g/,t AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ★ * JOURNAL * *
VOL. XII JUNE, 1935 No. 6 IT'S NO PLACE LIKE HOME.. JUWACAelv/
While we’ve never seen the statistics, we’ll wager fast in your room, it quietly appears (with a flower and there’s no home in the country staffed with such reti¬ the morning paper on the tray). If you crave in-season nues of valets and butlers, chefs and secretaries, maids or out-of-season delicacies, you'll find them in any of and men servants, as our hotel. That’s why we say the our restaurants. Prepared with finesse and served with New Yorker is "no place like home" — purposely. We finesse.You may have your railroad or air-line ortheatre know that everyone secretly longs for and enjoys the tickets ordered for you and brought to you. You may luxury of perfect hotel service. And you have your shirts and suits speeded back know it is yours at the New Yorker, with¬ from laundry or valet, with buttons sewed out luxurious cost. • It is unobtrusive ser¬ 25^0 reduction on and rips miraculously mended. You may vice, too, that never gets on your nerves. to diplomatic and have all this service by scarcely lifting a fin¬ Everyone—front the doorman to the man¬ consular service ger. • You will find the Hotel New Yorker NOTE: the special rate ager—is always friendly, always helpful— reduction applies only conveniently located, its staff pleasantly at¬ to rooms on which the but never effusive. If you want a lazy break¬ rate is $4 a day or more. tentive, and your bill surprisingly modest.
HOTEL NEW YORKER 34TH STREET AT EIGHTH AVENUE • NEW YORK CITY
Directed by National Hotel Management Company, Inc. • Ralph Hitz, President
OTHER HOTELS UNDER SAME DIRECTION: HOTEL LEXINGTON, NEW YORK • NETHERLAND PLAZA, CINCINNATI • BOOK-CADILLAC, DETROIT • THE ADOLPHUS, DALLAS • HOTEL VAN CLEVE, DAYTON JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL
CONTENTS
COVER PICTURE The Citadel, Cairo (See also page 330)
GLIMPSES OF GREENLAND By the Honorable Ruth Bryan Owen 313
His MAJESTY THE FAAMASINO MELEKE By Quincy F. Roberts - 317
FULWAR SKIPWITH By Augustus E. Ingram — 320
CAPTAIN HULL’S NIL 322 THE PARLIAMENTARY LIBRARY OF CANADA 1035 By W. McG. Harlow 324 FOREIGN SERVICE UNIFORMS IN 1967 .... 327 PHii.ro LETTERS 328 A REAL RADIO TEN YEARS AGO IN THE JOURNAL 330 Natural tone from the Broadcasting Studios in your own vicinity or in a far olT land, is ASSOCIATION SCHOLARSHIP TO BE AWARDED 330 yours by just the turn of the almost magic dial—hear every program at its best with NEWS FROM THE DEPARTMENT 331 Philco. The Philco leadership held throughout the FOREIGN SERVICE CHANGES . 334 years by the combination of the greatest engi¬ neering staff in radio, together with a produc¬ MARRIAGES - 336 tion schedule that gives you the finest in both reception and quality of workmanship at a A POLITICAL BOOKSHELF 337 minimum cost. Cyril Wynne, Review Editor There are 55 magnificent models to meet the taste of the most discriminating buyer—a Addresses by the Honorable Cordell Hull, Philco for every purse and purpose. By C. W. Everyr type and size of radio—AC, DC, AC- DC, battery and 32 volt. The model 28C Montevideo Conference, By C. W. illustrated incorporates the following features: Japan’s Pacific Mandate, By Leo D. Stur¬ Wave range 530 to 1720 kilocycles and 4.13 to 13 megacycles—23-73 meters and 175 to geon. 565 meters. Universal AC, DC, for 110 or 220 volts AC-DC THE PERSONNEL OF THE DEPARTMENT 339 Pentode Audio-System NEWS FROM THE FIELD . 342 Bass Compensation Automatic Volume Control SERVICE VISITORS 349 Three Point Tone Control Full Rubber Floated Chassis IN MEMORIAM 350 6 Philco high-efficiency tubes equal to 8 single purpose tubes 1 FIFTY YEARS AGO — STATE DEPARTMENT Cabinet 16” wide, 8%" high and 8 /*” deep BUILDING 350 Tune in on Philco programs from Station EAQ, Madrid, Spain (9.87 on your Philco dial) SONG OF THE COSMOPOLITE, VERSE PHILCO RADIO AND TELEVISION CORP. By Mariquita Villard 354 Export Department AMERICAN STEEL EXPORT CO. 347 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y. Issued monthly by American Foreign Service Associa¬ tion, Department of State, Washington, D. C. Entered as Cable Address: Amsta, New York second-class matter August 20, 1934, at the Post Office, in Washington, D. C., under the Act of March 3, 1879. THE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL arid Lde SERVICE
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INDEX OF ADVERTISERS WASHINGTON American Surety and I rust Company 335 Atlas Engraving Co - 365 Bacardi. Santiago de Culm — __ 367 Baltimore Mail Line- ..... 347 Chase National Bank - 356 FOREIGN Service Continental Hotel—Paris - ..... 367 Officers Have A Particular Crillon, Hotel—Paris — ..... 367 Interest In The Many ..... 367 Dunapalota Hotel—Budapest __ Activities of Government. Federal Storage Company 346 Firestone Tire & Rubber Co ■—— 312 France et Choiseul Hotel—Paris ..... 367 • When next you visit General Motors Export Co ..... 310 The Capital, stay at the insti¬ Goodyear Tire & Rubber Export Company ._. 343 tution where international per¬ Grace, W. R , and Company „ 361 sonages reside and great events Harris and Ewing 362 occur. Hungaria Hotel Budapest ..... 367 International Telephone & Telegraph Co. 355 Single Rooms from $4 Kressmann, Ed., & Co., Bordeaux . 367 Le Boissy D'Anglas Restaurant—Paris ..... 367 Double Rooms from $6 Manhattan Storage and Warehouse Co. 336 Martinique Hotel 363 Subject to a Diplomatic Mayflower Hotel _. 311 Discount Merchants Transfer and Storage Company ..... 359 Middleton, Mrs. Lewis ... 336 Munson Steamship Lines ..... 337 National Geographic Magazine .... 349 New England Mutual Life Insurance Co 341 New Yorker Hotel — II Cover Pagani’s Restaurant—London 367 Palace-Ainbassadeurs Hotel—Rome . 367 Pan-American Airways, Inc. .. 357 Philco Radio Company — 309 Plaza Hotel 345 Rockefeller Center III Cover Sapp. Earl W, C.L.U 341 Savoy-Plaza Hotel — 345 Security Storage Company of Washington 335 Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc — 351 Strasbourg, Restaurant Brasserie de—Marseilles 367 Swift & Co., Inc. 344 Tyner, Miss E. J.... 362 Underwood Elliott Fisher Company.. 358 United Fruit Company 363 l inited States Fidelity and Guaranty Company..... 362 United States Lines 337 United States Steel Products Co 361 von Zielinski, Carl M. J - 356 Waldorf-Astoria Hotel IV Cover Willard Hotel 1 357 Woodward and Lothrop 353 311 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN CERVICEJOURNAL
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312 THE
FOREIGN S
VOL. XII, No. 6 WASHINGTON, D. C. JUNE, 1935
Glimpses of Greenland By THE HONORABLE RUTH BRYAN OWEN, American Minister to Denmark
NTIL I sailed for Greenland on the 1,400-ton obtain permission. Greenland is entirely closed to u motor ship Disko, my own impressions of that traders as well as to tourists. The Greenland Ad¬ land scarcely went beyond the words of the hymn, ministration, under the Danish Government, holds “From Greenland’s icy mountains, a monopoly on all imports and exports. The Es¬ From India’s coral kimo sells his catch of strand . . furs and fish to the Sty- I had noticed that re¬ relse and buys his supply turning travelers seemed of staple commodities to have found a curious from the Government’s fascination in the Arctic, store in each settlement. hut none of those whom I There is no line of pas¬ questioned gave any an¬ senger ships connecting alysis of the quality w'hieh Greenland with Denmark. charmed them. They were The ships which ply be¬ all, however, definite and tween Denmark and her unanimous in their wish colony are the ships of the to return to the far North. Greenland Administration Denmark’s great Arctic carrying the Government colony, Greenland, lies officials and those w h o outside our general pur¬ have obtained special view' for two reasons. Government permission. Stretching as it does from Teachers, clergymen and a latitude of 60° into the doctors who minister to almost unexplored ice and the health, mental, moral sea around the North and physical, of the Eski¬ Pole, it is well off the mos: scientists going to beaten track of travelers. study the Viking ruins And, being held by the and analyze the mineral Danish Government as a content of the hills; paint¬ closed country, even the ers whose art constitutes hardy ones who might, a reason for their voyage for some reason, choose MINISTER OWEN WITH ESKIMO SLEDGE —these comprise the pas to visit it, cannot easily DOG PUPPY, “DISKO” senger-list of the Disko, Left to right: Mrs. Hansen, wife of the ESKIMO SEAL HUNTER HURL Captain of the M. S. Disko; the Cap¬ tain, the American Minister. Extreme right: Greenland’s Governor General, Jens Daugaard-Jensen. have been seated; there was an ice flower with open petals, and there were other icebergs shaped like the which makes four journeys each year during the rounded backs of great quiet animals, moving with season when Greenland is not locked in by ice, the movement of the waves. crossing the 1,700 miles from Denmark to Kap Far- The Disko made her way among icebergs, on vel, the southern tip of Greenland, and cruising which the shadows were pale green, with a strip along the thousand miles of Greenland’s west coast, of jade green where each rested in the sea. Along stopping at one little settlement after another. the distant shore was a Fata Morgana, half white These are on the sea coast at the foot of the and half green, above which rose the granite moun¬ mountains, which, rimming Greenland, hold in tains, and along the summits of the mountains, like place the continent of ice from four to seven thou¬ a pearly cloud, one could glimpse the beginning sand feet in depth. It sounds fantastic, the com¬ of the inland ice. putation made by one of the scientists, that if all When I inquired of a Dane during my journey the ice in Greenland were to melt, the water-level the size of one of the colonies we were to visit, in all of the seaports of the world would be raised he answered: “It is about the ideal size for a town. a hundred feet. It has two hundred inhabitants. In a town of two Greenland has no interior except the great unin¬ hundred every man catches the animals he needs for habited ice-cap. At intervals, where the ice finds food and his wife dresses the skins and makes the a crevice through which it can pour like clotted clothes and boots, but if a town has 500 or 600 cream from the lip of a jug, are the glaciers, from inhabitants the people begin to live off each other’s which the icebergs are born. efforts and that is unwholesome.” The Disko was to be our home for the duration Our first colony, Julianehaab, one of the larger of the tour, for after a day, or often an evening towns with a population of 500, lying beyond the party as well among the people of a settlement, we wonder of its icebergs, is a cluster of brightly would return to our ship and cruise by night to painted little wooden houses clinging to the rocks the next colony. on each side of a mountain stream spanned by pic¬ After eight days’ journey, for the most part turesque bridges. Although the Viking discoverers through dark and uneasy seas, I came out on the of Greenland had a colony in that vicinity a thou¬ deck one day to catch my first glimpse of Green¬ sand years ago, the modern colony is only two land, and there I saw, in dazzling sunshine, float¬ hundred years old. It has Greenland’s one little ing on the blue water, cathedrals of ice—one ice¬ barley field, the triumph of many years of patient berg of towering pinnacles had actually a Gothic clearing away of rocks, and here the barley waves doorway; there was a great semicircular stadium green in the short Arctic summer. of ice, on whose sloping sides thousands could Here also a Danish Director of Agriculture and 314 IlIARPOON FROM 11 IS KAYAK .Mrs. Owen with Eskimo children at Kragiassuk—site of Viking ruins.
Animal Husbandry, Herr Walsoe, teaches the Eskimos sheep-raising, and at the completion of their course recommends them to receive a Government loan, can continent 400 years before Columbus, set forth which they may repay on easy terms, for the pur¬ from here, and these still Viking ruins recall that chase of their herd. This is Denmark’s answer to a thousand years ago Icelandic adventurers colo¬ the question, “What will the Eskimos do if the nized these shores and even established a Christian supply of seals should be exhausted?” era. There remain, however, only faint traces of Sheep-raising is confined to South Greenland, as this chapter of Greenland's history, which was the sledge dogs of the North would make short closed when disease and hostile tribes swept over work of the woolly herds. Even the skin boats the last remnants of the Viking settlers after a few (kayaks) and the sledges which are bound to¬ hundred years, and Greenland’s dark ages began. gether with leather thongs, must be kept on raised During the long intervening period until Hans platforms or on the roofs of the huts, out of Egede, Danish missionary-pioneer, set out for their reach. Greenland two hundred years ago, there were re¬ A crowd of Greenlanders in their high boots of current rumors of the remnants of a Christian col¬ red and yellow leather and their coats of many ony somewhere beyond the inhospitable icy har¬ colors welcomed us on the shore, and behind them riers. The story of the persistent efforts of Hans we saw the little village square, with a quaint Egede and his wife, Gertrud Rask, to gain permis¬ fountain spouting jets of water. In the house of sion and equipment for a voyage of succor to this the Colony Manager were two rooms dedicated to legendary band, and of their subsequent labors the aviators who had occupied them after long among and for the Greenlanders, is a lustrous flights across the North Atlantic, Lindbergh and chapter in the history of exploration and Chris¬ Balbo. tian service. Cruising from Julianehaab up the deep fjords, The quaintly lovely little Danish Lutheran we visited Kragiassuk, now home of Walsoe’s shep¬ churches of Greenland, with their devout Eskimo herds, and Igaliko, with its ruins of the Viking worshipers, tell more eloquently of Hans Egede’s Bishop’s palace of a thousand years ago. Beyond ministry than the many memorials of stone and the pasture-land of Kragiassuk a heap of great bronze which one finds erected to his memory in granite blocks marks the site of another Viking Greenland. settlement—faint but unmistakable traces of the For purposes of administration, the colonies early chapter of Greenland’s history, which began along the west coast are divided into a northern with its discovery by the Icelander Eric the Red and a southern district, each under the adminis¬ in 983. tration of a resident Governor (Landsfoged). The Leif Eriksen, the discoverer of the North Ameri¬ Governor General or Director of the Greenland 315 Administration, has his office in Copenhagen. For Frederickshaab we saw through mist and rain twenty-three years Jens Daugaard-Jensen has held as a cluster of wood and stone houses lying this office, and it was on his annual trip of in¬ around the fishing sheds at the wharf. Life is spection that I was permitted to be a fellow-pas¬ more prosperous in Frederickshaab since the cod¬ senger on board the Disko. The beaming smiles fish appeared in its waters. In years past it has of the Greenlanders as they welcomed this benefi¬ known a real struggle for existence. Now, the cent official spoke eloquently of his kindly and Greenlander girls in long rows in the fishing understanding administration. sheds, scrub and salt the flattened cod and stack Each of the Greenland settlements has its Dan¬ them in great regular piles, with a pattern of ish Colony Mana¬ black tails at in- ger (Bestyrrer) t e r v a 1 s, from and i t s Eskimo floor to ceil¬ council, com¬ ing. Tons of cod posed of Green¬ go out from the landers and a little colony each smaller number year. of Danes who When a ship have been at least visits one’s col¬ t w o years resi¬ ony only four dents of G r e e n- times a year, or land. These make as in the case of and administer Frederick¬ the laws. Each shaab once a colony has its year, the visit is church, many of a great occasion them as old as and the Green¬ our American re¬ landers in their public; and, in community wel¬ these, the clergy¬ come and fare¬ men of the Dan¬ well, were unfor¬ ish Lutheran gettably pictur¬ Church, them¬ esque and touch¬ selves either ing groups. Many Danes or Green¬ of the women landers, conduct wear the native the services wear¬ costume — trou¬ ing long black sers of sealskin, cassocks with pic¬ high boots of turesque white sealskin made Elizabethan ruffs with the fur in¬ around their side and the out¬ necks. er surface of the Each colony boot colored has its hospital, bright red or yel¬ and consumption A FAMILY OF R1TENBENK. GREENLAND low and beauti- which formerly fully embroid¬ took a dreadful toll of the Eskimos, who must ered with fine mosaic w ork of colored leather, with crowd into small huts during the long Arctic win¬ blouses having a wide cape of colored bead-work, ter, is now being resisted by the help of science, and and knitted caps also brave bits of color against the the health curve of the natives is steadily upward. ice and rock. Although the men’s sealskin boots Each little settlement has its schoolhouse, and in were usually black there wyas a variety of color in a land where the only animals are the polar bear the hooded shirts (anarak). and the Arctic fox, with occasional wrnlves which Godthaab, Greenland’s capital, greeted our ship may have wandered over from North America, one with a salute from its cannon, and the Governor sees in the brightly painted schoolrooms litho¬ of South Greenland, in gold-braided uniform, graphs of the elephant and the tiger, and of the stood at the landing-place while the entire village equally foreign horse and cow. (Continued to page 352) 316 His Majesty tlic Faamasino Meleke’
By QUINCY F. ROBERTS, Consul, Saigon
TT WAS back in 1920 that the last “Faamasino that had once been in charge of commercial agents, 1 Meleke” received orders that sent him off ten consuls, and consuls general. My predecessors had thousand miles to his remote post in the South been advisers to the native government, municipal Seas. Roger Tredwell who in that pre-Rogers Act administrators, and chief justices. They had been period was in charge of personnel, at least of the men with war ships at their command who made subordinate consular personnel, came bustling war at will. They had set up kings and pulled down the corridor of the them dowm in the little is¬ State Department one hot land kingdom. But the Sa¬ July afternoon. moans cared not whether “I’ve been looking the consular officers were over Washington for you. called commercial agents, The Chief wants to see consuls, vice consuls, or you,” he said. consuls general by the“Ma- I went in. lo Meleke”2; the American “How is your heart?” Consul to them was a per¬ Mr. Hengstler greeted me. son who could punish and I assured him that it was one who had power of life normal and functioning and death over his citizens. satisfactorily according to So I became “Faamasino the last report. Meleke” or the American “Good,” he said, “We Judge, a judge without a have found a post for you. bailiff, without a bench, You leave San Francisco on and without a single judi¬ the S. S. Sonomo, sailing cial power. Not for twenty eight days from now, for years had a consul exer¬ Samoa to relieve Consul cised judicial power in Sa¬ Mitchell, You wi 11 be in moa but still I was the charge of t h e consulate American Judge. temporar¬ It was not long after my ily, perhaps arrival that by listening to for a few the yarns of the old resi¬ months.” DISTRICT GOVERNOR FAAVAI OF AMERI¬ dents I learned of the glory Neither the CAN SAMOA AND HIS BRIDE and other things that once Chief of the had belonged to the “Faa¬ Consular Bureau nor I knew it, but he masino Meleke.” Underneath the consular premises was sending me on a temporary tour of were several old packing cases filled duty in the islands that was to last with archives dating back to 1853. more than twelve years during which They were brought forth to yield an I was to close the historic old Apia unbroken record of the doings of my Consulate, open a vice consulate at predecessors. The old records and the Suva (Fiji Islands), raise it to a consu¬ beach gossip had many an interesting late, and finally close it when economy tale of the “Faamasino Meleke” in the measures made the action necessary. days when there were no cablegrams In this way the news was broken to and when instructions from the Depart¬ me that I was the new ment of State were from four months TAUPO (VILLAGE “Faamasino Meleke” *T i 11 e literally VIRGIN) IN at Apia. I, a mere translated means SAMOAN CHIEF CEREMONIAL "American Judge,” vice consul, was ap- which was applied IN CEREMONIAL DRESS to the American DRESS pointed to take Consul. 2Ainerican Gov¬ Tattersall, Apia charge of an office ernment. Tattersall, Apia to a year in ar¬ insular posses¬ riving. sion in the Of course, the South Seas. most interesting Sometimes the were those told “Faamasino Me¬ of the wild and leke” supported riotous days be¬ his British col¬ fore 1 a w and league, s o m e- order were es¬ times he was tablished. There was one old buccaneer, with his German confrere, often with neither. It let him be nameless and unidentified by date was a rare day when all three consuls agreed. for the story may have been true, whose in¬ By 1877 the necessity of protecting foreign genuity and cunning exceeded all others accord¬ property in and about Apia during the many ing to his successor. This “rascal,” quoting from civil wars that broke out had led to the fixing of the formal despatch engrossed by his relief, had a neutral zone by the three consuls. The consular organized the beachcombers and derelicts of the corps took over the government of the neutral island port into a band for plundering Ameri¬ zone and held meetings every Tuesday. Each can whalers who put in to Apia for fresh sup¬ officer took his turn acting as local magistrate. plies. Just before the arrival of the new “Faama- This arrangement in 1879 was incorporated in sino Meleke” the old pirate laded his goods and a convention drawn up and signed by King Malie- chattels on board a sailing vessel and betook him¬ toa, the consular officers, and the naval officers of self away to Peru. the three powers interested in Samoa. The for¬ The honest and faithful successor was not long eign consuls were to act as a municipal board. in likewise packing his goods and chattels for While the convention never received the sanction flight. The “rascalities of his predecessor” (I of the United States, our government tacitly ap¬ again quote from the official record) had so dis¬ proved the action of its representative for it did honored consular drafts that he was unable to ob¬ not instruct him to abstain from participating in tain funds. The public which had gained a profit¬ the responsibilities of municipal government. able living by cooperating with the consulate The Berlin convention of 1889 establishing a in handling stranded American vessels turned tripartite government definitely fixed the powers against the man who had put a stop to their of the consuls and for the first time the American “depredations.” Twice the valiant “Faamasino Consul was officially authorized to participate in Meleke” had to defend “the honor of the Creat the affairs of the Apia municipality. The three Republic he represented by physical encounters.” consuls were created into a Consular Board of It is little wonder that “penniless, sore in heart, Review which was to pass on all orders of the body, and spirit” he left his post for Washing¬ Municipal Council. That the “Faamasino Meleke” ton without permission and disappeared from worked long and conscientiously is amply proved the Apia records. by the many volumes of “Papers of the Consular Turning to a more serious study, I found the Board” found in the old archives of the Apia Con¬ earliest record of American interests in Samoa is sulate from 1890 to 1899. Acting under instruc¬ that of the United States Exploring Expedition. tions from the Department dated March 10, 1890, Commodore Wilkes visited and surveyed the the United States Consul joined with his German islands in 1839. The U. S. S. Peacock called at and British colleagues in restricting the sale of Upolu and punished the murderer of Edward arms and liquor, defining the municipality of Apia, Cavenaugh of New Bedford. The American Com¬ creating election districts, and collecting taxes. mander presented John Williams, the pioneer mis¬ Malietoa Laupepa was recognized King of Sa¬ sionary of English origin, to the native chiefs as moa in the Berlin convention of 1889. Mataafa, American Consul but the appointment does not a rival claimant to the throne, in 1893 led his appear to have been approved by the Depart¬ forces in rebellion against the government set up ment of State. by the three powers. The American Vice Consul By 1861 Germany, Great Britain, and the joined with his colleagues in heading an expedi¬ United States had consular representatives at Apia tion of three warships and two thousand Malietoa and there began the forty years of suspicion, in¬ warriors in some one hundred and thirty boats to trigue, and machinations in the consular corps capture the rebel forces. The naval vessels were and in the native government that eventually led to clear the fortified places by shelling and the to the partition of the islands and an American native troops were to land and fight the battle on 318 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL shore. Mataafa in the face of this overwhelming 1, 1899, a combined force of British and force surrendered unconditionally. The Department Americans numbering one hundred and seven of State approved the consular officer’s action left the American Consulate with one Colt auto¬ in cooperating with his colleagues to suppress the matic gun to carry on military operations to the rebellion. east of the consulate. The party was ambushed In 1898 Malietoa Laupepa died and a question about two miles outside Apia and driven back to arose as to the succession. Malietoa Tanu, the the seashore with the loss of three American offi¬ son of the old king, was elected by the chiefs in cers and men and five wounded. The colt auto¬ control of the government. Mataafa, just re¬ matic gun and ammunition were left in the hands turned from exile, was elected by his followers. of the enemy. Incidentally, Mrs. Robert Frazer, Chief Justice W. L. Chambers handed down a who accompanied Consul General Frazer on an decision December 31, 1898, in favor of Malietoa inspection trip to Samoa, tw^enty-six years later, Tanu whereupon the American Consul General ■went over the battlefield with Brother Philip, the and his British colleague issued a proclamation (Continued to page 364) declaring Malietoa Tanu, King of Sa¬ moa. Three thousand Mataafa warriors FIRST SERGEANT NELSON III RON WITH THE FITA-FITA GLARD moved in towards Apia. The Chief Jus¬ Courtesy U. S. Marine Corps tice moved to a point near the warships. Armed guards were landed to protect the British and American consulates. Fighting broke out at 3:30 P. M. Jan¬ uary 1, 1899. The Chief Justice, King Malietoa, and his faithful followers fled to the shelter of the warships in port. On January 4, 1899, after two days’ looting of European houses by Mataafa warriors the American Con¬ sul joined his colleagues in a procla¬ mation recognizing a provisional gov¬ ernment set up under Mataafa and thir¬ teen chiefs. By March, 1899, American Consul General Osborn and the British Con¬ sul General bad received naval forces and the two, opposed by the German Consul General, decided to uphold the decision of the Chief Justice. The U. S. S. Philadelphia, H. B. M. Porpoise, and H. B. M. Royalist shelled the bush for several days. One shell from the U. S. S. Philadelphia burst over the American Consulate General and killed one of the armed guard. On March 23, 1899, forces from the three men- of-war, the American Consul General, the British Consul General, and about twenty-five hundred natives proceeded to the native headquarters under the guns of the ships and crowned Malie¬ toa Tanu, King of Samoa. Two days later the American and British con¬ sular representatives issued a procla¬ mation informing the country that Ma¬ lietoa Tanu was King and calling on the rebels to surrender. On April Pulwar Skipwith: A Biographical Sketch
By AUGUSTUS E. INGRAM, Consul General, Retired
AN intriguing personality, whose biography ap- tion given in “Historic Gardens of Virginia” one L pears never to have been written, and the full can conjure up a picture of a stately home, with a details of whose long and active life seem now to deer park and gardens, with rosewalks and shadowy be fast fading from our memory, is that of trees, lilacs and bowers of jasmine, tall boxwood Fulwar Skipwith, one of the very earliest ap¬ and broad crepe myrtles, English hollytrees, an¬ pointees to the American Consular Service, serving cient ivy and great pecan trees lending dense shad¬ at Paris from 1794 (and possibly earlier) to 1808, ows to velvety lawns. during which time he took part, among other im¬ By marriage the Skipwiths became connected portant business, in the Louisiana Purchase nego¬ with many other prominent Virginia families, such tiations. Later Mr. Skipwith returned to the United as the Byrds, Wailes, Bollings, Peytons, and Wal¬ States and played a prominent if not important role drons. William Short, of Spring Garden, Surrey in the West Florida controversy, in which part of County, Virginia, another interesting member of the country he apparently took up his residence. the American Foreign Service (being the holder of Despite persistent research, much of his life re¬ the first commission signed by George Washing¬ mains undetermined; and in the hope of laying the ton*), was the son of William Short who married foundation of a complete biographic sketch, these at “Prestwould” in 1758 Elizabeth Skipwith, fragmentary notes are submitted. daughter of Sir William Skipwith. William Short, 2d, born in 1759, went to France with Among the old Virginia families in the early Thomas Jefferson and acted as Secretary of Lega¬ colonial days the Skipwith family was prominent. tion in 1781, afterwards being commissioned as Sir Guy Skipwith, of “Prestwould,” Leicestershire, Charge d’Affaires to France in 1790. Later (1792) England, having emigrated to America “during the he was appointed Minister to the Netherlands and usurpation of Cromwell” and dying in Virginia then to Spain. in 1680. Later, members of the family Idled im¬ portant positions in Virginia, the records of Bristol Thomas Jefferson married Martha Skelton, half Parish containing many mentions of them. sister of Robert Skipwith’s wife, and in the Jef¬ ferson Letters are several very friendly, intimate The Skipwith family is of ancient lineage, tak¬ letters to Robert Skipwith. To this relationship, ing its name from the town and lordship of Skip¬ and Jefferson’s friendship with the various mem¬ with. in Yorkshire, England, and being descended bers of the family, Fulwar Skipwith probably from Robert de Estotevilie, Baron of Collingwood, owed his entry into the Foreign Service. in the time of William the Conqueror. The first baronet of the family was Sir Fulwar Skipwith, Fulwar Skipwith, son of Sir William Skipwith, receiving the title from King Charles in 1670. He was born March 17, 1720 (according to the Par¬ had two sons, Humberston and Fulwar, and it is ish Register of Christ Church, Middlesex County, interesting to note how these names persisted in Va., he was born March 2. 1719, and baptized March 27, 1720) ; and certain biographical rec¬ the family. ords add that he was “U. S. Consul in France A story is current that Sir Peyton Skipwith in 1790-1.” early colonial days won a large estate in Mecklen¬ Fulwar Skipwith married Martha, daughter of burg County, Va., from William Byrd as the result Frances Waldron, and had one son and four of a game of cards lasting three days, and on this daughters. It seems most unlikely that a man of estate, which was called “Prestwould” after their 70 years of age would be appointed Consul and old home in England, he erected a fine mansion on would continue to lead a very active life until a high hill overlooking the valley of the Staunton, well into the next century (certainly until 1820 which mansion with its old furniture built by craftsmen of the 18th century, and its pictures, *His epitaph in Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia, reads: ‘‘He received from President, Washington with the unanimous plate, and rare books, was still intact early in this approval of the Senate the first appointment to public office century. The gardens of this Virginia estate are conferred under the Constitution of the United States, and from President Jefferson whose affectionate friendship he al¬ still interesting and imposing, and from the descrip¬ ways largely possessed proof of similar confidence.” 320 and possibly later), so the explanation undoubtedly seems to tf/ouuw AyjXoon •, y^ /At t%///(’<*' J/t/oJ (t/ State, an undated list •ditt*}'/*/A(*', f/"‘ A/}ct* t y ' (>> . '*t d/rt )i/^> 4 /»< jj'<*'*•• Atn/t Atm Any J**<' ftySa/iirn, A or “Calendar of Ap¬ C* *,4r a t y /» rtjAA*t.f*' ****** -lA/ ; a***}' &/sir ft-. J 1 plications and Rec¬ ommendations for Of¬ /* *)(Ti //• G* l/ia ' A’ */* j/tt // **<- /+M** (•<•* ***** A ti.i fv f« t**4+* f. fice during the Presi¬ \/y < ,f(t *(* /te***X At * SmdXi r, dency of George » Washington” (which ■ X . / /ti/i/nan/ y uneltcJ , / dat/jfX f/ujt < /fMrjj 4 list is in George fJ 'X) y*- ■■">* hut , ft „ A,. /,•»/ ,///.. > AYAU/ »ZAitf/u Washington’s hand¬ I writing), and one of V / / \ 'on y . f/v. Ct/y t’A //Cif Attty the items reads “Ful¬ Mr /^ ,vV /a*., ••y If* f/t. -yf>* f * Oft *- //* *(St*** * war Skipwith for *■*}’’ ft ter* (*/**• f tt. Z~)~. ,*/M, S/i»h Martinique.” The rec¬ Mr • Or* *f/y • /’/'A- . ■ A ords of the Depart¬ tic JfMtdwi, ment show that Skip¬ with was appointed //ft/. __ f*Srs>lt*t* * Consul at Martinique, ) ///(l4>lJ(}*t* sefrd+'y* t French West Indies, % ~ w 4 / on June 7, 1790. m } / f , ? Skipwith wrote ■A: //«. jf . A/J’,.,/e, yt/r*ft* /nt’} 1* ■'!/ • t/'Ae/odr iVo*. from Norfolk, Va., ♦ * /■ -M July 17, 1790, that he was embarking the H. C. Ellis, Paris next day for Martin¬ PHOTOGRAPH OF SKIPWITH’S COMMISSION AS COPIED IN THE MISCELLANEOUS ique. The hurricane RECORD BOOK OF THE AMERICAN CONSULATE GENERAL, PARIS season began in August and he was anxious to get to his post. an exequatur. He said also that as a result of the During the next three months he wrote from St. news of the revolution in France, affairs on the Pierre that the Government had not received from island were in a state of disorder, severe fighting the Court of France notification of the Consular taking place between the aristocratic party and Convention and consequently could not grant him (Continued to page 356) 321 Captain Hull's “Nig” storehouses of memory that have been closed for many years,” and he then draws upon them in the following pleasing way: Nig’s ancestry would not bear close scrutiny, as he had the looks and characteristics of several breeds. He was the height of a fox terrier, although heavier, coal-black, with short hair and a screw tail like a pug dog. We sometimes called him a black pug, but he had nothing of that dog’s gentle disposition and ugly face. He was about 11 or 12 months old when he showed up as a stray dog in our camp at Knoxville, Tennessee, in the late summer of 1898. He came to the tent occupied by Captain Hull and myself and at once adopted us as his own. I have never seen a dog just like him, as in some respects he had almost human intel¬ ligence. If there is such a thing as a dog being a gentleman, then Nig was one. Captain Hull was always dignified and somewhat reserved and Nig from the first recognized those qualities and re¬ spected him accordingly. He would never take the liberties with the Captain that he would with me and always obeyed him without question, although he sometimes challenged my authority. Nig never fawned on anyone and in his way was as dignified as the Captain. He was utterly devoid of fear, ab¬ SO MANY years of Secretary Hull’s life have solutely refused to associate or fraternize with been filled with activities in behalf of economic other dogs, and, despite his small size, kept our and political peace that few of those acquainted company street free from his kind. with his career in national affairs are aware, or The enlisted men of Company H were devoted to would be likely to suspect, that he had seen hard Nig, although he would rarely unbend with them military service. As Captain of Company H in and allowed no one to take liberties with him but the Fourth Tennessee Volunteer Infantry in the the Captain and myself. The officers’ tent was Spanish American War, he went to Cuba where the where he slept and made his headquarters, except hazaids encountered were not only those of bullets at mealtimes, when he would get in line at the com¬ of the enemy but often the even greater ones of pany mess and be served his food as a member of pestilence. It is not with the dangers and rewards the company. On cold nights he would get on my of war, however, that this piece is concerned but cot and sometimes slip under the cover, but he with the lighter aspects of the associations that war knew better than to presume on Captain Hull’s hos¬ compels. pitality in this respect. It seems that Company H had a mascot of strong The Captain was then an inveterate smoker of individuality and decided preferences whose rela¬ cigars while at work or studying in his tent, and tions with the present Secretary of State throw an he would sometimes slyly blow the smoke down interesting light on the characteristics of each. The on Nig’s head when the latter would be sleeping mascot was a small dog named Nig, and the his¬ at his feet. Nig disliked tobacco smoke and would tory of his experiences with Company H and Cap¬ at once move, and, if the Captain continued to tain Hull has just been engagingly told in a remi¬ blow the smoke at him, he would get mad, leave niscent letter written by Judge C. B. Smith of Ala¬ the tent and sometimes pout for a day before he bama, one of the Secretary’s Spanish War com¬ would make up. He was a dog that could not stand rades, who was a Lieutenant in Company H. ridicule and, if you laughed at him, he would either Judge Smith, who now presides over the Circuit leave in a ridiculously stiff-legged and dignified Court of the Tenth Judicial District of Alabama, way or get real mad and fight. I have laughed at says at the beginning of his letter that a recent re¬ him until he would go wild and try his best to bite quest for information about Nig had “opened up me, and I would be forced to grab him by the 322 scruff of his neck and hold him until he calmed than a lot of highly intelligent and enterprising down. Strange to say, he would never try to bite young officers could do thirty-six years ago. the Captain, the extent of his resentment at the Nig saved me from an extremely embarrassing latter’s teasing being a dignified exit or a slightly position while in Cuba. Our Colonel believed lifted lip showing his teeth in a silent snarl. Cuba would become a part of the United States When we left Knoxville, Nig’s spirits seemed to and thought we should teach the natives English he broken by the long train ride to Savannah, as the first step in that direction. 1 had just grad¬ where we took ship for Cuba. He hated the noise uated at the University of Tennessee, so he or¬ of the train and refused to eat during the trip, but dered me to organize a school for that purpose. I when we went on board the transport he regained tried to get out of it and told him I knew no Span¬ his morale. He enjoyed the trip to Cuba and in¬ ish and the Cubans knew no English and that the vestigated the ship from top to bottom and was situation presented insurmountable difficulties, but a splendid sailor. in his best West Point manner, he said in effect, In some respects Cuba was made to order for “Do it anyhow,” so I did. My first class consisted Nig, as all the large dogs had been eaten by the of about a hundred hoys and young men who met starving Cubans and the few small ones that were at night at the Cuban Club. When I arrived on left were of the hairless type. When he took a the scene, they at once assumed an air of expec¬ bite of one of these, he got meat instead of hair, tancy, as if I would make a few passes with my and he soon became the canine boss of Trinidad, hands and they would immediately begin to speak the town where we were stationed. By this time English. I had secured an English-Spanish dic¬ Nig had become a regimental character and was tionary and had a plan of procedure worked out, known and liked by all the officers and men from but I was only a kid and when I looked at that the Colonel down. He was known as Hull’s Nig crowd I forgot mv speech just as I had on Fri- or Nig Smith and received a half column write-up (Continued to page 348) in the Volunteer, a weekly newspaper published by the regiment while in Cuba. Nig got pretty thin about this time as we at first did not have much more food than the starv¬ ing Cubans, and he would forage at both the men’s and officers’ mess. When he thought no one was looking, Captain Hull would sometimes un¬ bend with Nig and would slip him a choice mor¬ sel of food or otherwise show his affection. Ours was a green and purely volunteer regiment, and Nig learned to drill as fast as the men. He would always march wntli the Captain or me, and it was sometimes amusing at dress parade to see him sedately marching by the side of the tall, straight figure of the company commander. He under¬ stood or rather sensed the commands given and always turned in the right direction and could slip through a set-of-fours in a fours right-about movement as well as any officer. Nig was in great demand in all regimental draw poker games, as he was supposed to give good luck to the player whom he favored by lying un¬ der his chair. To touch his head with your cards before you looked at them would insure you at least two pair, but there were very few to whom Nig would accord this latter privilege. I could tell you who was the best poker player in the regiment, but a certain high official of the United States might not like it. It is too bad that he later renounced the game but even at that if any for¬ Courtesy H. W. Eskridge, Assistant Managing Editor, eign diplomats can tell today what kind of hand “The Nashville Banner,’’ Nashville, Tennessee he holds by looking at his face, they can do more CAPTAIN CORDELL HULL 323 The Parliamentary Library of Canada By W. McG. HARLOW District Accounting and Disbursing Officer, Ottawa THE Canadian Parliamentary Library, located ada to establish such an institution. During 1841, in the city of Ottawa on a plot of ground the year of the Union of Upper and Lower Can¬ known as the Barrack Hill, overlooking the his¬ ada (Upper Canada embraced what is known as toric Ottawa River, is an institution devoted to the the Province of Ontario, and Lower Canada the needs of Federal legislation. Province of Quebec), the libraries of Upper and The Library, under the jurisdiction of Parlia¬ Lower Canada were combined in Montreal with a ment, is governed by a joint committee of the total content of 6,000 volumes. By the year 1849, Senate and of the House of Commons over which eight years later, this content had increased to preside the Speakers of both Houses who, by 25,000 volumes. In the year 1849, however, these statute, are Ministers. The joint Librarians, one Parliament Buildings were destroyed by fire and English speaking and one French speaking, both 200 only of the 25,000 volumes were saved from have rank of Deputy Minister. the conflagration. By the year 1853, 17,000 vol¬ Since 1876 the Library of Parliament has been umes had been assembled in Quebec City, and housed in its present structure. The stone used in during the same year a second disastrous fire exterior construction is known as Nepean sand¬ threatened again to wipe out the Library. This stone and was quarried in and around Nepean second fire destroyed 9,000 volumes, leaving a Township, a district approximately five miles total of 8,000 volumes available. from the city limits of Ottawa. Corrosion of the One year before Confederation, 1866, the seat three copper roofs lends a contrast to the pinkish of Government was removed to Ottawa. At this grey color of the building. lime the Parliamentary Library consisted of 55,- The following specifications were issued for the 000 volumes. In the year 1876, when occupancy construction of the Library on April 18, 1863: of the present structure was begun, 100,000 vol¬ umes represented the total content of the Library. “The face of the whole of the external walls to The present content is approximately 400,000 be of Nepean stone ****. The window and door volumes, including many rare and costly books jams, sills, arched heads, cornices, strings and and manuscripts. mouldings of every description to be executed A disastrous fire on February 3, 1916, de¬ with Ohio stone ****. The relieving arches to stroyed the main block of the Parliament Build¬ be formed with Potsdam stone ****. Tire flying ings and threatened the destruction of the Library, buttresses of Library to be executed with block lime stone from the Gloucester quarries best but the heavy iron doors separating the Library from the center block of the Parliament Buildings bed ****.” were closed. The parquetry floors of oak, cherry As the names imply, Ohio stone came from the and walnut, while damaged by water which State of Ohio, and Potsdam stone came from Pots¬ flowed under the iron doors, remain the same as dam, New York. Gloucester stone was quarried they were in 1876. in the Township of Gloucester, a district approxi¬ The exterior appearance of the Library, with mately ten miles from the city limits of Ottawa. A facsimile of the Parliamentary Library is a designation of things Canadian just as the Wash¬ PARLIAMENTARY TOWER. OTTAWA ington Monument typifies something truly Amer¬ The legislative power of Canada is vested ican. A reproduction of the Library is second in a Parliament of two houses—the Senate and the House of Commons. The former only to a reproduction of the Peace Tower, which consists of ninety-six members appointed for is the tower of the main block of the Parliament life; the latter of two hundred forty-five Buildings at Ottawa and which is the apex of members elected for a term of five years anything Canadian. Its significance is comparable (unless the House of Commons is sooner to that of the dome of the Capitol at Washington. dissolved) by popular vote in accordance with the distribution act of 1924. There is The present structure of the Parliamentary Li¬ woman suffrage and women are eligible for brary follows several unfortunate attempts of Can¬ election to Parliament. 324 Jfijg!' JarMjjjpy j|§ r ~ ■ ~ ^ pV ; * Z'.Sl, - flying buttresses, is a noble architectural work. It nished by a circle of lights of 12,000 watts. This cir¬ can be said to be a place of beauty that would cle of lights is located at the base of the lantern 90 make particularly strong appeal to those possessed feet above the floor and gives an extremely mellow of an aesthetic sense. effect. There is also a system of indirect lighting on Thomas Fuller, famous for his Italian Gothic the galleries and in the eight projecting balconies. style, was the successful contestant for designs of Access to the Parliamentary Library is granted the Parliament Building, winning a prize of £250 to everyone at all times and students from all set up May 7, 1859. After the erection of the parts of the country avail themselves of the ex¬ Parliament Building, Fuller left Ottawa to erect ceptional opportunities thus afforded for research the State House at Albany, New York. Thomas work. Books are rarely permitted to leave the Fuller was the father of the present Chief Library, and when permission is granted for Dominion Architect. the loan of books this permission is granted The interior of the Library is circu¬ only for such time as Parliament is not sit¬ lar with a diameter of 140 feet. The ting.—Prepared in collaboration with the distance from the floor to the cupola Honorable Martin Burrell, Joint Librarian is approximately 132 feet. Between of the Library of Parliament. the interior and exterior walls are many small rooms contain¬ ing thousands of books. In the center of the Library is a PARLIAMENTARY LIBRARY, fifteen foot marble statue of OTTAWA Queen Victoria, erected by W. McG. Harlow Marshall Wood. Double galleries of wrought iron and artistic wood carv¬ ings with eight pro¬ jecting balconies en¬ circle the interior of the structure. The floorings of the galleries are of one - inch glass. Illumi¬ nation of the interior o f the Library is fur¬ 326 Foreign Service Filiform* in If)(»7 Scarcely diplomatic Serial “It certainly is,” chimed in Roger Hefty, whose No. x success in scraping acquaintance with a certain December 1, 1967. Dictator’s second cousins is well known. “They Changes instructions to might take me for a consul. I'd rather resign.” Diplomatic Officers, Note No. Well might these young men have qualms for 1706 Changes in Consular their country’s reputation abroad. The Old World, Regulations and Notes, No. skilled in the art of diplomacy, masters of psy¬ 6349. chology, soon had us feeling cheap. With what an STARCH air of apology we had to creep into the salons of To Europe’s Ministers of Sewage Disposal looking in American Diplomatic and our old tweeds like an aristocrat or some such Consular Officers pitiful, but funny, derelict. In such a state of Gentlemen: mind how could we negotiate? How jostle for Attached hereto is a copy position? It simply meant social ostracism, and of the Act of November 23, rather than suffer such humiliation many became 1967, which supplements R.S. expatriates and secured appointments as Under Sec. 1688 prohibiting the Eugenics Commissioners and the like, in foreign wearing of uniforms or governments. official costumes. The Act This left the nation to be represented by a of November 23, 1967, handful of eccentric nobodies who seemed to defines uniforms or official care more about securing mere concrete advantages costumes to include garments for the country than for advancing their own of starched linen and the personal prestige. Instead of carefully adapting attire customarily worn in themselves to the customs of the country of their conjunction therewith namely assignment they insisted upon being American. ''swallow-tails'', ''tuxedo'' What did that get them! They were received no¬ and morning suits. where, and had to confine their contacts to small Chapter XVI-2 of fry like scientists, professional men, government Instructions to Diplomatic experts, and others who, to he sure, shaped the Officers and Sec. 452 of destinies of their country, but who were quite Consular Regulations are negligible in high life. accordingly amended to read:- However, there remained at least one bright etc. etc. etc. spot, the dear old conservative mother country. There, Queen Elizabeth, typical democrat, would not admit a starched collar or similar communis¬ THREE days after this order had been tele- tic uniform to her presence. This was hard on statted to the field there was a gathering of the snobs, who rate discomfort and expense in Foreign Service Officers on Atlantic Transfer, the attire very highly; but they adapted themselves seaplane island anchored half way between Cuba to the mode and one saw the unique and diverting and the Azores. The new law was the sole topic spectacle of an American Ambassador at the of conversation. same table with a gentleman—the latter uneasy Up spoke Monty Churleigh: “You men as¬ in a pink shirt and yellow shorts but, true to signed to London needn't worry; starch is bad tradition, plus Oxford qu’Oxford. form at court. But think of me! Eve been a model Elsewhere we were mocked, and suffered great¬ to the syndicalist-anarchists of Poosh ever since ly. However, tragic as were the consequences of they came into power. They’ve absolutely relied the Act of 1967, they proved soon to be of little on me to show them how to wear the pre-war moment, for it will be recalled that in the Wellsian clothes of their betters. We have the most rigid Era which shortly followed, mankind wore no etiquette in Europe. Am I to appear at Chief clothes at all. Gentlemen parted their hair in Charlady Blump’s parties in a colored shirt? the middle, diplomats went bald, and social dis¬ It is ridiculous!” tinctions were seen to be more apparent than real. 327 man and of how Foreign Service Officers can most LETTERS effectively keep in touch with what is going on in SHOULD THE JOURNAL BE the United States could be discussed in the JOUR¬ NAL with advantage to all of us in the Service. “PROFESSIONALIZED” ? There are many other problems for discussion—in¬ To THE EDITOR: deed, a lengthy list could be compiled with very The improvement of the FOREIGN SERVICE JOUR¬ little effort. NAL is a matter which deserves discussion and care¬ I have said that the purpose of the Foreign Serv¬ ful consideration. Foreign Service is a profession, ice is the rendering of certain public services. That the purpose of which is to render certain public means that we must constantly be alert to criticism services. If this definition is sound then it logically from outside the Service and when that criticism is follows that the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL should informed and intelligent, we should not only be possess the characteristics of a professional journal alert to it, we should welcome it. My second sug¬ and these are the very characteristics which, it gestion for improving the JOURNAL is that it should seems to me, it does not now possess. Members of deliberately seek out and publish at frequent in¬ a profession, as a rule, do a certain amount of tervals articles written on the Service by persons thinking concerning their work and concerning outside the Service, and if these articles are critical methods by which it can be improved. The results in character so much the better, as long as the of this thinking they are anxious to discuss with criticism is informed and constructive. their colleagues, orally and in writing. In the case The greatest defect from which any organization of the Foreign Service, the members of which are can suffer is intellectual complacency: the point scattered all over the world, this discussion should of view which follows eventually from the more be carried on in the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. or less faithful but largely unreflecting and me¬ To forestall the charge of vagueness, let me de¬ chanical performance of a fixed set of duties. The scribe more specifically what should and what surest protection against this defect is criticism should not be discussed in the JOURNAL. Foreign and in this day of great change the Foreign Serv¬ Service Officers are not free to write of interna¬ ice needs criticism; we need each other’s criticism, tional affairs in general without the Department’s and we need criticism from the outside. In stimu¬ express authorization, and it is often thought wise lating and in furnishing a channel of expression to withhold such authorization. The reasons for for both sorts of criticism the FOREIGN SERVICE this attitude are obvious. Discussion of the me¬ JOURNAL would be making a contribution of first chanical details of office administration is of lim¬ rate importance to the efficiency of the Service. ited value and even more limited appeal. Between G. HOWLAND SHAW. these two categories—matters of international pol¬ icy and details of administration—there is a large A Recreation Association has been formed in the field of professional subjects, and it is precisely Department and a total of 336 persons have already the objective discussion of these subjects that I become members and have paid their dues. Activi¬ propose that the JOURNAL should encourage. Let ties of the Association already underway include me give a concrete example. Mr. J. Rives Childs soft ball, ping pong, women’s swimming, horse¬ in the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL of October, 1934, shoe pitching, horseback riding and tennis. Other wrote an article entitled “Democratized Diplo¬ activities are expected to begin shortly. Officers macy” in which he dealt ably and stimulatingly of the Association are : Bryton Barron, Chair¬ with the problem of contacts—a problem of gen¬ man ; George T. Heckert, Vice-Chairman; Percy eral interest and importance.* I hope that Mr. F. Allen, Miss Elizabeth B. Smith, John Farr Childs’ article will be followed by other articles Simmons, Ancel Taylor, Roy Veatch, Delmar E. and letters on this subject representing different Webb, and Louis L. Widmer. and divergent points of view. After a sufficiently representative set of opinions has been expressed Richard W. Morin, a Foreign Service officer then it should be the duty of the editor of the on duty in the Department, has resigned in order JOURNAL or of some person designated by him to to practice law at Albert Lea, Minnesota. close the discussion with an article summarizing what has been said and commenting thereon, if, in In the footnote on page 292 of the May issue of his judgment, comment is called for. the JOURNAL, through a curious transposition of Besides contacts I would suggest that the prob¬ figures, the date of the surrender of the Bastille was lems of what the Service should do for the business incorrectly stated. It should have been given as *See also Mr. Childs’ letter in the April, 1935, issue. July 14, 1789. 328 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL JP CHAIN LETTER IN THE DEPARTMENT JOURNAL STAFF With reference to the craze for chain letters which has swept the country and which promise anything from immediate prosperity to Houris in Paradise, the following spoofing letter, which has been circulated in the Department, has caused con¬ siderable amusement: “SUPER PROSPERITY CLUB David McK. Key, Room 285, Department of State, Washington, D. C. D. M. K. Kay, Division of Current Information, De¬ partment of State, Washington, D C. M. D. Keyes, c/o Department of State, Washing¬ ton, D. C. McKendree Key, Press Section, Department of State, Washington, D. C. Dave Keys, 2407 California Street, Washington, D. C. Herbert Bursley, Editor of the JOURNAL, gives weighty Howard Bucknell, Belle Haven, Alexandria, Va. “consideration” to a manuscript. Hope—F aith—Charity The JOURNAL plans to publish, from time to time, caricatures of members of its staff and of others in the This leLter was started in the hope of bringing Department. prosperity to Mr. Key. Within three days make ten copies of this letter, leaving off the top name sentence somehow sums up the most charming and address and adding your name and address at part of our nomadic life. Can you expect me to the bottom (be sure it is not the top) and mail compete with you these days after three years in to as many of your friends as you think will fall one tiny, if delightful, corner of the universe? for this letter. Oh, be patient, Ann, and wait. In good time 1 In omitting the top name, be certain to send that shall regale you again with my actions and re¬ person ten cents, wrapped in a dollar bill, as a actions as I did with those African days of fond charity donation. To do otherwise will bring on memory and you reciprocated wfith your Finnish very bad luck. ones. In turn, as your name leaves the top line, you Do you recall our Washington days and the should receive 99,999 letters with the ten cent dona¬ eagerness we brought to our first Posts? Since tion, amounting to $9,999.90. (This estimate does then w7e have each had four and now you some¬ not include the dollar bills.) how have managed your fifth whilst I but dream IS THIS WORTH A DIME? of ours. Dream of it and wonder! (Ask Mr. Key.) I still thrill at the thought of Europe, Asia, Have the faith your friend had and, like Ponzi, Africa and Australia—the Eastern Hemisphere wre will all get rich together.” does have its charm—and the Western? Well, you shall try it next, then in unison to submit our essays and do it fairly? “LOW EBB” In the meanwhile send along some of those new DEAR ANN: recipes—we crave a change of diet and it will You ask me why I have “fallen down” on our prolong my life to know that you are having it. correspondence lately—and add that you mean to MADELEINE. prod me into my old stride. Well, not even you with your provocative flair, will be successful ADDRESS BY VINTON CHAPIN this time—only the gods or the Department of For the benefit of officers who may have failed State can entice me out of the despond into which to note it in “Press Releases,” April 27, 1935, at¬ I have fallen, alas! tention is called to a particularly interesting ad¬ Let us be frank. You have arrived at your new dress on the American Foreign Service, delivered Post. Your letters are lively with fascinating de¬ by Vinton Chapin, formerly a member of the Serv¬ scriptions of the new country, its people, customs ice and now on duty in the Department, before a and strange household arrangements. All is new students’ conference at Harvard University, April once again, Echo—“all is new once again.” That 12, 1935. 329 THE COVER PICTURE Photograph by Gordon P. Merriam CAIRO: FOREGROUND, TOMB OF YA’QUB SHAH EL MIHMANDAR; BACKGROUND, THE CITADEL, CAIRO. PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY AMERICAN FOREIGN TEN YEARS AGO IN THE JOURNAL SERVICE ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. “Aphrodisias,” one of the most interesting of the ruined cities of Asia Minor, was vividly described The American Foreign Service Journal is open to subscrip¬ tion in the United States and abroad at the rate of $4.00 a in an illustrated article by Consul General Ernest L. year, or 35 cents a copy, payable to the American Foreign Harris, then stationed at Vancouver. Service Journal, care Department of State, Washington, D. O. This publication is not official arul material appearing herein represents only the personal opinions of its authors unless other¬ To facilitate the initial assumption of duties in wise specifically indicated. countries where the United States exercises extra¬ Copyright, 1935, by the American Foreign Service Association territorial jurisdiction, Francis M. Anderson of the Department, contributed “First Aid in Extraterri¬ torial Jurisdiction.” JOURNAL STAFF A reproduction and a translation of a letter from HERBERT S. BURSLEY ...Editor the Emperor of China to the President of the United PAUL H. ALI.TNG "| States, dated September 16, 1844, were published. HOWARD BUCKNELL, JR. . ... •> Editorial Board LOWELL C. PINKERTON .. Photographs of the gateway and the memorial HENRY S. VILLARD ... .. J1 tablets at Trinidad, honoring Commodore Oliver H. HARRY A. MCBRIDE Business Manager Perry, commander of the American fleet at the C. PAUL FLETCHER Treasurer Battle of Lake Erie in the War of 1812, accompanied a brief article descriptive of the dedicatory services and of Perry’s burial in 1819 at Port-of-Spain, The American Foreign whence his remains were removed to Newport in 1826. Reference was also made to a previous ac¬ Service Association count of Perry’s death and funeral, published in the American Consular Bulletin, February, 1924. The American Foreign Service Association is an unofficial and voluntary association of the members of The Foreign Service Raymond Phelan described Dakar as an agree¬ of the United States. It was formed for the purpose of fos*- able post. tering esprit de corps among the members of the Foreign Serv¬ ice and to establish a center around which might be grouped the united efforts of its members for the improvement of the Service. AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSO¬ Honorary President CIATION SCHOLARSHIP CORDELL HULL Secretary of State The American Foreign Service Association Schol¬ arship for 1935-36 will be awarded during the last Honorary Vice-Presidents week of August, 1935. Applications should be sub¬ mitted by mail to the Executive Committee of the WILLIAM PHILLIPS Under Secretary of State WILBUR J. CARR Assistant Secretary of State Association prior to August 24, 1935. ROBERT WALTON MOORE .....Assistant Secretary of State The Scholarship, which amounts to $150, is open FRANCIS B. SAYRE .. Assistant Secretary of State to the children of active members or of deceased SUMNER WELLES Assistant Secretary of State former members of the American Foreign Service Association. It may be used only for expenses in HOMER M. BYINCTON President RAY ATHERTON ..JVice-President connection with a regular undergraduate course at RUDOLF E. SCHOENFELD Secretary-Treasurer a college or university in the United States. No specific form of application is prescribed, EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE hut applicants should submit a biographical sketch T. M. WILSON, Chairman; J. P. MOFFAT, Vice-Chairman; indicating age, previous education, scholastic stand¬ J. F. SIMMONS, H. S. BURSLEY, J. F. MCGURK. ing, the college or university they desire to attend, Alternates their proposed course of study, and any personal MAHLON F. PERKINS, RUDOLF E. SCHOENFELD information they consider pertinent. Entertainment Committee: JOHN FARR SIMMONS, Chairman; Augustus E. Ingram, formerly Editor of the JULIUS C. HOLMES and GEORGE R. MERRELL, JR. JOURNAL is on a vacation trip to England. 330 News £1*0111 the Department In an address before the American Academy of foreign competition, they will so advise the Presi¬ Political and Social Science in Philadelphia dent. on April 13, Assistant Secretary of State Welles The State Department’s policy is to increase and said among other things that the basis of the “good develop foreign trade without drastic disturbance neighbor policy” is the removal of three chief bar¬ to established domestic industry. The program for riers, the barrier of political suspicion, the barrier increasing foreign trade envisages increases in ex¬ of high tariffs, and the barrier resulting from dif¬ ports and imports. However, if because of extraor¬ ferences in language and cultural development. In dinary circumstances, importations of any particu¬ conclusion, Mr. Welles stated that as a result not lar commodity should threaten drastic readjustment only of what the United States has done to help or undue curtailment of employment in a code in¬ Cuba, but also of steps taken to improve our rela¬ dustry, it may be necessary to take appropriate tions with the other countires of this hemisphere, action in order to stabilize trade and prevent seri¬ there is a general recognition that the United States ous disruption in our international economic rela¬ is now approaching its inter-American relations in tions. a different spirit—in a spirit of real friendship and understanding, as an equal among equals, and not On April 30 the State Department gave notice of as the notorious big brother armed with the “big its intention to negotiate a trade agreement with stick.” France and its colonies, dependencies and protec¬ torates other than Morocco. On April 16 the Secretary strongly denounced propagandists and the propaganda designed ad¬ On May 1 the Assistant Secretary of State, the versely to affect the trade agreements policy of the Honorable Francis B. Sayre, addressed the Cham¬ Administration. While the Administration is anx¬ ber of Commerce on the subject of trade agreements ious to know the views of citizens of this country in and foreign trade. He criticized “buy American” regard to tariff and other matters, it does not ap¬ slogans and said, “If the American standard of prove of high pressure lobbying methods or allow living is to be maintained we must trade. How such tactics to interfere with the trade recovery long would the people of the United States be will¬ program. ing to go without coffee? How long would we be willing to go without rubber? Are we ready to The Secretary, upon request from the President forego the use of tin or to give up using silk, tea, for an opinion, approved an investigation by the bananas or chocolate? The point is that we cannot Tariff Commission, under a Section of the National set ourselves up as a hermit nation.” Industrial Recovery Act, of the importation of bleached cotton cloth to determine whether imports A direct printer cable circuit to be operated be¬ are entering on such terms or under such condi¬ tween Washington and London was formally in¬ tions as to render ineffective or seriously endanger augurated on May 1, in Washington at the Depart¬ the maintenance of the textile code. If the Com¬ ment of State and in London at the American Em¬ mission finds that higher costs imposed by the code bassy, by an exchange of messages between Secre¬ seriously endanger domestic industry in the face of tary Hull and Ambassador Bingham. 331 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL In an address before the general session of the and the old pioneering spirit, or whether we shall annual meeting of the Chamber of Commerce of the falter and fall back. United States on May 2, the Secretary of State “ * * * The resources of the world needed for said in part: modern ways of living and for the development of “We have reached a point when every country a higher future civilization, are not evenly dis¬ must go forward both on a domestic and inter¬ tributed throughout the globe. * * * The modern national economic program, so that the buoyance industrial structure depends upon the interchange of an expanding world prosperity will develop to of products localized in certain areas and which the sustain and promote the expansion of domestic re¬ various countries of the world can enjoy only on covery. The international aspects of such a com¬ the basis of international trade. * * * bined program are far broader than the mere read¬ “Whenever the interchange of products, to the justment of a limited number of tariff rates in this extent mutually profitable, is obstructed, the prices country. It envisages, broadly speaking, that im¬ of the products that are destined for the world portant nations throughout the world will proceed market are seriously depressed. The ensuing eco¬ gradually but simultane¬ nomic distress leads to ously to readjust to a political unrest and more reasonable level sometimes to revolution. the existing excessive The disturbed conditions tariffs, quotas, and oth¬ of the last six years in¬ er trade barriers, and to cident to the disruption abandon the chief forms of the world economic of discrimination in in¬ system have been chiefly ternational finance and responsible for the polit¬ commerce, and to adopt ical unheavals and the fair, equal, and friendly downfall of government trade methods and prac¬ after government in al¬ tices. most all parts of the “ * * * While it would EDWARD L. REED. CHIEF OF THE DIVISION OF world. Internal distress be difficult to exagger¬ MEXICAN AFFAIRS OF THE DEPARTMENT. RE¬ opens the way for the ate the importance of CENTLY REPRESENTED THE SECRETARY OF demagogue and the agi¬ STATE AT EXERCISES DEDICATING A BOUND¬ tator, stirs up internal domestic and internal ARY MARKER ERECTED ON THE INTERNA¬ measures for recovery, TIONAL BRIDGE CONNECTING LAREDO,TEXAS. class strife, and especial¬ it is nevertheless true AND NUEVO LAREDO. MEXICO. BY THE LADIES ly develops internation¬ that the collapse of OF THE PAN AMERICAN ROUND TABLE AS A al friction, fear, and re¬ world trade is beyond SYMBOL OF INTER-AMERICAN FRIENDSHIP sentment of foreign peo¬ doubt one of the most ples and governments, important factors prolonging the depression. The and shatters the very foundations of world peace. breakdown of the international structure has cre¬ The dangerous political situations that exist ated uncertainty and fear, and holds in check the throughout the world today, the international ten¬ tens of billions of dollars of investment which to¬ sion, the recrudescence of the military spirit, the day are most urgent owing to capital depreciation, expansion of standing armies, the enormously in¬ obsolescence, renewals, repairs, and the need for creased military budgets, the feverish efforts made new structures. What is required at this juncture to invent new instruments of warfare, new weapons is to move forward both on the domestic and the for offense and defense—all these have emerged international fronts toward a full and stable mea¬ and developed in a world in which the international sure of trade expansion and industrial prosperity. economic structure has been shattered, in which “ * * * It is literally accurate to say that no normal peaceful commercial intercourse has been nation was ever so well-equipped to become a great broken and vast unemployment and human distress trading nation, to play its role in assisting in the has resulted. It is the collapse of the world struc¬ development of higher standards of living through¬ ture, the development of isolated economies, that out the world and thereby areas, which cannot fail has let loose the fear which now grips every nation to increase our own prosperity. With our superb and which threatens the peace of the world. We natural resources, we stand face to face in this year cannot have a peaceful world, we cannot have a 1935 with the problem of whether we shall go for¬ prosperous world, until we rebuild the international ward with renewed industry, energy, hardihood, economic structure. 332 “ * * * Without friendly relations and under¬ of unemployment, the increase in domestic prices, standing nations are little prone to settle questions and the improvement of business conditions of controversies by arbitration or other orderly throughout the world. What we propose in a fair and peaceful means. On the contrary, they are and friendly way as stated affords the best possible hasty to arm and to institute force for justice in foundations on which to rebuild sound and worth¬ international affairs. We behold that tendency pro¬ while international relations. This program con¬ gressed to an alarming extent today. templates a simultaneous and continuous attack by “The desire of the Government to combat this all wide-awake nations upon the several well-rec¬ trend, which it is convinced can lead only to the ognized obstructions to the restoration of interna¬ serious deterioration of our civilization, is the con¬ tional trade and finance.” trolling reason for the efforts which it is now mak¬ ing to restore international trade on a basis of CHIEF OF PROTOCOL equality and friendship. This must continue to be the basis for world commercial relations. * * * * “We oppose exclusive or preferential arrange¬ ments the effect of which would be to impose dis¬ criminatory tariff rates against other countries. On the other side this country does not intend to ac¬ cept discrimination against American commerce in foreign countries. It desires to extend equality of treatment to all nations and it seeks to obtain fair and equitable treatment from all nations. The unconditional most-favored-nation policy, as al¬ ready indicated, is the one which almost universal experience since the middle of the last century has demonstrated to be the best suited for the attain¬ ment of these purposes. This Government is con¬ vinced that only if it makes the most determined at¬ tempt to stem the degeneration of international commercial intercourse into a network of bilateral arrangements of an exclusive and restrictive type with their accompanying discriminations and retali¬ ations, can international trade he restored. “ * * * With the sources of information that the organization of the Government places at my dis¬ posal I see not a few evidences of the state of mind Underwood & Underwood, New York of other peoples which give me reason to believe Mr. Richard Southgate has been selected to be that the program which this Administration is fol¬ Chief of the Division of Protocol and Conferences. lowing is beginning to supply the inspiration neces¬ He assumed the duties of his new office April sary to induce them to alter this course and to hope 26, 1935. As Chief of Protocol Mr. Southgate that the world can shortly expect a general move¬ will have the rank of Minister. ment in the direction of international economic Mr. Southgate entered the Foreign Service in sanity. * * * * 1919, advancing to Class IV prior to his resig¬ “The trade agreements program, first promul¬ nation in 1926. After three years in business, he gated and unanimously adopted by the twenty-one served the Department at several conferences and American nations at Montevideo and now actively expositions, and on July 12, 1930, became Assis¬ being carried forward by this Government, is based tant Chief of the Department’s Division of Inter¬ upon the view that international trade among other national Conferences and Protocol. things is a material factor in the full and stable business recovery of individual nations; that un¬ Mr. Southgate is also to serve on a newly-formed reasonable trade barriers can only be effectively committee in the Department, of which Assistant reduced by a constructive program carried out over Secretary R. Walton Moore is chairman, to con¬ a period of years concurrently by the leading na¬ sider questions arising with respect to civil avia¬ tions of the world; that such liberalized commer¬ tion. The other members of the committee are cial policy will he a vital factor in the reduction Mr. Joseph R. Baker and Mr. Stephen Latchford. 333 Foreign Service Changes Chiefs of Mission 1935, to accept a position in the Department of Hal H. Sevier, Ambassador to Chile, has resigned State. and has returned to the United States. John A. Gamon of Glen Ellyn, Illinois, Ameri¬ The Senate confirmed the following executive can Consul General at Marseille, France, will retire nominations on May 9, 1935: from the American Foreign Service on June 30, Alvin Mansfield Owsley to be Envoy Extraordi¬ 1935. nary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Irish W. Perry George of Gadsden, Alabama. Second Free State. Secretary of Legation and American Consul at Ad¬ Leland Harrison to be Envoy Extraordinary and dis Ababa, Ethiopia, assigned American Consul at Minister Plenipotentiary to Rumania. Malta. Paul Judson Gray of Lewiston. Me., Third Secre¬ The following changes have occurred in the For¬ tary of Legation at Montevideo, Uruguay, died at eign Service since April 15, 1935, and up to May his post May 1. 1935. 15 1935: Robert L. Hunter of South Dakota, Clerk in the Theodore C. Achilles of Washington, D. C., Vice American Legation at Baghdad. Iraq, appointed Consul at Rome, Italy, assigned to the Department American Vice Consul and assigned in that capac¬ of State for duty. ity to Baghdad. Charles E. Allen of Maysville. Kentucky, Ameri¬ Robert Y. Jarvis of Los Angeles, Calif., Ameri¬ can Consul at Gibraltar, died at his post on April can Consul at Antofagasta, Chile, now in the 8. 1935. United States, assigned Consul at Hankow, China. J. Kenly Bacon of Newton, Massachusetts, Ameri¬ Albion W. Johnson of Texas, American Vice can Vice Consul at Callao-Lima, Peru, assigned Consul transferred from Santo Domingo, Domini¬ American Vice Consul at Stockholm, Sweden. can Republic, to Halifax, Nova Scotia, and now in The services of Arthur W. Burrows, American this country, has resigned from the Service effective Consular Agent at Coquimbo, Chile, terminated June 30, 1935. March 31, 1935. upon the closing of the American David B. Macgowan of Knoxville, Tenn., Ameri¬ Consular Agency at that place. can Consul General at Bern, Switzerland, will re¬ George H. Butler of Evanston, 111., Second Secre¬ tire from the Service on June 30, 1935. tary of Legation and American Consul at Asuncion, Edward P. Maffitt of St. Louis, Missouri, Ameri¬ Paraguay, assigned to the Department of State for can Vice Consul at Stockholm, Sweden, assigned duty. American Vice Consul at Sao Paulo, Brazil. George E. Chamberlin of Oneonta, New York, Ernest de W. Mayer of Flushing, Long Island, American Consul General at Halifax, Nova Scotia, American Vice Consul at Havre, France, assigned will retire from the American Foreign Service on American Vice Consul at Southampton, England. December 31, 1935. George R. Merrell, Jr., of St. Louis, Mo., For¬ Lewis Clark of Montgomery, Ala., Second Sec¬ eign Service Officer now in the Department of State, retary of Legation at Peiping, China, designated assigned Second Secretary of Legation at Peiping, second Secretary of Embassy at Paris, France. China. Frederic Ogden de Billier of Washington, D. C., Richard W. Morin of Albert Lea, Minn., Foreign American Foreign Service Officer, Retired, died at Service Officer assigned to the Department, has re¬ Paris, France, April 10, 1935. signed from the Service effective July 7, 1935. Sherburne Dillingham of Millburn, New* Jersey, David J. D. Myers of La Fayette, Georgia. Ameri¬ American Vice Consul at Sao Paulo, can Consul at Tenerife, Canary Islands, Brazil, assigned American Vice Consul assigned to the Department of State. at Callao-Lima, Peru. Joseph E. Newton of Philadelphia, George Gregg Fuller of Pebble Beach, Pa., American Vice Consul at Nagoya, California, an American Foreign Serv¬ Japan, assigned Vice Consul at Singa¬ ice Officer now on duty in the Depart¬ pore, Straits Settlements. ment of State, resigned from the Foreign W. Leonard Parker of Syracuse, New Service effective the evening of April 4, (Continued to page 336) 334 AS TO INSURANCE a. On your household goods during shipment we offer policies at rates we Banking Service guarantee no higher than similar policies of foreign underwriters, and you have For Foreign Service Officers only to fill out the blanks on file at your Consulate, or, easier yet, write us a letter, giving the value, destination, approximate date and route of your shipment. To members of the For¬ b. On your goods in your residence and eign Service stationed at their other locations (and also during ship¬ various posts of duty a bank¬ ment) and personal baggage taken on ing connection in Washington, journeys, our unique Government Service Policy covers fire, theft and other risks, D. C., ofttimes proves in¬ continuously, at 2 per cent per year. valuable. c. On baggage, jewelry and furs all risks, and on silverware, we offer special The American Security and policies. Trust Company located in Your goods may be in several Washington has for forty- different places throughout the world but all are covered by four years served among this policy. other clients many distin¬ guished persons in the For¬ AS TO PACKING AND eign Service. SHIPPING SECURITY (steel) lift vans, if avail¬ Through modern facilities able, are most economical because the cubic the American Security is pre¬ tare is less than in others, and they provide pared to render a dependable the utmost protection and convenience. Apply to our main office, preferably, banking and trust service. for insurance; to the nearest office for information about packing, packing ma¬ terial, shipping, lift vans, recommended correspondents and shipping agents. “Architects and Sculptors of the Principal Buildings and Monument* in Washington.” 3rd Edition corrected to date. Send 3c stamp 15TH AND PENNSYLVANIA AVE. to the Security Storage Company. WASHINGTON, D. C. CAPITAL $3,400,000 SURPLUS $3,400,000 #miril,fi#fQrflgp (Jorapng of UJa'shingt'on MEMBER OF FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM 1140 FIFTEENTH STREET The Security Storage Company watt established in 1890 A Safe Depository for 45 Years as the Storage Department of the American Senility d- Trust Co. and is still closely associated with that com¬ pany. The Northwest Branch of the American Security if- Trust Co. is in the building of the Security Storage European Office: Co. at 1140 Fifteenth Street. 31 Place du Marche St. Honore, Paris 335 York, American Vice Consul at Lyon, France, as¬ signed American Vice Consul at Canton, China. The John R. Putnam was confirmed a Consul General on May 9, 1935, by the Senate. Manhattan Storage & Alan S. Rogers of Santa Barbara, Calif., Third Secretary of Embassy at Paris, France, designated Warehouse Company Third Secretary of Legation at Vienna, Austria. W. Quincy Stanton of Woodhaven, Long Island, 52nd Street and Seventh Avenue N. Y., Third Secretary of Legation and Consul at 80th Street and Third Avenue San Salvador, El Salvador, assigned to the Depart¬ ment of State for duty. New York City Mason Turner of Torrington, Connecticut, Amer¬ ican Consul at Malta, assigned American Consul ♦ ♦ at Tenerife, Canary Islands. SUPERIOR FACILITIES FOR STOR¬ S. Walter Washington of Charles Town, West AGE OF HOUSEHOLD GOODS, Virginia, Second Secretary of Legation at Bogota, Colombia, designated Second Secretary of Embassy PACKING, MOVING, SHIPPING at Istanbul, Turkey. AND LIFT VANS ♦ ♦ DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE CHANGES SPECIAL SERVICE TO MEET PERSONAL REQUIREMENTS Commercial Attache Ralph H. Ackerman recent¬ ly sailed from New York for Buenos Aires where he *- ♦ will attend the Pan American Commercial Confer¬ • Prices Most Reasonable • ence as an adviser to the United States delegation. Mr. A. W. Childs, formerly Chief of the Auto¬ motive Division, has been appointed Trade Com¬ missioner to Rio de Janeiro and will at an early date sail for his new post. Among foreign commerce officers who have re¬ cently arrived in the United States are Trade Com¬ missioner C. E. Brookhart from Batavia, Trade Com¬ missioner George Canty from Berlin, and Assistant Trade Commissioner Jule B. Smith from Buenos Aires. Those now en route are Miss Minedee Mc¬ Lean, Assistant Trade Commissioner at Santiago, Chile, and Assistant Trade Commissioner Jack B. Neathery at Bogota. Mr. A. Cyril Crilley, Assistant Trade Commis¬ sioner at Habana, Cuba, is en route to Ecuador. Disbursing Officer George Miller expects to sail at an early date to return to his post at Paris, after having spent several months at home. MARRIAGES Byington-Treadwell. Married at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on April 20, 1935, James Gregory Byington and Miss Barbara Booth Treadwell. Heard-Vaccarino. Married at Florence, Italy, May 4, 1935, Miss Antoinette Wilson Heard and Mr. Giampiero Vaccarino. Miss Heard is the daughter of Consul and Mrs. William Wilson Heard, Birmingham. 336 A POLITICAL BOOKSHELF American Liners to Europe CYRIL WYNNE, Review Editor ADDRESSES AND STATEMENTS BY THE HONORABLE CORDELL HULL, SECRETARY OF STATE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, IN CONNECTION WITH HIS TRIP TO SOUTH AMERICA 1933-1934 TO ATTEND THE SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF AMERICAN STATES, MONTEVIDEO, URUGUAY. De¬ partment of State Publication No. 694, Government Printing Office, Washington. D. C.. 1935. Pp. ix, S.S. WASHINGTON S.S. MANHATTAN 103. $1.00 (cloth). America's Fastest Liners REPORT OF THE DELEGATES OF THE UNITED HERE are liners strictly American in every way! STATES OF AMERICA TO THE SEVENTH INTERNA¬ They were built in America. They are owned and operated by Americans. They were planned to TIONAL CONFERENCE OF AMERICAN STATES, MON¬ suit the American taste. And they suit it to a T. TEVIDEO, URUGUAY, DECEMBER 3-26, 1933. Depart¬ The Washington and Manhattan offer VALUE. Comfort anti luxury in the American manner. ment of State Publication No. 666, Conference Se¬ Large, tastefully furnished cabins. Big decks. ries No. 19, Government Printing Office, 1934, Magnificent public rooms. Air-conditioned dining salons. Yi itb the popular I'res. Harding ami Pres. Washington, D. C. Pp. xiv, 346, Index. 40 cents Roosevelt, they offer weekly services to Cobh, Ply¬ mouth, Havre and Hamburg at astonishingly low (paper binding). fares. Apply to your travel agent. His services are free. Careful students of the diplomatic history of the United States, with particular reference to the rela¬ UNITED STATES LINES tions between the Governments of the Latin Ameri¬ Main Office: No. 1 Broadway, New York can Republics and the United States Government, Associated with—American Merchant and Baltimore Mail Lines to Europe; Panama Pacific Line to California; have expressed the view that the International Con¬ U. S. Lines and Panama Pacific Line Cruises. ferences of American States have not always con¬ tributed to the advancement of these relations. It New Low Cost All-Expense has even been said that one or two of these con¬ ferences concluded their sessions in an atmosphere SUMMER CRUISES TO of suspicion and distrust. Whether or not such statements are justified is, of course, a matter of SOUTH AMERICA opinion, but the fact that they have been made by Two delightful all-expense tours on Munson 21,000- men whose views are entitled to the highest con¬ ton sister-ships will sail fortnightly from New York sideration, leads one to approach the study of the all summer! Largest ships in the service, newly reconditioned, promise happy vacations! Investigate record of the Seventh International Conference of these tours. American States in a somewhat critical frame of CRUISE No. 1—41 days, with 2 in Rio de Janeiro, mind. 3 in Samos and Sao Paulo, 1 in Montevideo, 4 in The Department of State has recently issued two Buenos Aires, 2 in Trinidad, with call at Bermuda. publications containing information and data Reduced fare, $515 First Class; $360 Tourist. which will be of value to those who desire to make CRUISE No. 2—41 days, with 14 in Brazil, includ¬ ing Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo and Santos, sightsee¬ a critical study of the part played by the United ing. Reduced fare, $498 First Class; $300 Tourist. States at the Montevideo Conference. One publi¬ Reduced round trips, writh 60-day stop-over privilege, cation is, in brief, the statement of the record as not including shore expenses, may also be had to Rio contained in the “Report of the Delegates of the de Janeiro for $355 First Class and to Buenos Aires United States of America to the Seventh Interna¬ for $425 First Class. Substantial reductions also in tional Conference of American States. Montevideo, Tourist. nFBlvrTm* $42 Round Trip—Also 12 days, $82 Uruguay, December 3-26, 1933” (Publication No. ^ U * up, including steamer fare and 8 666) while the other is a compilation of the “Ad¬ days in hotel. Fortnightly sailings. All sailings from Pier 48, North River, N Y.—For Information dresses and Statements by the Honorable Cordell see your travel agent. Hull in Connection with His Trip to South Amer¬ ica. 1933-1934” (Publication No. 6941. The two MUNSON S.S.LINE5 publications should be considered together. After G7 WALL STREET. NEW YORK BOwling Green 9-3300 reading them one can appreciate the significance of General Agents for New England: the statement in the telegram sent by President H. L. Mulligan, Inc.. 33 Devonshire Street. Boston 337 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL Gabriel Terra of Uruguay at the conclusion of the (65-328). The printing of these documents adds Conference to President Roosevelt that Secretary of a great deal to the value of such a publication. The State Hull had “known how to interpret, in no critical student of international affairs demands— superficial manner, the sentiment of Pan America, and quite properly—original and not secondary and to win lasting sympathies for his country—sym¬ material upon which to base his conclusions. He pathies which will he of historic importance and will find this original material available in the ex¬ render inter-American relations closer on both the tensive “Appendices” mentioned. cultural and commercial plane.” Reference may He will also find from a reading of the docu¬ also be made to the comment of a distinguished ments in question that the Conference at Montevideo Latin American editor who has not always been differed from a well-known Congress which met at friendly to the United States: “The Conference was Vienna. “The Congress does not march,” said the able to close in an atmosphere of high proposals, Prince de Ligne, “it dances.” If there was dancing of broad outlook, and of singular cordiality be¬ at Montevideo the Report does not mention the fact tween the United States and other American and in view of the record of accomplishment one countries.” is inclined to believe that it was a tired but happy The work of the Conference is discussed in detail group of delegates who concluded their labors at in the Report which is signed by Secretary of the last plenary session. The record shows that the State Hull and the other delegates of the United “Conference adopted six conventions, an additional States (pages 1-61U The discussion is supple¬ protocol to the General Convention of Inter-Ameri¬ mented by copies of all relevant documents which can Conciliation of 1929, and ninety-five resolu¬ are printed in the “Appendices” covering 263 pages tions, and signed a proces-verbal of the intention JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL to subscribe to the pacts for the settlement of in¬ of peace in the Western Hemisphere by the adop¬ ternational conflicts by pacific means. The follow¬ tion of carefully considered and practical proposals ing; conventions were signed: would be enough to prove how much good can “1. Nationality of Women. come from the International Conferences of Ameri¬ “2. Nationality. can States. “3. Extradition. The Montevideo Conference achieved, however, “4. Political Asylum. other constructive results besides its great work in “5. Teaching of History. perfecting the inter-American peace machinery. “6. Rights and Duties of States. The student of the law of nations will read with “7. Additional Protocol to the General Conven¬ interest the statements in the Report under the head¬ tion of Inter-American Conciliation of 1929.” ing “Committee II. Problems of International Law” (Page 6.) (pages 16-23). Four conventions (Nationality, As the Report points out, one of the most out¬ Extradition, Political Asylum. Rights and Duties standing accomplishments of the Conference was of States) which were adopted are valuable con¬ its work in connection with the perfection of the tributions to international law. Committee III inter-American peace machinery. As one reads the (pages 23-25) recommended and the Conference concise statements under the heading “Committee approved the Convention on the Nationality of I, Organization of Peace” (pages 7-16) and turns Women, providing that “There shall be no distinc¬ to the relevant documents in the “Appendices” there tion based on sex as regards nationality, in their is a feeling that if the Montevideo Conference had legislation or in their practice” (appendix 15, achieved nothing else, its efforts to further the cause page 132). Committee IV, Economic and Finan- cial Problems (pages 25-34) considered such com¬ A reading of these addresses, which are ex¬ plex questions as the international debt situation, pressed in simple and direct language, will enable currency stabilization, commercial arbitration, the one to understand why a conference which met un¬ inter-American protection of patents and inventions, der unfavorable auspices is generally regarded by commercial paper, and the juridical personality of the Latin Americans as the most successful of the foreign companies. The section of the report deal¬ Conferences of American States. As Mr. Hull ing with the work of this Committee should be points out in his address to the National Press Club, studied in connection with the section headed “Some four or five of the most influential foreign “Committee IX, Economic Matters” (pages 54-58). offices in South America cabled in advance that The topics referred to Committee IX “were all cov¬ there was no real chance for a successful conference ered by a proposal which the United States Dele¬ now, and enumerated a formidable list of obstacles gation presented to the Committee on December 12, relating to the economic, the peace, the political, 1933. This proposal laid down a broad program and other difficulties in the w'ay.” (Page 91.) With of economic, commercial, and tariff policy which such dark omens present, convenient reasons for was based on a plan suggested by Secretary Hull postponing the Conference might well have been at the World Monetary and Economic Conference found. Mr. Hull, however, took another view of in London in 1933” (page 55). the situation. “We are today faced in this hemi¬ The terse statements in the Report regarding the sphere,” he told the Governing Board of the Pan work of these committees and the proceedings of American Union on the eve of his departure for the Conference show what was acomplished at Montevideo, “with a challenge to accomplish some¬ Montevideo. Nevertheless, it is not by such a thing that might be valuable enough and important report that Secretary of State Hull desires to have enough to mark the beginning of a new' epoch in the results of the Montevideo Conference judged. the affairs of our respective peoples.” Turning to the book entitled “Addresses and State¬ The view' that the Montevideo Conference marked ments of the Honorable Cordell Hull in Connection a new epoch in the relations between the LTnited with his Trip to South America 1933-1934” we find States and her sister Republics prevails throughout that in his address delivered on February 10, 1934, the speeches of the Secretary of State. “The United before the National Press Club. Washington, Mr. States is determined.” said Mr. Hull in addressing Hull made the characteristic statement “I would Committee I of the Conference, “that its new policy really prefer that you do not accept the account of of the New' Deal—of enlightened liberalism—shall the accomplishments of this Conference given solely have full effect and shall be recognized in its fullest by the United States Delegation, but that you and import by its neighbors. The people of my country all others who feel a broad public and patriotic in¬ strongly feel that the so-called right of conquest terest examine the utterances and declarations of must forever be banished from this hemisphere and, the statesmen and the editors of the newspapers and most of all, they shun and reject that so-called right magazines, of any consequence, in all of Central for themselves. The New' Deal indeed would be an and South America, many of which were hitherto empty boast if it did not mean that.” (Page 35.) unfriendly, and be governed by their interpretation of the proceedings and the full significance of the In discussing the “economic proposal” of the Montevideo meeting.” (Page 92.) It may not be United States Delegation before Committee IX, Economic Matters, Mr. Hull declared that it “would irrelevant to inquire how many Secretaries of State strike at the distressing effects on business of exces¬ who have attended previous International Confer¬ sive trade barriers by offering an earnest declara¬ ences of American States would have been in a po¬ tion in favor of their reduction from the present sition to make such a statement after their return abnormal heights to a reasonable level. The pro¬ from the Conferences in question? posal would also implement this declaration of The addresses and statements in the hook are broad policy by proposing two important methods preceded by a brief “Foreword” (page vii) which of carrying it into effect. The first would be by the contains the interesting information that “This w'as the first time that a Secretary of State of this coun¬ immediate adoption of the policy of bilateral reci¬ try had attended one of the International Confer¬ procity commercial treaties based on mutual conces¬ ences of American States as an official delegate.” sions to be entered into by nations of this hemi¬ sphere among themselves and other nations as W'ell, It is also stated that “Mr. Hull took advantage of the opportunity to visit as many countries as pos¬ and the second, by a proposed understanding w ith other important countries that we and they proceed sible while en route to and from Montevideo, and the present publication contains addresses and simultaneously to bring down these trade barriers statements made by him during that trip as W'ell as to a level dictated by a moderate tariff policy.” his principal addresses at the Conference.” (Continued to page 346) 340 Life’s Economic Problem Providing an INCOME for the Family if we die too soon. Providing an INCOME to Self or Self and Wife if we live too long. At interest, it requires $20,000 at 6%, $24,000 at 5%, or $30,000 at 4% to produce $100.00 per month. How accumulate these funds? What about the family if anything happens during the accumula¬ tion period? What rate of interest can we safely assume during this period? Many men tell us today they would be delighted to get back the principal they have invested, w ithout thought of any interest. On that basis, a man 35 would have to save $800.00 a year until age 65 to accumulate $24,000, and then he would have no guarantee as to the rate of interest he could get at 65. The fact is w'e do not know in gen¬ eral savings at what rate of interest we can accumulate, or how much it will earn when it is accumulated; neither do most of us need to conserve the entire capital, if by some scientific principle a monthly income can Ire guaranteed to serve us best when we need it most. New England Mutual’s Answer To celebrate its Hundredth Charter Anniversary, The New' England Mutual Life Insurance Com¬ pany, of Boston, Massachusetts, announces a new Multiple Income Policy, which to an extent never before achieved, makes it possible for a man, who can qualify, economically to assure that whether he dies too soon, or lives too long, a GUARANTEED MONTHLY INCOME wfill be provided to meet the emergency. Guarantees of a $10.000 Multiple Income Policy Issued in 1935 as of Age 35 FAMILY BENEFITS. An income of $100.00 per Mutual policies, this contract participates in divi¬ month. This income starts when the Insured dies dends starting at the end of the first year, which and continues monthly to the beneficiary until 1955, either decrease the annual payments, or increase the and then further guarantees to pay $10,000 in cash, income as you prefer. In response to individual or a monthly income to the beneficiary for life inquiries, dividend illustrations will be shown. The based upon the attained age of the beneficiary at contract can be issued to provide a monthly income that time. If death occurs after the Income period, as small as $25.00, and premium payments ar¬ a minimum cash payment of $10,000 is provided, ranged to best meet the convenience of the insured. or a monthly life income based on age of the bene¬ It is with a great deal of pleasure we announce that ficiary. this most unique contract (as far as we know the only RETIREMENT VALUES. (1) An income to in¬ one of its kind issued) has been made available to Am¬ sured for life starting at Age 65 of $100.00 per bassadors, Ministers and Career Officers Class One to month; or, (2) an income to husband and wife as Eight, inclusive, of the American Foreign Service of the long as either live of $73.90 per month, assuming State Department, Ages 28 to 50, inclusive. This contract is designed particularly for married men and is available husband and wdfe are the same age; or, (3) an in¬ only to married Foreign Service Officers. Company an¬ come to husband or wife alone (with 10 years mini¬ nouncements of this new policy will be found in The mum payments) guaranteeing an income for the Saturday Evening Post of May 4th, Time, May 20th, and lifetime of one payee of $89.63 per month (again in the June issue of the National Geographic Magazine. assuming same age), or, (4) a cash payment of $11,840. While, as w'e have seen above, it would require a Earle W. Sapp, C.L.U , General Agent, saving of $800 a year without interest to accumulate Newr England Mutual Life Insurance Company, gradually in thirty years a principal of $24,000 403 Colorado Building, to yield interest income of $100.00 per month at Washington, D. C. Please send me further information about your new 5%, this contract at age 35, requiring an annual Multiple Income Policy and howr it can be secured deposit of only $422.00, creates an immediate es¬ by Foreign Service Officers. tate, which provides a guaranteed income to the family of $100.00 per month, and gradually builds Name that fund which provides the guaranteed retirement income. The annual deposit at age 30 is $345.50, Address and at age 40, is $539.00. Like all New England 341 ITALY and so forth are experiencing new lines of work. This has proved quite interesting and has gone a During the month of March and the early part long way to dispel the idea that most of the of April, 1935, quite a number of our Colleagues work is done at anyone’s desk. Incidentally, the and their wives have passed through Naples en executive officer has had to become a veritable route to their posts or to the United States. professor of consular procedure. Among them were: The appearance of the weather promises an Consul General and Mrs. Joseph E. Jacobs, pro¬ early summer, and various plans are already under ceeding on an inspection trip to begin at Alex¬ way for the launching of the small sailing boats andria, comprising the consular fleet. In addition to the Vice Consul and Mrs. Walter J. Linthicum on “SANTA LUCIA,” the “BAR-SINISTER” and the local leave from Vienna, “YANKEE,” a new boat, as yet unchristened, has Vice Consul Leslie G. Mayer on his way to also been acquired, so that there ought to be lots Tripoli to open a new office and of sailing here for those transient colleagues who Consul and Mrs. Leo J. Callanan, destined for may be interested. Aden. * * *- Vice Consul and Diplomatic Secretary Earl T. The month of March brought a number of Crain was heading for Teheran. We discussed the diplomatic and consular officers and their wives advisability of his taking a complete inventory on brief visits to Florence. These included: of his effects before encountering the desert sands Ambassador and Mrs. Alexander Weddell. and brigands between him and his post. The American Minister to The Hague and Mrs. Vice Consul Waldo E. Bailey also made a short Grenville T. Emmett, stay before going to Lyon. Mrs. Breckinridge Long (wife of the American Diplomatic Secretary Harold H. Tittman, Jr., Ambassador at Rome) and their daughter, Miss from Rome was here on his way to the States on Long, home leave. Consul General and Mrs. Ernest L. Harris of Since he was in the capacity of a Deputy United Vienna, and States Marshal, Vice Consul John H. Madonne Vice Consul and Mrs. John M. Allison of Tokyo. was unable to come ashore. The escorting of prisoners back to the United States appears to be H. M. B„ JR. becoming a specialty of the Near East. An unexpected visit in March on the part of ATHENS Miss Margaret M. Hanna was indeed a great pleasure for her friends here. She seemed to en¬ On April 1, 1935. First Secretary and Consul joy Naples and the Consulate General certainly General Leland Morris completed twenty-five years enjoyed her brief stay. It was with regret that we in the Service. He did not know that his col¬ bade her farewell on the train for Rome after her leagues at the Legation and at the Consulate Gen¬ return from Sicily. eral were aware of the anniversary and he was Consul General Coert du Bois has arranged a therefore completely surprised when he was called schedule whereby the heads of the various sections into the Minister’s office and presented with a sil¬ of the Consulate General are switching their jobs ver dish to the accompaniment of the following and the “specialists” in passports, visas, shipping Greek ode: 342 Brakes Wore Out but THIS Kept Right on Rolling No tyre ever endured such brutal road tests before it was announced to the public. For months engineers and test car drivers mauled this tyre. Brakes burned out every eight hours, had to be relined every 72 — but the G-3 never faltered! It kept right on rolling. The G-3 is the first tyre built to meet the demands of 43% the new, modern high speed, fast-starting, quick-stop¬ LONGER ping cars that have been causing ALL MAKES of tyres NON-SKID to wear out too fast! Today this new Goodyear stands MILEAGE as the biggest tyre success in years. This is not an opinion — nor a boast — it’s a FACT proved by sales and a flood of enthusiastic letters from car owners and tyre dealers all over the world. The World Over More People Ride on Goodyear See the G-3 today at your Goodyear dealer’s. You pay Tyres Than on Any Other nothing extra for its many extra advantages. Make 343 An ancient Greek so loved to look Upon his image in the brook That, blind and deaf to all around. He fell in headlong and was drowned. I pray our Diplomatic Mission May not incur a like punition For things that I’m about to say About it and our friend today. I doubt if anywhere you’ll find A force with such united mind, Devoted to the work in hand And loyal to the high command. Cooperation rules the roost, There’s brains to guide and faith to boost, And courtesy for everyone, And strength to say “It can’t be done.” But always, when there’s such a crew, There’s one to whom chief praise is due. . . is only a It seems that some-one’s been observant Of what befits a public servant! NEIGHBORHOOD We’ve heard him tell us all about it, April 30 .... a robot- And sure himself lie’s not without it. piloted plane flashed across the United It’s not in words he’s made us see States in the record (temporarily) What public servants ought to be. time of 11 hours, 5 minutes, 45 sec¬ onds .... His judgment and his warmth of heart; May 6 .... in London, England, a loyal people celebrated the His skill in every human art, Silver Jubilee of the world’s most Invest with pride of memory popular monarch .... The big parade His quarter of a century. took place May 6. You read all about it ... . looked at pictures of it ... . in your morning paper of May 7. And we his friends who give this dish Lightning-fast communica¬ Can only add our heartfelt wish, tion and transportation have made the With gratitude and love and praise, world merely a neighborhood. Mod¬ For Leland Morris—happy days! ern business buys and sells in China —LINCOLN MACVEACH. or Africa as a matter of course, though headtpiarters may be in Chicago or New York. BARCELONA Swift & Company, dealing Consul General and Mrs. Dawson gave a buffet in highly perishable products, is in close and constant touch with its nu¬ supper recently in honor of Consuls Horn and merous foreign branch offices and Braddock who were on the last promotion list. agents. Consul Braddock had occasion to use his new title The name Swift is known immediately; for in the midst of the celebration in Japan .... in far Australia . . . . India .... South America .... in he was called out to sign a bill of health. every civilized country in the world. Officers in Barcelona enjoyed the visit early in Everywhere it stands for a reputation March of Diplomatic Secretary Alan S. Rogers on built up during 50 years as purveyor his way to the Canary Islands to enjoy the sunshine of fine foods. he had been missing in Paris. He returned several weeks later wearing an enviable tan. Consul Prentiss B. Gilbert found time while the Aquitania was in port on March 18th to visit the SWIFT & COMPANY U.S. Consulate General. 344 It is the custom of the Barcelona office to send one of the consuls to Mallorca every six months or so to perform official services for the several hun¬ dred Americans residing there. These details to the “Isle of Calm” are always welcomed. It was Con¬ sul Franklin’s turn to make the trip early in March. Mrs. Franklin accompanied him. Distinguished members of Consul General and Mrs. Dawson left Barcelona the Diplomatic Service fol¬ on the Mallorca night boat on April 6th, to make low tradition in selecting connections in Palma with the Exochorda bound The Plaza as their New for New York. Prominent members of the Colony York home. They find here a were at the pier to wish them a happy voyage. For several weeks before their departure the en¬ standard of excellence that gagement book of the Dawsons was overflowing is known in all countries. with dates of parties, teas and dinners given in Single rooms from $5. FACING CENTRAL PARK their honor. Attracted by Spain’s seldom-failing sunshine, • A 25% discount from room charges is Consul General and Mrs. Arthur C. Frost visited allowed members of the Foreign Service. Barcelona on April 8th and 9th. They left Zurich in the midst of snow and slush and after two days’ motoring were enjoying Spain’s balmy spring weather. Miss Margaret M. Hanna, the popular Chief of the Office of Coordination and Review, and Miss Esther Susan of the Bureau of Mines spent a portion FIFTY-NINTH STREET AND FIFTH AVENUE of Holy Week in this city. Several trips were ar- • ranged in their honor by the officers and their families. On Good Friday they motored to Tarra¬ gona to see the impressive procession, the first to be held since the founding of the Spanish Republic. On Easter Sunday they visited Montserrat and at¬ tended solemn services for which the music was supplied by the famous choir of the Monas¬ HOMELIKE tery. They left for Madrid and Southern Spain with a yanatanta unequalled on Sunday night. The families of Consuls Cross and Franklin shared the honor of having these cliewleze m Ale tv 'Ijetk jot leantij . . . ladies as their house guests while they were in the # The Savoy-Plaza provides the city. (See also photo on page 366.)—C. M. P. C. homelike warmth and charm that informed travellers demand, plus superior service and an unsurpas* SCANDINAVIAN POSTS sed cuisine. Single rooms from $5. Subsequent to his inspection of the offices of the A 25% discount from room charges sub-editors at Oslo and Bergen, Editor-in-Chief for is allowed members of the Forlegn Service. Scandinavia, Consul Roy Bower, sailed for home, Henry A. Rost, Managing Director leaving Bergen April 22. It is hoped that the leave George Suter, Resident Manager will improve Consul Bower and that the inspec¬ FIFTH AVE., 58th TO 59th STS. tions will improve the notes for the JOURNAL, said improvement appearing to be difficult during his absence. Mr. James C. Dunn, whose appointment as Chief of the Division of Western European Affairs has recently been announced, called at Copenhagen, Oslo and Stockholm on an informal tour. Counselor of Legation North Winship and Mrs. OVERLOOKING CENTRAL PARK Winship left Copenhagen on March 26th for a short visit to the United States. (Continued to page 366) 345 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL A POLITICAL BOOKSHELF (Continued from page 340) (Page 28.) It is to be noted that this proposal was adopted as resolution V by the Conference. The resolution is printed in the Appendices to the Re¬ port of the United States Delegation. The addresses and statements made by the Sec¬ retary of State en route to Washington following the adjournment of the Conference are of special interest. One of the most important of these ad¬ Svery modern facility for the safe handling dresses was made to the Chilean Senate, Mr. Hull and care of household treasures. having been accorded the honor of being the spe¬ cially invited guest of the Congress of Chile during his visit to Santiago. “None but motives of the FEDERAL STORAGE most genuine hospitality,” he said in the course of his address, “and the warmest friendship could have prompted this unusual and most generous ac¬ COMPANY tion on your part.” (Page 54.) After reviewing some of the more important results of the Monte¬ video Conference he stressed “the necessity for pa¬ tience as the American nations, both by domestic Steel for Safety and international programs, undertake to go for¬ ward with the righteous work of peace and pros¬ "Bowling Green” steel lift vans for the perity. Eggs were never more thoroughly scram¬ transportation of household effects any¬ bled than were the economic affairs of the world during and since the war.” He expressed his faith, where is a preferred service — inter¬ however, “in the gradual return to normal” and nationally known — and available only declared that he believed “profoundly that this con¬ through us in Washington. Sealed in dition when achieved will be followed by broader human advancement and greater human progress steel for safety. under our joint American leadership than the world has ever witnessed in the past.” (Page 59.) TRANSIT INSURANCE c. w. JAPAN’S PACIFIC MANDATE. By Paul H. Clyde. FORWARDING AGENTS Pp. 244. Illustrated. The Macmill an Company, New York. 1935. OFFICERS If you are keeping an eye upon the trend of E. K. MORRIS HENDERSON S. DUNN things in the Far East—politics, war and peace, or Preside tit Cashier just current history in general, here is a book that HAROLD N. MARSH S. WEBSTER ADAMS Vice-Pres. d Counsel Superinteiulent will serve you well. If it is Japan’s relation to JAMBS M. JOHNSTON A. RUSSELL BARBEE Vicc-Pres. d- Treasurer Asst. Treasurer events that interests you, then the book comes close H. RANDOLPH BARBEE MARIAN TRUMBULL to being indispensable; the time, travel and able Secretary Asst. Secretary research that have gone into its making are almost DIRECTORS certainly not represented elsewhere in a single vol¬ ume. Finally, this volume provides the student of CHARLES S. BAKER JAMES M. JOHNSTON H. RANDOLPH BARBEE HAROLD N. MARSH mandate problems growing out of the World War a DANIEL L. BORDEN CARROLL MORGAN HANSON E. ELY, JR. E. K. MORRIS comprehensive guide to the condition of the South HENRY P. ERWIN CHARLES G. TREAT Sea Islands under Japanese Mandate. D. P. GAILLARD GRIFFITH WARFIELD But one’s interest need not to be special to derive 1707 FLORIDA AVENUE profit, even keen enjoyment, from this book. In addition to international aspects of the Japanese WASHINGTON mandates, the question of sovereignty, and of for¬ tifications, there are chapters on “Educating the Kanaka,” “Saving Souls in the South Seas”; the 346 twin problems of population and industry, in their unique application to the South Seas, also receive close attention. “Japan’s Pacific Mandate” first became news¬ worthy following the Tokyo-Geneva imbroglio over the Manchurian incident, and Japan’s subsequent notice of withdrawal from the League. The chap¬ ter on international relations strikingly illustrates, through excerpts from the world press, the revived MORE interest in this once remote subject. Japan’s an¬ nounced intention of retaining its Mandate indefi¬ nitely is shown to have sharply stimulated world FOR YOUR interest in the political, and strategic status of the former German possessions, especially as it coin¬ cided with intimations from the Japanese Navy of TRAVEL DOLLAR its interest in the matter. Making good use of recognized authorities, the Qo American One Class author develops a distinctly interesting chapter on “The Question of Sovereignty” with respect to ter¬ ritories under mandate. The puzzling legal ques¬ ENJOY every travel comfort at low tions of sovereignty of mandate territories, and of cost, the convenience of sailing the League’s authority to revoke mandates are set from or landing at Baltimore, an hour forth, and clarified. Judicious use is made of com¬ distant from Washington. The best on ment of noted legal authorities and statesmen on the board and every service is yours. Larger mandate system. There is lack of agreement, how¬ than ordinary staterooms, all outside on ever, and one sees the first fruit of the Peace Con- upper decks. Spaciousness and spotless fernce’s experiment in substituting for the old cleanliness. Fine food. Choice wines “spoils system” the mandatory system of General and liquors, at reasonable prices. Smuts and President Wilson. The thin line separat¬ ing administration by mandate from outright an¬ Special consideration given officials nexation is drawn so that all may see. in United States Foreign Service. The author’s own view of the future of Japan’s Mandate are given in a chapter (“Ruling and Be¬ MINIMUM RATES ing”) that adds to the history of Japanese colonial One Way Round Trip government. He feels that it is the record of the Japanese administrators, “good, bad, or indifferent, Weekly Sailings To and From Europe which must finally determine Japan’s moral right to continue her mandatory administration.” BALTIMORE NORFOLK LONDON For those interested in the strategic importance HAVRE HAMBURG of Micronesia, there is a chapter on “The Ques¬ tion of Fortifications.” This is thoroughly done, hut no evidence of fortifications, naval bases, or the like, appear to have been found. The general reader has been slighted in this re¬ view; he is not slighted in the book. He will find, for example, that Yap is famous for something more than cables and diplomatic memoranda. As the home of “the most interesting and picturesque BALTIMORE of the tribal groups of Japan’s Mandate,” the is¬ land’s life, customs, and stone money, amply re¬ ward an arm chair tour of its shores. There are ex¬ MAIL LINE cellent illustrations of island scenes and native life. 313 North Charles St., Baltimore, 743 14th St. N. W., A book of this kind was needed, and Professor Washington—Any Travel Agent or U. S. Lines Office. Clyde, keeping the proportions of his subject in Associated with—United States and American Merchant Lines to excellent balance, has produced it. Europe; Panama Pacific Line to California. 1 Broadway, New York. LEO D. STURGEON. 347 CAPTAIN HULL’S “NIG” in less than a block, and he was evidently on our trail as he was pretty good at following scent. The (Continued from page 323) Captain had slowed down the march for us, and day afternoon in grammar school. The silence be¬ we soon caught up with the company, where there came almost unbearable when Nig, who was with was much relief and rejoicing over the finding of me and who could sense your moods better than our mascot. any human, feeling my embarrassment, began to On our return to the United States, Nig was whine and stood up, putting his front paws on mustered out with the rest of us, receiving his my leg. I let my hand drop on his head and, regular and honorable discharge from the Army. having an inspiration, said “dog.” A boy in the When our regiment finally disbanded at Nashville, front row said “ perro,” which is Spanish for dog, many bearded members of our company got down and I immediately wrote “dog” on the blackboard on their knees on the station platform to hug Nig and had the boy write “ perro.” I then wrote the and tell him good-bye. Several of them wrote me English names of other things in the room and later and asked me to visit them and bring Nig, had the Spanish names written by some of the he being the one they really wanted to see. Cap¬ pupils. It was in this way that Nig sponsored and tain Hull and Nig told each other farewell as two gave a fine start to the Trinidad High School dignified gentlemen should, but the sorrow at which eventually had seven teachers and which we parting was none the less sincere. left in a flourishing condition. Nig spent the rest of his brief life at my home The Cubans soon learned that Nig was an im¬ at Pulaski, Tennessee. Being a dog with personal¬ portant part of the Army of Occupation, and the ity, he soon became known to nearly everyone children especially made a lot over him and called in town and was as highly thought of and popular him “Negrito,” meaning little Nig. He would in civilian life as in army circles. While I was never growl at or try to bite a child or any other away in law school, he received injuries from young thing, knowing instinctively it was not the which he died in a fight with a bull dog. Many proper thing to do. tears were shed in unashamed tribute to the mem¬ Nig liked to swim in fresh water but disliked ory of this small creature who had the heart of salt water and had a special antipathy to the surf. a lion and the noblest instincts. I would sometimes throw a stick on the beach and tell him to get it, timing the throw so an incoming Judge Smith relates that it was his admiration wave would hit him. The wave would turn him for Captain Hull, a lawyer, which made him de¬ over and over and he would come up growling cide to become a lawyer himself. He followed in and fighting mad but holding firmly to the stick. the Secretary’s footsteps also by being elected a After giving me the stick, I have seen him turn circuit judge, and he has had the honor and satis¬ and attack the next wave, growling and biting it faction of being reelected four times. The JOUR¬ as if it were a living thing. He would not let a NAL is greatly indebted to him for this inter¬ little old ocean bluff him. esting story about our Secretary’s pet and mascot When we evacuated Trinidad we had strict or¬ during the War of ’98. ders to have all soldiers out of the town by a cer¬ tain time and allow no one to return for any pur¬ BOOKS RECEIVED pose. Company H was the last to leave and when PARLIAMENTARY LAW AND PROCEDURE. we had gotten about a quarter of a mile away, I By John Q. Tilson, Lecturer on Parliamentary Law discovered that Nig was not with us and reported at Yale School of Law (formerly majority leader that fact to Captain Hull. He said orders not¬ of the United States House of Representatives). withstanding for me to take two men and go back (Washington, D. C., Ransdell, Incorporated, 1935, and find Nig. We reentered the town hoping no Pp. XV, 176, $2.50.) With a foreword by the one in authority would see us, but almost the first Honorable Joseph W. Byrns, Speaker of the House person we met was Colonel Brown on his horse, of Representatives. evidently seeing for himself whether his orders MARITIME TRADE OF WESTERN UNITED were being obeyed. He was a captain in the reg¬ STATES. By Eliot Grinnell Mears. (Stanford Uni¬ ular Army and pretty strict at times, so it was versity, California; Stanford University Press, with some trepidation that we stopped and sa¬ 1935, Pp. IX, 538, $4.00.) luted him. He sternly asked me what this dis¬ THE NEED FOR CONSTITUTIONAL RE¬ obedience of orders meant, but when I told him, FORM. By William Yandell Elliott. (New York, he smiled and said, “Be sure you find Nig,” McGraw-Hill Book Company, Incorporated, 1935, wheeled his horse and galloped off. We met Nig Pp. X, 286, $2.50.) 348 SERVICE VISITORS The following officers and clerks called at the Department on leave or en route to their posts dur¬ ing the past month, their names being taken from the Register in Room 115, Department of State: DATE OF REGISTRATION A pril John M. Allison, Tokyo 15 H. A. Boucher, Rome, on leave in Minneapolis 15 Samuel J. Fletcher, Canton, on leave at Kittery Point, Maine 16 Eleanor Shields, Mexico City, on leave 16 Raymond Phelan, Barranquilla, on leave 17 C. E. Gauss, Peiping, on leave 17 Harold H. Tittman, Rome, on leave in Washington 17 Hedley V. Cooke, Jr., Shanghai, on leave 17 John P. McDermott, Pretoria, on leave in Salem 17 Nan Horan Wheeler, Shanghai, en route Europe to Shanghai 18 Walter S. Reineck, Santo Domingo, on leave 18 Waller II. McKinney, Yarmouth, on leave . 22 John R. Putnam. Genoa, on leave in Washington 22 John S. Littell, Shanghai, sailing May 17 — 23 Claude I. Dawson, Barcelona, on leave in Pied¬ mont, S. C 23 Francis R. Senden, Antwerp, on leave in Marshall, Minn. 23 John Wallace Hill, Paris, on leave in Washington 23 Robert Y. Jarvis. Hankow, on leave in Washington 26 Philip Adams, St. John, N. B., on leave 27 C. W. Gray, reporting to Department for duty 29 J. Wesley Jones, Calcutta, on leave in Sioux City 29 Photograph by L. Perez Parra Frances E. Willis, Brussels, on leave in Washington 29 George J. Haering, Pernambuco, on leave in New THE GLAMOUR OF OLD MEXICO York . ... 29 Charles E. Worman, Oporto, on leave 29 May Write Your Travel Experiences Lucien Memminger, Belfast, on leave in Charles¬ ton, S. C - 2 for The Geographic Courtland Christiani, Curacao, on leave — 2 Paul C. Betts, Paris, on leave in Towanda, Pa. 3 Reginald S. Castleman, Porto Alegre, on leave at Your travels as a Foreign Service officer are prob¬ Balboa Beach, California 3 ably worth a shelf of geography books to the people W. J. McCafferty, San Salvador, on leave in Wash¬ who stay at home. To them, the lure of remote lands ington — 5 is the lure of The National Geographic Magazine, Damon C. Woods, Toronto, on leave in Waco, Texas 6 because each month it takes its readers far afield to James R. Riddle, Winnipeg, on leave in Talmadge, observe the peoples, customs, and scenic marvels of Ala. — 6 other countries. You see these fascinating things at Karl deG. MacVitty, Panama, on leave in Nash¬ first-hand in the Foreign Service. ville, Tenn. 6 Fred Morris Dearing, Lima, on leave 6 Why not capitalize on your unique opportunities W. H. A. Coleman, Paris, on leave 6 and send us popular, human-interest accounts of your Wallace Butterworth, London, on leave in Wash¬ travels, as well as your photographs? A reading of ington 6 The Magazine will show our editorial requirements. Marshall M. Vance, Windsor, on leave in Washing¬ You may have a story of some country or trip that ton 7 would delight a million families. We suggest that Mary C. Boudinot, Habana, on leave in Washington 8 you send us a brief outline of it for our approval. Audrey E. I.ippincott, Montevideo, on leave in The Geographic pays liberally for all manuscripts Washington 9 Duncan M. White, Habana, on leave in Louisburg, and pictures it is able to use. F. A. Sterling, Sofia, on leave in Washington _ 11 North Winship, Copenhagen 13 The National Geographic Magazine Leo R. Sack, San Jose, on leave in Washington 13 GILBERT GROSVENOR, LITT.D., LL.D., Editor E. C. Kemp, Moncton, on leave 14 Culver B. Chamberlain, Hankow, on leave in Wash¬ WASHINGTON, D. C. ington 14 Francis A. Moriarty, Turin, on leave in Washington 15 349 IN MEMORIAM FIFTY YEARS AGO The sudden and untimely death of Paul Judson STATE, WAR AND NAVY BUILDING. Gray, Third Secretary of Legation at Montevideo, Two hundred hands are now busy working on at his post on the evening of May 1 following an the immense new granite building devoted to the injection for sciatica, brings to the Foreign Service the loss of a splendid officer. State, War and Navy Departments. The ham¬ Entering the Service in November, 1929, he was mer of the mason and the whistle of the steam first assigned to the Foreign Service School. On engine as they put the big granite blocks into March 26, 1930, he went to Stuttgart, where he their places can be plainly heard in the cabinet served until September, 1934, when he was assigned rooms of the While House across the way. This to Montevideo. mammoth building is at last approaching comple¬ Paul Gray’s memory will be cherished by the tion and within two years at the most it will be American Foreign Service for those fine qualities a finished structure. It has already cost about which made up his character. He was quiet, kindly, nine million dollars and when it is done its ag¬ courteous and just—characteristics which, combined gregate will foot up to at least 10 million and with his ability, clearly identified him as a distinct a quarter. This is the greatest building in Wash¬ asset to the Service. ington, is said to be the largest granite building Surviving are his widow and a daughter, to in the world, and covers about four acres and a whom deepest sympathy is extended. half, or an acre more than the Capitol. It is so built that it will almost outlast the ages. Its Edward H. Thompson, formerly American Con¬ composition is of immense blocks of gray granite, sul in Yucatan, who was a well known writer and weighing all the way from a quarter of a ton to lecturer on the archaeology of Yucatan, died at 20 tons each. Plainfield, New Jersey, on May 11, 1935, being then 76 years of age. He was appointed Consul The building is perfectly fireproof. It is made in 1885 and retired after about twenty years of entirely of iron and stone with the exception of service. a skin of boards laid over the stone floors of the offices for comfort, and of the doors themselves, George Barclay Rives died at Edgewood, near which are of polished mahogany. The door cas¬ Cobham, Virginia, on May 6, 1935, following a ings, however, are of iron, and there are 545 brief illness. Mr. Rives, who was sixty years of tons of iron in the window frames and door age, had been Secretary of the American Legation frames of the east wing alone. at Vienna and Charge d’Affaires in Brazil. He This great structure lies to the west of the was Special Assistant to Ambassador Gerard at White House, facing the Potomac, and looking Berlin during the World War, aiding French and down upon the moss-covered farm house of Davy English prisoners of war. He retired from the Burns, who used to own much of the land upon Service in 1917. which Washington is built. The architecture of Officers who have served at the Consulate Gen¬ the building is of Roman Doric order, married, eral in London during the past 20 years will re¬ I should say, to the French mansard. Stand by gret to learn of the sudden death from pneumo¬ the President’s stables and take a long look at it. nia, on March 26, of Miss Hylda Retallack. Her Hundreds of windows peer out of their deep personality and character, coupled with her ex¬ granite casings at you, the caps of each carved ceptional devotion to her work and to those with with the shield of the United States. Note the whom she was associated, won her many friends many projections and let your soul drink in the in the service who are now stationed in all parts symmetry of those Doric columns which support of the world. the different stories at either end of the wing. Her funeral was attended by Mr. Frazer and Look at the central portico with its little grove many others from the Consulate General. Thus of symmetrical columns as it rises in tiers from all those officers with whom she had been asso¬ story to story. See the wide plazas which, by ciated in the past were represented, as we feel easy gradations of granite steps, lead to an en¬ sure they would have wished to be. trance door. Stop for a while and study the structure in its immensity, and again in detail, Pleasant Alexander Stovall, editor of The and you may begin to form a new application of Savannah Evening Press and former American Ruskin’s expression, “poems in stones.”—Frank Minister to Switzerland, died at his residence, G. Carpenter, “Washington in the Eighties” re¬ Savannah, Georgia, May 14, 1935, aged 77 years. printed in the Washington Sunday Star. 350 IMDER 63 FLAGS there is one sign symbolical of quality in petroleum products. SOCONY-VACUUM OIL COMPANY, INC. and affiliated companies are represented in sixty-three of the sixty-four nations of the world. 351 GREENLAND the disgrace of being published to the world as a (Continued from page 316) malefactor. The Penal Code now provides that the crowded along the edge of the wharf. Godthaab has man who steals shall forfeit half his pay for a pe¬ its council room in the Landfoged’s house, with a riod of three months, and murder is such a rare council-table covered with felt that is bordered with occurrence that it has not been necessary to make a strip of birdskins. provision for its punishment. When I asked one of the officials about the It was at Godthaab that we experienced a “south¬ crime statistics in Greenland, he replied that there west,” one of those Arctic storms which can de¬ were none. I suggested velop with such incredible that there must at least speed and fury. be theft, and he answered We had landed from that in North Greenland the Disko in fair weather during the past year there and were making a se¬ had only been three ries of visits to the hospi¬ cases of theft. When I in¬ table village folk. It was quired about murder he in¬ quite without warning that formed me that he had not we came from one of those known, in all the time oi calls into the teeth of a his service, a single in¬ fierce gale. All of our stance of deliberate mur¬ ship’s company had to take der. He told me of one shelter wherever the “south¬ case, in which an Eskimo west” found them, and the husband had become an¬ Disko had to be tethered by noyed with his wife and put stout cables to the rocks on her out of the house. She either side of the deep had caught cold as a result fjord. I happened to be of the exposure and had near the house of the local later died. This, which was clergyman and when I was certainly involuntary man¬ driven in by the storm, as slaughter, was the only re¬ were five of my fellow-pas¬ corded killing in North sengers, we were given food Greenland for several years. and kindly hospitality and When I asked about di¬ stowed away in improvised vorce, the official replied: sleeping-places for the “We have no divorce pro¬ night. Often these sudden visions in Greenland but we storms blow unabated for almost had a divorce last three days, so that we were year. A young couple had lucky to be able to continue about decided to separate our journey with only one in spite of the efforts of day’s delay. their friends to keep them The houses of Sukkertop- together. Finally, one pen appeared from a dis¬ neighbor, as a last and tance to be perched inse¬ most telling argument, said curely on the perpendicular to the Eskimo husband, face of a granite mountain. ‘What if the King of Den¬ A GREENLAND GIRL There were no slopes here mark should hear of this?’ for pasture land, only cliffs and the young Greenlander replied, ‘We will not rising sheer from the sea. At Sukkertoppen we saw embarrass the King,’ and the matter was dropped.” flying above the welcoming group at the landing- Godthaab is also the site of Greenland’s news¬ place, a Danish and an American flag, side by side. paper, “Aguagagdliutit,” which is published once a I learned that the wife of the Colony Manager had month. I was told that at one time the Council had sent a message to the whaling ship Sonia to bring discussed the idea of punishing criminals by pub¬ the flag, which reached the colony just in time lishing their names in the newspaper, but it for our arrival. It was probably the only Ameri¬ was later decided that such a punishment would be can flag in all of Greenland’s 827,300 square miles. too drastic and that no Greenlander could survive Holsteinborg was mentioned by Anne Lindbergh 352 as having Greenland’s most beautiful view from the window of the Colony Manager’s house. It is also notable for the gateway to its village When you come to Washington square, formed by the jawbone of a whale. At Holsteinborg we saw our first Eskimo sledge-dogs, —or when you want to shop in and knowing the valiant service which these ani¬ Washington—it is quite natural mals perform in winter, it came as somewhat of that you should come to a shock to learn that they are not fed in summer but are on what is called “hoard wages.” They hunt their none too plentiful food wherever they can find it and the struggle for existence is ac¬ WOODWARD & LOTHROP companied by much howling and many sharp "A Store Worthy of The Nation’s Capital” fights among themselves. 10th, 11th, F, and G Streets There was a curious parody of laundry work at Holsteinborg. The girls were scrubbing at WASHINGTON wooden tubs, hut it was fish which they were cleaning, and it was fish and whale-meat which hung on the wooden clothes-lines hack of the houses. Briefly here Egedesminde, although clinging to the bare are some notes rocks along the shore, was more nearly horizontal you will want to than Sukkertoppen or Holsteinborg, and it was make when you here that I visited a Greenland boarding-school. do come — or A number of Greenland girls had come up from you do shop — the southern colonies by our ship, and as there is no express company or red-cap service in Green¬ LUNCHEON at THE TEA ROOM— land, each passenger carries his own baggage or famous for its delicious food, its refined freight, as the case may be. The Eskimo girls atmosphere. carried their trunks swinging between them as ENGRAVING to be done—our Engrav¬ they climbed the rocky path to the school in their ing Shop offers a most excellent service soft sealskin boots. The dormitories had wooden —both at home and abroad. bunks built in two tiers, all freshly painted in red and white, and school-rooms bright with green CLOTHES—our fashion sections (Third and terracotta paint, and below the little wooden Floor) constantly in touch with all that school where the thirty pupils will work through is new—both from Paris and American the dark winter, great icebergs were floating. designers. Jacobshavn lies at the water’s edge, below the greatest ice-producing glacier in the world. An SOMETHING FOR THE CHILDREN hour’s climb up the rocks and across a high up¬ —an entire floor, the fourth, devoted to land of spongy peat brings one to a height from the younger set—and a year-’round Toy which one can see Jacobshavn’s ice stretching Store. away, glistening and white. It is computed by SEE THE STORE FOR MEN—every¬ scientists that forty million tons of ice a day thing for men, and for women who shop float out to sea from this glacier. for men. (Second Floor.) The Dislco steamed past a succession of its great icebergs and it was here that we encountered SOMETHING FOR THE HOUSE— the largest berg of the voyage. This floating moun¬ a most complete house-furnishing and tain of ice was about a half-mile long and a half- furniture service—model apartments and mile wide and rose more than two hundred feet a dozen or more rooms offering the out of the water, and as only one-eighth of an smartest new ideas in decoration. (Sixth iceberg shows above the water, its total height and Seventh Floors.) must have been twice that of the Empire State AND GIFTS—the Gift Shop on the Building. Seventh Floor abounds in delightful At Ritenhenk we saw the seal hunter manage his kayak with amazing skill. gifts for everyone. The Eskimo inserts himself into the small round opening in his sealskin boat and then buttons 353 the bottom of his anarak around the opening, so the rocky slope of a mountain and down the other that the man and the boat are one unit. He can slope to a second and safer harbor. roll over in his boat until the kayak is bottom- When I visited the grave of Peter Freuchen’s side up, and then right himself again without the first wife, the Eskimo girl Navarana, I could look help of his paddle. When starting out to hunt a down over the little settlement to the ice-strewn seal he places a small square white sail on the waters below. Around me were the heaps of stone front of the kayak. This is to deceive the not too and the mounds of sod which serve as sepulchers, observant seal into thinking that it is a block of and farther down were the little sod huts and ice which floats towards him. When the hunter has wooden houses of the settlement. thrown his harpoon and killed his quarry, an in¬ On a promontory of rock jutting out into the flated sealskin which the hunter carries behind him sea and ice-fields, a cairn was being erected to on the kayak will float on the surface and support mark the most northern spot ever visited by a the weight of the seal, which can thus be safely diplomat. This pyramid of rocks, which will hear towed ashore by the light craft. We watched a a tablet inscribed with my name and the date of triumphant hunter draw his seal ashore and drag my visit, is only a short distance from the cairn it up to his little house, where his wife removed which was erected in honor of the visit in 1930 and cleaned the fur while the husband swung his of the Danish Prime Minister, Thorwald Staunin ,. long whip to keep off the hungry dogs. From Upernivik our course would lead south As I watched the stately procession of the hills again, down along the thousand miles of coast beyond Godhavn, I remarked to Greenland’s Gov¬ to Kap Farvel. But I found my own gaze turn¬ ernor General that the beauty of the place was set ing, not towards the familiar lands but rather to the music of a string quartette, and he replied, to the ice-clotted waters to the north, beyond which “You will see mountains at Umanak which will lay Ultima Thule. I understood then the spell of call for the entire orchestra, with wood-winds and that blending of mystery and danger which is the brasses.” I understood his meaning when I saw Arctic, and that I too, would find myself of the Umanak’s granite cliffs thundering up against number of Greenland travellers who long to return. the sky, and the mountain which gives the settle¬ ment its name, raising two great wings of rosy granite, like the tip of Brunhilde’s helmet. It SONG OF THE COSMOPOLITE was a colossal setting for a Wagnerian opera. A hunger for the world consumes my soul; When the Disko attempted to enter the wrinkle in the base of the granite mountains, which is I climb a minaret in Istanbul, I pluck a jungle vine from Angkor Vat, Umanak’s harbor, we found that an iceberg had floated into the fairway and it was necessary for I scorch on the Sahara, or I blot our ship to circle around the obstruction in order Pure arctic snowfields whose too tenuous air to be able to maneuver into the narrow opening Retains no fragrance; then I wander where which was left. From tropic swamps the weird miasmas rise, At Umanak, the Governor General and I en¬ Or soporific spices shut my eyes. tertained the village at a “kaffemik.” It was not I walk Broadway at midnight, up and down, an extravagant entertainment, for one can serve Fathom the caverns of a mining town, coffee and dried figs to an entire community for Kiss sweetly with a Polynesian girl, about three dollars. After the refreshments, the Or drink with Hollywood as reels unfurl. guests, in their picturesque costumes, sang, with And as I move and live, a beautiful sense of tone and harmony, stately This much I do perceive— Danish hymns and melodious native songs. There The truth is dark to any who pretends is a placid beauty about the faces of the Green¬ To know where good begins and evil ends: landers as they sing, and a rapt absorption in Truth speaks in every land a different tongue, the music. So I have ceased dividing right from wrong. Upernivik, the most northerly point of our Mariquita Villard. voyage, lies in latitude 72.8°. Before it stretch the Melville ice-fields, which are called “the graveyard of the Arctic.” Even ENOUGH in August a boat had just found its way down When fragrance can bewitch and halt the hour from Ultima Thule with difficulty. New ice was And blossoms hold their honey worth the saving, already forming between the old ice and driving I would not suck to numbness, but prefer the ship far out of its course to open water. To let enchantment free me of my craving. The little settlement at Upernivik stretches up Mariquita Villard. 354 EVERYWHERE! Never let anyone tell you that there’s any place that and deliver your message with promptness...with Postal Telegraph cannot reach. Postal Telegraph dependability.. .with accuracy. Postal Telegraph not only covers 7 0,000 cities in the United States and not only offers efficient telegraph service within 9,000 in Canada,* but it maintains real commercial the borders of this country but through the Inter¬ telegraph offices, attended by a trained telegraph national System of which it is a part, it offers personnel in cities between which 95% of all the communication with the entire world through telegraph traffic of the country flows. There is no a combination of telegraph, cable and radio place for which Postal Telegraph will not accept under a single management. *In Canada through the Canadian Pacific Railway Telegraphs THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM To&tal Tdcgvapb Commercial ail Qmevica Cables Cables ttlackay Radio 355 FULWAR SKIPWITH (Continued from page 321) Outstanding those favoring independence for their land. In February 1791 he wrote from Basse Terre, Foreign Banking Facilities Guadeloupe, saying he had been compelled to leave Martinique on account of the “long and The foreign banking organization of The obstinate continuance of the unhappy disputes on Chase National Bank includes branches the island,” and that the delay in his recognition and representatives on three continents had sadly reduced his slender resources, as well supplemented by thousands of correspon¬ as his patience. (He sends Mr. Jefferson half a dents. Branches are located in London, dozen pots of guava jelly by bearer of letter.) Havana, Panama, Cristobal, and San Other letters followed during that and the follow¬ Juan. In addition, the bank maintains ing year asking for another appointment, and offices for its representatives in Rome, then strange to say a letter is found written by Fulwar Skipwith from Paris, on May 24, 1793, Berlin and Mexico City. Through an to Joseph Fenwick at Bordeaux, saying: affiliate, The Chase Bank, branches are “After three days doubt whether the City of operated in Paris, Shanghai, Hongkong Paris was to be delivered to murder and pillage and Tientsin. by the infernal furies and scelerates of the faux- bourgs, the contests has been completely decided THE in favor of the friends of order and government. CHASE NATIONAL BANK Most of the chiefs are arrested, the rest of the insurgents disarmed and joy and tranquility re¬ OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK stored to the well disposed part of the com¬ munity.” (This, by the way, was prior to the Reign of Terror in Paris, which prevailed from September 1793 to July 1794.) The next we hear of him is that he was in charge of the Consulate at Paris in October 1794. (Correspondence in the archives of the Paris of¬ Alien Property Custodian Claims fice confirms this fact.) According to a printed brief (on file in the Department’s first volume of and all other dispatches from Paris), prepared by Mons. Dela- grange, counsel for Fulwar Skipwith in a suit War Claims brought against him by Major James Cole Mont- florence, claiming a portion of the fees collected in connection with confiscated properties by at the Consulate, Mr. Skipwith after having fought former allied or central governments. for the independence of his country, and later Miscellaneous Collections here and abroad, New being sent as Consul to Martinique, came to Financing, Funding of Debts, Re-organization France with James Monroe as Secretary of Lega¬ of Foreign Firms, Incorporation under tion,* being a friend of James Monroe (lie (Tune American Laws, Financial Investiga¬ amide particuliere) who had been apopinted Min¬ tions and Credit Information ister on May 28, 1794. Mr. Monroe perceiving the necessity for a consular officer at Paris nomi¬ nated Mr. Skipwith as Consul, and to this the Department agreed, giving Mr. Skipwith, how¬ CARL M. J. von ZIELINSKI ever, the rank of Consul General. This fact is confirmed by a note on the card-index in the Ap¬ Foreign Trade and Financial Adviser pointment Section, Department of State, that Ful¬ 99 WALL STREET, NEW YORK war Skipwith was appointed Consul General, Cable Address: "Zielinski” All Standard Codes Used France, June 26, 1795. Agents and Correspondents in practically all parts of The above mentioned brief states that in Octo- the world. *A letter is of record from Skipwith to the Minister of For¬ eign Affairs of Paris, dated Paris, February 23, 1797, in which he styles himself '•Ancien Secretaire de Legation” 356 her 1794, Fulwar Skipwith entered into an agree¬ ment with James Cole Montflorence, who was to act as chancellor of the Consulate, as to the distribution of fees received for collecting in¬ demnities, etc., from the French Government due to American shipping interests. Skipwith was to receive two-thirds, and Montflorence one-third. This agreement continued in force for three years, during which time Montflorence received as his share of fees about 60,000 francs. The suit in question was decided against Montflorence, then secretary to Minister Pinckney, who had been ap¬ pointed as successor to James Monroe but was never recognized as such by the French Govern¬ ment. Relations between the two countries became at AMBASSADORS OF AMERICA that time strained almost to the breaking point, COMMERCE and as Skipwith had, aside from his long resi¬ AS AMERICAN export business with Latin dence in France, undoubtedly imbibed from Jef¬ America continues to move forward, ahead of it ferson and Monroe an admiration and sympathy go these new “flying ambassadors.” Transporting passengers, mail and express at a for the French, it is not surprising to learn that cruising speed of nearly three miles a minute, he desired to resign as Consul General at Paris, they again reduce the time between the United States and 33 countries and colonies to the South. being out of sympathy with his Government’s at¬ titude towards France. We therefore find a letter from Fulwar Skip¬ tfiivn fern with to the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the SYSTEM French Republic, dated May 1, 1799, saying: Executive Offices: 135 E. 42nd St., New York “It is now' two years since I solicited of my Government its acceptance of my resignation of the office of Consul General near the French Re¬ public. As long as they deferred notifying to me their acceptance of the same, T deemed it my duty to overcome my own desire of retirement and con¬ sequently have continued for the convenience of > my countrymen to exercise the functions of the office. Today I have the honor of laying before you a copy of a letter I have just received from the Secretary of State of the United States where¬ TRADITION in he announces on the part of the President that Since Lincoln’s time, one out of every I should on the receipt of this letter cease to three Presidents has resided at the exercise the duties of my office. I beg, therefore, Willard . . . The modern Willard occupies the same site, its exclusive¬ citizen minister, that from this day you will con¬ ness, exceptional accommodations, sider me among the private citizens of the United and luxurious appointments attract States at present residing in France.” today’s celebrities and the experienced M. Talleyrand, writing to the French Minister traveler. of Justice, in regard to “roles d’equipage” (crew Single Rooms with Bath $4 up lists), referred to Mr. Skipwith as “the only Double Rooms with Rath $6 up authority in Paris for the United States.” (Diplo¬ Moderate Prices in Main Dining Room—-Popular Price Coffee Shop matic Correspondence, No. 339,551.) However, on December 18, 1800, Jefferson hav¬ ing been elected President, we find Fulwar Skip¬ WILLARD HOTEL with writing from Paris to Thomas Jefferson say¬ "Residence of Presidents” ing: “Many of my countrymen in Paris urge me WASHINGTON, D. C. to solicit of our Government to be named again H. P. Somerville, Managing Director to my late office wfith this Republic,” and adds 357 “I trust you will neither let our friend Barlow nor myself be forgotten.” Major Montflorence, above mentioned, (a veteran CUSHIONED of the American Army), addressed two or three letters to the Secretary of State, asking to be ap¬ pointed Consul at Paris. He stated that he had TYPING worked under Mr. Jefferson in 1791, and that the late President Adams (apparently after Skipwith’s retirement) had honored him with the appoint¬ ment of Commercial Agent at Paris but that he had never received a commission and so had not been granted an exequatur and therefore enjoyed none of the profits of the office during the time he had held it. However, on October 12, 1801, Mr. Montflorence wrote to the Department that he had delivered all the books and papers to Mr. Skipwith who had produced his commission as Commercial Agent at Paris. Mr. Skipwith also wrote on October 12, 1801, acknowledging the receipt of the Department’s communication of June 9 enclosing his commission as Commercial Agent.* (The official record in the Department is that the appointment of Skipwith as Commer¬ UNDERWOOD cial Agent was confirmed January 26, 1802, the commission above mentioned was therefore that of a recess appointment.) Special The opening pages of the oldest complete rec¬ ord book in the Paris Consulate General show a TYPEWRITER transcription of the commission of Fulwar Skip¬ with as Commercial Agent of the United States at Paris and his exequatur dated 1801. The IF you are interested in increased typing -pro¬ original of the commission was signed by Thomas duction, then you will want to inspect this Jefferson and James Madison, and the exequatur newest of Underwoods. And if you are inter¬ by Bonaparte and Talleyrand. ested in quiet operation, you will want to inspect Thomas Jefferson became President on March the new Underwood, too. It is far more quiet, 4, 1801, and very early in his administration he for at strategic points throughout this new ma¬ named his friend Robert R. Livingston, of New chine, cushioning devices have been employed to York, as Minister to France. Friendly relations absorb noise, vibration and shock. with France were by now restored, and negotia¬ The new Underwood, in addition to Cush¬ tions for the purchase of Louisiana commenced. ioned Typing, offers a long array of new im¬ James Monroe returned to Paris as Envoy Ex¬ provements and features . . . features designed traordinary to assist Livingston in these negotia¬ to promote speed, accuracy, durability, simplicity tions; his coming was not relished by Livingston, . . . features that include the new and exclusive and Monroe said to Madison in a private letter champion keyboard. The new Underwood Spe¬ dated April 13, 1803: cial Typewriter is more than ever “The Machine “I was informed on my arrival here by Mr. of Champions Skipwith that Mr. Livingston, mortified at my appointment, had done everything in his power to UNDERWOOD ELLIOTT FISHER CO. turn the occurrences in America, and even my Typewriters . . . Accounting Machines . . . Adding Machines mission, to his account by pressing the Govern¬ Carbon Paper, Ribbons and other Supplies ment on every point with a view to show that he Homer Bldg., 13th & F Streets, N. W. has accomplished what was wished without my Washington, D. C. aid.” (“America’s Ambassadors to France, 1777 Sales and Service Everywhere *It was in deference to Bonaparte’s title of First Consul that Skipwith was commissioned as Commercial Agent instead of Consul. 358 Laid /^emavalj TO ANY PLACE IN THE WORLD! Tailor-Made containers to fit each individual shipment are specially constructed in our packing rooms. We recommend this as the most economical method by which shipments can safely be made. It reduces the risk of breakage to a mini¬ mum and eliminates the shipping cost of unoccupied space often caused when the van is not made to order. A Special Government Service insurance policy is available. FIREPROOF WAREHOUSES We also offer unsurpassed storage facilities for the safe keeping of household furniture and personal effects of every description. Hundreds of separate Fire-Proof Locked Rooms of various sizes enable you to select the proper space to suit your individual requirements. Our Foreign Agents: PITT & SCOTT, LTD. London, Liverpool, Glasgow, Havre, Paris ylietcLuti. TRANSFER & STORAGE CO. 920 E Street Northwest, Washington, D. C. JOHN L. NEWBOLD, PRESIDENT Cable Address "Removals' 359 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL —1927.” Bcckles Willson; New York, 1928, dered his resignation as Consul and Agent of Frederick A. Stokes Co.) Prize Claims, and said he would leave Isaac Cox Even allowing for the old friendship between Barnet in charge. Monroe and Skipwith, this incident throws a light An instruction from the Department of State, on Skipwith’s feelings against and his relations dated July 21, 1808, is an interesting confirma¬ with his chief, Minister Livingston. It is not sur¬ tion of the foregoing, but is unfortunately vague prising therefore to learn that early in 1804 such and indefinite as to the charges mentioned. (How¬ relations nearly reached the breaking point. Skip¬ ever, as will be seen later, Mr. Skipwith’s good with, who had been acting for some years past standing with his own Government was in no as Agent for Shipping Claims against the French way affected.) The instruction read: Government, had since the inclusion in the Louisi¬ “Your letter by Lt. Lewis was duly delivered. ana Purchase Convention (which was dated April Others not already acknowledged are of January 30, 1803) of twenty millions for the payment of 3, February 13, and March 8 and 24. American shipping claims found his work in re¬ A little before the receipt of your resignation, gard to the collection of such claims greatly in¬ General Turreau, by order of his Government, creased in volume and importance. In February had signified its wish that you might be recalled. 1804, Mr. Livingston took strong exception to Gen. Armstrong has been authorized by the Presi¬ Skipwith conferring direct with Marbois, French dent to make a provisional appointment for the Minister of the Public Treasury, in regard to the vacancy until a regular one shall take place. He interpretation of clauses in the Convention relat¬ has been desired also to promote, as far as may ing to shipping claims, and insisted that all such be proper, your obtaining an opportunity of matters should have been given into his hands doing justice to yourself against the charges and for attention. This led to voluminous correspon¬ evidence which induced the interposition of the dence between Livingston and Skipwith, which French Government against you. correspondence is on file in the Department. Skip¬ This will be delivered by Capt. Halley who with in a letter to James Madison, Secretary of will facilitate your return in the vessel in which State, dated February 21, 1804, spoke of Mr. he makes the present voyage to France with des¬ Livingston’s “vanity,” “ungenerous suspicions” patches for Gen. Armstrong. and “irascible machinations.” Gen. Armstrong’s attention has been called to It is interesting to note that Skipwith writing to the other subject mentioned in your letter. Minister Livingston, answering the criticism that I am, &c., he had not been calling at the Legation, said that James Madison.” his office hours were from seven in the morning Another chapter now opens of Fulwar Skip¬ until ten in the evening, adding: “I go to no with’s activities in another field. Possibly through private or public amusements. On Saturday at his connection with the negotiations leading up two o’clock of the afternoon I leave my office to to the Louisiana Purchase, Skipwith became the join my family four leagues from Paris, and owner of a tract of land in West Florida. In a again am at my office at twelve on the following letter dated Paris, June 20, 1808, to John Gra¬ Monday.” In that connection he said that he had ham, of Virginia, (Chief Clerk of the Department a country house with 15 acres of excellent land of State from July 1, 1807, to July 18, 1817), attached, which he hoped “would suffice to give Skipwith said among other things: “I have a independence to a man who has never been ambi¬ claim to an undivided part of a tract of land on tious and who is ready cheerfully to embrace the Ouacheta, to which I must look for an asylum, retirement.” or at least for the means of providing for a fam¬ Apparently the controversy with the Minister ily now seven in number.” died down, and later Mr. Livingston retired and This accounts for his next appearance occupy¬ was succeeded at Paris by his brother-in-law, ing a prominent position in the stormy field of General John Armstrong. Relations between Skip¬ politics in West Florida, and in that connection with and General Armstrong were, however, no it is interesting to note that back in the year 1804 better than with Minister Livingston, and in 1806 Fulwar Skipwith had apparently applied for a and 1807 we read of charges and recriminations. position in the newly formed State of Louisiana, Finally, on March 8, 1808, Mr. Skipwith writing for we find a letter from Thomas Jefferson to to Mr. Jefferson said that General Armstrong James Monroe, dated Washington, January 9, was seeking the withdrawal of his (Skipwith’s) 1804, (written confidentially, as he said, with less exequatur and he styled it “persecution.” He ten- reserve than common conveyances admit) saying: 360 TIGER BRAND WIRE ROPE IS LIFTING THE LOADS OF THE WORLD Wherever there is work to be done—oil to be drilled, logs to be hauled, materials to be hoisted, pipe to be laid—Tiger Brand Wire Rope bears the brunt of the job. Simply because operators know it is the safest, most dependable and economi¬ cal answer to the wire rope question. There is a size and type of Tiger Brand Wire Rope for every requirement. Our Engineering Department will gladly co¬ operate with you in selecting the correct construction for every job. United States Steel Products Company Export Distributors of the Products of 30 CHURCH STREET Carnegie Steel Company, The Lorain Steel Company, National Tube Company, Illinois Steel Company, American Bridge Company, American Steel & Wire Company, American NEW YORK, N. Y. Sheet & Tin Plate Company, Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Company SAN FRANCISCO 'auiPiLi GRACE <~>a/da l LOS ANGELES 'etvtce* VIA PANAMA CANAL NEW YORK—SO. AMERICA Weekly between New York and West Coast South American ports. Short¬ est and fastest route between New York and Buenos Aires (via Valparaiso and across the Andes by train or Pan American-Grace Airways). EUROPE—SO. 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That of Governor is the only one for which the law has of the United States made that sort of provision. Besides he has been so long absent from America that he cannot have ♦ habits and feelings, and the tact necessary to be in unison with his countrymen here. He is much fitter for any matter of business (below that of THE UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND GUAR¬ diplomacy), which we may have to do in Europe.’* ANTY COMPANY puts at your disposal its serv¬ This makes it all the more remarkable that late ice in writing your bond. Special attention in the year 1810 we find Fulwar Skipwith acting as Governor of Florida (or what might more is given to the requirements of Foreign Serv¬ properly be called West Florida, as East Florida ice Officers. Our Washington office specializes was at that time still in the hands of Spain). On November 26, 1810, the legislative assembly of in this service. the embryo State of West Florida elected Fulwar Skipwitb as Governor of the State. As Skipwith ♦ afterwards explained, this honor was not of his seeking. UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND Early in the year 1810, East Florida, according GUARANTY COMPANY to Hubert Bruce Fuller,* had a curious popula¬ tion, “a notable congregation of evil-doers, Eng¬ 1415 K ST., N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C. lishmen, Spaniards, renegade Americans, traders, land speculators, army deserters, fleeing debtors, fugitives from justice, filibusters, pirates, and others of like ilk. Taking advantage of the con¬ fusion in Spain, and the difficulties in the other provinces, these people determined to seize the opportunity to set up a free government, which meant simply substituting their own misrule for that of Spain.” There were two factions, those favoring an independent government, and those for annexation by the United States. Finally the Convention, after declaring West Florida to be a free and independent State, instructed its Presi¬ dent to offer terms of annexation to the United States. The terms were that West Florida should be admitted to the Union as a State or Territory with power to govern itself, or at least as part of Orleans; that it should be recognized as having full title to its public lands, and that $100,000 should be loaned to it by the United States.f This offer was refused and President Madison issued a proclamation taking possession of the territory in the name of the United States by virtue of the treaty of 1803 and annexing it to Orleans. An order was issued to the Governor of Orleans to carry out the terms of the proclama¬ tion, and in pursuance thereof General W. C. C. *“Tlie Purchase of Florida 1776-3 819; its History and Diplomacy,” Hubert Bruce Fuller, A.M., LL.M. (Cleveland, Burrow Bros. Co., 1906.) fAmerican Papers, Foreign Affairs, Vol. Ill, p. 395. 362 Claiborne was directed to proceed immediately to West Florida and take possession as far as the UNITED FRUIT CDmPflNY Perdido River. General Claiborne scattered copies GREAT of the President’s proclamation broadcast through WHITE the towns and hamlets of West Florida, and this FLEET ~ gave cause for great indignation on the part of the newly chosen Governor, Fulwar Skipwdth, Regular Freight and Passenger Service who declared that his dignity had been insulted BETWEEN in that a copy of the proclamation should have New York, New Orleans, Boston and San Francisco been brought to him before being indiscrimi¬ AND nately scattered among the people. Skipwith there¬ Cuba, Jamaica, Panama, Colombia, Costa Rica, upon shut himself up in the Fort at Baton Rouge Guatemala, Honduras, British Honduras, and defied General Claiborne to do his worst. Mexico, Nicaragua, Salvador. From the official letterbooks of General Clai¬ Weekly service with transshipment at Cristobal borne we read that Captain John H. Johnson was (Canal Zone) to West Coast Ports of Central charged by Governor Skipwith with a message to America, South America and Mexico at differ General Claiborne offering to negotiate with him, ential rates. Through bills of lading to all points. and saying that he (Skipwith), had “retired to Shipments to El Salvador handled expedi¬ tiously via Puerto Barrios, Guatemala and the the Fort of Baton Rouge and rather than sur¬ International Railways of Central America. render unconditionally and without terms he For Rates and Other Information Address: would with twenty men only, if a greater number could not be procured, surround the flag (of their FREIGHT TRAFFIC DEPARTMENT State, the Lone Star State), and die in its defense.” Pier 3, North River, New York, N. Y. To this message General Claiborne made no re¬ 1001 Fourth St., Ill W. Washington St., ply, but in 48 hours his army wras in Baton San Francisco, Calif. Chicago, 111. Long Wharf, 321 St. Charles St., Rouge, and the United States flag was flying over Boston, Mass. New Orleans, La. the city. The Fort was quietly surrendered, and General Offices: One Federal Street, Boston, Mass. no blood was shed. General Claiborne stated that while he was not at the time advised of the terms which Mr. Skip¬ with would propose, it wras said that among other Hotel Martinique things he wished a formal recognition of all the sales of land under the Spanish authorities. He FIVE BLOCKS FROM THE WHITE HOUSE also stated that “Mr. Skipwith’s conduct continues SIXTEENTH STREET AT M correct. When first appraised of the President’s proclamation his feelings were I suppose WASHINGTON, D. C. wounded, and this betrayed him into some im¬ prudence of expression. But from what I have • since learned, the union of Florida with the United States has always been his avowed object and he now professes to be much gratified by the Afn Hotel of late event and to be sincerely disposed to con¬ tribute to the general welfare.” ‘Distinction General Claiborne later reported that Mr. Skip¬ with had been offered a commission as Justice of • the Peace, but had declined it. He added: “We are on good terms, and I believe he is sin¬ SPECIAL RATES cerely disposed to promote the interests of the To ACTIVE AND RETIRED FOREIGN SERVICE United States. The sudden fall of the State of OFFICERS AND THEIR FAMILIES Florida evidently affected him, and l suspect he still thinks that the local authorities as established • here by the people ought to have been consulted, and perhaps treated with previously to the taking Write for Booklet possession of the country by the United States. L. R. HAWKINS, Manager It is very certain that few of the citizens hold 363 lands under what are called Morali’s titles. I had SAMOA suspected that Mr. Skipwith was concerned in (Continued from page 319) that speculation, but I learn to the contrary, nor does he seem in his conversation with me to take eighty-five-year old Catholic Marist teacher who any interest in the subject.” had recovered the body of her grand uncle after Fulwar Skipwith later reported in a letter to the battle. President Madison, dated December 5, 1810, very Although the American Consul had been a clearly the reasons for the position taken by him. party to the crowning of the young king his des¬ Fulwar Skipwith did not suffer in the estima¬ patches reflect much pessimism. He reported that tion of the administration, for lengthy correspon¬ Malietoa Tanu could be kept on the throne only dence on file in the Department of State indicates as long as warships were in the port. He found that in 1813 he was entrusted by Monroe, Secre¬ the British and Americans were on the defensive tary of State, with a confidential mission to Santo despite the operations of warships and landing Domingo or Haiti. A certain James Gillespie was forces which had done all that was possible. Peo¬ also connected with this mission. It is believed ple dared not remain at Apia even under the guns that the object of his mission was to obtain per¬ of the warships. Always there was danger of an mission from General Petion to establish a base attack. With a strong guard at the American Con¬ on the island for American vessels during the war sulate Mr. Osborn feared to burn a light at night with England. The difficulties of obtaining pas¬ or to venture out. sage or chartering a vessel for the journey were Relief from the arduous labor of king making so great that Skipwith did not go to Haiti hut sent was at hand. On May 13, 1899, the Joint Com¬ a Mr. Taylor to act for him. mission, one commissioner from each power, ar¬ An instruction to Skipwith from James Monroe, rived on the U. S. S. Badger to exercise supreme Secretary of State, dated March 23, 1815, enclos¬ power. All civil and military officers of Samoa ing Skipwith’s commission as Consul at Paris, were placed under the authority of this commis¬ stated that the restoration of peace with Great sion. The commissioners set about disarming the Britain rendered the future services of Mr. Taylor, natives. The king was persuaded to abdicate and Port au Prince, unnecessary. The compensation the three consular officers were invested provision¬ allowed Taylor would therefore cease. ally with the official duties of the king. Skipwith’s appointment as Consul at Paris is I sought the Berlin Convention of 1899 (Trea¬ confirmed by the records in the Appointment Sec¬ ties, Conventions, International Acts 1776-1909; tion, Department of State, the date being given Malloy, Page 1576) to learn just what were as March 3, 1815. There is no evidence, however, the official duties of King of Samoa. The con¬ that Skipwith returned to Paris. vention is silent except that the independence of Skipwith on March 15, 1819, was appointed the Samoan Government and the free right of the Receiver of Public Moneys for Lands of the natives to elect their king and choose their form United States at St. Helena, Louisiana. He ap¬ of government according to their laws and cus¬ parently held this position until 1822, when he toms were recognized. In other words, the “Fa- was succeeded by Elijah Clark, who acknowledged amasino Meleke” shared with his colleagues all his kind assistance. In the records of that office the powers and authority of a supreme chief in there is an entry of a land claim by Evaline Skip¬ the South Sea islands. with, and also one for 678'/2 acres by Fulwar I began this with an idea of giving an account Skipwith, acquired in 1805. of the last days of the historic consulate at Apia The last item discovered is a letter to Fulwar hut after wandering far and wide of my subject Skipwith, at Baton Rouge, Louisiana, dated De¬ I see that to record the doings of a mere signer of cember 11. 1829, from Humberston Skipwith, only consular invoices and routine quarterly returns son of Sir Peyton Skipwith, of “Prestwould,” to the Department of State would detract from Mecklenburg Co., Virginia, asking the consent of the glory and other things that had once belonged Mr. and Mrs. Skipwith to Iris marriage to their to the Consul at Samoa. I let the curtain drop daughter Lelia Robertson (widow of Thomas Boll¬ on His Majesty the “Faamasino Meleke” in his ing Roberston, Governor and first United States evening clothes sitting on the triple throne flanked Senator from Louisiana). The item* refers to Ful¬ by his gold braided German and British col¬ war Skipwith as Governor of West Florida in leagues. Peace once more reigned in the Kingdom 1810, and also American Consul at Paris. and Their Majesties’ dusky subjects dropped war¬ like pursuits to take up humdrum taro planting * Virginia Historical Magazine, Vol. 35, page 197. and fishing on the reefs. 364 JHE /^MERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL Courtesy Canadian Pacific By. Plain of Six Glaciers Cabin Mt. Lefroy and Victoria ATLAS ENGRAVING COMPANY WASHINGTON D.C. 365 NEWS FROM THE FIELD heavy hydrogen and other work in the field of (Continued from page 345) chemistry earned him the Nobel Chemistry Prize, came to Stockholm in February and received his First Secretary C. Porter Kuykendall, formerly award. He was accompanied by Mrs. Urey. at Oslo, passed through that city on February 1 on Minister Ruth Bryan Owen has been requested his way from Cherbourg to Kaunas. to show her motion pictures and to speak on her Captain H. J. Keppler, Naval Attache at Berlin, trip to Greenland last summer, on several occa¬ also accredited to the sions, the principal one Scandinavian countries, EASTER IN BARCELONA being at Elsinore, Den¬ left his p.p.c. cards at mark, on March 6 for Copenhagen, April 17, the benefit of the Knut and at Oslo and Stock¬ Rasmussen memorial holm prior to his re¬ fund for scientific in¬ turn to the United vestigation. States, and probably to On March 1, the a sea assignment. American Minister Lau¬ Vice Consul Garret G. rence A. Steinhardt was Ackerson, Jr., splashed the guest of honor at a out of Copenhagen in dinner given in Boras his Chevrolet on March by the Technical So¬ 28 for his new assign¬ ciety, the Chambers of ment at Budapest. He Commerce of Vastergot- states that he is equip¬ land and Norra Hal- ping his car with pon¬ land. An address de¬ toons and sails for fu¬ livered by the Minister ture spring voyages. on that occasion on the Vice Consul and Mrs. subject of advertising Mafhtt returned from and sales methods re¬ leave in the United ceived wide comment in States on February 12. the Swedish press. They have received no¬ Consul General South¬ tice of their transfer to ard spoke on April 4 Sao Paulo hut do not before the members of know when they will the American Women’s leave Stockholm for Club of Stockholm on Brazil. “The Old Home of the Vice Consul William Queen of Sheba.” F. Cavenaugh arrived in Consul General Lester Goteborg on March first Maynard addressed the to take up his duties as American Club at Co¬ Vice Consul there. He penhagen on March 26, was accompanied by his relating interesting sto¬ mother-in-law and his ries of his experiences in wife. Lynn \V. Franklin the Foreign Service. Spring moving days Miss Margaret Hanna, Chief of CR. Department of State, Spring has come and find Doctor Meriwether under the old Roman Arch near Barcelona, April 21, 1935. Left to right: Horacio Hawkins, Mrs. Hawkins, Miss Paul¬ so we hope the winter packing preparatory to ine Reinsch, Mrs. Cross, Consul T. S. Horn, Miss Margaret sport casualties will de¬ his transfer to Stuttgart Hanna, Miss Esther Susan, Mrs. F. H. Robinson, Consul crease at Oslo. Practi¬ about the end of May. Cecil M. P. Cross. cally everyone who in¬ He will be relieved at dulges has met with Oslo by Doctor Bush now at Warsaw. some form of injury. Consul General Bevan is too Mrs. Kari Wade (nee Klinkenberg) left Oslo on much of an expert to receive real bodily injuries, April 9 en route to the United States, having re¬ but he returned from the Easter holiday excursion signed from the staff of the Consulate General. with his face badly burned. The Consulate Gen¬ Professor Harold C. Urey, whose discovery of eral, from appearances, seems to be staffed with 366 JHE AMERICAN fOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL DIRECTORY OF SELECTIVE FIRMS ABROAD • BRITISH ISLES PAGANI’S RESTAURANT RESTAURANT Great Portland Street, London, England LE BOISSY D’ANCLAS WORLD FAMOUS TANTE LOUISE (Cordon Bleu Franc-Comtois) Five minutes’ walk from American Consulate General Does the Cooking Herself Patronized by American Foreign Service Officers for over 40 years. 41, RUE BOISSY-D’ANGLAS (Near Madeleine) SPECIAL RATES TO FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICERS Near American Government Building, Paris • CUBA • HUNGARY Hotel de France et Choiseul B DU NAPALOTA U I1ATrir 239-241 RUE ST. HONORE, PARIS HOTELS- A H U N GAR 1 A Near Place Vendome-Opera-Champs Elysees P Every Comfort Large Interior Garden E UNDER ONE MANAGEMENT Special Hates to Foreign Service Officers S Tel. address: Francheul, Paris. Demellette, Prop. T ON THE CORSO FACING THE DANUBE • ITALY HOTEL DE CRILLON Hotel Palace-Ambassadeurs, Rome (OPPOSITE THE AMERICAN EMBASSY) Place de la Concorde (Special Reduced Rates for Diplomats) (Opposite the American Embassy) This hotel is unrivalled for its Palatial Beauty, located in After having been the Headquarters of the American Expeditionary the exclusive section of Rome, and near the Pincio Garden*. Corps, now the Headquarters of the American Diplomatic Service. RENOWNED FOR ITS FINE CUISINE RESTAURANT BAR GRILL-ROOM RESTAURANT :: AMERICAN BAR :: GRILL ROOM A. E. GODON. Manager C. F. ROTA—Gen. Manager 367 American Indians. Mrs. Thaw and Mrs. Bevan the heir apparent to the Throne, and Princess acquired sprains while the Higgins, not content Sibylla, and Prince Carl, the Duke of Ostergotland. with one try, have been seen limping about on This was the first formal dance given at any of the several occasions. Mr. Mancill states that his legations in Stockholm since the marriage of Prince black and blue ski-service stripes will never dis¬ Gustaf Adolf. L. W. T. appear. Marilyn Doty, the eleven-year-old violinist from PORT AU PRINCE California, gave concerts recently in Oslo and Co¬ Richard N. Heming, clerk in the American penhagen. At Oslo she Consulate at Port-au- and her mother were Prince, Haiti, since presented at a tea given 1928, died suddenly on by Charge and Mrs. March 18th. Thaw and the impres¬ A service was held at sion which she made that the Church of the Holy afternoon filled the au¬ Trinity on Tuesday, ditorium when she gave March 19th, attended by a public concert. At Co¬ the Honorable Norman penhagen she and her Armour, American Min¬ mother were entertained ister, and the Honorable by Minister Owen. F. M. Shepherd, British Prince Gustav and Prin¬ Minister, and many cess Thyra were present other friends. on that occasion. Miss Doty’s playing at that time and at her two BOGOTA public appearances won a place for her in the In a recent “Interna¬ hearts of the Copen¬ tional Tennis Tourna¬ hagen public. ment,” conducted in Bo¬ The pianist Paul Sny¬ gota, Reginald S. Kaz¬ der also gave public an] ian. Secretary of the concerts in both Oslo Legation at Bogota, and and Copenhagen. Jaime Durall, No. 4 The appearance of Spanish singles player, these two talented won the men’s doubles Americans may do some¬ against the Colombian thing to overcome the ADMIRAL BYRD VISITS COSTA RICA ON HIS WAY HOME champion and the impression that America Left to right: His Excellency Raul Gurdian, Foreign Colombian Olympic produces only colored Minister of Costa Rica: Admiral Richard E. Byrd; Ger¬ artists which may have ald A. Drew. American Charge d’Affaires. Photo taken at champion as the oppos¬ developed as the result the Costa Rican Foreign Office, April 16, 1935. ing team. of the recent success W. S. G. in Scandinavia of Marion Anderson, Josephine Baker. Paul Robeson and Duke Ellington. HANKOW On March 5, the American Minister and Mrs. Steinhardt gave a dinner which was honored by The engagement has been announced of Miss the presence of the Crown Prince Regent and the Jean Elder to Mr. Reginald P. Mitchell, Ameri¬ Crown Princess of Sweden. Among the 34 guests can Vice Consul at Hankow, China. present were several Ministers and their wives, Swedish Court officials and members of Swedish society. GUATEMALA On April 9, the American Minister and Mrs. On May 23, 1935, Federico Garcia, Janitor-Mes¬ Steinhardt entertained at a supper dance which was senger, American Consulate General, Guatemala honored by the presence of Prince Gustaf Adolf, City, completed twenty-five years of faithful service. 368 ROCKEFELLER CENTER NEW YORK CITY ipr OREIGN SERVICE OFFICERS are cordially invited to visit Rockefeller Center. Mr. J. K. 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Special room rates to United States Foreign and Consular Services THE WALDORF -ASTORIA PARK AVENUE- 49TH TO 5 0 T H STREETS- NEW YORK r > !%*>«*? JSaAM, &**# A f ment Printing Office, ’/» AftrSy Jtyjm- a/t fJlnt/etJ (/««•' a***>' t}A/rt f4tCC . 1901), prepared by r t *••(** f>r otrfift+n.i'r} On (At tty tut#*-* ~/A« y//t*y t'A t/»* MauM^ ‘*J trA/**--'*' ^jjjjjj^ Gaillard Hunt, there f is in the files of the TP nr0\t*4*tf 4iJpt» ^(/V«WHV / >„. ^ /»«> ./V////•<*■✓ .»//Aymu/A a crtrtu) ***yy| Bureau of Appoint¬ j. /ttO ./ do Xf^aAy yfitay An*} ‘ ixytii1 H fA* jAatcJ* Aey}0*Xd**rj^ ?*&*4 €*■**$> ^ ments, Department of \y> ft f***d A/* f, TO. O