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About the Author Michael Michaud has been a leading fi gure in preparations for possible future contact with extraterrestrial intelligence. As chairperson of Inter- national Academy of Astronautics working groups that considered this subject, he coordinated the drafting of the Declaration of Principles Concerning Activities Following the Detection of Extraterrestrial Intel- ligence, also known as the First SETI Protocol. Michaud also is a member of the International Institute of Space Law, the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, and the American Astronautical Society, and is a Fellow of the British Interplanetary Society. He has published more than thirty articles and papers on the implications of contact, as well as more than sixty articles on other subjects. He is the author of a previous book entitled Reaching for the High Frontier: The American Pro-Space Movement, 1972–1984. During his career with the U.S. Department of State, Michaud served as Director of the Offi ce of Advanced Technology and as Counselor for Science, Technology, and Environment at the American embassies in Paris and Tokyo. He led U.S. delegations in the successful negotiation of inter- national science and technology agreements. He played an active role in reviving U.S.-Soviet space cooperation and in initiating U.S.-Soviet talks on outer space arms control. He represented the State Department in interagency space policy discussions, and testifi ed before the U.S. Congress four times on space-related issues. He presently lives in Europe. 377 References JBIS = Journal of the British Interplanetary Society QJRAS = Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society Introduction 1. Arthur C. Clarke, The Exploration of Space, New York, Harper, 1951, 194. 2. Quoted in Roger D. Launius and Howard E. McCurdy, Imagining Space: Achievements, Predictions, Possibilities, 1950–2050, San Francisco, Chroni- cle Books, 2001, 39. Steven Dick described the concept of extraterrestrial life as the biological dimension to the debate over the status of humanity in the universe. “The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence and the NASA High Resolution Microwave Survey: Historical Perspectives,” Space Science Reviews, Vol. 64 (1993), 93–139. 3. Stephen Webb, Where is Everybody? Fifty Solutions to the Fermi Paradox and the Problem of Extraterrestrial Life, New York, Copernicus, 2002, 4. 4. Quoted by David W. Swift in SETI Pioneers: Scientists Talk About Their Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, Tucson, University of Arizona Press, 1990, 219. 5. David Lamb, The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence: A Philosophical Inquiry, London, Routledge, 2001, 196. 6. Karl Guthke, The Last Frontier: Imagining Other Worlds from the Coper- nican Revolution to Modern Science Fiction, translated by Helen Atkins, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1990, originally published in German as Der Mythos der Neuzeit, Bern, A. Francke AG Verlag, 1983; Michael J. Crowe, The Extraterrestrial Life Debate 1750–1900, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1986, republished by Dover in 1999; Steven J. Dick, The Biological Universe: The Twentieth-Century Extraterrestrial Life Debate and the Limits of Science, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996. 7. Arthur C. Clarke, Greetings, Carbon Based Bipeds!: Collected Essays, 1934–1998, New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1999, 229. The concept of disrupt- ing the mundane is from science fi ction author Bruce Sterling, “A Century of Science Fiction,” Time, 29 March 1999. 8. Quoted in Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact, December 1985, 121. 9. Crowe, 548. 378 References 379 10. Edwin Hubble, The Realm of the Nebulae, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1936 and 1982, 201–202. 11. David Grinspoon, Lonely Planets: The Natural Philosophy of Alien Life, New York, Ecco (Harper Collins), 2003, 294. 12. Iosif Shklovskii and Carl Sagan, Intelligent Life in the Universe, New York, Dell, 1966, 22. Originally published by Holden-Day, 1964. 13. S.A. Kaplan, editor, Extraterrestrial Civilizations: Problems of Interstellar Communication, Washington, DC, NASA, 1971, translated from Russian by the Israel Program for Scientifi c Translations, 1. 14. John Billingham, et al., editors, Social Implications of the Detection of an Extraterrestrial Civilization, Mountain View, CA, SETI Press, 1994, 53. 15. Glen David Brin, “The Great Silence: The Controversy Concerning Extraterrestrial Intelligent Life,” QJRAS, Vol. 24 (1983), 283–309; Carl Sagan and William I. Newman, “The Solipsist Approach to Extraterrestrial Intelligence,” in Edward Regis, Jr., editor, Extraterrestrials: Science and Alien Intelligence, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1985, 151–161. 16. Christof Koch, “Thinking about the Conscious Mind” (review of Mind, by John R. Searle), Science, Vol. 306 (5 November 2004), 979–980; Jung is quoted in John Casti, Paradigms Lost: Tackling the Unanswered Mysteries of Modern Science, New York, Avon, 1989, 411. 17. Giuseppe Cocconi and Philip Morrison, “Searching for Interstellar Com- munications,” Nature, Vol. 184 (1959), 844–846, republished in Donald Goldsmith, editor, The Quest for Extraterrestrial Life, University Science Books, 1980, 102–104; Frank D. Drake, “Project Ozma,” Physics Today, Vol. 14 (1961), 40. The Drake equation is described in Frank Drake and Dava Sobel, Is Anyone Out There?, London, Souvenir, 1993, 52; fi rst published by Delacorte in 1992. 18. Philip Morrison, “Viking, Life, and a Search for Signals from the Stars,” Astronautics and Aeronautics, July–August 1976, 65–67. 19. Quoted by Eliot A. Cohen in “History and the Hyperpower,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 83, Number 4 (July/August 2004), 49–63. A Belief in Other Minds 1. Stanislav Lem, Summa Technologiae, quoted in Billingham, et al., editors, Social Implications, 55. 2. Edward Harrison, Masks of the Universe, New York, Macmillan, 1985, 3; Dick, the Biological Universe, 12. 3. Guthke, 36–37. 4. Crowe, 3; Walter Sullivan, We Are Not Alone (revised edition), New York, Plume, 1994, 2–4. 5. Sullivan, 4. 6. Albert A. Harrison, After Contact: The Human Response to Extraterres- trial Life, New York, Plenum, 1997, 173; Angus Armitage, Copernicus and Modern Astronomy, Mineola, NY, Dover, 2004, 40, originally published as Copernicus: The Founder of Modern Astronomy, New York, Yoseloff, 1957. 380 References 7. Fred Hoyle and Chandra Wickramasinghe, Our Place in the Cosmos, London, Dent, 1993, 182; Roland Puccetti, Persons: A Study of Possible Moral Agents in the Universe, London, Macmillan, 1968, 121. 8. Frank J. Tipler, “A Brief History of the Extraterrestrial Intelligence Concept,” QJRAS, Vol. 22 (1981), 133–145; Sullivan, 6; Grinspoon, Lonely Planets, 8. 9. Jennifer Birriel, “Struggling to Know the Universe,” (review of Measuring the Cosmos), Sky and Telescope, February 2005, 110–112. 10. Charles Freeman, The Closing of the Western Mind: The Rise of Faith and the Fall of Reason, New York, Knopf, 2003, xviii, 311. Lucio Rosso described how Hellenistic science was lost to the Western world for more than a thou- sand years before it was rediscovered. The Forgotten Revolution: How Science Was Born in 300 B.C. and Why It Had To Be Reborn (translated by Silvio Levy), New York, Springer, 2004. 11. J.M. Roberts, The Triumph of the West: The Origin, Rise, and Legacy of Western Civilization, London, Phoenix Press, 2001, 71 (fi rst published by the British Broadcasting Corporation in 1985); Edward Harrison, 4. 12. Lewis White Beck, “Extraterrestrial Intelligent Life,” in Regis, editor, 3–15; Guthke, 41. 13. Guthke, 38–39; Grinspoon, 15–16; Dick, 39. 14. Quoted in Ronald Bracewell, The Galactic Club: Intelligent Life in Outer Space, San Francisco, Freeman, 1974, 127. 15. Roger D. Launius and Howard E. McCurdy, Imagining Space, San Francisco, Chronicle, 2001, 38. 16. Guthke, 47; J.H. Parry, The Age of Reconnaissance: Discovery, Exploration, and Settlement, 1450–1650, London, Phoenix, 1963, 2. Copernicus wrote of heliocentrism in an unpublished work in 1514. 17. Carl Sagan, Cosmos, New York, Random House, 1980, 146; Armitage, 89–90. 18. Arthur O. Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being: A Study of the History of an Idea, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1936, 102–103, reprinted by Harper Torchbooks in 1965. 19. Lovejoy may have been the fi rst to use this term, in The Great Chain of Being. Also see Guthke, 39, 41 and Dick, 12–13. 20. Lovejoy, 116; Guthke, 67–76, 86; Michael White, The Pope and the Heretic, New York, Perennial, 2003, 71–72; Joel Achenbach, Captured by Aliens: The Search for Life and Truth in a Very Large Universe, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1999, 45; John C. Baird, The Inner Limits of Outer Space, Hanover, NH, University Press of New England, 1987, 119; Armitage, 171–172; Paolo Musso, “Philosophical and Religious Implications of Extraterrestrial Intel- ligent Life,” paper presented at the 2004 International Astronautical Con- gress (IAC-04-IAA-.1.1.2.11). A selection from Bruno’s work is included in Goldsmith, editor, 5–7. 21. Anthony Aveni, Conversing with the Planets: How Science and Myth Invented the Cosmos, Boulder, CO, University of Colorado Press, 2002, 179, 191. 22. Dick 17; Guthke, 96–97. 23. Guthke, 50, 110–111. 24. Guthke, 80, 95, 105. 25. Guthke, 156. References 381 26. Guthke, 149–50; Sullivan, 18; John D. Barrow and Frank J. Tipler, The Anthropic Cosmological Principle, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1986, 576. 27. Guthke, 122. 28. For other thoughts on the importance of the Moon, see Isaac Asimov, Extra- terrestrial Civilizations, New York, Crown, 1979, 21–24. 29. Guthke, 186; Dick 17–18. 30. Guthke, 187, 197. 31. Guthke, 227–239; Grinspoon, 25. 32. Guthke, 239–243. A sample of Huygens’ thinking is in Goldsmith, editor, 10–16. 33. Guthke, 57, 245. 34. Edward Harrison, 101. 35. William H. McNeill, The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Com- munity, New York, Mentor, 1963, 744. 36. Guthke, 213. 37. Guthke, 220–221; Billingham, et al., editors, Social Implications, 54. 38. Guthke, 35, 210. 39. Guthke 212; Ernan McMullin, “Life and Intelligence Far from Earth,” in Steven J. Dick, editor, Many Worlds, Philadelphia, Templeton, 2000, 151–173.
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  • The Science of Astrobiology

    The Science of Astrobiology

    The Science of Astrobiology Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology ________________________________________________________________ Volume 20 (Second Edition) ________________________________________________________________ Julian Chela-Flores The Science of Astrobiology A Personal View on Learning to Read the Book of Life Julian Chela-Flores The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics P.O. Box 586 34014 Trieste Italy [email protected] ISSN 1566-0400 ISBN 978-94-007-1626-1 e-ISBN 978-94-007-1627-8 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-1627-8 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011934255 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) The cupola in the West Atrium of St. Mark's Basilica in Venice, Italy representing the biblical interpretation of Genesis (Cf., also pp. 215-216 at the beginning of Part 4: The destiny of life in the universe. With kind permission of the Procuratoria of St. Mark's Basilica.) For Sarah Catherine Mary Table of contents Table of contents vii Preface xvii Acknowledgements xxi Recommendations to the readers xxiii INTRODUCTION The cultural and scientific context of astrobiology I.1 Early attempts to read the Book of Life 3 ARISTARCHUS OF SAMOS AND HIPPARCHUS 4 NICHOLAS OF CUSA (CUSANUS) 4 NICHOLAS COPERNICUS 4 GIORDANO BRUNO 5 CHARLES DARWIN 6 I.2 Some pioneers of the science of astrobiology 8 ALEXANDER OPARIN 8 STANLEY MILLER 10 SIDNEY W.