth made plain. That man lives best in a niche, like the rest Of God’s eternal scheme.

LATIN AMERICAN INFORMATION CENTER The Council of Inter-American Relations, Inc., has announced the establishment of a Latin Ameri¬ can Center and Library at 67 Broad Street, New MONUMENT TO JOHN HOWARD PAYNE, York, for the service of those interested in inter- AUTHOR OF “HOME SWEET HOME” American affairs. The center is intended as a Mr. Payne was American Consul in Tunis from 1843 to friendly rendezvous, cultural center and infor¬ 1846 and from 1851 until his death at his post in 1852. mation bureau for North, Central and South Americans where visitors and inquirers by mail Tunisia of today was described is an article or telephone will be able to take advantage of in the July issue of the JOURNAL by Alfred T. the facilities the Center offers. Further details Nester.—Ed. may be obtained from the Center. 448 r|’HE AMERICAN pQREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

TARIFF BARGAINING SMunson Luxury Service to (Continued from page 408) H. Hansen and Mr. Harry C. Hawkins. Mr. Grady was appointed to the Department on June SOUTH AMERICA ]2th to assist in carrying out the tariff bar¬ gaining work, having previously been Dean of the fortnightly Sailings College of Commerce at the University of Cali¬ on Saturdays fornia. Mr. Hansen, called to the Department in similar capacity, was recently Director of Research and Secretary to the Commission of Sail to and from South Inquiry on National Policy in International America on the largest Economic Relations and a member of the faculty and fastest ships in this of the University of Minnesota. Mr. Hawkins, service, the luxurious the author of the article on the Tariff Bargaining 21,000 ton S. S. Pan 1*^— sl 000 tonS s PanAmerlca Legislation in the July issue of the JOURNAL, is a America, S. S. Western ’ - - member of the Treaty Division of the Department World, S. S. American Legion, S. S. Southern of State. Cross; all airy outside rooms, gay shipboard life, The functions of this Committee will be to excellent cuisine and service. Calling at Rio de arrange for and supervise such general economic Janeiro, Santos, Montevideo and Buenos Aires, studies as may be deemed necessary in connec- Attractive arrangements for stopovers and sight- tion with the reciprocity program, as well as seeing at all ports. studies relating to specific commodities which For further information consult your travel agent or 1 1 constitute the principal articles of trade between HITTTticAtT fTT l n/rcTTin I iiirt this country and a particular country with which MUlNoUil 0 1 L A Mull If LllNhiJ an agreement is contemplated. The Committee gy Wall Street New York N. Y. will also consider the selection of countries with

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449 which exploratory conversations can be under¬ “We Invite You to a taken in the near future. Distinguished Hotel” It is probable, following previous practice, that the detail work connected with drafting of foreign trade agreements and the carrying HOTEL POWHATAN out of preliminary technical discussions willt the 18TH AND PENNSYLVANIA AYE. experts of other governments will be done by in¬ WASHINGTON, D. C. terdepartmental sub-committees, which will con¬ centrate on particular negotiations while func¬ Choice rooms with . . . 15% Discount allowed Diplomatic and Consular tioning under the supervision of the Committee bath from Service t on Foreign Trade Agreements. In turn this lat¬ ■ ONE BLOCK FROM STATE, WAR & NAVY BLDG. ter committee will function under the general | A REFINED HOTEL ON EUROPEAN PLAN supervision of the Executive Committee on Com¬ mercial Policy to which questions of high policy will be referred. While the organization as set out above is THINGS ARE LOOKING “UP” designed to meet essentially pragmatic needs IN THE SERVICE it is of interest to note that it conforms in fact and form to the intention of Congress as ex¬ (Exchange Act! Rental Allowances! Etc.!) pressed in Section 4 of the Act to the effect that This Is A Good Time To “. . . . before concluding such agreement the SEND THE JOURNAL To Your Relatives President shall seek information and advice with And Friends respect thereto from the United States Tariff Com¬ mission, the Departments of State, Agriculture, Who will always welcome this intimate news of you, and Commerce and from such other sources as your colleafiues and your interesting work. he may deem appropriate.” Section 4 of the Act also requires that the President shall provide an opportunity for any JL HE JOURNAL offers to each active and asso¬ interested person to present his views before any ciate member of the American Foreign Service foreign trade agreement is concluded. By Exec¬ Association the privilege of subscribing for the utive Order No. 6750, June 27, 1934, President JOURNAL for or on behalf of relatives and Roosevelt prescribed that at least 30 days be¬ friends at the rate of $2 per year. fore any agreement is concluded under the pro¬ visions of the Act “notice of the intention to ne¬ Orders for 481 index sets for consular regula¬ gotiate such agreement shall be given publicly by tions were received in response to the advertise¬ the Secretary of State.” Such notice will be ments carried in the JOURNAL—a remarkable issued to the press and published in Press Re¬ proof of its “pulling power.” Isn’t this adver¬ leases of the Department of State, the weekly tisement fairly appealing too? Treasury Decisions, and Commerce Reports. Each member may use up to Eve of these special sub¬ The question of what mechanism should be scriptions. Please use the coupon below. provided for receiving the views of interested persons was settled by the establishment of yet SPECIAL OFFER another interdepartmental committee to be known as the Committee for Reciprocity Information; AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, the membership of this committee to be desig¬ Care Department of State, Washington, D. C. nated by the heads of the same government de¬ Please send the JOURNAL for one year. partments and organizations as constitute the In¬ terdepartmental Committee on Foreign Trade Agreements. To Send bill for $ _ Under the terms of the Executive Order cre¬ ating it, the Committee for Reciprocity Informa¬ To tion functions “under the direction and supervi¬ sion of, and its Chairman shall be designated from among the members of the Committee by, the Executive Committee on Commercial Policy.” This Committee was organized on July 3 under 450 yHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL DIRECTORY OF’ SELECTIVE FIRMS ABROAD

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451 the Chairmanship of United States Tariff Commis¬ istration of these powers should be carried out sioner Thomas Walker Page. The membership through an organization which can be swiftly of the Committee is as follows: adapted to the exigencies of a given situation. Thomas Walker Page, Vice Chairman, United And there are other advantages incident to inter¬ States Tariff Commission; departmental administration of the Act: it has Robert Frazer, American Consul General, De¬ saved valuable time by permitting an immediate partment of State; (Acting) start to be made on the work, avoiding the Leslie A. Wheeler, in charge Division of For¬ difficulties and expense incident to the estab¬ eign Agricultural Service, Department of Agricul¬ lishment of a new organization; it makes pos¬ ture; sible an unusually high degree of division of Henry Chalmers, Chief, Division of Foreign labor with the accompanying virtues of speciali¬ Tariffs, Department of Commerce; (Acting) zation and conservation of time and energy; at John Lee Coulter, Former Member of the the same time it affords an invaluable oppor¬ United States Tariff Commission, and now con¬ tunity for the exchange and coordination of nected with the Office of the Special Adviser to the points of view held by the different depart¬ President on Foreign Trade. ments. Added to the above virtues which derive H. D. Gresham, Acting Chief, Imports Divi¬ from a decentralized flexible set-up, there is the sion, National Recovery Administration (Acting). important feature of a central authority in the The regulations adopted by the Committee at Executive Committee on Commercial Policy its first meeting for the guidance of persons de¬ which, standing between the President and un¬ siring to present their views in connection with digested, divergent detail, is available to con¬ any proposed trade agreement provide that all sider important questions of policy and to co¬ information shall be submitted in the form of ordinate the work of the Interdepartmental Com¬ sworn statements to the Chairman. If interested mittee for Foreign Trade Agreements and the persons desire to supplement the written state¬ Committee for Reciprocity Information. ment with an oral presentation they are required to make application therefor to the Chairman PLAYED BALL ALL DAY AT PIEDRAS of the Committee. If the application is granted NEGRAS for the oral presentation of views, the time limits Sunday a very close game of baseball was and other rules of procedure governing the hear¬ played between Eagle Pass San Luisito team, and ings, which will not be public, will be announced the Piedras Negras Internationals, ending in a in behalf of the Committee by the Secretary of score of 29 to 19 in favor of the Eagle Pass State simultaneously with his notice of the in¬ youngsters. tention to negotiate each proposed agreement. The game was an interesting scrap, turning one¬ Provision will, of course, be made for close con¬ sided. There were two dozen errors by the short¬ tact between the Committee on Reciprocity In¬ stop, Moreles, in the third inning. In the other in¬ formation and the Interdepartmental Committee nings he had only six to seven errors. on Foreign Trade Agreements. Both pitchers were at the highest of their ca¬ The first notice of intention to negotiate a for¬ reer: Caballete (Quicko) Valdez made a good eign trade agreement under the Act was made standing, permitting only seventy-two hits and public on July 3, 1934, by the Secretary of State, gave fifty-one bases on balls. Nato, San Luisito at which time he announced the intention of this Terror pitcher, threw a better game, admitting Government to negotiate an agreement with the that he permitted seven hits more than his rival, government of the Republic of Cuba. Written but gave five less passports to first. statements by persons interested in the negotia¬ Both pitchers maintained their stamina during tions with Cuba must be in the hands of the Com¬ the game. Caballete had sixteen wild pitches, and mittee for Reciprocity Information before noon, Nato twenty-one. July 21, 1934, and oral presentations in this con¬ The game started at 9 o’clock in the morning nection will be heard July 23, 1934. and was suspended at 7:00 p. m., for lack of It is evident that the President and his advisers light in the sixth inning. have chosen to keep the organization and proce¬ Players in the Department’s kitten-ball league dure of the work under the new Tariff Act in a appear to be doing their best to follow the example flexible condition until tried and proven serviceable. set by the American and Mexican teams, described Moreover, it is peculiarly in keeping with in the foregoing report, from the Eagle Pass Daily the nature of the powers granted the President Guide, July 20, 1926, submitted by Consul Mc- under the Tariff Bargaining Act that the admin- Millin, Piedras Negras. 452 ROCKEFELLER CENTER NEW YORK CITY [YYIOREIGN SERVICE OFFICERS are cordially invited to visit Rockefeller Center. Unnj Mr. J. K. 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