DR. ROBERT FRALEY @RobbFraley

FORMER CHIEF TECHNOLOGY OFFICER, MONSANTO COMPANY

WORLD PRIZE LAUREATE Our Planet Faces Some Real Challenges

OurPopulation planet Growth faces Rise in Middle Class Changing Economies & Diets 1960-2050

Mid Class Total Pop real challenges 8.5 9.7 6.9 7.8 355 507 4.9 5.6 3.2 in as of 1.8 1965 Today • Population will grow to 2010 2020 2030 2050 World~10 Populationbillion by 2050* 43% increase in calories (billions) from animal protein • Rise in middle class

• Changing economiesChanging & dietsClimate & Decreasing Declining Arable Availability • Declining

• Decreasing water availability 1990 2013 • Changing climate Sources: UN FAO; Ray DK, Mueller ND, West PC, Foley JA (2013) Yield Trends Are Insufficient to Double Global Crop Production by 2050. PLoS ONE 8(6): e66428.

*Source: United Nations, 2017 Science and Technology have been Essential to Crop Improvement Enabling Incredible Gains in Productivity

180.7 200 Historical U.S. Corn and Soybean Yields bu/a 180

160

140

120

100

80 52.1 60 bu/a

40

20

0

1875 1923 1932 1980 1866 1869 1872 1878 1881 1884 1887 1890 1893 1896 1899 1902 1905 1908 1911 1914 1917 1920 1926 1929 1935 1938 1941 1944 1947 1950 1953 1956 1959 1962 1965 1968 1971 1974 1977 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 CORN SOYBEANS Source: USDA New Advanced Technologies Enable Farmers To Be More Precise and Productive Than Ever Before

Molecular Breeding Gene Editing Improves efficiency within a ’s DNA Creates germplasm combinations that by enabling desired characteristics (i.e., are optimized for specific growing drought tolerance, increasing production conditions to help increase yields of key nutrients, etc.) while using fewer natural

GMOs Microbial Seed Enables farmers to adopt more Treatments sustainable agronomic practices Increases yields, enhances nutrients, (i.e., conservation tillage) that and reduces disease pressure improve quality and reduce runoff

Precision Agriculture Farm Equipment Data science, sensors, drones and AI Improvements allow farmers to be more precise with Advanced robotics and imaging tools their input applications resulting in help make farming operations more significant conservation of resources, productive and sustainable by saving especially water and inputs INCREDIBLE ADVANCES IN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES POWERED BY OUR KNOWLEDGE OF GENETICS

Impact of Biotech Crops, 1996-2016 ISAAA 2016 Report: Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops

PlantPlant BreedingBreeding Gene Modification

Soil Microbes Gene Editing Global Status of Biotech Crops GLOBAL AREA OF BIOTECH CROPS 1996 TO 2018 ISAAA Brief 2018 – “Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops”

ACRES OF 6.2 BILLION FARMLAND USED FOR GM CROPS SINCE 1996

ACRES OF 469 MILLION BIOTECH CROPS IN 26 COUNTRIES PLANTED IN 2017 BY 17 MILLION FARMERS

US $186.1 BILLION FARM INCOME GAINS 474 million GENERATED GLOBALLY BY BIOTECH CROPS, 1996-2016 acres in 2018

>4,200APPROVED EVENTS FOR 26 BIOTECH CROPS IN 70 COUNTRIES 4.2 million acres 1992-2018 in 1996 GMO Crop Safety Record is Clear

Sources: GMOAnswers.com; http://nas-sites.org/ge-crops/ University of Illinois Scientists Have ‘Hacked Photosynthesis’ in Search of More Productive Crops Future

2019

2018

2000

1980

Short-stature Corn Each Plot =10 1940 Bushel Yield

10 Gene Editing is Poised to Transform Global Agriculture

HOW IT WORKS BENEFITS

Greater Improved precision efficiency

Enables Uses genetic improvements not material from possible before Enable Deactivate Break Genetic Links plant’s own family Beneficial Unfavorable b/w Beneficial Characteristics Characteristics & Unfavorable Regulatory environment e.g. drought tolerance e.g. disease sensitivity Characteristics supportive of innovation

Gene Editing Publication by Year POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS (Web of Science Core Collection) Enhanced 5000 Drought Nutrition Quality Tolerance MORE THAN 20,000 3896 Improvements 4000 STUDIES SINCE 2010 3130 >10K 3000 aa Weed 1947 Disease 2000 Mgmt. Resistance 1331 841 1000 532 277 427 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 (as of Sept. 2018)

11 Gene Editing vs Genetic Modification

Only selected gene Beginning Desired gene transferred in the 1970s: + = Genetic Modification Source Genome Target Plant Genome Modified Plant Genome

Beginning in the 1990s: Deactivate an Gene Editing unfavorable Enable a beneficial characteristic characteristic Potential U.S. Crop Products Enabled by Gene Editing

Various ZFN edits in Maize Exact Benefits Unknown Northern Leaf Blight- Agronomic Dow AgroScience Resistant Corn Soy with Drought / Dow AgroScience Benefits Wheat with Powdery Rice Resistant to Salt Tolerance Mildew Resistance Bacterial Blight USDA-ARS Calyxt Iowa State Univ.

Waxy Corn Extra-Oil-Producing Camelina Yield10 Bioscience Food Value Improved Starch Profile Corn with Elevated Corteva Leaf/Stalk Starch Low-Lignin Alfalfa Chain Benefits Launch Confirmed: 2020 Accumulation Digestibility of Animal Feed Agrivida Calyxt

Potato with Non-Browning Potato Shelf Improved Cold Calyxt Storage Non-Browning Benefits Calyxt Mushroom Penn State Non-Browning Potato Simplot

High-Oleic High-Fiber Wheat Low-Gluten Wheat Soybeans Healthier Grain Profile Healthier Grain Profile Nutritional Healthier Oil Profile Calyxt Calyxt & Institute for Calyxt Launch Confirmed: Benefits Sustainable Ag Launch Confirmed: 2020 / 2021 Cordoba Spain Late 2018

Potential Launch Readiness 2018 Near Term* Longer Term* *Readiness to launch estimations based on year of product submission to the USDA-APHIS Letter of Inquiry process, unless noted with confirmed launch timing as provided by the developer. Near-term products were submitted between 2010-2015. Longer-term projects were submitted in 2016 or later. HIGH-OLEIC SOYBEAN OIL CITRUS-GREENING DISEASE

REDUCED-GLUTEN WHEAT Traits of Interest for Vertical Farming Production That Can Be Identified and Introduced

Early & Uniform Rapid Biomass & Fruiting Multi-Harvest Capable

Auto-Harvest Architecture

Photo-Induced Dwarf & Quality Traits Yield Efficiency 15 Gene Editing for Healthier and More Productive Farm Animals

Trait Species Gene-editing Target

Increased muscle growth Cow, Pig, Sheep, Goat, Catfish Myostatin Hornlessness Cow Pc Polled Sterility Salmon, Pig Dead end protein, Nanos2 PRRSV Resistance Pig CD163 ASFV Resistance Pig RELA Bovine tuberculosis Cow NRAMP1 Effective Social Engagement will be Important to the Success of Gene Editing in Crops and Livestock

Regulatory

Developers

Value Chain Society

The Incredible Promise of Digital Ag

MAXIMIZE YIELD COLLECT AND FARMING AT THE POTENTIAL ANALYZE FIELD DATA FIELD ZONE LEVEL Farmers Make 40+ Decisions Each Season Managing Complex In-field Variability

2017 Soy Yield 2017 NCGA1 Contest winner Corn Yield 138 bu/acre Contest winner vs. 49 bu/acre 542 bu/acre national average* vs. 175 bu/acre national average*

367 bu/acre 89 bu/acre opportunity opportunity

*USDA crop production summary report Processing Unprecedented Amounts of Data

ChCrohmroComhsrooomsmoemosseosmes GeneticGeGnent Gimarkersecet Mince aMtrikcae rMrksearrskers LocationLocLaotciaLootnicoantion Soil SoiSloilSoil Chromosomes Genetic Markers Location Soil ChromosomesChromChorsomoesomes GeneGtiec nMeatirck eMrsarkers LocatLiooncation Soil Soil GeGneeGnticeestnicestics Chromosomes Genetic Markers Location Soil Chromosomes Genetic Markers Location Soil YieGYldieYlndieetlidcs GenGetePicnosYP•epioetuicGeneticsplPldasuotilpoauntiolantion • YieldGenetics GYeienldeYticieTslrdePTaroetpTmaurtemlaanteitosmnntesnts Yield • PopulationYield PopuPlaoMtpioguTM•ntlraegzTreatmentstMatiootzngmnoetneszenostnses Population Population TreaTtmrSeeaoMnS•tilmt osgZMgt.iSelt onozZntoilose n nZszoneseeossnes Treatment•s SoilTre zaonestments GenomGenome WGeidee nomW Aideses ocWAsideiasoctions Aiastsionsociations Mgt MzognteSzsoinl eZlasoyneerss Mgt zonSeos•il lSoilaSMyoeigl rlayersstlazyoenress Genome Wide Associations Soil SZooinl SEeZosleoilvn aelatsiyoenrs Soil ZonEeles•vaElevationEtiSoleonvila tZioonnes Genome GeWidenom Aes sWocideiat ionsAssociations Soil layers Genome Wide Associations Soil layeET•rsolepTopographyvoagtiroanphy Gene sequenceGenome Wide Associations Geospatial IoT Soil layeTrospogTSroapopoilh glyaraypehrsy ElevaEtlieIomvnTI•aamotgiopaImageryIemongrgyearrgayeprhyy Elevation • SensorsElevation StroSntrgo ynSigter lyodin eglgde yn gieetlndice sgtiecnsetics TopoTgorpaopImghryaagpehryy TopograSpehS•nyesScoutingnSosresonrssors Strong yield genetics Topography ImImaaggeImerySraycgS•oeecuroAndnStyinuscogtoinr usmoregting StroWnegWa ykie eyalidkWe lydgeiea egnklde eyn tgiiecetlsndice sgtiecnsetics Imagery Strong yield gSetrnoentgic ysield genetics SSeennssoSoresrnssSAocnrodsu mtinogre Weak Sytireoldn gg eynieeldti cgsenetics And mASnoedrne msoorsre SSccoouutSinticngoguAtnindg more Weak yWieelda kg Weynieeladtki c gyseienlde tgicesnetics Scouting Weak yield genetics IoTIoT IoT AAnndd m Amonorder emore IoT And more GeGoespoGastpeiaotlsipaaltial GeGnen SGeee qSneueqe Suneecqenucence Geospatial IoTIoTIoT Gene Sequence IoT GeospGGaeteoioasslppaattiiaall GeneG SenqGeue eSnneecq Seueeqnuceence Geospatial Gene Sequence The data spans many categories and forms, and requires sophisticated analytical tools to apply those insights to the challenges of modern agriculture. 22 Data Science Tools Give Farmers a Deeper Understanding of their Fields

Atmosphere Soil Field

Collect and Farming at the Maximize Analyze Field Data Field Zone Level Yield Potential

Data comes from multiple Farmers have access to Farmers can customize sources – soil, field, and tools like advanced seed agronomic practices to atmosphere – to help farmers scripting and zone-level manage field variability, better understand nitrogen monitoring optimize their inputs and get the variability in their fields the most out of every acre Nitrogen Management: Growing Smarter, Using Less Inputs

Nitrogen Management Tool in FieldView™ Nitrogen Management by Zone

24 Machine Learning Improves Disease Diagnosis & Treatment

Gray leaf Stewart’s Goss’s Heat NCLB spots wilt wilt stress CRUCIAL TO ENSURE NEW TECHNOLOGIES ARE AVAILABLE TO SMALLHOLDER FARMERS

• Over 500 million smallholder farmers grow more than 40% of the world’s agriculture, primarily in developing countries.

1 • New digital tools and advanced seed technologies are key to bridging the innovation gap.

• Approximately 70% of small holders have cell phones enabling access to weather, agronomic and market information.

• Numerous public-private partnerships (WEMA, African Orphan Crops Consortium, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 1 etc.) aimed at helping farmers increase production. Beyond Technology: How Do We Get There? z Increased Farmer Investment in Support Public and Private R&D

Regulatory Consumer Environment Acceptance Supportive of Innovation Addressing the Decline in Public Funding

THE U.S. NEEDS TO INCREASE ITS INVESTMENT IN PUBLIC RESEARCH

HOW CAN UNIVERSITIES ADAPT TO CHANGES? STARTUPS ARE CHANGING THE

NEW ENTRANTS INCREASE TECHNOLOGIES • 1900+ start-up companies were involved in the agricultural ecosystem as of 2019

• More than $17 billion in VC investment since 2010

• Since 2013, over 2,200 applications have been made for permits to develop traits by 130+ unique companies and research institutions

• Farm-to-fork investments in Digital ag, IT, seed tech, food tech continue to rise. Lessons Learned: What We Did Wrong Can Do Better

• Passive response to concerns – letting the science speak for itself allowed others to shape our story

• Didn’t communicate directly to consumers

• Led with facts and data instead of telling stories

• Fragmented efforts across industry – needed more allies to amplify messages

Source: Dr. Jones, https://www.ratbotcomics.com/comics/pgrc_2014/1/1.html. We Can No Longer Assume that Science Will Prevail

2016 Consumer Survey: • 32% believed vegetables do not contain genes • 80% supported mandatory labeling for food containing DNA

Source: University of Florida Food & Economics Department (McFadden, Lusk 2016)

Source: Pew Research Center, 2015

Source: National Geographic, 2015 Communicating the Story of Modern Ag: Focus on Social Media Where Does America Get Their News?1

Nearly ½ of all Americans get their news from Facebook

Expected to surpass TV as America’s #1 Most-Watched Platform3

1. Pew Research Center. 2. National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Public Attitudes Toward and Understanding of Science and Technology (2001); University of Michigan, Survey of Consumer Attitudes (2004); University of Chicago, National Opinion Research Center, General Social Survey (2006–14). See appendix tables 7-3–7-5. Science and Engineering Indicators 2016; 2017 Edelman Trust Barometer; Nielsen Electronic Mobile Measurement. 3. Wall Street Journal. Telling a Complex Narrative in a Digestible Way

33

75+ PARTNER AND SUPPORTER ORGANIZATIONS

35 Communicating the Story of Modern Ag: Promote Environmental Benefits If we look only at the people who are less favorable toward modern Focus on ways agriculture is agriculture, they prefer an doing more on each acre environmental focus over producing more food 3 to 1.

“Which is more important to you Focus on ways agriculture is using personally? That agriculture…” less water per unit of production = more efficient practices in its operations 77% Produce Use % Focus on ways agriculture is Fewer 23 More Food Natural using less energy on farms in Resources agriculture operations

36 OUR GOAL: CREATE A FOOD-SECURE WORLD WHILE PROTECTING THE PLANET

20 4000

REDUCE FOOTPRINT 18 OF FARMING 3500 16 3000 ) Total Food Production REDUCE INPUTS (E.G., 14 (tonnes) 60-100%

WATER, FERTILIZER) Tonnes 2500 12

Global in REDUCE CO2 10 Agriculture (Ha) 2000

EMISSIONS 8

Population (Billions) 1500 LandUse (Millionsof Ha)

Food Production (Billion 6 PROTECT & RESTORE 1000 AND 4 500 NATURAL RESOURCES 2

Sources: National Geographic ,“Feeding the World”, 2014; Source: UN FAO, 2014, Monsanto internal 0 0 calculations; Ausubel, et al., Peak Farmland and the Prospect for Land Sparing Population and 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100 Development Review Volume, , 38: 221–242 Source: 2016 GAP Report ® Agriculture is a Part of the Climate Solution

Agriculture is currently on a trajectory to ½ its carbon footprint, and with innovation could be a carbon sink with -4% in Total US agriculture emissions

38 Reducing the Footprint of Ag

Global Crops Harvested Area 1980 – 2050

2.9 2016 Constant Yields

2.8 Land Land Avoidance (700M) 2.7

2.5

Current Forecasted Area 2.3 Based on Historical Trends 2.3

2.1 Current Pipeline 2.1

Technology Potential Reductions? Potential Potential

1.9

1.7 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

Source: Internal Modeling Calculations. Sparing Acres Could Potentially Reduce Ag’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions by 5%

5% reduction all global greenhouse in agriculture’s gas emissions from greenhouse commercial and gas emissions residential buildings in 2010

Source: Internal Modeling Calculations. Communication & Acceptance of Ag Technologies are Essential to Meet Future Demands

New Agricultural Innovations are Disrupting Everything

Support science-based policy, global access to ag technologies Focus on Environment is Key to Public Acceptance • Acceptance of new technologies key to meet future demands

Without Better Communications, Nothing Else Will Matter Our Legacy: Securing a Sustainable and Food-Secure World by 2050 THANK YOU

@RobbFraley

Global Status of Biotech Crops BIOTECHNOLOGY IMPACT ISAAA Brief 53-2017 – “Global Status ON of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops”

ACRES OF ✓ Increased Productivity 5.7 BILLION FARMLAND USED FOR GM CROPS SINCE 1996

ACRES OF ✓ Increased Farmer Profitability 469 MILLION BIOTECH CROPS IN 24 COUNTRIES PLANTED IN 2017 BY 17 MILLION FARMERS ✓ Helped Alleviate Hunger US $186.1 BILLION FARM INCOME GAINS 469 million GENERATED GLOBALLY BY acres in 2017 BIOTECH CROPS, 1996-2016 ✓ Reduced Food Prices 4,133APPROVED EVENTS FOR 26 BIOTECH CROPS IN 67 COUNTRIES 4.2 million acres 1992-2017 in 1996 Global Status of Biotech Crops BIOTECHNOLOGY IMPACT ISAAA Brief 53-2017 – “Global Status ON THE ENVIRONMENT of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops”

ACRES OF ✓ Conserved Land and Water 5.7 BILLION FARMLAND USED FOR GM CROPS SINCE 1996

ACRES OF ✓ Preserved Biodiversity 469 MILLION BIOTECH CROPS IN 24 COUNTRIES PLANTED IN 2017 BY 17 MILLION FARMERS ✓ Reduced Pesticide Applications US $186.1 BILLION FARM INCOME GAINS 469 million GENERATED GLOBALLY BY acres in 2017 BIOTECH CROPS, 1996-2016 ✓ Reduced CO2 Emissions 4,133APPROVED EVENTS FOR 26 BIOTECH CROPS IN 67 COUNTRIES 4.2 million acres 1992-2017 in 1996 Historical U.S. Corn and Soybean Yields

49 /// Future of Farming Dialogue 2018 Biotechnology: Benefiting People and The Planet for More than 20 Years

Pesticide Use Land Preserved Tillage CO2 Emissions Efficient Water Use Farmer Profitability Production Costs Scientific authorities around the world Yields Up confirm GMO safety Cost of Food