Detailed Poverty and Social Impact Analysis

Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (RRP CAM 51159-002)

November 2019

Cambodia: Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project

Prepared by the Pacific Rim Innovation and Management Exponents, Inc. on behalf the Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology for the Asian Development Bank.

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB – Asian Development Bank CDB – Communal Database CPS – Country Partnership Strategy DMS – Detailed Measurement Survey DDREM – Due Diligence Report on Ethnic Minority FGD Focus Group Discussion FWUC – Farmer Water User Committee GDR – General Department of Resettlement HIV/AIDS – Human Immunodeficiency Virus/ Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome IAIP – Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project IRC – Inter-ministerial Resettlement Committee LARP – Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan MEF – Ministry of Economic and Finance MOWRAM – Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology NGO – Non-government Organization NSDP – National Strategic Development Plan O&M – Operation & Maintenance PDWRAM – Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology PMIC – Project Management and Implementation Consultant PMU – Project Management Unit PRSC – Provincial Resettlement Sub-Committee PRSC-WG – Provincial Resettlement Sub-Committee Working Group PSA – Poverty and Social Assessment RGC – Royal Government of Cambodia ROW – Right of Way SES – Socio-Economic Survey STIs – Sexually Transmitted Infections TRTA – Transaction Technical Assistance UN – United Nations WB – World Bank

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Project Background

1. The Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (the Project) will will assist the Government of Cambodia to: (i) modernize, and improve climate and disaster resilience of four irrigation systems in Battambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Thom, and Takeo provinces to supply water to 43,500 hectares (ha) for 291,847 persons, of whom 148,288 (51%) are women; (ii) ensure sustainability of these irrigation schemes by strengthening institutional and financial capacity of the government staff and farmer water user communities (FWUCs) in operations and maintenance (O&M); (iii) improve farming practices for increased agriculture productivity and crop diversification; and (iv) establish a national water resources data management center (NWRDMC), a water resources information system (WRIS), and an irrigation asset management system for better water resources management, planning, operations and investment. The outcome of the project is water and agriculture productivity in the project areas enhanced. The impact of the project is inclusive economic growth through agriculture and irrigation attained aligned with the Rectangular Strategy on Growth, Employment, Equity and Efficiency, Phase IV, 2019 to 2023 of the Government of Cambodia.

2. The Project has two outputs: (i) efficiency and climate resilience of irrigation systems enhanced and (ii) water resource management improved. Under Output 1, the project will modernize, and climate-proof four irrigation systems to ensure irrigation for about 43,500 ha of agricultural land. It will (i) remodel and improve reservoir embankment, drains, and main and secondary canals, and design joint reservoir operation to improve water sharing arrangements between linked systems and ensure equitable water distribution, particularly during droughts for two subprojects (Kamping Puoy and Stung Chinit South); (ii) modernize pumping stations, drains, and main and secondary canals for two subprojects (Prek Po and Canal 15); (iii) strengthen existing FWUC and forming additional FWUCs with strong women participation, and help them collect irrigation service fees and perform sustainable O&M of the distribution canals; (iv) pilot an irrigation asset management information system to improve O&M budgeting and procedures; and (v) formulate Sustainable Rice Platform (SRP) in the Stung Chinit South subproject for farmers to achieve a premium price for rice by complying with the SRP production standards. For Output 2, the project will: (i) install hydromet stations to provide data for water resources management in Battambang and Kampong Cham provinces; (ii) establish a NWRDMC in the Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology (MOWRAM) including a building equipped with data management facilities (database and server system, analytical system, dissemination facilities, and a doppler radar to track extreme weather events); (iii) develop a WRIS using satellite-based information and ground observation as a common platform for sharing water resources management data; (iv) train MOWRAM and its provincial departments staff on water accounting and data management; and (v) provide a program for scholarships, internships, training, and mentoring in water resources management for MOWRAM staff.

B. Subproject Background

3. Four subprojects have been selected to be included in the Project, consisting of (i) Kamping Pouy irrigation subproject in Battambang province (ii) Prek Po irrigation scheme in Kampong Cham province; (iii) Stung Chinit South in Kampong Thom province; and (iv) Canal 15 in Takeo province.

4. Prek Po Subproject: The irrigation scheme of Prek Po in the province of Kampong Cham is located some 50 km north east of Phnom Penh. The system is to draw water from the Mekong

2 through a pump station for maximum of 12-meter lift. At present, the system is non-functional as the pumping station broke down some two years ago, and is beyond repairs. The system distribution facilities are in extreme poor shape in main canal and secondaries, as these are significantly eroded due to use for irrigation and now rainfall, in overall unstable and unsuitable soil; the first kilometre has also become a waste disposal for the village at the canal entrance. The subproject targets to improve irrigation for an area of 8,000 ha in the area.

5. The proposed civil works under the subproject include:

• A new pumping station: The existing cascading unfunctional pumping station (driven by diesel machines) is proposed to be replaced by one pumping station driven by electrical motors. Five pumps of each 300 kW capacity installed is proposed on the bank of the Mekong River to pump total 5.5m3/s discharge to a static head of 12.1m. Four pumps will be operated in a time and one pump will be in standby.

• Main canal upgrading: The total length of the main canal to be upgraded is 12.75 km. The alignment of the canal passes through the dispersive soil. In view of cost of pumping and assuring both system stability and high irrigation efficiency (75%), the solution proposed is the full concrete lining along the whole 12.75 km length.

• Secondary canals construction: Twenty-two (22) concrete lined secondary canals with total length of 70 km with each canal located besides the existing secondary drain, one (01) km apart from each other.

• Structures construction: A total of 350 structures (off-takes, culverts, drain inlets, flushing structures, barrel outlet, siphons, check structure with gates, tail regulator, outlets, aqueducts, etc.) will be constructed.

6. Kamping-Pouy Subproject The Kamping Pouy Irrigation System stretches for 35 kilometers (km) from the west of Battambang Town to the reservoir and system canal intakes. Battambang province is located in the northwest part of Cambodia. It is bordered by the provinces of Banteay Meanchey to the north, Pursat to the east and south, Siem Reap to the northeast, and Pailin to the west (Error! Reference source not found.). At present, in general - the main canal is functional, however some sections of the side slopes are eroded or covered with heavy vegetation, causing siltation inside the canal and resulting in a narrower access road. Most of the regulating structures on the main canal have piping problems and are eroded on the downstream portions. In addition, most of the control and distribution structures are damaged. Water overtops the secondary canal embankment during full supply due to the inadequate height of the embankment. Farmers at the tail-end of the secondary canals do not get enough water due to the insufficient capacity of the distribution structures. Kamping Pouy Irrigation subproject targets to improve irrigation for the command area of 12,000 ha in five communes of Banan district, Thmar Kol district and Battambang district. Proposed civil works under the subproject include:

• Strengthening of the reservoir embankment of 6.5 km by providing erosion protection on the upstream slope;

• Upgrading of the 13.9-km length of Link Canal with 8 km concrete lining for diverting additional water from Mongkol Borey River to Kamping Pouy Reservoir;

• Upgrading of the 14.14-km main canal, including the concrete lining of an initial 9.17 km, upgrading the earthworks in the non-lined section, and improving 28 distribution and

control structures;

• Rehabilitation of secondary irrigation canals SC1 and SSC1 with a total length of 12.7 km by the concrete lining of 5.7 km and installation of 41 appurtenant structures within the subproject target command area to ensure water delivery to 6,083 ha;

• Rehabilitation of secondary irrigation and drainage canals SCD2, SCD3, SCD4, and SCD5 with a total length of 6.9 km and improvement and installation of 101 associated structures to the canals to ensure water delivery to 5,517 ha and prevent the inundation of paddy lands within the command area.

7. Stung Chinit South Subproject. The target of subproject is to ensure water supply in the dry season for about 16,000 ha of agricultural land in the subproject area. The proposed system modernization under the subproject consists of:

• Rehabilitation of existing weir. The weir requires rehabilitation by replacing existing rocks with a new reinforced concrete chute downstream of the ogee weir floor and with new construction of a stilling basin at the downstream end of the chute section. Rehabilitation is also needed for the cracking of the reinforced concrete floor adjacent to the weir crest.

• Upgrading existing main canal. The main canal is of length about 34 km and the proposed improvements are: (i) providing sufficient cross drainage works; (ii) rehabilitation of both side canal embankments; and (iii) removing the rock base presenting at two locations along the main canal which is currently limiting canal conveyance capacity downstream. Provisions of water control structures along the Main canal consist of five (05) new cross regulators; four (04) new cross drainage works; two (02) aqueducts; five (05) bridges; and 70 off-takes/drainage inlets. In addition, four measuring devices are planned downstream of each cross regulator and four side canal escape at upstream of each cross regulator.

• Upgrading of existing secondary canals and tertiary canal: The total length of 12 secondary canals is about 80km and the tertiary canal is about 4.4km. The improvement activities for the secondary and tertiary canals include (i) re-shaping of canal cross section by clearance of existing vegetation, smoothing of the canal bed to have a uniform bed gradient and section; (ii) providing necessary checks, off-take structures and flow measuring devices

8. Canal 15 Subproject. Canal 15 irrigation system lays straight in the floodplain of the Mekong Delta, connecting from Takeo provincial town (Daun Keo district) to Angkor Borey district town of Takeo province. The upgrading of the Canal 15 irrigation system will (i) secure water supply for at least two crops per year for a combined target command area of 7,500 ha; (ii) increase drainage capacity to relieve flooding from the upstream catchments; and (iii) provide the possibility for navigation during dry season or when water level in the canal drops. These targets of the subproject will be achieved by the following interventions:

• Upgrading of the main canal. The proposed intervention for the main canal is to remove siltation to drop the canal bed level about 1.5m - 2m down. The dredging of the canal bed aims to ensure the free inflow by gravity into this main canal;

• Rehabilitation of the Canal 87. Canal 87 will be rehabilitated by removing the siltation along the whole canal’s length of 5.9km, from canal 15 and ending at former reservoir embankment;

• Modernization of Samput pumping system. The improvements of the Samput pumping system include (i) improvement of 4.6 km of intake canal; (ii) modernizing Samput pumping station; (iii) rehabilitation of eleven secondary canals with a total length of 11.96 km and four tertiary canals with a total length of 4.77 km associated with the Samput pumping system which irrigate the pumped water by the pumping station to the fields of farmers.

C. Objectives of Poverty and Social Assessment

9. The specific objectives of the Poverty and Social Assessment (PSA) are:

• To assess poverty and socio-economic situation of the Project areas;

• To identify potential impacts associated with the subprojects on the communities, particularly on poverty and social issues;

• To identify the stakeholders in the four subprojects’ areas that may have interest in the subprojects and assess their roles/ mandates;

• To identify key issues/concerns and potential impacts related to gender and Human Immunodeficiency Virus/ Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS);

• To identify which social safeguards plans that need to be prepared; and

• To outline implementation arrangements for the social action plan.

II. METHODOLOGY

A. Desk Study

10. During the PSA preparation, the Transaction Technical Assistance (TRTA) Consultants collected statistical data, reviewed socio-economic development reports, articles and other documents from the RGC, General Statistics Office of Cambodia, relevant reports of MOWRAW and published documents of Asian Development Bank (ADB), World Bank (WB) and other international development organizations. The documents which were collected and reviewed relate to (i) provisions of the RGC and the policies of the ADB on poverty, gender and HIV/AIDS; (ii) socio-economic profiles of Cambodia and four subproject provinces namely Battambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Thom and Takeo provinces; (iii) poverty rates, causes of poverty, on- going programs on poverty reduction in the subprojects’ areas; (iv) gender issues in the subprojects’ areas; and (v) number of people living with HIV/AIDS, number of deaths due to HIV/AIDS and programs on HIV/AIDS prevention. B. Quantitative Method

11. A household questionnaire survey was conducted in April 2018 in Battambang and Kampong Cham provinces and in July 2018 in Kampong Thom and Takeo provinces. The total number of surveyed households was 1,047, of which 255 households were living in Battambang; 265 households were from Kampong Cham province; 273 households resided in Kampong Thom

5 province; and the others were in Takeo province. The lists of households in the subprojects’ communes were provided by the local authorities. The lists of households were divided into two groups before sampling: one is male headed households and the other is female headed households. The surveyed households were selected randomly from the provided lists. 12. Objectives of the survey are (i) to collect baseline socio-economic information of the households in the subprojects’ areas; (ii) to gather information on accessibility of local people to basic facilities, employment status, households’ assets, and other relevant socio-economic information of the households in the subprojects’ areas; (iii) to assess key needs and major concerns of the local residents, especially women, poor households and other vulnerable households regarding the proposed subproject components; and (iv) to analyse the respondents’ perception about subprojects’ impacts and proposed safeguards/ mitigation measures. 13. The questionnaire includes structured and open-ended questions. The survey was managed by field enumerators. Before starting the survey, the surveyors were trained on the questions of the questionnaire; how to use the questionnaire and fill in the questionnaire; and survey techniques. C. Qualitative Method

14. Two methods used to gather the qualitative information were in-depth interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs). The participants in the in-depth interviews and FGDs were representatives of local authorities, mass-organization, village leaders, beneficiaries, poor households and women in the Project areas. In-depth interviews and FGDs were conducted based on the outlines of issues to be discussed. Information gained from the discussions and interviews helped to supplement household socio-economic survey data. These discussions and interviews also provided opportunities for people and local authorities to better understand the benefits of the subprojects, the socio-economic impacts of the subprojects and mitigation measures. This was also an opportunity to identify local and community feedback on their concerns for the subproject and the mechanism for them to participate in the implementation of the subprojects. 15. The number of FGDs that were held in the four subproject areas was 28 (seven for each subproject). The FGDs in each subproject included one FGD with representatives of local authorities, mass organizations and village leaders; two FGDs with female farmers; two FGDs with poor and near poor households; and two FGDs with non-poor households. In addition, 43 in- depth interviews with representatives of local authorities, mass- organizations and village leaders, female farmers, poor and near-poor households and non-poor households were carried out to supplement the survey and FGDs with detailed information of the interviewed households. Table 1: Number of Surveyed Households and Focus Group Discussion Conducted Number of Surveyed No. of Focus Group Provinces Subprojects Households Discussions Battambang Kamping Pouy 255 7 Kampong Cham Prek Po 265 7 Kampong Thom Stung Chinit South 273 7 Takeo Canal 15 254 7 Total 1,047 28

III. POVERTY AND SOCIAL CONTEXT IN THE PROJECT AREA

A. Provincial and District Levels

1. Battambang Province

16. According to the statistical data of Battambang province, total population in 2016 of the province was 1,242,525 including 617,618 males and 624,907 females. Total number of households was 266,177, of which 35,267 households were headed by females. As can be seen in the following table, more than half of total population of Battambang province (59.64% or 741,083 persons) fall into the age group of 15 – 60 years old which constitutes the working age group. Some 31.93% of total population are in the age group under 15 years old and the others are over 61 years old. The age structure of population in Battambang province is presented in the table below. Table 2: Age Structure of Population in Battambang Province Age groups Gender Number % 0-15 years old Male 200,057 16.10 Female 196,639 15.83 15-60 years old Male 367,276 29.56 Female 373,807 30.08 over 61 years old Male 50,285 4.05 Female 54,461 4.38 Total 1,242,525 100.00 Source: CDB, 2016 17. The total number of population of working age group (from 15 to 60 years old) whose primary occupation is farming was 524,879 (290,991 males and 233,888 females), accounting for 70.83%. Fishery and raising livestock is the primary occupation of 4.27% of total population. Population engaging in craftwork as a main occupation accounted for 0.36%; and people whose primary occupation relates to services made up 24.54% of total working age population. The primary occupations of the working age population in Battambang province are presented in the table below. Table 3: Primary Occupations of the Working Age Population in Battambang Province

Primary Occupations Number Percentage (%)

Number of males whose primary occupations are in farming 290,991 39.27 Number of females whose primary occupation are in farming 233,888 31.56 Number of males whose primary occupation are in fishery, livestock 19,180 2.59 Number of females whose primary occupation are in fishery, livestock 12,451 1.68 Number of males, whose primary occupation are in craftwork 1,655 0.22 Number of females whose primary occupation are in craftwork 1,037 0.14 Number of males whose primary occupation are in services 112,108 15.13 Number of females whose primary occupation are in services 69,773 9.42 Total 741,083 100.00

Source: CDB, 2016

18. Battambang is the third largest province after Phnom Penh and Kandal provinces in Cambodia. It is also known as a leading paddy-producing area. In 2016, although many farmers suffered from adverse impacts of abnormal weather, this province produced a total of 713,747 tones of paddy rice, accounting for about 11% of the total Cambodia paddy rice production. The cultivated areas were increased from 524,459 ha in 2014 to 606,702 ha in 2016. With this overall picture, the rice production is seen as a main source of livelihood for the people in Battambang province in terms of it having the largest share of cultivated areas in 2016. 19. In terms of total production of 19 crops grown in Battambang province, cassava accounts for the largest share of production (69.68%), followed by rice production (23.88%) and maze (3.94%). If there are good market connections and a processing industry in Cambodia, cassava and maze would be likely to have good prospects for employment generation and a positive contribution to economic development. 20. With its abundant labour force and land, which is already converted from forestry to arable land, Battambang province has high potential for attracting investment to further boost agricultural production and productivity for employment generation and improving the livelihoods of the local people. 2. Kampong Cham Province

21. Kampong Cham is located in the plain region bordering Vietnam in the south-east of Cambodia with a population of 1,135,182 in 2016 including 558,752 males and 576,430 females. The population of Kampong Cham province constitutes 12.5% of Cambodia’s population. Total number of households living in Kampong Cham province is 257,419, of which 43,157 is the number of female headed households. The average household size is 4.40. 22. The table below describes the age structure of Kampong Cham population. The age group of 15 – 60 years old being the working age which accounts for the highest percentage with 59.92% of total population, followed by the age group under 15 years old, representing of 29.74%. The proportion of the age group over 61 years old is 10.30%. Table 4: Age Structure of Population in Kampong Cham Province

Age Gender Number % 0-14 years old Male 169,042 14.89

Female 168,555 14.85 15-60 years old Male 334,001 29.42

Female 346,692 30.54 Over 61 years old Male 55,709 4.91

Female 61,183 5.39 Total 1,135,182 100.00

Source: CDB, 2016 23. As similar to Battambang province, farming is the primary occupation of most population aged 18 – 60 years. The total number of laborers of working age who are engaged in farming is 452,411, accounting for 66.46%. The other major occupation for people in Kampong Cham is services with 200,296 persons equivalent to 29.43%. The table below describes the main occupations of the working age population in Kampong Cham.

Table 5: Primary Occupations of the Working Age Population in Kampong Cham

Primary Occupations Number Percentage (%)

Number of males whose primary occupations are in farming 238,459 35.03 Number of females whose primary occupation are in farming 213,952 31.43 Number of males whose primary occupation are in fishery, livestock 14,127 2.08 Number of females whose primary occupation are in fishery, livestock 8,554 1.26 Number of males, whose primary occupation are in craftwork 2,553 0.38 Number of females whose primary occupation are in craftwork 2,752 0.40 Number of males whose primary occupation are in services 101,450 14.90 Number of females whose primary occupation are in services 98,846 14.52 Total 680,693 100.00

Source: CDB, 2016 24. Rice production of Kampong Cham province was ranked the third among 22 provinces in Cambodia, however, rice did not constitute the leading agricultural product in Kampong Cham and rice production was not sufficient to meet the requirement of the whole population of the province. Kampong Cham is the biggest producer of cassava and peanut in the country. Peanut production in the province accounted for about 64% of the total production in Cambodia. In addition, rubber production is another prominent agricultural product with seven rubber plantation companies in Kampong Cham province. 25. As mentioned above, the main economic activity in the subproject area is agriculture. Apart from this, some of the target villages have natural forests that are rich in trees harvested for various uses such as timber, poles, fuel and charcoal. Other sectors regarded as productive are inland fishery, and small industries. Other economic community ventures include handicraft, skilled trades (basket making), lumbering, timber sales, trading, poultry, bricks, charcoal and firewood cutting. 3. Kampong Thom Province

26. Kampong Thom is one of Cambodia’s largest province located at the central point of the Kingdom of Cambodia. The province has a total land area of 15,061 km2, divided into 8 districts, 81 communes and 737 villages. The province borders in the North with Preah Vihear and Siem Reap, to the East with Kratie, to the South with Kampong Cham and to the West with Kampong Chhnang. 27. According to the CDB 2016, the population of Kampong Thom province was 775,566 persons including 381,751 males and 393,815 females. The ratio of female per 100 males was 105,28. The total number of households who were living in Kampong Thom province was 162,148, of which 14.29% are female-headed households. 28. Table 6: Age Structure of Population in Kampong Thom Province below shows the age structure of population in Kampong Thom province disaggregated by gender. The age group of 15 – 60 years old contributed the highest percentage with 58.8% of the population, followed by the age group of young people (0-14 years old) with 32.4%. Less than 10% of population fell into the age group over 61 years old.

Table 6: Age Structure of Population in Kampong Thom Province Age groups Gender Number % 0-14 years old Male 126,077 16.25 Female 125,276 16.15 15-60 years old Male 223,487 28.81 Female 232,642 29.99 Over 61 years old Male 32,187 4.15 Female 35,897 4.63 Total 775,566 100.00 Source: CDB, 2016 29. As can be seen in Table 7: Primary Occupations of the Working Age Population in Kampong Thom Province below, 60.65% of population of working age (18 – 60 years old) were engaged in farming and considered this as the main occupation. Service was the primary occupation of 84,225 persons in the working age group in Kampong Thom, accounting for 18.47% while those whose primary occupations were fishery and livestock made up 14.9%. The primary occupations of the working age population in Kampong Thom province are detailed below. Table 7: Primary Occupations of the Working Age Population in Kampong Thom Province

Primary Occupations Number Percentage (%)

Number of males whose primary occupations are in farming 134,232 29.43 Number of females whose primary occupation are in farming 142,399 31.22 Number of males whose primary occupation are in fishery, livestock 32,746 7.18 Number of females whose primary occupation are in fishery, livestock 35,195 7.72 Number of males, whose primary occupation are in craftwork 14,453 3.17

Number of females whose primary occupation are in craftwork 12,869 2.82 Number of males whose primary occupation are in services 42,056 9.22 Number of females whose primary occupation are in services 42,169 9.24 Total 456,119 100

Source: CDB, 2016 30. Much of Kampong Thom is located on the floodplain of Lake Tonle Sap, therefore, except cultivation of crops and rice, many local farmers get their incomes from harvesting wild fish and cage fish farming. In 2015-2016, the province was a significant harvester of wild fish (19,950 tons) and the fourth largest producer of fish through aquaculture in Cambodia (1,800 tons). Most fish- raising is with a growing segment devoted to rice field aquaculture. Furthermore, Kampong Thom is also a province with many destinations to attract national and international tourists such as the exotic lakes, rivers, forests, mountains, more than 200 ancient temples and the historical site namely Sambor Prey Kuk. 4. Takeo Province

31. Takeo province is located in the South of the country bordering to the North and East with Kandal, to the West with Kampong Speu and Kampot and to the South with Vietnam. Total area of Takeo province is 3,563 km2. The low-lying area seems to include much of the surrounding province area, which is probably why a kingdom that once had its heart here was referred to as Water Chenla. There seems to be water everywhere in the surrounding countryside during the rainy season.

32. Total population of Takeo province in 2016 was 1,007,121 including 488,278 males and 518,843 females. There were 212,959 households in Takeo province and the average household size is 4.73 persons per household. Of 212,959 households, 39,970 households are headed by females, accounting for 18.77%. 33. The CDB 2016 indicated that 60.5% of total population or 609,372 persons fell into the age group of 15 – 60 years including 295,119 males and 314,253 females. The proportion of population under 15 years old was 29.52% while the percentage of population over 61 years old was about 10%. Table 8: Age Structure of Population in Takeo Province below presents the age structure of population in Takeo province. Table 8: Age Structure of Population in Takeo Province

Age groups Gender Number % 0-14 years old Male 147,754 14.67

Female 149,545 14.85 15-60 years old Male 295,119 29.30

Female 314,253 31.20 Over 61 years old Male 45,405 4.51

Female 55,045 5.47 Total 1,007,121 100.00

Source: CDB, 2016 34. As similar to other provinces in the Project areas, the majority of the working age population in Takeo province (79.8% or 363,993 persons) were engaged in farming. The number of males whose primary occupation were engaged in farming was slightly higher than those of females with 183,247 males compared to 180,746 females. Other main occupations of people in Takeo province were services (31.98%); fishery and livestock (11.19%); and craftwork (10.63%). The primary occupations of the working age population in Takeo province are shown in Table 9: Primary Occupations of the Working Age Population in Takeo Province below. Table 9: Primary Occupations of the Working Age Population in Takeo Province

Primary Occupations Number Percentage (%)

Number of males whose primary occupations are in farming 183,247 40.17 Number of females whose primary occupation are in farming 180,746 39.63 Number of males whose primary occupation are in fishery, livestock 26,417 5.79 Number of females whose primary occupation are in fishery, livestock 24,621 5.40

Number of males, whose primary occupation are in craftwork 15,842 3.47 Number of females whose primary occupation are in craftwork 32,638 7.16 Number of males whose primary occupation are in services 69,613 15.26 Number of females whose primary occupation are in services 76,248 16.72 Total 609,372 100

Source: CDB, 2016 35. Takeo's economy consists basically of agricultural farming, fishery, rice and fruit cropping. Especially the rural households depend on agriculture and its related sub-sectors. In addition, the

11 possibilities of trans-border trade with Vietnam play extremely important roles for the economy development of Takeo. The trade is conducted by boats along the waterways that run through the eastern parts of the area. Imports from Vietnam include seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and construction materials (steels, bricks and tiles). The main export is dry season rice; the sale of rice to Vietnam is supremely important, as it is the economic precondition of the agricultural development. Other exports include goods in transit from Thailand (such as cement and sugar), and recyclable wastes (plastic bottles, aluminum cans, cardboard boxes, to be processed in Vietnam). Ports of landing include Takeo town, Kbal Po (Treang district), Thmor Sar, Kampong Ampil and Thmor Bai Dom (Borei Cholsar district). 36. In addition, tourism is also being developed in Takeo province. Takeo province, the cradle of Khmer civilization, is home to important temples, scenic spots and picnic areas popular with Cambodian tourists. Takeo is also a great place with temples built in every period, even before (the Christian era and in addition to the many ruins that are still visible which the archeological remains of 13 "underground" temples were discovered recently. By 2016, about 200,000 tourist arrivals visited Takeo province and it is forecasted that this number will rise to 300,000 in 2019. 5. District level

37. There are eight (08) districts where four subprojects will be located including (03) three districts of Battambang province; one (01) district of Kampong Cham province; one (01) district in Kampong Thom and three (03) districts in Takeo. Total population of the eight districts is 326,634 including 162,805 males and 163,829 females. The total number of households in these districts is 124,834. The district with the highest population is Angkor Borei district of Kampong Thom while the lowest population is in Tma Knoul district (Battambang province). The population of each district is presented in the table below. Table 10: Population of the Project Districts

Population Female Number of headed Provinces Districts Male Female Total Household household (%) Battambang Banan 19,115 19,818 38,933 11,163 13.5

Tma Koul 15,022 14,546 29,568 9,328 14.7 Krong 17,486 17,852 35,338 10,145 15.8 Battam Bong Kampong Srei Santhor 21,250 21,637 42,887 11,244 17.5 Cham Kampong Baray 24,698 24,745 49,443 20,268 13.40 Thom Takeo Ankor Borei 25,766 26,599 52,365 20,295 15.8

Doun Kaev 23,581 21,640 45,221 21,017 16.3 Treang 15,887 16,992 32,879 21,374 18.2 Total 162,805 163,829 326,634 124,834 15.77

Source: SES, April and July 2018 38. As can be seen in the following table, 54.29% of total population of eight districts falls into the age group of 15 – 60 while the percentage of population under 15 years is 29.74%. The proportion of people over 60 years is about 10%. The age structures of the project districts are as below.

Table 11: Age Structures of the Districts under the Project 0-14 years 15-60 years Over 60 years Provinces Districts Total N % N % N % Battambang Banan 13,237 34.00 21,422 55.02 4,274 10.98 38,933

Tma 8,456 28.60 18,717 63.30 2,395 8.10 29,568 Koul Krong 10,637 30.10 20,991 59.40 3,710 10.50 35,338 Battam Bong Sub - Total 1 32,330 31.13 61,130 58.87 10,379 10.00 103,839 Kampong cham Srei 13,338 31.10 24,574 57.30 4,975 11.60 42,887 Santhor Sub - Total 2 13,338 31.10 24,574 57.30 4,975 11.60 42,887 Kampong Thom Baray 12,332 24.94 28,554 57.75 8,557 17.31 49,443 Sub - Total 3 12,332 24.94 28,554 57.75 8,557 17.31 49,443 Takeo Ankor 14467 27.63 27320 52.17 10,578 20.20 52,365 Borei Doun 14,553 32.18 18,766 41.50 11,902 26.32 45,221 Kaev Treang 10,124 30.79 16,987 51.67 5,768 17.54 32,879 Sub - Total 4 39,144 30.00 63,073 48.34 28,248 21.65 130,465 Total 97,144 29.74 177,331 54.29 52,159 15.97 326,634

Source: SES, April and July 2018 39. The results of the survey show that 36.32% (or 83,350 persons) of people over 15 years old in the Project districts completed the primary school, including 40,395 males and 42,955 females. Secondary school is the highest educational attainment of 73,981 persons, accounting for 32.24%. The percentage of people who completed high school and those who are illiterate is nearly equal (about 11%) while the proportion of people who graduated the university or higher is less than 10%. The educational attainment of population over 15 years is shown in the Table 12.

40. Table 13 shows the main occupations of people in the project districts. Farming is the main occupation of more than a half of people in the project districts. The main occupations of the remaining population are small business (17.64%); working in public or private sector (12.55%) and working as a casual labour (14.07%).

Table 12: Educational Attainment of People over 15 years old in the Project Districts Secondary University and Illiterate Primary school High School Total Provinces Districts School higher M F M F M F M F M F M F Battambang Banan 1,318 1,523 4,236 5,126 4,128 4,975 1,427 787 1,539 637 12,648 13,048

Tma Koul 1,297 1,439 3,017 3,318 2,980 3,021 2,147 1,751 1,516 626 10,957 10,155 Krong 1,599 1,844 4,769 3,869 3,793 3,745 1,749 1,305 1,106 922 13,016 11,685 Battam Bong Sub-Total 1 4,214 4,806 12,022 12,313 10,901 11,741 5,323 3,843 4,161 2,185 36,621 34,888 Kampong Srei 1,748 1,822 5,018 6,344 4,821 4,271 2,237 1,392 1,199 697 15,023 14,526 cham Santhor Subtotal 2 1,748 1,822 5,018 6,344 4,821 4,271 2,237 1,392 1,199 697 15,023 14,526 Kampong Baray 1,537 1,845 6,891 6,596 6,031 6,849 2,093 1,942 2,307 1,020 18,859 18,252 Thom Sub - Total 3 1,537 1,845 6,891 6,596 6,031 6,849 2,093 1,942 2,307 1,020 18,859 18,252 Takeo Ankor Borei 1,642 2,478 7,116 7,216 6,509 6,558 1,732 2,021 1,022 1,604 18,021 19,877 Doun Kaev 1,103 1,857 5,789 5,958 4,891 4,937 1,519 1,550 1,594 1,470 14,896 15,772 Treang 869 1,105 3,559 4,528 3,255 3,217 2,015 1,736 1,260 1,211 10,958 11,797 Sub - Total 4 3,614 5,440 16,464 17,702 14,655 14,712 5,266 5,307 3,876 4,285 43,875 47,446 Sub - Total 11,113 13,913 40,395 42,955 36,408 37,573 14,919 12,484 11,543 8,187 114,378 115,112 Total N 25,026 83,350 73,981 27,403 19,730 229,490 % 10.91 36.32 32.24 11.94 8.60 100.00

Source: SES, April and July 2018

Table 13: Main Occupations of People in the Project Districts Work in Farming Small business Casual labour Total Provinces Districts public/private sector M F M F M F M F M F Battambang Banan 7,260 7,711 2,103 2,044 1,935 1,579 1,350 1,714 12,648 13,048

Tma Koul 5,847 5,089 1,829 2,216 2,109 1,833 1,172 1,017 10,957 10,155 Krong Battam Bong 7,179 5,836 3,015 2,012 1,388 1,277 1,434 2,560 13,016 11,685 Subtotal 1 20,286 18,636 6,947 6,272 5,432 4,689 3,956 5,291 36,621 34,888 Kampong cham Srei Santhor 8,901 7,521 3,112 2,566 2,008 1,925 1,002 2,514 15,023 14,526

8,901 7,521 3,112 2,566 2,008 1,925 1,002 2,514 15,023 14,526 Subtotal 2 Kampong Thom Baray 9,045 11,123 3,146 2,897 2,816 1,859 3,852 2,373 18,859 18,252

Sub - Total 3 9,045 11,123 3,146 2,897 2,816 1,859 3,852 2,373 18,859 18,252 Takeo Ankor Borei 10,858 11,098 3,754 3,277 2,147 1,988 1,262 3,514 18,021 19,877

Doun Kaev 8,592 9,116 2,109 2,089 1,890 1,852 2,305 2,715 14,896 15,772 Treang 6,022 6,704 2,025 2,296 1,097 1,105 1,814 1,692 10,958 11,797

Sub - Total 4 25,472 26,918 7,888 7,662 5,134 4,945 5,381 7,921 43,875 47,446 Sub - Total 63,704 64,198 21,093 19,397 15,390 13,418 14,191 18,099 114,378 115,112 N 127,902 40,490 28,808 32,290 229,490 Total % 55.73 17.64 12.55 14.07 100.00

Source: SES, April and July 2018

41. The poverty rates of the Project districts slowly decreased during the period of 2012-2016. The poverty rate of Angkor Borei district in 2012 was 27.8%, reduced by 0.7% to 27.1% in 2014 and reached 26.6% in 2016 – the highest poverty rate in the Project districts. The district where the poverty was the lowest was Krong Battam Bong district of Battambang province (14.2%). The poverty rates of the Project districts are given in Table 14: Poverty Rates of the Districts under the Project below. Table 14: Poverty Rates of the Districts under the Project

Poverty rates (%) Provinces Districts 2012 2014 2016 Battambang Banan 24.8 22.8 21.6

Tma Koul 20.8 19.1 17.7 Krong 17.6 15.8 14.2 Battam Bong Kampong Srei Santhor 20.6 18.8 17.4 cham Kampong Baray 24.1 23.3 22.5 Thom Takeo Ankor Borei 27.8 27.1 26.6

Doun Kaev 23.2 22.3 21.6 Treang 25.5 24.7 24

Source: SES, April and July 2018 B. Communal and Household Level

1. Communal Level

42. Population. The population of the Project communes is 268,397 in 56,827 households (Table 15: Population of the Project Communes). While there is some variation among the Project communes, the average household size and the proportion of female – headed households are similar to the provincial averages. Table 15: Population of the Project Communes Female- No. of Household HH headed Provinces Districts Communes Population Villages (HH) Size Household (FHH) Battambang Banan Phnom Sompov 6 9,928 2,302 4.3 299 Ta Kream 7 15,372 3,147 4.9 378 Tma Koul Ou Ta Ki 2 4,807 1,176 4.1 106 Chrey 7 11,223 2,286 4.9 389 Krong Battam Bong Ou Mal 9 10,239 2,213 4.6 443 Sub-Total 1 31 51,569 11,124 4.6 1,614 Kampong Srei Santhor Chi Bal 5 3,813 932 4.1 84 Cham Khnar Sor 5 4,533 1,050 4.3 147

Female- No. of Household HH headed Provinces Districts Communes Population Villages (HH) Size Household (FHH) Pram Yem 4 2,653 548 4.8 175 Preaek Pou 4 6,160 1,356 4.5 163 Svay Pou 6 9,397 1,780 5.3 338 Tong Tralach 3 2,380 555 4.3 100

Sub-Total 2 27 28,936 6,221 4.7 1,007 Kampong Baray Baray 5 13,791 2,777 5.0 388 Thom Boeng 4 10,428 2,440 4.3 521

Chhuk Khsach 5 14,329 3,043 4.7 417

Chong Doung 3 13,239 2,920 4.5 441 Chrolong 4 6,918 1,454 4.8 232

Andoung Pou 5 6,019 1,236 4.9 248

Pongro 6 10,584 1,890 5.6 284

Sou Young 4 8,526 1,968 4.3 310 Sralau 5 12,358 2,290 5.4 349 Tnaot Chum 3 9,273 2,056 4.5 217 Triel 4 19,094 4,097 4.7 629

Sub-Total 3 27 124,559 26,171 4.8 4,036 Takeo Angkor Borei Angkor Borei 6 13,288 2,873 4.6 283

Prey Phkoam 4 10,700 2,241 4.8 188 Doun Kaev Roka Krau 5 17,057 3,741 4.6 1242

Treang Sambuor 5 12,570 2,484 5.1 616 Srangae 4 9,718 1,972 4.9 337

Sub-Total 4 24 63,333 13,311 4.8 2,666 Total 109 268,397 56,827 4.7 9,323

Source: SES, April and July 2018 43. Age structure. As can be seen in the following table, the people of working age (15-60 years old) accounts for more than 56% of population of the Project communes, of which women slightly outnumber men. One-third of the population is comprised of young people (under the age of 15 years); girls account for 49% of the youth. The elderly people (over 60 years) account for less than 10% of the population. The age structures of each subproject are presented in the Table 16. 44. Education and Literacy. The proportions of people over 15 years old who completed the primary school and secondary school are nearly equal (33.39% compared to 31.13%). 11.61% of people of working age are illiterate while less than 10% of population graduated from secondary school and university or higher. The educational attainment of people over 15 years old in the Project communes is shown Table 17.

Table 16: Age Structure of the Project Communes

Kamping Pouy subproject Prek Po subproject Stung Chinit South subproject Canal 15 subproject Age Total Total Total Total groups Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female N % N % N % N % 0 – 14 8,668 7,877 16,545 32.08 5,146 4,698 9,844 34.02 18,613 18,869 37,482 30.09 9,681 11,373 21,055 33.24 years 15 – 60 14,946 15,816 30,762 59.65 8,966 7,339 16,305 56.35 34,785 36,722 71,507 57.41 17,136 19,474 36,609 57.80 years Over 1,799 2,463 4,262 8.26 1,491 1,296 2,787 9.63 7,628 7,942 15,570 12.50 4,114 1,555 5,669 8.95 61 years Total 25,413 26,156 51,569 100.00 15,603 13,333 28,936 100.00 61,026 63,533 124,559 100.00 30,931 32,402 63,333 100.00

Source: SES, April 2018

Table 17: Educational Attainment of People Over 15 Years Old in the Project Communes Primary Secondary University and Illiterate High School Total Provinces Districts Communes School School higher M F M F M F M F M F M F Battamban Banan Phnom 478 714 1,345 1,515 1,059 896 213 254 142 127 3,237 3,506 g Sampov Ta Kream 879 1,310 1,784 1,968 1,673 1,559 557 489 119 103 5,012 5,429 Tma Koul Ou Ta Ki 315 525 622 733 510 378 67 55 22 38 1,536 1,729 Chrey 618 865 1,137 1,354 1,379 1,366 379 366 110 48 3,623 3,999 Krong Ou Mal 715 933 1,189 1,435 1,068 1,100 211 117 154 31 3,337 3,616 Battam Bong Sub-total 1 3,00 4,347 6,077 7,005 5,689 5,299 1,427 1,281 547 347 16,74 18,27 5 5 9 Kampong Srei Chi Bai 121 130 563 493 508 398 134 115 33 21 1,359 1,157 Cham Santhor Khnar Sa 198 204 637 511 537 405 154 180 89 76 1,615 1,376 Pram Yam 117 127 369 359 375 280 48 29 36 10 945 805 Preaek Pou 241 204 716 587 841 611 302 254 195 113 2,295 1,769 Svay Pou 327 301 1,098 988 1,124 876 620 519 179 168 3,348 2,852 Tong Tralach 98 75 317 258 276 179 127 99 77 65 895 676 Sub-total 2 981 911 3,137 2,703 3,153 2,351 1,251 1,081 576 432 10,45 8,635 7 Kampong Baray Baray 457 487 1336 1466 1387 1430 645 785 903 723 4728 4891 Thom Boeng 340 431 1291 1377 1112 1052 410 474 405 409 3557 3742 Chhuk 513 562 2001 2102 1476 1470 555 549 416 377 4961 5060 Khsach Chong 442 498 1378 1332 1383 1485 771 840 518 620 4492 4775 Doung Chrolong 208 230 698 912 786 741 362 364 268 274 2322 2521 Andoung 155 182 613 709 638 633 412 414 212 246 2029 2184 Pou Pongro 309 326 1382 1397 1258 1229 403 405 321 329 3674 3685 Sou Young 251 281 1105 1198 1154 1248 202 188 158 162 2870 3078

Primary Secondary University and Illiterate High School Total Provinces Districts Communes School School higher M F M F M F M F M F M F Sralau 381 436 1410 1560 1393 1412 587 503 447 524 4217 4434 Tnaot Chum 285 328 1111 1124 1221 1208 361 349 237 270 3214 3277 Triel 626 716 1861 1959 1777 1735 1460 1403 891 938 6615 6751 Sub-Total 3 3966 4476 14185 15135 13586 13643 6167 6272 4775 4872 42679 44398 Takeo Angkor Angkor Borei 312 387 1,192 1,401 1,397 1,324 788 771 645 744 4334 4627 Borei Prey Phkoam 408 481 1,042 982 1,151 1,119 639 631 573 564 3813 3777 Doun Kaev Roka Krau 305 375 1,598 1,813 1,651 2,017 699 735 687 665 4940 5605 Treang Sambuor 427 485 1,392 1,469 1,405 1,484 557 564 487 428 4269 4431 Srangae 207 220 1,033 1,098 895 958 570 493 526 483 3230 3252 1,65 1,948 6,257 6,763 6,498 6,903 3,253 3,193 2,919 2,884 20,58 21,69 Sub-Total 4 9 6 1 9,61 11,68 29,65 31,60 28,926 28,196 12,09 11,82 8,817 8,535 90,46 93,00 Total 1 2 6 7 8 7 7 4 N 21,293 61,263 57,122 23,925 17,352 183,471 Total % 11.61 33.39 31.13 13.04 9.46 100.00

Source: SES, April and July 2018

Table 18: Main Occupations of People in the Project Communes Work in Farmer Small business public/private Casual labour Total Provinces Districts Communes sector M F M F M F M F M F Battambang Banan Phnom 1,837 2,104 415 372 745 715 240 315 3,237 3,506 Sampov Ta Kream 3,417 3,515 613 823 677 625 305 466 5,012 5,429 Tma Koul Ou Ta Ki 836 1,011 312 417 118 97 270 204 1,536 1,729 Chrey 1,986 2,510 822 711 416 290 400 488 3,624 3,999 Krong Ou Mal 1,896 1,998 564 703 577 389 300 525 3,337 3,615 Battam Bong Sub-total 1 9,972 11,138 2,726 3,026 2,533 2,116 1,515 1,998 16,746 18,278 Kampong Srei Santhor Chi Bai 689 615 216 378 298 112 156 52 1,359 1,157 Cham Khnar Sa 729 652 250 314 422 222 214 188 1,615 1,376 Pram Yam 545 412 126 146 270 208 4 39 945 805 Preaek Pou 1,356 1,002 116 277 667 462 156 28 2,295 1,769 Svay Pou 1,780 1,846 622 589 713 303 233 114 3,348 2,852 Tong Tralach 485 376 243 158 115 95 52 47 895 676 Sub-total 2 5,584 4,903 1,573 1,862 2,485 1,402 815 468 10,457 8,635 Kampong Baray Baray 2,850 2,749 614 729 321 310 943 1103 4728 4891 Thom Boeng 2,048 2,109 529 550 289 197 691 886 3557 3742 Chhuk 2,820 2,957 785 836 387 246 969 1021 4961 5060 Khsach Chong Doung 2,438 2,654 869 796 425 387 760 938 4492 4775 Chrolong 1,468 1,512 221 289 189 164 444 556 2322 2521 Andoung Pou 1,029 1,100 344 356 159 152 497 576 2029 2184 Pongro 1,899 2,012 539 607 417 220 819 846 3674 3685 Sou Young 1,529 1,624 512 587 244 236 585 631 2870 3078

Work in Farmer Small business public/private Casual labour Total Provinces Districts Communes sector M F M F M F M F M F Sralau 2,267 2,926 754 722 614 417 582 369 4217 4434 Tnaot Chum 1,735 1,968 428 467 351 352 700 490 3214 3277 Triel 3,897 4,112 1,046 935 712 611 960 1093 6615 6751 Sub-Total 3 23,980 25,723 6,641 6,874 4,108 3,292 7,950 8,509 42679 44398 Takeo Angkor Angkor Borei 2,438 2,516 683 775 518 531 695 805 4334 4627 Borei Prey Phkoam 2,020 1,946 574 652 589 458 630 721 3813 3777 Doun Kaev Roka Krau 2,726 3,101 829 870 637 579 748 1055 4940 5605 Treang Sambuor 2,356 2,417 772 712 569 586 572 716 4269 4431 Srangae 1,849 1,795 635 711 318 342 428 404 3230 3252 Sub-Total 4 11,389 11,775 3,493 3,720 2,631 2,496 3,073 3,701 20,586 21,691

Total 50,925 53,539 14,433 15,482 11,757 9,306 13,353 14,676 90,467 93,004 N 104,464 29,915 21,063 28,029 183,471 Total % 56.94 16.31 11.48 15.28 100.00

Source: SES, April and July 2018

45. Main Occupation. The table below presents the main occupations of people in the Project communes. Some 56.94% of total population of these communes are engaged in farming and considered farmer as their main Table 18: Main Occupations of People in the Project Communesoccupations. Small business is the main occupation of 16.31% of total population while 21,063 persons including 11,757 males and 9,306 females are working in public or private sectors. The proportion of people whose main occupation is casual labour is about 15% of total population over 15 years old in the Project communes. 2. Households in the Project Areas

a. Demography and Population

46. Of 1,047 respondents to the SES, 44.99% (471 persons) are women and the remaining (576 persons) are men. The number of surveyed people in Battambang Province is 265 (accounting for 25.31%). These people live in five communes of three districts in the Kamping- Pouy irrigation Project area. In Kampong Cham province, 255 people (accounting for 24.36%) were surveyed and they live in six communes of Srei Santhor district in the Prek-Po subproject area. Number of household respondents in Kampong Thom province participating in the SES was 273. They live in 11 communes of Baray district. In the area of Canal 15 subproject (Takeo province), 254 household respondents were interviewed and they reside in five communes of three districts. The demographic information of household respondents is presented in the following table. Table 19: Household Respondents and Gender

Female Male Total Provinces Districts Communes N % N % N % Battambang Banan Phnom Sompov 18 30.51 41 69.49 59 22.26

Ta Kream 19 26.03 54 73.97 73 27.55 Tma Koul Ou Ta Ki 7 21.88 25 78.13 32 12.08 Chrey 22 37.93 36 62.07 58 21.89 Krong Ou Mal 12 27.91 31 72.09 43 16.23 Battam Bong Sub-Total 1 78 29.43 187 70.57 265 25.31 Kampong Srei Santhor Chi Bal 24 40.68 35 59.32 59 23.14 Cham Khnar Sor 15 55.56 12 44.44 27 10.59 Pram Yem 29 59.18 20 40.82 49 19.22 Preaek Pou 15 46.88 17 53.13 32 12.55 Svay Pou 24 50 24 50 48 18.82 Tong Tralach 16 40 24 60 40 15.69 Sub-Total -2 123 48.24 132 51.76 255 24.36 Kampong Baray Baray 23 47.92 25 52.08 48 17.58 Thom Boeng 25 51.02 24 48.98 49 17.95

Chhuk Khsach 11 39.29 17 60.71 28 10.26 Chong Doung 29 51.79 27 48.21 56 20.51

Female Male Total Provinces Districts Communes N % N % N % Chrolong 2 40.00 3 60.00 5 1.83 Andoung Pou 5 50.00 5 50.00 10 3.66 Pongro 4 50.00 4 50.00 8 2.93 Sou Young 3 60.00 2 40.00 5 1.83 Sralau 11 47.83 12 52.17 23 8.42 Tnaot Chum 4 40.00 6 60.00 10 3.66 Triel 14 45.16 17 54.84 31 11.36 Sub-Total 3 131 47.99 142 52.01 273 26.07 Takeo Angkor Borei Angkor Borei 51 56.67 39 43.33 90 35.43 Prey Phkoam 37 59.68 25 40.32 62 24.41 Doun Kaev Roka Krau 12 52.17 11 47.83 23 9.06 Treang Sambuor 30 48.39 32 51.61 62 24.41 Srangae 9 52.94 8 47.06 17 6.69 Sub-Total 4 139 54.72 115 45.28 254 24.26 Total 471 44.99 576 55.01 1047 100.00

Source: SES, April and July 2018 47. In terms of age distribution, most of household respondents (853 respondents, equivalent to 81.47%) fall into the age of 18-60 - the working age. Those 61 years old and over represent 18.53% - 194 respondents. In the working age group, the age group of 31-40 years accounts for the highest proportion with 27.6%, followed by the age group 51-60 representing of 24.36%. The percentage of the age groups of 41-50 and 18-30 are 23.97% and 5.54%, respectively. The age brackets of household respondents in each province and district are in Table 20. b. Socio-economic Conditions

48. Occupation. In the Project areas, most of the households are engaged in farming. The survey results show that main occupation of 69.91% of the surveyed households is farmer. This percentage is 57.73% in Battambang Province and 69.8% in Kampong Cham Province. In Kampong Thom and Takeo provinces, the proportions are 73.63% and 74.02%, respectively. Business enterprise and casual work are the second major occupations of surveyed households (10.6% for each occupation). A further 5% of surveyed households work primarily in private sectors. Other occupations account for small proportions, less than 5%. The detailed information of households’ main occupations is shown in Table 21.

Table 20: Age Brackets of Household Respondents

Age brackets 61 years and Provinces Districts Communes 18-30 years 31-40 years 41-50 years 51-60 years Total over N % N % N % N % N % N % Battambang Banan Phnom 6 10.17 12 20.34 12 20.34 19 32.2 10 16.95 59 22.26 Sompov Ta Kream 11 15.07 18 24.66 19 26.03 13 17.81 12 16.44 73 27.55 Tma Koul Ou Ta Ki 5 15.63 4 12.5 8 25 9 28.13 6 18.75 32 12.08 Chrey 12 20.69 10 17.24 9 15.52 14 24.14 13 22.41 58 21.89 Krong Ou Mal 2 4.65 8 18.6 12 27.91 14 32.56 7 16.28 43 16.23 Battam Bong Sub-Total 1 36 13.58 52 19.62 60 22.64 69 26.04 48 18.11 265 25.31 Kampong Srei Santhor Chi Bal 4 10.17 17 20.34 13 20.34 17 32 8 17 59 23.14 Cham Khnar Sor 1 3.7 6 22.22 5 18.52 8 29.63 7 25.93 27 10.59 Pram Yem 2 4.08 6 12.24 15 30.61 17 34.69 9 18.37 49 19.22 Preaek Pou 2 6.25 6 18.75 15 46.88 4 12.5 5 15.63 32 12.55 Svay Pou 1 2.08 6 12.5 11 22.92 19 39.58 11 22.92 48 18.82 Tong Tralach 2 5 7 17.5 8 20 10 25 13 32.5 40 15.69 Sub-Total 2 12 4.71 48 18.82 67 26.27 75 29.41 53 20.78 255 24.36 Kampong Baray Baray 1 2.08 19 39.58 13 27.08 11 22.92 4 8.33 48 17.58 Thom Boeng 1 2.04 18 36.73 13 26.53 10 20.41 7 14.29 49 17.95

Chhuk Khsach 0 0.00 9 32.14 5 17.86 6 21.43 8 28.57 28 10.26 Chong Doung 1 1.79 24 42.86 11 19.64 9 16.07 11 19.64 56 20.51

Chrolong 0 0.00 3 60.00 1 20.00 1 20.00 0.00 5 1.83 Andoung Pou 0 0.00 4 40.00 2 20.00 1 10.00 3 30.00 10 3.66 Pongro 1 12.50 1 12.50 3 37.50 2 25.00 1 12.50 8 2.93 Sou Young 0 0.00 2 40.00 1 20.00 1 20.00 1 20.00 5 1.83

Age brackets 61 years and Provinces Districts Communes 18-30 years 31-40 years 41-50 years 51-60 years Total over N % N % N % N % N % N % Sralau 0 0.00 5 21.74 6 26.09 6 26.09 6 26.09 23 8.42 Tnaot Chum 1 10.00 3 30.00 2 20.00 2 20.00 2 20.00 10 3.66 Triel 0 0.00 17 54.84 6 19.35 4 12.90 4 12.90 31 11.36 Sub-Total 3 5 1.83 105 38.46 63 23.08 53 19.41 47 17.22 273 26.07 Takeo Angkor Borei Angkor Borei 2 2.22 39 43.33 20 22.22 18 20.00 11 12.22 90 35.43 Prey Phkoam 0 0.00 23 37.10 15 24.19 15 24.19 9 14.52 62 24.41 Doun Kaev Roka Krau 0 0.00 5 21.74 7 30.43 6 26.09 5 21.74 23 9.06 Treang Sambuor 3 4.84 13 20.97 15 24.19 13 20.97 18 29.03 62 24.41 Srangae 0 0.00 4 23.53 4 23.53 6 35.29 3 17.65 17 6.69 Sub-Total 4 5 1.97 84 33.07 61 24.02 58 22.83 46 18.11 254 24.26 Total 58 5.54 289 27.60 251 23.97 255 24.36 194 18.53 1,047 100.00

Source: SES, April and July 2018

Table 21: Main Occupations of Surveyed Households Property Business Casual Work Ownership Work in Work in Enterprise (E.g., Farm (Income Farmer private public Total or Trade of Labor, Mainly Provinces Districts Communes sector sector One’s Own Construction) from Rentals) N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Battambang Banan Phnom 9 15.25 4 6.78 34 57.63 0 0.00 8 13.56 4 6.78 59 22.26 Sompov Ta Kream 9 12.33 8 10.96 44 60.27 0 0.00 9 12.33 3 4.11 73 27.55 Tma Koul Ou Ta Ki 8 25.00 4 12.50 17 53.13 0 0.00 3 9.38 0 0.00 32 12.08 Chrey 4 6.90 8 13.79 37 63.79 1 1.72 6 10.34 2 3.45 58 21.89 Krong Ou Mal 7 16.28 4 9.30 24 55.81 0 0.00 4 9.30 4 9.30 43 16.23 Battam Bong Sub-Total 1 37 13.96 28 10.57 156 58.87 1 0.38 30 11.32 13 4.91 265 25.31 Kampong Srei Santhor Chi Bal 8 13.56 7 11.86 40 67.80 0 0.00 3 5.08 1 1.69 59 23.14 Cham Khnar Sor 3 11.11 2 7.41 21 77.78 0 0.00 0.00 1 3.70 27 10.59 Pram Yem 3 6.12 6 12.24 37 75.51 0 0.00 2 4.08 1 2.04 49 19.22 Preaek Pou 7 21.88 1 3.13 21 65.63 1 3.13 2 6.25 0 0.00 32 12.55 Svay Pou 4 8.33 5 10.42 34 70.83 0 0 4 8.33 1 2.08 48 18.82 Tong Tralach 3 7.50 2 5.00 34 85.00 1 2.50 0.00 0 0.00 40 15.69 Sub-Total 2 28 10.98 23 9.02 187 73.33 2 0.78 11 4.31 4 1.57 255 24.36 Kampong Baray Baray 7 14.58 6 12.50 31 64.58 0 0.00 2 4.17 2 4.17 48 17.58 Thom Boeng 8 16.33 5 10.20 33 67.35 0 0.00 2 4.08 1 2.04 49 17.95 Chhuk Khsach 2 7.14 4 14.29 22 78.57 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 28 10.26 Chong Doung 1 1.79 3 5.36 49 87.50 0 0.00 3 5.36 0 0.00 56 20.51 Chrolong 0 0.00 0 0.00 5 100.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 5 1.83 Andoung Pou 1 10.00 0 0.00 9 90.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 10 3.66 Pongro 2 25.00 3 37.50 2 25.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 12.50 8 2.93 Sou Young 0 0.00 1 20.00 4 80.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 5 1.83

Property Business Casual Work Ownership Work in Work in Enterprise (E.g., Farm (Income Farmer private public Total or Trade of Labor, Mainly Provinces Districts Communes sector sector One’s Own Construction) from Rentals) N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Sralau 1 4.35 2 8.70 17 73.91 0 0.00 2 8.70 1 4.35 23 8.42 Tnaot Chum 0 0.00 2 20.00 7 70.00 0 0.00 1 10.00 0 0.00 10 3.66 Triel 5 16.13 1 3.23 22 70.97 1 3.23 2 6.45 0 0.00 31 11.36 Sub-Total 3 27 9.89 27 9.89 201 73.63 1 0.37 12 4.40 5 1.83 273 26.07 Takeo Angkor Borei Angkor Borei 8 8.89 12 13.33 65 72.22 1 1.11 1 1.11 3 3.33 90 35.43 Prey Phkoam 2 3.23 7 11.29 49 79.03 0 0.00 2 3.23 2 3.23 62 24.41 Doun Kaev Roka Krau 3 13.04 2 8.70 17 73.91 0 0.00 1 4.35 0 0.00 23 9.06 Treang Sambuor 6 9.68 8 12.90 44 70.97 0 0.00 3 4.84 1 1.61 62 24.41 Srangae 0 0.00 4 23.53 13 76.47 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 17 6.69 Sub-Total 4 19 7.48 33 12.99 188 74.02 1 0.39 7 2.76 6 2.36 254 24.26 Grand Total 111 10.60 111 10.60 732 69.91 5 0.48 60 5.73 28 2.67 1,047 100.00 Source: SES, April and July 2018

49. Income and Expenditure. The surveyed respondents get incomes from various types of sources. The survey results show that the income of most surveyed households in the Project areas is from agricultural production, accounting for 68.67% or 719 respondents. The proportion of households with main income from agriculture in Battambang is slightly lower, equivalent to 58.87%, while in Kampong Cham it is little higher, equivalent to 73.33%. 11.84% or 124 surveyed respondents derive income from Business or Enterprise. These proportions in Kampong Thom and Takeo are lower with 9.89% and 8.27%, respectively. The remaining income sources of surveyed respondents are wages/ salaries (in private and public sector) – accounting to 8.40%; income from casual work (7.07%); and income from rentals (4.01%). The detailed information on income sources of household respondents is given in following table. 50. As can be seen in Table 23: Monthly Income of Female Respondents, the highest income that female respondents could earn is from $500 or over with only three (03) females accounting for 0.64% of total female respondents earning this. The range of income that most female respondents get monthly is from $50 to under $100 with 117 females accounting for 24.84% of total female respondents. In similar to female respondents’ income, the highest income that most of male respondents (133 respondents or 21.77% of male headers) could earn is from $50 to under $100 per month. In the range of lowest monthly income (under $50 per month), the number of female respondents is higher than males (130 females compared to 72 males). The two following tables describe the monthly income of household respondents disaggregated by gender. The monthly income of female respondents is shown in Table 23: Monthly Income of Female Respondents and Table 24: Monthly Income of Male Respondents presents the monthly income earned by male respondents. 51. Survey results show that 20.25% of the surveyed households spent in the range of $85- <$125 per month, 22.54% had the monthly expenditures which was in the range from $125 to under $170, and 26.27% of the households spent between $170-$330 per month. Only 5.64% of households spent more than $330 a month, and about 25% of households spent less than $85 per month. The monthly expenditure of the surveyed households is shown in Table 25.

Table 22: Main Income Sources of Surveyed Households

Wage/ Salaries Income from Business/ Income from Income from (in private and Agricultural Total Enterprise Casual work rentals Provinces District Commune public sector) Production N % N % N % N % N % N % Battambang Banan Phnom Sompov 11 18.64 10 16.95 0 0 4 6.78 34 57.63 59 22.26 Ta Kream 8 10.96 12 16.44 6 8.22 3 4.11 44 60.27 73 27.55 Tma Koul Ou Ta Ki 9 28.13 1 3.13 3 9.38 2 6.25 17 53.13 32 12.08 Chrey 4 6.9 7 12.07 4 6.9 6 10.34 37 63.79 58 21.89 Krong Ou Mal 8 18.6 8 18.6 1 2.33 2 4.65 24 55.81 43 16.23 Battam Bong Sub-Total 1 40 15.09 38 14.34 14 5.28 17 6.42 156 58.87 265 25.31 Kampong Srei Santhor Chi Bal 8 13.56 5 8.47 4 6.78 2 3.39 40 67.8 59 11.3 Cham Khnar Sor 3 11.11 1 3.7 0 0 2 7.41 21 77.78 27 5.2 Pram Yem 6 12.24 0 0 2 4.08 4 8.16 37 75.51 49 9.4 Preaek Pou 8 25 2 6.25 1 3.13 0 0 21 65.63 32 6.2 Svay Pou 7 14.58 4 8.33 0 0 3 6.25 34 70.83 48 9.2 Tong Tralach 4 10 0 0 0 0 2 5 34 85 40 7.7 Sub-Total 2 36 14.12 12 4.71 7 2.75 13 5.1 187 73.33 255 24.36 Kampong Baray Baray 7 14.58 4 8.33 6 12.50 0 0.00 31 64.58 48 17.58 Thom Boeng 8 16.33 3 6.12 5 10.20 2 4.08 31 63.27 49 17.95 Chhuk Khsach 2 7.14 0 0.00 1 3.57 3 10.71 22 78.57 28 10.26 Chong Doung 1 1.79 3 5.36 3 5.36 2 3.57 47 83.93 56 20.51 Chrolong 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 5 100.00 5 1.83 Andoung Pou 1 10.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 10.00 8 80.00 10 3.66 Pongro 2 25.00 1 12.50 2 25.00 1 12.50 2 25.00 8 2.93 Sou Young 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 20.00 1 20.00 3 60.00 5 1.83 Sralau 1 4.35 3 13.04 2 8.70 0 0.00 17 73.91 23 8.42

Wage/ Salaries Income from Business/ Income from Income from (in private and Agricultural Total Enterprise Casual work rentals Provinces District Commune public sector) Production N % N % N % N % N % N % Tnaot Chum 0 0.00 1 10.00 2 20.00 0 0.00 7 70.00 10 3.66 Triel 5 16.13 2 6.45 1 3.23 1 3.23 22 70.97 31 11.36 Sub-Total 3 27 9.89 17 6.23 23 8.42 11 4.03 195 71.43 273 26.07 Takeo Angkor Borei Angkor Borei 8 8.89 4 4.44 12 13.33 1 1.11 65 72.22 90 35.43 Prey Phkoam 5 8.06 7 11.29 5 8.06 0 0.00 45 72.58 62 24.41 Doun Kaev Roka Krau 2 8.70 2 8.70 2 8.70 0 0.00 17 73.91 23 9.06 Treang Sambuor 6 9.68 6 9.68 7 11.29 0 0.00 43 69.35 62 24.41 Srangae 0 0.00 2 11.76 4 23.53 0 0.00 11 64.71 17 6.69 Sub-Total 4 21 8.27 21 8.27 30 11.81 1 0.39 181 71.26 254 24.26 Grand Total 124 11.84 88 8.40 74 7.07 42 4.01 719 68.67 1047 100.00

Source: SES, April and July 2018

Table 23: Monthly Income of Female Respondents Monthly income of female respondents 0 -<$50 $50-<$100 $100- $150- $200- $300- $500 to Total Provinces Districts Communes <$150 <200 <$300 $500 Over N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Battamban Banan Phnom 1 5.56 5 27.7 4 22.22 1 5.56 5 27.78 1 5.56 1 5.56 18 23.08 g Sompov 8 Ta Kream 3 15.7 4 21.0 3 15.79 3 15.7 4 21.05 2 10.5 0 0 19 24.36 9 5 9 3 Tma Koul Ou Ta Ki 1 14.2 2 28.5 1 14.29 2 28.5 1 14.29 0 0 0 0 7 8.97 9 7 7 Chrey 1 4.55 5 22.7 6 27.27 3 13.6 7 31.82 0 0 0 0 22 28.21 3 4 Krong Ou Mal 1 8.33 3 25 0 0 4 33.3 1 8.33 3 25 0 0 12 15.38 Battam 3 Bong Sub-Total 1 7 8.97 19 24.3 14 17.95 1 16.6 18 23.08 6 7.69 1 1.28 78 16.56 6 3 7 Kampong Srei Chi Bal 8 33.3 3 12.5 6 25 4 16.6 3 12.5 0 0 0 0 24 19.51 Cham Santhor 3 7 Khnar Sor 2 13.3 4 26.6 6 40 3 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 12.2 3 7 Pram Yem 4 13.7 6 20.6 8 27.59 6 20.6 2 6.9 3 10.3 0 0 29 23.58 9 9 9 4 Preaek Pou 2 13.3 4 26.6 0 0 4 26.6 3 20 1 6.67 1 6.67 15 12.2 3 7 7 Svay Pou 8 33.3 5 20.8 7 29.17 3 12.5 1 4.17 0 0 0 0 24 19.51 3 3 Tong Tralach 2 12.5 4 25 4 25 3 18.7 2 12.5 1 6.25 0 0 16 13.01 5 Sub-Total 2 26 21.1 26 21.1 31 25.2 2 18.7 11 8.94 5 4.07 1 0.81 12 26.11 4 4 3 3 Kampong Baray Baray 7 30.4 7 30.4 4 17.39 3 13.0 1 4.35 1 4.35 0 0.00 23 17.56 Thom 3 3 4 Boeng 5 20.0 4 16.0 5 20.00 6 24.0 4 16.00 1 4.00 0 0.00 25 19.08 0 0 0 Chhuk Khsach 9 81.8 1 9.09 0 0.00 1 9.09 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 11 8.40 2 Chong Doung 12 41.3 10 34.4 2 6.90 2 6.90 3 10.34 0 0.00 0 0.00 29 22.14 8 8 Chrolong 1 50.0 1 50.0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 1.53 0 0

Monthly income of female respondents 0 -<$50 $50-<$100 $100- $150- $200- $300- $500 to Total Provinces Districts Communes <$150 <200 <$300 $500 Over N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Andoung Pou 3 60.0 2 40.0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 5 3.82 0 0 Pongro 1 25.0 0 0.00 1 25.00 0 0.00 2 50.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 4 3.05 0 Sou Young 2 66.6 1 33.3 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 3 2.29 7 3 Sralau 4 36.3 3 27.2 3 27.27 0 0.00 1 9.09 0 0.00 0 0.00 11 8.40 6 7 Tnaot Chum 1 25.0 2 50.0 1 25.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 4 3.05 0 0 Triel 2 14.2 0 0.00 1 7.14 6 42.8 3 21.43 1 7.14 1 7.14 14 10.69 9 6 Sub-Total 3 47 35.8 31 23.6 17 12.98 1 13.7 14 10.69 3 2.29 1 0.76 13 27.81 8 6 8 4 1 Takeo Angkor Angkor Borei 16 31.3 12 23.5 13 25.49 4 7.84 4 7.84 2 3.92 0 0.00 51 36.69 Borei 7 3 Prey Phkoam 11 29.7 14 37.8 8 21.62 2 5.41 0 0.00 2 5.41 0 0.00 37 26.62 3 4 Doun Kaev Roka Krau 8 66.6 1 8.33 1 8.33 2 16.6 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 12 8.63 7 7 Treang Sambuor 10 33.3 11 36.6 3 10.00 2 6.67 3 10.00 1 3.33 0 0.00 30 21.58 3 7 Srangae 5 55.5 3 33.3 1 11.11 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 9 6.47 6 3 Sub-Total 4 50 35.9 41 29.5 26 18.71 1 7.19 7 5.04 5 3.60 0 0.00 13 29.51 7 0 0 9 Grand Total 13 27.6 11 24.8 88 18.68 6 13.5 50 10.62 1 4.03 3 0.64 47 100.0 0 0 7 4 4 9 9 1 0

Table 24: Monthly Income of Male Respondents Monthly income of male respondents TOTAL 0 -<$50 $50-<$100 $100- $150- $200- $300- $500 to Provinces Districts Communes <$150 <200 <$300 $500 Over N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Battamban Banan Phnom 0 0 9 21.9 4 9.76 4 9.76 19 46.3 1 2.44 2 4.88 41 21.93 g Sompov 5 4 Ta Kream 0 0 7 12.9 12 22.2 7 12.9 11 20.3 4 7.41 4 7.41 54 28.88 6 2 6 7 Tma Koul Ou Ta Ki 1 4 3 12 5 20 6 24 9 36 6 24 1 4 25 13.37 Chrey 0 0 7 19.4 12 33.3 6 16.6 9 25 3 8.33 2 5.56 36 19.25 4 3 7 Krong Ou Mal 1 3.23 4 12.9 4 12.9 5 16.1 15 48.3 2 6.45 2 6.45 31 16.58 Battam 3 9 Bong Sub-Total 1 2 1.07 30 16.0 37 19.7 2 14.9 63 33.6 1 8.56 11 5.88 18 58.62 4 9 8 7 9 6 7 Kampong Srei Chi Bal 0 0 9 25.7 9 25.7 5 14.2 6 17.1 3 8.57 1 2.86 35 26.52 Cham Santhor 1 1 9 4 Khnar Sor 0 0 3 25 4 33.3 3 25 3 25 3 25 2 16.67 9.09 12 3 Pram Yem 1 5 4 20 2 10 5 25 4 20 4 20 0 0 20 15.15 Preaek Pou 0 0 2 11.7 4 23.5 4 23.5 3 17.6 2 11.7 1 5.88 17 12.88 6 3 3 5 6 Svay Pou 1 4.17 4 16.6 3 12.5 3 12.5 8 33.3 2 8.33 1 4.17 24 18.18 7 3 Tong Tralach 0 0 7 29.1 6 25 6 25 3 12.5 1 4.17 0 0 24 18.18 7 Sub-Total 2 2 1.52 29 21.9 28 21.2 2 19.7 27 20.4 1 11.3 5 3.79 13 41.38 7 1 6 5 5 6 2 Kampong Baray Baray 3 12.0 4 16.0 6 24.0 3 12.0 5 20.0 2 8.00 2 8.00 25 19.08 Thom 0 0 0 0 0 Boeng 3 12.5 8 33.3 3 12.5 5 20.8 4 16.6 1 4.17 0 0.00 24 18.32 0 3 0 3 7 Chhuk Khsach 1 58.8 5 29.4 1 5.88 0 0.00 1 5.88 0 0.00 0 0.00 17 12.98 0 2 1 Chong Doung 8 29.6 10 37.0 3 11.1 0 0.00 2 7.41 3 11.1 1 3.70 27 20.61 3 4 1 1

Monthly income of male respondents TOTAL 0 -<$50 $50-<$100 $100- $150- $200- $300- $500 to Provinces Districts Communes <$150 <200 <$300 $500 Over N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Chrolong 2 66.6 0 0.00 1 33.3 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 3 2.29 7 3 Andoung Pou 4 80.0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 20.0 0 0.00 5 3.82 0 0 Pongro 2 50.0 0 0.00 2 50.0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 4 3.05 0 0 Sou Young 1 50.0 1 50.0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 1.53 0 0 Sralau 2 16.6 1 8.33 1 8.33 3 25.0 4 33.3 0 0.00 1 8.33 12 9.16 7 0 3 Tnaot Chum 2 33.3 2 33.3 1 16.6 0 0.00 1 16.6 0 0.00 0 0.00 6 4.58 3 3 7 7 Triel 4 23.5 3 17.6 4 23.5 2 11.7 3 17.6 1 5.88 0 0.00 17 12.98 3 5 3 6 5 Sub-Total 3 4 28.8 34 23.9 22 15.4 1 9.15 20 14.0 8 5.63 4 2.82 14 30.15 1 7 4 9 3 8 2 Takeo Angkor Angkor Borei 7 17.9 12 30.7 9 23.0 9 23.0 1 2.56 1 2.56 0 0.00 39 28.06 Borei 5 7 8 8 Prey Phkoam 5 20.0 3 12.0 6 24.0 4 16.0 5 20.0 2 8.00 0 0.00 25 17.99 0 0 0 0 0 Doun Kaev Roka Krau 3 27.2 3 27.2 1 9.09 1 9.09 2 18.1 1 9.09 0 0.00 11 7.91 7 7 8 Treang Sambuor 1 31.2 8 25.0 1 3.13 3 9.38 6 18.7 3 9.38 1 3.13 32 23.02 0 5 0 5 Srangae 2 25.0 5 62.5 1 12.5 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 8 5.76 0 0 0 Sub-Total 4 2 23.4 31 26.9 18 15.6 1 14.7 14 12.1 7 6.09 1 0.87 11 24.42 7 8 6 5 7 8 7 5 Grand Total 7 11.7 13 21.7 11 18.6 8 14.5 13 21.2 4 8.02 22 3.60 61 129.7 2 8 3 7 4 6 9 7 0 8 9 1 2 Source: SES, April and July 2018

Table 25: Monthly Expenditure of Surveyed Households

$125 - $170 - $330 and $40 - <$65 $65 - <$85 $85 - <$125 Total Provinces Districts Communes <$170 <$330 over N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Battambang Banan Phnom Sompov 1 1.69 2 3.39 9 15.25 16 27.12 30 50.85 1 1.69 59 22.26 Ta Kream 2 2.74 5 6.85 18 24.66 27 36.99 21 28.77 0 0.00 73 27.55 Tma Koul Ou Ta Ki 0 0 1 3.13 6 18.75 12 37.5 13 40.63 0 0.00 32 12.08 Chrey 5 8.62 4 6.9 19 32.76 18 31.03 12 20.69 0 0.00 58 21.89 Krong Ou Mal 0 0.00 0 0.00 7 16.28 19 44.19 16 37.21 1 2.33 43 16.23 Battam Bong Sub-Total 1 8 3.02 12 4.53 59 22.26 92 34.72 92 34.72 2 0.75 265 25.31 Kampong Srei Santhor Chi Bal 2 3.39 3 5.08 8 13.56 12 20.34 27 45.76 7 11.86 59 23.14 Cham Khnar Sor 2 7.4 1 3.7 6 22.22 9 33.33 9 33.33 0 0.00 27 10.59 Pram Yem 2 4.08 3 6.12 12 24.49 11 22.45 17 34.69 4 8.16 49 19.22 Preaek Pou 2 6.25 1 3.13 4 12.5 6 18.75 13 40.63 6 18.75 32 12.55 Svay Pou 1 2.08 2 4.17 3 6.25 7 14.58 30 62.5 5 10.42 48 18.82 Tong Tralach 1 2.5 3 7.5 6 15 9 22.5 17 42.5 4 10 40 15.69 Sub-Total 2 10 3.92 13 5.1 39 15.29 54 21.18 113 44.31 26 10.2 255 24.36 Kampong Baray Baray 5 10.42 9 18.75 11 22.92 11 22.92 7 14.58 5 10.42 48 36.64 Thom Boeng 6 12.24 12 24.49 14 28.57 10 20.41 5 10.20 2 4.08 49 37.40 Chhuk Khsach 11 39.29 8 28.57 5 17.86 2 7.14 2 7.14 0 0.00 28 21.37 Chong Doung 14 25.00 17 30.36 9 16.07 5 8.93 6 10.71 5 8.93 56 42.75 Chrolong 2 40.00 1 20.00 1 20.00 1 20.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 5 3.82 Andoung Pou 4 40.00 1 10.00 2 20.00 2 20.00 0 0.00 1 10.00 10 7.63 Pongro 2 25.00 2 25.00 2 25.00 1 12.50 1 12.50 0 0.00 8 6.11 Sou Young 1 20.00 1 20.00 2 40.00 1 20.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 5 3.82 Sralau 3 13.04 3 13.04 6 26.09 5 21.74 5 21.74 1 4.35 23 17.56 Tnaot Chum 2 20.00 3 30.00 3 30.00 1 10.00 1 10.00 0 0.00 10 7.63

$125 - $170 - $330 and $40 - <$65 $65 - <$85 $85 - <$125 Total Provinces Districts Communes <$170 <$330 over N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Triel 5 16.13 6 19.35 9 29.03 4 12.90 6 19.35 1 3.23 31 23.66 Sub-Total 3 55 20.15 63 23.08 64 23.44 43 15.75 33 12.09 15 5.49 273 26.07 Takeo Angkor Borei Angkor Borei 13 14.44 19 21.11 18 20.00 21 23.33 14 15.56 5 5.56 90 64.75 Prey Phkoam 11 17.74 13 20.97 14 22.58 11 17.74 8 12.90 5 8.06 62 44.60 Doun Kaev Roka Krau 5 21.74 5 21.74 6 26.09 4 17.39 2 8.70 1 4.35 23 16.55 Treang Sambuor 14 22.58 15 24.19 8 12.90 9 14.52 11 17.74 5 8.06 62 44.60 Srangae 4 23.53 5 29.41 4 23.53 2 11.76 2 11.76 0 0.00 17 12.23 Sub-Total 4 47 18.50 57 22.44 50 19.69 47 18.50 37 14.57 16 6.30 254 24.26 Grand Total 120 11.46 145 13.85 212 20.25 236 22.54 275 26.27 59 5.64 1047 100.00

Source: SES, April and July 2018

52. Poverty. The following table shows the status of poor and rich households. The SES result shows that 39.57% of the surveyed households classified themselves as being poor compared other households in the village while 43.85% of the households are average situation. Not many households rate themselves as richer than other households in the village – only 7.22% classified themselves as a bit wealthier and 9.36% classified themselves as very wealthy compared to others. Table 26: Socio-economic Situation of Households

Indicators or rich/well-off households Percentage (%)

Very wealthy compared to others 9.36

Bit wealthier than others 7.22

Average situation for the village 43.85

Poor compared to others 39.57

Total 100.00

Reasons of poor households Percentage (%)

Household headed by the elderly 15.81

Many children and more expenses for support 9.42

Many members living with illness and suffering expenses for illness treatment 22.05

No job 8.51

No land or lack of farmland 19.63

Low educational attainment 24.58

Total 100.00

Source: SES, April and July 2018 53. The data in the table above also describes reasons for the poverty in the Project area. There are many health-related reasons such as elderly household heads (15.81%) or family members living with illness and suffering expenses for illness treatment (19.15%). 24.58% of surveyed households indicated that low educational attainment is one of the main causes of the poverty as with the low educational attainment they only work as unskilled with very low wages and instability of work. 54. Education. The majority of people in the Project areas have primary education. Up to 11.94% of household respondents did not attend formal education. The higher the level of education was, the lower the proportion of graduates was. 14.14% of household respondents completed primary school but only 8.31% completed secondary school and 4.11% completed high school. Only 1.3% of household respondents graduated from college or university. The data of the survey also shows that many people did not complete their education. 31.52% of household respondents did not complete primary school and 24.93% did not complete secondary school. The education level of respondents is presented in the following table.

Table 27: The Highest Educational Attainment of Household Respondents Not Primary Primary Secondary Seconda High High Universit attending school school school ry school school y/ Commune formal uncomplet complete uncomplet school uncomplet complet college Total Province Districts s school ed d ed complete ed ed complete d d # % # % # % # % # % # % # % # % # % Battamba Banan Phnom 5 1 14 2.7 20 3.8 11 2.1 3 0.6 1 0.2 5 1 0 0 59 11.3 ng Sompov Ta Kream 8 1.5 17 3.3 17 3.3 10 1.9 6 1.2 4 0.8 8 1.5 3 0.6 73 14 Tma Koul Ou Ta Ki 1 0.2 8 1.5 10 1.9 6 1.2 3 0.6 1 0.2 2 0.4 1 0.2 32 6.2 Chrey 7 1.3 20 3.8 16 3.1 7 1.3 2 0.4 1 0.2 3 0.6 2 0.4 58 11.2 Krong Ou Mal 4 0.8 3 0.6 19 3.7 10 1.9 3 0.6 0 0 1 0.2 3 0.2 43 8.3 Battam Bong Sub-Total 1 25 4.8 62 11.9 82 15.8 44 8.5 17 3.3 7 1.3 19 3.7 9 1.3 265 25.3 1 Kampong Srei Chi Bal 7 1.3 32 6.2 8 1.5 5 1 3 0.6 1 0.2 3 0.6 0 0 59 11.3 Cham Santhor Khnar Sor 1 0.2 16 3.1 2 0.4 4 0.8 2 0.4 1 0.2 1 0.2 0 0 27 5.2 Pram Yem 6 1.2 30 5.8 5 1 1 0.2 4 0.8 1 0.2 2 0.4 0 0 49 9.4 Preaek Pou 6 1.2 13 2.5 3 0.6 5 1 2 0.4 3 0.6 0 0 0 0 32 6.2 Svay Pou 4 0.8 23 4.4 3 0.6 8 1.5 3 0.6 5 1 2 0.4 0 0 48 9.2 Tong 5 1 23 4.4 4 0.8 3 0.6 2 0.4 2 0.4 1 0.2 0 0 40 7.7 Tralach Sub-Total 2 29 5.6 137 26.3 25 4.8 26 5 16 3.1 13 2.5 9 1.7 0 0 255 24.3 6 Kampong Baray Baray 7 14.5 7 14.5 4 8.33 20 41.6 6 12.5 0 0.00 3 6.2 1 2.08 48 17.5 Thom 8 8 7 0 5 8 Boeng 5 10.2 29 59.1 4 8.16 5 10.2 4 8.16 0 0.00 2 4.0 0 0.00 49 17.9 0 8 0 8 5 Chhuk 7 25.0 0 0.00 2 7.14 17 60.7 1 3.57 0 0.00 0 0.0 1 3.57 28 10.2 Khsach 0 1 0 6 Chong 8 14.2 13 23.2 4 7.14 19 33.9 8 14.2 2 3.57 2 3.5 0 0.00 56 20.5 Doung 9 1 3 9 7 1 Chrolong 2 40.0 0 0.00 1 20.0 2 40.0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.0 0 0.00 5 1.83 0 0 0 0

Not Primary Primary Secondary Seconda High High Universit attending school school school ry school school y/ Commune formal uncomplet complete uncomplet school uncomplet complet college Total Province Districts s school ed d ed complete ed ed complete d d # % # % # % # % # % # % # % # % # % Andoung 1 11.1 0 0.00 1 11.1 6 66.6 1 11.1 0 0.00 0 0.0 0 0.00 9 3.30 Pou 1 1 7 1 0 Pongro 3 37.5 1 12.5 0 0.00 4 50.0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.0 0 0.00 8 2.93 0 0 0 0 Sou Young 1 20.0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 3 60.0 0 0.00 0 0.0 1 20.0 5 1.83 0 0 0 0 Sralau 1 4.35 10 43.4 3 13.0 4 17.3 0 0.00 4 17.3 1 4.3 0 0.00 23 8.42 8 4 9 9 5 Tnaot 0 0.00 0 0.00 3 27.2 6 54.5 2 18.1 0 0.00 0 0.0 0 0.00 11 4.03 Chum 7 5 8 0 Triel 5 16.1 14 45.1 3 9.68 7 22.5 1 3.23 1 3.23 0 0.0 0 0.00 31 11.3 3 6 8 0 6 Sub-Total 3 40 14.6 74 27.1 25 9.16 90 32.9 26 9.52 7 2.56 8 2.9 3 1.10 273 26.0 5 1 7 3 7 Takeo Angkor Angkor 10 11.1 26 28.8 6 6.67 31 34.4 10 11.1 4 4.44 2 2.2 1 1.11 90 35.4 Borei Borei 1 9 4 1 2 3 Prey 8 12.9 21 33.8 5 8.06 18 29.0 4 6.45 3 4.84 3 4.8 0 0.00 62 24.4 Phkoam 0 7 3 4 1 Doun Roka Krau 2 8.70 4 17.3 0 0.00 10 43.4 5 21.7 1 4.35 1 4.3 0 0.00 23 9.06 Kaev 9 8 4 5 Treang Sambuor 8 12.9 6 9.68 5 8.06 30 48.3 8 12.9 2 3.23 1 1.6 2 3.23 62 24.4 0 9 0 1 1 Srangae 3 17.6 0 0.00 0 0.00 12 70.5 1 5.88 1 5.88 0 0.0 0 0.00 17 6.69 5 9 0 Sub-Total 4 31 12.2 57 22.4 16 6.30 101 39.7 28 11.0 11 4.33 7 2.7 3 1.18 254 24.2 0 4 6 2 6 6 Grand Total 12 11.9 330 31.5 14 14.1 261 24.9 87 8.31 38 3.63 43 4.1 15 1.43 104 100. 5 4 2 8 4 3 1 7 00 Source: SES, April and July 2018

55. Living standards. As can be seen in the following table, almost half of surveyed households (46.13% or 483 households) live in simple houses (corrugated wall/wood and roofing sheets), and the remainder live in permanent (28.08%) and semi-permanent houses (16.62%). There are some differences in house classification of households between Battambang and Kampong Cham. In Battambang, the number of households living in simple houses is much higher than those in Kampong Cham (56.23% compared to 36.86%). In Battambang, the households living in permanent houses account for about 30%, the number of households living in semi- permanent houses is very small while in Kampong Cham, the proportion of households living in permanent and semi-permanent houses is similar (about 22% and 29%). No household in Takeo and Kampong Thom provinces live in temporary house while these numbers in Battambang and Kampong Cham are one (01) and three (03), respectively. More detailed information is shown in Table 28. 56. The information the table below indicates that there are two kinds of kitchen that are popular in the Project area. More than half of surveyed households (54.82% or 574 households) are now using the permanent kitchen and the remaining use the temporary one (473 households or 45.18%). Table 29: Types of Kitchen Using by the Surveyed Households shows the types of kitchen used by the surveyed households. 57. In the Project areas, most of surveyed households (98.47% or 1,031 households) have connected to national grid and use this source for lighting. The other households use electric generator (accounted for 0.29% or three (03) households); gas/ kerosene (consisted of 0.10% or one (01) household); bio-gas (made up 0.19% or two (02) households); flashlight (comprised 0.10% or one (01) household); battery (took up 0.19% or two (02) households); and solar (contributed 0.57% or seven (07) households). In addition, the survey results show that 69.83% of surveyed households are now using wood and coal as the source energy for cooking and some 30.17% are using gas. Table 30 presents the sources of lighting that local people are now using.

Table 28: House Classification of Surveyed Households Wooden/iron Simple house Permanent Semi- walls (corrugated house with permanent Temporary (corrugated wall / wood Total one or more house (roof of tent Provinces Districts Communes iron roof / and roofing floors bricks or tiles) roofing cement sheets) N % N % N % N % N % N % Battambang Banan Phnom Sompov 27 45.76 2 3.39 2 3.39 28 47.46 0 0 59 22.26 Ta Kream 26 35.62 2 2.74 5 6.85 39 53.42 1 1.37 73 27.55 Tma Koul Ou Ta Ki 9 28.13 1 3.13 1 3.13 21 65.63 0 0 32 12.08 Chrey 11 18.97 4 6.9 5 8.62 38 65.52 0 0 58 21.89 Krong Ou Mal 13 30.23 1 2.33 6 13.95 23 53.49 0 0 43 16.23 Battam Bong Sub-Total 1 86 32.45 10 3.77 19 7.17 149 56.23 1 0.38 265 51 Kampong Srei Santhor Chi Bal 15 25.42 11 18.64 4 6.78 28 47.46 1 1.69 59 23.14 Cham Khnar Sor 3 11.11 8 29.63 2 7.41 13 48.15 1 3.7 27 10.59 Pram Yem 11 22.45 12 24.49 5 10.2 21 42.86 0 0 49 19.22 Preaek Pou 9 28.13 12 37.5 5 15.63 5 15.63 1 3.13 32 12.55 Svay Pou 12 25 16 33.33 7 14.58 13 27.08 0 0 48 18.82 Tong Tralach 7 17.5 17 42.5 2 5 14 35 0 0 40 15.69 Sub-Total 2 57 22.35 76 29.8 25 9.8 94 36.86 3 1.18 255 49 Kampong Baray Baray 22 45.83 0 0.00 4 8.33 22 45.83 0 0.00 48 17.58 Thom Boeng 11 22.45 8 16.33 7 14.29 23 46.94 0 0.00 49 17.95 Chhuk Khsach 5 17.86 1 3.57 1 3.57 21 75.00 0 0.00 28 10.26 Chong Doung 17 30.36 11 19.64 5 8.93 23 41.07 0 0.00 56 20.51 Chrolong 1 20.00 1 20.00 2 40.00 1 20.00 0 0.00 5 1.83 Andoung Pou 1 10.00 0 0.00 2 20.00 7 70.00 0 0.00 10 3.66 Pongro 1 12.50 0 0.00 1 12.50 6 75.00 0 0.00 8 2.93 Sou Young 2 40.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 3 60.00 0 0.00 5 1.83

Wooden/iron Simple house Permanent Semi- walls (corrugated house with permanent Temporary (corrugated wall / wood Total one or more house (roof of tent Provinces Districts Communes iron roof / and roofing floors bricks or tiles) roofing cement sheets) N % N % N % N % N % N % Sralau 10 43.48 5 21.74 0 0.00 8 34.78 0 0.00 23 8.42 Tnaot Chum 2 20.00 1 10.00 0 0.00 7 70.00 0 0.00 10 3.66 Triel 10 32.26 13 41.94 5 16.13 3 9.68 0 0.00 31 11.36 Sub-Total 3 82 30.04 40 14.65 27 9.89 124 45.42 0 0.00 273 26.07 Takeo Angkor Borei Angkor Borei 18 20.00 18 20.00 6 6.67 48 53.33 0 0.00 90 35.43 Prey Phkoam 17 27.42 12 19.35 7 11.29 26 41.94 0 0.00 62 24.41 Doun Kaev Roka Krau 6 26.09 4 17.39 2 8.70 11 47.83 0 0.00 23 9.06 Treang Sambuor 23 37.10 10 16.13 5 8.06 24 38.71 0 0.00 62 24.41 Srangae 5 29.41 4 23.53 1 5.88 7 41.18 0 0.00 17 6.69 Sub-Total 4 69 27.17 48 18.90 21 8.27 116 45.67 0 0.00 254 24.26 Grand Total 294 28.08 174 16.62 92 8.79 483 46.13 4 0.38 1047 100.00

Source: SES, April and July 2018

Table 29: Types of Kitchen Using by the Surveyed Households Temporary (Light Permanent (concrete/fix) Total Provinces Districts Communes materials/not fix) N % N % N % Battambang Banan Phnom Sompov 37 62.71 22 37.29 59 22.26 Ta Kream 49 67.12 24 32.88 73 27.55 Tma Koul Ou Ta Ki 19 59.38 13 40.63 32 12.08 Chrey 30 51.72 28 48.28 58 21.89 Krong Battam Ou Mal 30 69.77 13 30.23 43 16.23 Bong

Temporary (Light Permanent (concrete/fix) Total Provinces Districts Communes materials/not fix) N % N % N % Sub-Total 1 165 62.26 100 37.74 265 25.31 Kampong Srei Santhor Chi Bal 28 47.46 31 52.54 59 23.14 Cham Khnar Sor 9 33.33 18 66.67 27 10.59 Pram Yem 19 38.78 30 61.22 49 19.22 Preaek Pou 14 43.75 18 56.25 32 12.55 Svay Pou 23 47.92 25 52.08 48 18.82 Tong Tralach 24 60 16 40 40 15.69 Sub-Total 2 117 45.88 138 54.12 255 24.36 Kampong Baray Baray 31 64.58 17 35.42 48 17.58 Thom Boeng 27 55.10 22 44.90 49 17.95 Chhuk Khsach 16 57.14 12 42.86 28 10.26 Chong Doung 36 64.29 20 35.71 56 20.51 Chrolong 4 80.00 1 20.00 5 1.83 Andoung Pou 5 50.00 5 50.00 10 3.66 Pongro 3 37.50 5 62.50 8 2.93 Sou Young 3 60.00 2 40.00 5 1.83 Sralau 13 56.52 10 43.48 23 8.42 Tnaot Chum 6 60.00 4 40.00 10 3.66 Triel 12 38.71 19 61.29 31 11.36 Sub-Total 3 156 57.14 117 42.86 273 26.07 Takeo Angkor Borei Angkor Borei 52 57.78 38 42.22 90 35.43 Prey Phkoam 27 43.55 35 56.45 62 24.41 Doun Kaev Roka Krau 8 34.78 15 65.22 23 9.06 Treang Sambuor 40 64.52 22 35.48 62 24.41

Temporary (Light Permanent (concrete/fix) Total Provinces Districts Communes materials/not fix) N % N % N % Srangae 9 52.94 8 47.06 17 6.69 Sub-Total 4 136 53.54 118 46.46 254 24.26 Grand Total 574 54.82 473 45.18 1047 100.00

Source: SES, April and July 2018

Table 30: Sources of Lighting Electricity (from Electric Gas/Kerose Flashligh Bio gas Battery Solar Total Provinces Districts Communes national generator ne t grid) N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Battamban Banan Phnom 58 98.31 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 59.00 22.26 g Sompov 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 Ta Kream 73 100 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 73.00 27.55 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tma Koul Ou Ta Ki 30 93.75 1.0 3.1 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 3.1 32.00 12.08 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Chrey 48 82.76 2.0 3.4 0.00 0.00 2.0 3.4 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.7 5.0 8.6 58.00 21.89 0 5 0 5 0 0 0 2 0 2 Krong Ou Mal 43 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 43.00 16.23 Battam 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bong Sub-Total 1 252 95.09 3.0 1.1 0.00 0.00 2.0 0.7 1.0 0.3 1.0 0.3 6.0 2.2 265.0 25.31 0 3 0 5 0 8 0 8 0 6 0 Kampong Srei Chi Bal 57 96.61 0.0 0.0 1.00 1.69 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 59.00 23.14 Cham Santhor 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 Khnar Sor 27 100 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 27.00 10.59 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pram Yem 49 100 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 49.00 19.22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Preaek Pou 32 100 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 32.00 12.55 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Svay Pou 48 100 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 48.00 18.82 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tong Tralach 40 100 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 40.00 15.69 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sub-Total 2 253 99.22 0 0.0 1 0.39 0 0 0 0 1 0.3 0 0 255 24.36 0 9 Kampong Baray Baray 48 100.0 0 0.0 0 0.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 48 17.58 Thom 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Boeng 49 100.0 0 0.0 0 0.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 49 17.95 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chhuk 28 100.0 0 0.0 0 0.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 28 10.26 Khsach 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chong Doung 56 100.0 0 0.0 0 0.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 56 20.51 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Electricity (from Electric Gas/Kerose Flashligh Bio gas Battery Solar Total Provinces Districts Communes national generator ne t grid) N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Chrolong 5 100.0 0 0.0 0 0.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5 1.83 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Andoung Pou 10 100.0 0 0.0 0 0.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10 3.66 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pongro 8 100.0 0 0.0 0 0.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8 2.93 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sou Young 5 100.0 0 0.0 0 0.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5 1.83 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sralau 23 100.0 0 0.0 0 0.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 23 8.42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tnaot Chum 10 100.0 0 0.0 0 0.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10 3.66 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Triel 31 100.0 0 0.0 0 0.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 31 11.36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sub-Total 3 273 100.0 0 0.0 0 0.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 273 26.07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Takeo Angkor Angkor Borei 90 100.0 0 0.0 0 0.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 90 35.43 Borei 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Prey Phkoam 62 100.0 0 0.0 0 0.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 62 24.41 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Doun Kaev Roka Krau 23 100.0 0 0.0 0 0.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 23 9.06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Treang Sambuor 61 98.39 0 0.0 0 0.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.6 62 24.41 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Srangae 17 100.0 0 0.0 0 0.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 17 6.69 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sub-Total 4 253 99.61 0 0.0 0 0.00 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.3 254 24.26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 Grand Total 103 98.47 3 0.2 1 0.10 2 0.1 1 0.1 2 0.1 7 0.6 1047 100.0 1 9 9 0 9 7 0 Source: SES, April and July 2018

58. Table 31 below summarizes types of households’ toilets. As shown in the table, 30 households accounting for 2.87% have no toilet facilities. Backyard gardens were used for the defecation and urination and 97.13% of surveyed households use the closed pit. Table 31: Households Toilet Facilities

No toilet facilities Closed pit Total Provinces Districts Communes N % N % N % Battambang Banan Phnom Sompov 2.00 3.39 57.00 96.61 59.00 22.26 Ta Kream 7.00 9.59 66.00 90.41 73.00 27.55 Tma Koul Ou Ta Ki 1.00 3.13 31.00 96.88 32.00 12.08 Chrey 3.00 5.17 55.00 94.83 58.00 21.89 Krong Ou Mal 0.00 0.00 43.00 100.00 43.00 16.23 Battam Bong Sub-Total 1 13 5.00 252 95.00 265 25.31 Kampong Srei Santhor Chi Bal 9.00 15.25 50.00 84.75 59.00 23.14 Cham Khnar Sor 0.00 0.00 27.00 100.00 27.00 10.59 Pram Yem 4.00 8.16 45.00 91.84 49.00 19.22 Preaek Pou 0.00 0.00 32.00 100.00 32.00 12.55 Svay Pou 2.00 4.17 46.00 95.83 48.00 18.82 Tong Tralach 2.00 5.00 38.00 95.00 40.00 15.69 Sub-Total 2 17 6.67 238 93.33 255 24.36 Kampong Baray Baray 0 0.00 48 17.58 48 17.58 Thom Boeng 0 0.00 49 17.95 49 17.95 Chhuk Khsach 0 0.00 28 10.26 28 10.26 Chong Doung 0 0.00 56 20.51 56 20.51 Chrolong 0 0.00 5 1.83 5 1.83 Andoung Pou 0 0.00 10 3.66 10 3.66 Pongro 0 0.00 8 2.93 8 2.93 Sou Young 0 0.00 5 1.83 5 1.83 Sralau 0 0.00 23 8.42 23 8.42 Tnaot Chum 0 0.00 10 3.66 10 3.66 Triel 0 0.00 31 11.36 31 11.36 Sub-Total 3 0 0.00 273 100.00 273 26.07 Takeo Angkor Borei Angkor Borei 0 0.00 90 35.43 90 35.43 Prey Phkoam 0 0.00 62 24.41 62 24.41 Doun Kaev Roka Krau 0 0.00 23 9.06 23 9.06 Treang Sambuor 0 0.00 62 24.41 62 24.41 Srangae 0 0.00 17 6.69 17 6.69

No toilet facilities Closed pit Total Provinces Districts Communes N % N % N % Sub-Total 4 0 0.00 254 100.00 254 24.26 Grand TotaL 30 2.87 1017 97.13 1047 100.00

Source: SES, April and July 2018 59. The source of domestic water is a matter of concern in the Project areas. According to the survey results, about 18.34% (or 192 households) of households are using deep-well water as a main source of domestic water. The percentage of households who are using rain water for domestic activities is 422, accounting for 40.31%. About one third of households are using piped water (33.14% or 347 surveyed households). The percentage of other sources of domestic water are less than 10%. The following table shows this data in details.

Table 32: Sources of Domestic Water Pond/Lak Tradition/ Rainwate Communi Brought e/Canal/ Piped Water Shallow Deep-well Total Province r ty well water River water Public Districts Communes well s water N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Battamba Banan Phnom 26 44. 4 6.7 10 16. 7 11. 5 8.4 0 0 7 11. 0 0 59 22. ng Sompov 07 8 95 8 7 8 26 Ta Kream 42 57. 1 1.3 9 12. 6 8.2 4 5.4 0 0 11 15 0 0 73 27. 53 7 33 2 8 55 Tma Koul Ou Ta Ki 16 50 3 9.3 1 3.1 3 9.3 1 3.1 0 0 8 25 0 0 32 12. 8 3 8 3 08 Chrey 29 50 1 1.7 7 12. 0 0 7 12. 3 5.1 11 18. 0 0 58 21. 2 07 07 7 97 89 Krong Ou Mal 20 46. 0 0 2 4.6 5 11. 6 13. 1 2.3 8 18. 1 2.3 43 16. Battam 51 5 63 95 3 6 3 23 Bong Sub-Total 1 133 50. 9 3.4 29 10. 21 7.9 23 8.6 4 1.5 45 16. 1 0.3 265 25. 19 94 2 8 1 98 8 31 Kampong Srei Chi Bal 10 16. 2 3.3 44 74. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1.6 2 3.3 59 23. Cham Santhor 95 9 58 9 9 14 Khnar Sor 11 40. 0 0 15 55. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3.7 0 0 27 10. 74 56 59 Pram Yem 9 18. 0 0 29 59. 4 8.1 2 4.0 0 0 5 10. 0 0 49 19. 37 18 6 8 2 22 Preaek Pou 5 15. 11 34. 12 37. 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 12. 0 0 32 12. 63 38 5 5 55 Svay Pou 7 14. 1 2.0 38 79. 1 2.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2.0 48 18. 58 8 17 8 8 82 Tong Tralach 12 30 1 2.5 25 62. 1 2.5 1 2.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 15. 5 69 Sub-Total -2 54 21. 15 5.8 163 63. 6 2.3 3 1.1 0 0 11 4.3 3 1.1 255 24. 18 8 92 5 8 1 8 36 Baray Baray 28 58. 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 20 41. 0 0.0 48 65. 33 0 0 0 0 0 67 0 75 Boeng 7 14. 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 42 85. 0 0.0 49 67. 29 0 0 0 0 0 71 0 12 Chhuk 18 64. 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 10 35. 0 0.0 28 38. Khsach 29 0 0 0 0 0 71 0 36 Chong 23 41. 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 33 58. 0 0.0 56 76. Doung 07 0 0 0 0 0 93 0 71

Pond/Lak Tradition/ Rainwate Communi Brought e/Canal/ Piped Water Shallow Deep-well Total Province r ty well water River water Public Districts Communes well s water N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Chrolong 3 60. 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 40. 0 0.0 5 6.8 00 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 5 Andoung 3 30. 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 7 70. 0 0.0 10 13. Pou 00 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 70 Pongro 3 37. 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 5 62. 0 0.0 8 10. 50 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 96 Sou Young 2 40. 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 60. 0 0.0 5 6.8 00 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 5 Sralau 3 13. 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 20 86. 0 0.0 23 31. 04 0 0 0 0 0 96 0 51 Tnaot Chum 3 30. 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 7 70. 0 0.0 10 13. 00 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 70 Triel 4 12. 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 27 87. 0 0.0 31 42. 90 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 47 Sub-Total 3 97 35. 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 176 64. 0 0.0 273 26. 53 0 0 0 0 0 47 0 07 Takeo Angkor Angkor Borei 48 53. 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 42 46. 0 0.0 90 35. Borei 33 0 0 0 0 0 67 0 43 Prey 35 56. 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 27 43. 0 0.0 62 24. Phkoam 45 0 0 0 0 0 55 0 41 Doun Roka Krau 4 17. 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 19 82. 0 0.0 23 9.0 Kaev 39 0 0 0 0 0 61 0 6 Treang Sambuor 39 62. 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.6 22 35. 0 0.0 62 24. 90 0 0 0 0 1 48 0 41 Srangae 12 70. 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 5 29. 0 0.0 17 6.6 59 0 0 0 0 0 41 0 9 Sub-Total 4 138 54. 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.3 115 45. 0 0.0 254 24. 33 0 0 0 0 9 28 0 26 Grand TotaL 422 40. 24 2.2 192 18. 27 2.5 26 2.4 5 0.4 347 33. 4 0.3 104 100 31 9 34 8 8 8 14 8 7 .00 Source: SES, April and July 2018

60. Table 33: Purification of Drinking Water presents the method that local people use to purify their drinking water. Most of surveyed households (75.74% or 793 households) boiled the water before drinking and 84 households consisted of 8.02% used filters to purify the water. The remaining (about 16%) drink water directly without purifying or boiling. Table 33: Purification of Drinking Water

Boiled water Use filter Do not purify Total Provinces Districts Communes N % N % N % N % Battambang Banan Phnom Sompov 48 81.36 1 1.69 10 16.95 59 22.26 Ta Kream 59 80.82 2 2.74 12 16.44 73 27.55 Tma Koul Ou Ta Ki 23 71.88 0 0 9 28.13 32 12.08 Chrey 49 84.48 3 5.17 6 10.34 58 21.89 Krong Ou Mal 33 76.74 2 4.65 8 18.6 43 16.23 Battam Bong Sub-Total 1 212 80 8 3.02 45 16.98 265 25.31 Kampong Srei Santhor Chi Bal 50 84.75 4 6.78 5 8.47 59 23.14 Cham Khnar Sor 24 88.89 0 0 3 11.11 27 10.59 Pram Yem 36 73.47 3 6.12 10 20.41 49 19.22 Preaek Pou 25 78.13 6 18.75 1 3.13 32 12.55 Svay Pou 43 89.58 2 4.17 3 6.25 48 18.82 Tong Tralach 33 82.5 3 7.5 4 10 40 15.69 Sub-Total 2 211 82.75 18 7.06 26 10.2 255 24.36 Kampong Baray Baray 31 64.58 9 18.75 8 16.67 48 17.58 Thom Boeng 44 89.80 2 4.08 3 6.12 49 17.95 Chhuk Khsach 12 42.86 7 25.00 9 32.14 28 10.26 Chong Doung 30 53.57 12 21.43 14 25.00 56 20.51 Chrolong 1 20.00 2 40.00 2 40.00 5 1.83 Andoung Pou 2 20.00 4 40.00 4 40.00 10 3.66 Pongro 4 50.00 2 25.00 2 25.00 8 2.93 Sou Young 4 80.00 0 0.00 1 20.00 5 1.83 Sralau 21 91.30 1 4.35 1 4.35 23 8.42 Tnaot Chum 8 80.00 0 0.00 2 20.00 10 3.66 Triel 24 77.42 6 19.35 1 3.23 31 11.36 Sub-Total 3 181 66.30 45 16.48 47 17.22 273 26.07 Takeo Angkor Borei Angkor Borei 67 74.44 6 6.67 17 18.89 90 35.43 Prey Phkoam 46 74.19 3 4.84 13 20.97 62 24.41 Doun Kaev Roka Krau 19 82.61 1 4.35 3 13.04 23 9.06 Treang Sambuor 48 77.42 3 4.84 11 17.74 62 24.41

Boiled water Use filter Do not purify Total Provinces Districts Communes N % N % N % N % Srangae 9 52.94 0 0.00 8 47.06 17 6.69 Sub-Total 4 189 74.41 13 5.12 52 20.47 254 24.26 Grand Total 793 75.74 84 8.02 170 16.24 1,047 100.00

Source: SES, April and July 2018 61. Motorbikes are a popular means of transportation in Cambodia and the Project areas are no exception. The data presented in the following table shows that 770 out of 1,047 household respondents (accounting for 73.54%) are now using motorbike as the main vehicle. Households do not own vehicles that can carry many people such as van or tuk-tuks.

Table 34: Mode of Transportation of Local People

Truck Van Motorbike Tuk-tuk Bicycle On foot Total Provinces Districts Communes # % # % # % # % # % # % # % Battambang Banan Phnom 1 1.69 4 6.78 46 77.97 0 0 4 6.78 4 6.78 59 22.26 Sompov Ta Kream 1 1.37 0 0 67 91.78 1 1.37 3 4.11 1 1.37 73 27.55 Tma Koul Ou Ta Ki 1 3.13 3 9.38 24 75 0 0 1 3.13 3 9.38 32 12.08 Chrey 0 0 1 1.72 48 82.76 2 3.45 3 5.17 4 6.9 58 21.89 Krong Ou Mal 1 2.33 2 4.65 34 79.07 0 0 2 4.65 4 9.3 43 16.23 Battam Bong Sub-Total 1 4 1.51 10 3.77 219 82.64 3 1.13 13 4.91 16 6.04 265 51 Kampong Srei Santhor Chi Bal 0 0 0 0 57 96.61 1 1.69 0 0 1 1.69 59 23.14 Cham Khnar Sor 0 0 0 0 25 92.59 0 0 2 7.41 0 0 27 10.59 Pram Yem 1 2.04 4 8.16 40 81.63 0 0 1 2.04 3 6.12 49 19.22 Preaek Pou 0 0 1 3.13 30 93.75 0 0 1 3.13 0 0 32 12.55 Svay Pou 0 0 2 4.17 42 87.5 2 4.17 2 4.17 0 0 48 18.82 Tong Tralach 0 0 4 10 35 87.5 0 0 0 0 1 2.5 40 15.69 Sub-Total 2 1 0.39 11 4.31 229 89.8 3 1.18 6 2.35 5 1.96 255 49 Kampong Baray Baray 3 6.25 3 6.25 30 62.50 4 8.33 3 6.25 5 10.42 48 36.64 Thom Boeng 2 4.08 2 4.08 33 67.35 3 6.12 7 14.29 2 4.08 49 37.40 Chhuk Khsach 2 7.14 3 10.71 18 64.29 2 7.14 2 7.14 1 3.57 28 21.37 Chong Doung 2 3.57 2 3.57 32 57.14 5 8.93 9 16.07 6 10.71 56 42.75 Chrolong 0 0.00 0 0.00 3 60.00 0 0.00 1 20.00 1 20.00 5 3.82 Andoung Pou 0 0.00 0 0.00 7 70.00 1 10.00 1 10.00 1 10.00 10 7.63 Pongro 1 12.50 0 0.00 5 62.50 0 0.00 1 12.50 1 12.50 8 6.11 Sou Young 0 0.00 0 0.00 4 80.00 0 0.00 1 20.00 0 0.00 5 3.82 Sralau 1 4.35 1 4.35 14 60.87 1 4.35 5 21.74 1 4.35 23 17.56 Tnaot Chum 1 10.00 0 0.00 6 60.00 0 0.00 2 20.00 1 10.00 10 7.63

Truck Van Motorbike Tuk-tuk Bicycle On foot Total Provinces Districts Communes # % # % # % # % # % # % # % Triel 2 6.45 1 3.23 18 58.06 1 3.23 8 25.81 1 3.23 31 23.66 Sub-Total 3 14 5.13 12 4.40 170 62.27 17 6.23 40 14.65 20 7.33 273 26.07 Takeo Angkor Borei Angkor Borei 5 5.56 7 7.78 53 58.89 5 5.56 14 15.56 6 6.67 90 64.75 Prey Phkoam 2 3.23 4 6.45 35 56.45 3 4.84 13 20.97 5 8.06 62 44.60 Doun Kaev Roka Krau 1 4.35 1 4.35 13 56.52 1 4.35 6 26.09 1 4.35 23 16.55 Treang Sambuor 2 3.23 2 3.23 41 66.13 3 4.84 9 14.52 5 8.06 62 44.60 Srangae 0 0.00 1 5.88 10 58.82 0 0.00 5 29.41 1 5.88 17 12.23 Sub-Total 4 10 3.94 15 5.91 152 59.84 12 4.72 47 18.50 18 7.09 254 24.26 Grand Total 29 2.77 48 4.58 770 73.54 35 3.34 106 10.12 59 5.64 1047 100.00

Source: SES, April and July 2018

62. Health. The table below shows the kinds of diseases and illnesses that impact men, women and children. The most three common diseases that affect local people are headache/muscular/back pain which together account for 32%; colds, cough, respiratory ailments affected 25.30%; and skin diseases made up 22.18%. During the survey, the household respondents stated that there were some health facilities in or around their village, which provided an easy way for local people to take care their health. Table 35: Kinds of Common Diseases in the Project Areas

Kinds of Disease/Illness Frequency Percent (%)

Mild diarrhea 220 10.23

Severe diarrhea (cannot go to work or school) 45 2.09

Eye diseases 176 8.18

Skin diseases 477 22.18

Colds, cough, respiratory ailments 544 25.30

Headache/ muscular pain/ back pain 688 32.00

Total 2,150 100.00

Source: SES, April and July 2018

IV. POVERTY AND SOCIAL ANALYSIS

A. Poverty 63. According to the ADB Report (Outlook 2017 Update) on Population below the National Poverty Line, in 2014, 14.0% of Cambodia’s population was below the poverty line which placed it the fifth poorest country in Asia, behind Indonesia (10.9%) but ahead of the Philippines (21.6%).1 Figure 1: Poverty Rates in Asia

64. Poverty in Cambodia fell from 53.2% to about 20.5% between 2004 and 2011, and since then has fallen even more (Figure 2). The poverty rate in Cambodia in 2016 was 11.7%, with almost 3 million poor people and over 8.1 million of the near-poor. Cambodia’s significant progress meant that it surpassed the Millennium Development Goals poverty target, becoming a symbol of economic rehabilitation for many Southeast Asian nations. Figure 2: Poverty Rates of Cambodia (2004-2011)

Source: Where have all the poor gone? Cambodia Poverty Assessment 2013, World Bank.

1 https://www.adb.org/countries/cambodia/poverty

65. In Cambodia, poverty is overwhelmingly concentrated in rural areas, and the gap appears to be growing. Whereas 89% of poor households lived in rural areas in 2004, this increased to 91% by 2011. Poor households are larger, with 5.6 members compared to 4.5 members of the national average. Most of the poor households depend on agriculture for their livelihood and 12% of them are landless. The farmers in rural areas still use traditional farming methods at the subsistence level so the productivity is low. The lack of infrastructure also makes agricultural production more vulnerable to climate change and severe weather patterns. The poorest households in Cambodia live in remote villages and are isolated. They are far from basic social services and facilities. Some have to travel more than 4.5km to get to the nearest main road or health clinic. 66. Poverty in Cambodia is usually characterized by (i) low educational attainment, (ii) urbanization; (iii) less access to health care services, and (iv) population growth. 67. According to the UNDP’s Human Development Index Report 2018, the Cambodian education index was 0.487 in 2017, the second lowest after Lao among ASEAN nations. The adult literacy rate (for age 15 and above) was 73.9% compared with 90.3% for the East Asia/Pacific region. Female adult literacy and female gross enrollment ratio in all education levels were both reported to be low. There are people who did not attend school when they were young; therefore, it causes them to be jobless when they get older. Their lack of education causes lack of employment opportunities. Naturally, those that are unemployed cannot support their families. People who are not able to support themselves are categorized as the poor. This is a cycle. If parents cannot support themselves, they also cannot support their children. Khmer public schools are corrupted. Despite the attempts of some parents to send their children to school, the children do not like attending school, and often play truant. This leads to them being uneducated, without a future. Children of parents who are able to send them to private schools will have a better future. Also, it is difficult for children of the poor to take time off from work. Lower rates of education will cause poverty to remain in Cambodia. 68. Additionally, urbanization has led to a decrease in the area of land available for household agricultural production. This causes households to change their jobs or change production methods. These changes lead to an increase of unemployment and therefore the agricultural laborers face many difficulties in getting themselves out of poverty. 69. Regarding access to health care services, the data compiled by UNICEF showed that in 2016, Cambodia has the highest under-five mortality rates in the region, at 30.6 per 1,000 live births. Vaccine-preventable diseases, diarrhea, and respiratory infections are among the leading causes of childhood death. The primary causes of death for the general population are malaria, acute respiratory infection, tuberculosis (T.B), diarrhea and dengue fever. HIV/AIDS is also a main factor that contributes to low life expectancy among Cambodian citizens. In 2016, life expectancy at birth was estimated at 69.3 years2, about 13 years less than the life expectancy average in the region. Since the majority of Cambodian people are destitute, they are not able to access to private healthcare frequently. Therefore, they must depend on the public healthcare, but the public health service is very limited. For instance, hospital beds (per 1,000 people) in Cambodia were reported at 0.7 in 2011, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. 70. The rate of population growth also contributes to poverty in the country. People are giving birth faster than the country can develop. This causes the ratio between babies and working adults to be unbalanced. The youth age (0-14) dependency ratio (per 100 people ages 15-64) in Cambodia was 48.6 and the old age (over 65) dependency ratio was 6.9. People are working

2 http://hdr.undp.org/en/data

58 more and more to look for money to support their families. Due to the fact that incomes and salaries in Cambodia are really low, each family is struggling to keep up with supporting their children and sending them to schools. This only causes the children to be illiterate. 71. In 2016, the poverty rate in Battambang province was 16.4%. The proportions of five subproject communes were in the range of 11.3% -15.7% in 2016. As a result, the poverty rates were, in most instances, at or below the rate for rural areas. For the eight (08) years from 2008 to 2016, the poverty rate decreased by a half in these communes. The poverty rate in Kampong Cham province was 13.5% in 2016, slightly lower than the poverty rate in the Project communes. Poverty rates vary slightly between communes, with the lowest rate of 10.2% in Preaek Pou commune and the highest rate of 16.5% in Chi Bai commune. 72. As can be seen in Table 36 below, the poverty rates in Kampong Thom and Takeo provinces are significantlly higher than in Battambang and Kampong Cham. In 2016, the poverty rates of the communes in Kampong Thom varied in the range of 9.3% – 42.5% while the range of poverty rates in Takeo was 19% - 27.7%. The poverty rates of the subproject communes are presented in the following table. Table 36: Poverty Rates of the Project Communes Province Districts Communes 2008 (%) 2012 (%) 2016 (%) Battambang Banan Phnom Sampov 28.2 21.2 14.6 Ta Kream 35.5 28.5 15.7 Tma Koul Ou Ta Ki 30.5 23.1 14.6 Chrey 25.5 18.5 11.3 Krong Battam Bong Ou Mal 24.2 16.7 13.2

Kampong Srei Santhor Chi Bai 27.6 21.1 16.5 Cham Khnar Sa 22.8 22.3 15.4 Pram Yam 25.4 22.1 15.7 Preaek Pou 19.1 13.8 10.2 Svay Pou 26.6 19.8 14.3 Tong Tralach 27.5 24.4 16.3 Kampong Baray Baray 17.2 14.7 13.4 Thom Boeng 22.4 21.3 20.1 Chhuk Khsach 19.4 18.5 17.8 Chong Doung 11.8 10.6 9.3 Chrolong 44.0 43.1 42.5 Andoung Pou 22.3 20.1 19.2 Pongro 32.0 30.9 30.2 Sou young 26.8 25.7 24.9 Sralau 34.9 34.2 33.1 Tnaot Chum 20.3 19.6 18.9 Treal 29.5 28.1 27.4 Takeo Ankor Borei Ankor Borei 29.3 28.6 27.7 Prey Phkoam 27.5 26.2 25.6 Doun Kaev Roka Knau 20.7 19.8 19.0 Treang Sambour 25.8 25.0 24.2 Srangae 24.5 23.4 22.3 Source: Ministry of Planning, 2016. Poverty Reduction by Capital, Provinces, Municipalities, Districts, Khans, Communes, Sangkats – Based on Commune database 2012-2016

73. The main reasons that cause poverty, as defined by the people in the subproject areas during the FGDs, are: (i) lack of water in the canal system (secondary and tertiary canals) for crop irrigation during the dry season; (ii) Landless; (iii) low educational attainment lead to non-use of appropriate agriculture technologies; (iv) lack of job opportunities in the locality; (v) the families with large number of members; and (vi) households with the elderly and/or the disabled people. B. Gender Issues 1. Polices on Gender of the Government and the ADB

74. ADB’s Gender and Development Policy (1998, amended from time to time) adopts mainstreaming as a key strategy to promote gender equity. ADB implements its GAD policy by mainstreaming gender in its macroeconomic and sector work, policy dialogue, lending, and technical assistance (TA). Moreover, its efforts are geared to directly address gender disparities through the design of projects that include GAD in transport, industry and trade, and urban development, as envisaged in the proposed project. 75. ADB Strategy 2020 (2008-2020) reaffirms ADB’s commitment to gender equity and empowerment of women. The Cambodia CPS, 2014-2018 (under strategic pillars and outcome) states that gender imbalances are a concern in Cambodia, and ADB is committed to investing in gender equity and women’s empowerment for more inclusive growth. ADB will promote gender equity through gender-specific outcomes and outputs that deliver tangible benefits to women in its operations. 76. At the national level, Cambodia has an established national machinery for the promotion of gender equity through the following government agencies: (i) Ministry of Women Affairs (MOWA), (ii) Cambodia National Council for Women, (ii) the Technical Working group on Gender (established in 2004 and chaired by MOWA, with UNDP and JICA as co-facilitators), (iii) gender mainstreaming action groups in the government line ministries, and women and children’s consultative committees (WCCs) at sub-national level. The RGC also passed several laws, policies supporting gender equality and mainstreaming 3 , as follows: (i) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), ratified by the RGC in 1992; (ii) Neary Rattanak IV, 2014-2018 (Five-Year Strategic Plan for Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment); and (iii) Law on the Prevention of Domestic Violence and the Protection of the Victims (issued in 2005); 2. Gender Issues and Concerns

77. According to Cambodia Country Poverty Analysis 2014 of ADB, the population of Cambodia was over 16 million, of which about 51.4% are women. It had an annual population growth of 1.52% in 2017 and overall population sex ratio (male and female) was 0.945. More than 90% of the country’s population live in rural areas. As statement of WB, in 2014, the overall income poverty rates in households headed by women as compared to those headed by men was small (22.5% poor for female and 20.1% for men). 78. The wages of men and women with upper secondary and university education differ significantly. Gender disparities in employment remain extensive, primarily because of traditional attitudes about “appropriate” occupations for women and men. The low literacy and education levels of women in the workforce greatly limit their livelihood alternatives and bar them from higher- level occupations and decision-making positions. For example, men can earn up to 5,000 riels (US$1.25) per day working as casual laborers while women will get only up to 2,500 riels for the same work. In the poverty assessment shows that this differences wage is because of three

3WB, 2014. Cambodia Country Gender Analysis.

60 reasons. First, there are some jobs that women cannot do well as men. Second, women take more time off during the day. The last reason is that it did not matter anyway because it all went back in to the household finances. 79. The violence against women is widely prevalent in Cambodia, with some forms of gender- based violence, particularly rape, appearing to be on the rise. The subject of domestic violence is not discussed publicly, and incidents of spousal abuse are rarely reported. However, the 2005 Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey revealed that nearly one-quarter of ever-married women (22% of women aged 15–49) experienced physical violence, most often from a current or previous husband. Knowledge of legal rights is low among both women and men, but women tend to be comparatively disadvantaged because they are more isolated than men. Poor women are even more vulnerable. Lack of awareness of rights, combined with lack of power, increases a woman’s vulnerability to exploitation and abuse. 80. Cambodian society is generally patriarchal and hierarchical, with strong traditional norms where men have higher status than women. There is a small number of females who were selected in political positions or promoted to higher positions in the Government or other State agencies. For example, MOWRAM of employs 1,258 people at the ministry and provincial levels. At the national level, there are 633 personnel; at the sub-national level, there are 625 staffs, 9% of whom are women. One woman currently holds the position of Deputy General Director at the national level, and one PDWRAM Director is female. 81. Regarding educational institutions, there are more men than women teachers, and there are few women in technical subjects. Participation of women in economic activities is high. The number of women working in garment factories, entertainment industries, and social services jobs (i.e., doing laundry, working as house helpers, in restaurants, etc.) is higher compared to men. Likewise, the number of women migrant workers in Cambodia is increasing, although the statistics show that the number of male migrant workers still exceeds that of women. 82. In the Project areas, women farmers have developed in-depth knowledge of growing rice and other crops by extensive in-field experience. The agricultural production and post-harvest are a main source of the livelihoods of rural households in the Project areas. However, due to lack of access to information, lack of control over key resources, and longstanding cultural norms women are often less able than men to learn about and adopt new technologies to address the changing conditions and improve the productivity. 83. The results of FGDs show that men play main roles on making decisions that related to economic of the family such as family’s economic activities; buying household’s equipment or appliances; decision on household’s investments and decision on giving assistance to relatives or friends. Women often play important roles in the home such as educational concerns for children and taking care of health and other medical concerns of households. Table 37: Roles of Men and Women on Decision Making below shows the detailed data of men and women roles on decision making in the Project provinces. Table 37: Roles of Men and Women on Decision Making Men and Province Men only Women only Total Description Women s N % N % N % N % Battamba Educational concerns for children 85 32.08 65 24.53 115 43.4 265 100.0 ng 0 Family's economic activities 77 29.06 130 49.06 58 21.89 265 100.0 0 Buying household 97 36.6 132 49.81 36 13.58 265 100.0 equipment/appliances 0

Men and Province Men only Women only Total Description Women s N % N % N % N % House renovation/repair 56 21.13 196 73.96 13 4.91 265 100.0 0 Decision on household's 100 37.74 120 45.28 45 16.98 265 100.0 investments 0 Decision on giving/sharing 89 33.58 135 50.94 41 15.47 265 100.0 assistance to relatives/friends 0 Taking care health and other 78 29.43 23 8.68 164 61.89 265 100.0 medical concerns of household 0 Involvement of HH members in 94 35.34 132 49.62 39 15.04 265 100.0 organizations/community 0 activities/projects Kampong Educational concerns for children 79 30.98 62 24.31 114 44.71 255 100.0 Cham 0 Family's economic activities 63 24.71 145 56.86 47 18.43 255 100.0 0 Buying household 98 38.43 104 40.78 53 20.78 255 100.0 equipment/appliances 0 House renovation/repair 135 52.94 88 34.51 32 12.55 255 100.0 0 Decision on household's 97 38.04 124 48.63 34 13.33 255 100.0 investments 0 Decision on giving/sharing 86 33.73 130 50.98 39 15.29 255 100.0 assistance to relatives/friends 0 Taking care health and other 71 27.84 41 16.08 143 56.08 255 100.0 medical concerns of household 0 Involvement of HH members in 78 30.59 127 49.8 50 19.61 255 100.0 organizations/community 0 activities/projects Kampong Educational concerns for children 89 32.60 60 21.98 124 45.42 273 100.0 Thom 0 Family's economic activities 72 26.37 131 47.99 70 25.64 273 100.0 0 Buying household 101 37.00 121 44.32 51 18.68 273 100.0 equipment/appliances 0 House renovation/repair 58 21.25 191 69.96 24 8.79 273 100.0 0 Decision on household's 95 34.80 133 48.72 45 16.48 273 100.0 investments 0 Decision on giving/sharing 101 37.00 98 35.90 74 27.11 273 100.0 assistance to relatives/friends 0 Taking care health and other 67 24.54 86 31.50 120 43.96 273 100.0 medical concerns of household 0 Involvement of HH members in 80 29.30 137 50.18 56 20.51 273 100.0 organizations/community 0 activities/projects Takeo Educational concerns for children 75 29.53 61 24.02 118 46.46 254 100.0 0 Family's economic activities 81 31.89 120 47.24 53 20.87 254 100.0 0 Buying household 97 38.19 99 38.98 58 22.83 254 100.0 equipment/appliances 0 House renovation/repair 131 51.57 85 33.46 38 14.96 254 100.0 0 Decision on household's 114 44.88 73 28.74 67 26.38 254 100.0 investments 0 Decision on giving/sharing 89 35.04 123 48.43 42 16.54 254 100.0 assistance to relatives/friends 0

Men and Province Men only Women only Total Description Women s N % N % N % N % Taking care health and other 73 28.74 57 22.44 124 48.82 254 100.0 medical concerns of household 0 Involvement of HH members in 82 32.28 118 46.46 54 21.26 254 100.0 organizations/community 0 activities/projects Source: SES, April and July 2018 C. HIV/AIDS Status 84. HIV – the virus that leads to AIDS – was slow to reach Cambodia, but after the first case was reported in 1991 the virus spread quickly. In 2005, the HIV/AIDS death rates in Cambodia were ranked at number 5, and dropped down to rank 24 in 2016. Cambodia is now part of the United States President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) as well as the AIDS Healthcare Foundation (AHF). 85. Today, approximately 71,000 persons in Cambodia are living with HIV/AIDS including about 67,000 adult persons and 4,000 children. The rate of adult persons (15 to 49 years old) who are living with HIV/AIDS is 0.6% (the lower and upper estimation are 0.5% and 0.7%, respectively). The data of HIV/AIDS in Cambodia4 is presented in Table 38 and Figure 3 below. Table 38: HIV/AIDS in Cambodia, 2016 HIV and AIDS Estimates Number of cases Adults and children living with HIV 71,000 [62 000 - 82 000] Adults aged 15 and over living with HIV 67,000 [58 000 - 77 000] Women aged 15 and over living with HIV 35,000 [31 000 - 41 000] Men aged 15 and over living with HIV 32,000 [27 000 - 36 000] Children aged 0 to 14 living with HIV 4,000 [3300 - 5300] Adult aged 15 to 49 HIV prevalence rate 0.6 [0.5 - 0.7] (%) Women aged 15 to 49 HIV prevalence rate 0.6 [0.5 - 0.7] (%) Men aged 15 to 49 HIV prevalence rate 0.5 [0.4 - 0.6] (%) HIV prevalence among young women 0.1 [0.1 - 0.2] (%) HIV prevalence among young men 0.1 [<0.1 - 0.1] (%) Adults and children newly infected with HIV <1,000 [<1000 - <1000] Adults aged 15 and over newly infected with HIV <1,000 [<1000 - <1000] Women aged 15 and over newly infected with HIV <500 [<500 - <500] Men aged 15 and over newly infected with HIV <500 [<500 - <500] Children aged 0 to 14 newly infected with HIV <100 [<100 - <500] HIV incidence per 1000 population (adults 15-49) 0.07 [0.06 - 0.08] (%) HIV incidence per 1000 population (all ages) 0.04 [0.04 - 0.05] (%) Adult and child deaths due to AIDS 1,800 [1300 - 2900] Deaths due to AIDS among adults aged 15 and over 1,800 [1200 - 2900] Deaths due to AIDS among women aged 15 and over <1,000 [<1000 - 1300]

4 Unaids.org

HIV and AIDS Estimates Number of cases Deaths due to AIDS among men aged 15 and over <1,000 [<1000 - 1600] Deaths due to AIDS among children aged 0 to 14 <100 [<100 - <200] Orphans due to AIDS aged 0 to 17 44,000 [35 000 - 56 000]

Source: CDB, 2016 Figure 3: HIV/AIDS in Cambodia, 2016

86. According to the survey results, total number of persons living with HIV/AIDS in the Project areas is 561 consisting of 279 males and 182 females. Phnum Smapov is the commune where the number of persons living with HIV/AIDS is the highest with 125 persons (68 women and 57 men). This data is shown in the following table. Table 39: Number of Persons Living with HIV/AIDS in the Project Areas

Provinces District Communes Women Men Total Battambang Banan Phnum Sampov 68 57 125 TA Kream 17 3 20 Thmar Kol Ou Ta Ki 31 48 79 Chrey 10 26 36 Krong Battambang Ou Mal 17 19 36 Kampong cham Srey Santhor Chi Bal 3 2 5 Khnar Sa 1 2 3 Pram Yam 5 2 7 Preaek Pou 2 6 8 Svay Pou 1 1 2 Tong Tralach 10 15 25 Kampong Thom Baray Baray 24 15 39 Boeng 12 7 19 Chhuk Khsach 8 5 13 Chong Doung 3 6 9 Chrolong 16 13 29

Provinces District Communes Women Men Total Andoung Pou 3 4 7 Pongro 1 3 4 Sou young 12 7 19 Sralau 5 8 13 Tnaot Chum 3 2 5 Treal 8 11 19 Takeo Ankor Borei Ankor Borei 7 8 15 Prey Phkoam 3 5 8 Doun Kaev Roka Knau 2 1 3

Treang Sambour 3 1 4 Srangae 4 5 9 Total 279 282 561

Source: SES, April – July 2018 87. Lack of education and information awareness on HIV prevention, combined with possible decline in the budget allocated for HIV/AIDS prevention and awareness programs (as international organizations may reduce their support for HIV prevention programs in the country) are considered as the key determinants that may result to possible increase of HIV cases in the country. This would require intensive information and awareness campaign on HIV; harmonizing programs on gender including HIV/AIDS prevention; and collaboration with various agencies (Government agencies, UN and other international organizations).

V. LINKS TO NATIONAL POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY

A. Links to Country Strategies on Poverty and Socio-economic Development 88. The impact of the Project is inclusive economic growth through agriculture and irrigation aligned with the National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP) and Rectangular Strategy on Growth, Employment, Equity and Efficiency, Phase III, 2014 to 2018 of the RGC. The NSDP defines four key elements necessary for taking forward the development: (i) Ensuring an average annual economic growth of 7%; (ii) Creating more jobs, especially for youth, through further improvement in Cambodia’s competitiveness to attract and encourage both domestic and foreign investments; (iii) Achieving more than 1% point reduction in poverty rate annually, while placing high priority on the development of human resources and sustainable management, and use of environmental and natural resources; and (iv) Improving institutional capacity and governance at both national and sub-national levels and ensuring effectiveness and efficiency of public services to better serve the people. 89. The proposed Project will support RS-Phase III, and NSDP by enhancing agricultural and rural economic productivity through improved management of water resources and increased efficiency of irrigation system. The implementation of the Project in Battambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Thom and Takeo provinces will contribute more to the improvement of the productivity of agriculture sector which accounts for 29% of National GDP (2011-2016) and will have greater impact in reducing rural poverty.

B. Link to ADB’s Country Partnership Strategy for Poverty Reduction and Socio- Economic Development 90. ADB’s Country Partnership Strategy (CPS) is aligned with the RS-Phase III thrust on irrigation and water resources management by supporting interventions that will enhance water and agricultural productivity. The objectives of the CPS are (i) infrastructure and private sector development to support employment and income generation; (ii) enhanced human development; and (iii) sustainable natural resource management and climate resilience. Gender equity and governance are crosscutting themes. 91. In accordance with CPS’s objectives, the Project aims to rehabilitate and improve the irrigation system in the Project areas where the agricultural productivity is restricted due to lack of water supply during the dry season and flood in the rainy season. The Project will modernize the operations of canal system including main canals and distribution canals system; ensure the irrigation scheduling; and manage water supplies, particularly in the dry season through the combination of the scheduling and the canal flow management system.

VI. POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND BENEFICIARIES

A. Potential Positive impacts 92. The Project might have potentially positive impacts, but not limited to as follows: 93. The rehabilitation of the canals system will improve the stability of irrigation water distribution for farming production, which will increase output/ productivity of crops and livestock. 94. The proposed Kamping Pouy irrigation subproject will target a 20,000 ha for total irrigation both during the wet and dry seasons. At present, the wet season area is 12,000 ha, and dry season area is only 6,000 ha. Adequate provision of irrigation water is expected to increase the wet season yield from 2.5 ton/ha to 3.5 ton/ha after seven years. Dry season yield is expected to increase from 3 ton/ha to 3.5 ton/ha with the availability of water, along with other interventions, and to 5.0 ton/ha after seven years. Further yield increases after seven years are expected to result from more accurate water management in the rice fields as the FWUC members become more efficient in their operations and avoid yield reductions resulting from submergence stress. Other factors that will bring this about include the adequate and timely supply of nutrients, protection of the crop from pests and diseases, and improvements in the physical environment (deeper plowing and uniform puddling, ideal population density, control of flood water during fertilizer application and harvesting). 95. For the Prek Po irrigation subproject, at present, just about 60% of the command area for wet season paddy in the subproject communes of Kampong Cham province and only 10% in dry season could be irrigated. After the canal system is rehabilitated, the total area of about 8,000 ha could be irrigated for up to three crops per year in Kampong Cham province. There will be increase in irrigated area of about 15,000 ha for early wet (April to July) and dry season (November to February) paddy cultivation. 96. In the areas of Stung Chinit South subproject, about 6,000ha of agricultural land could be irrigated in the dry season. The local farmers indicated that they could only cultivate one crop season in the wet season (May to October). Once the subproject is implemented, the estimated area of agricultural land that could be irrigated is 16,000 ha and the water could supply for up to two or three crop seasons per year in Kampong Thom province. As discussed in public consultation meetings and FGDs with Cham ethnic group in the subproject area held during the PSA preparation, the Stung Chinit South irrigation subproject will have some positive impacts on local Cham villagers including (i) the diversification of farming products; (ii) increase in the rice

66 yield and (iii) increase in the number of cropping seasons due to sufficient and stable irritation water from the upgraded canals. 97. Canal 15 is 2m depth under water during the flood season, between August and early November. However, average water depth in the canal during the dry season between February to May is only about 0.50m to 0.80m. Within this dry period, the main canal cannot supply water to its lateral systems, only farmers whose paddy lands are located about 500m on both sides along the canal alignment get water by pumping. The rehabilitation of Canal 15 and its command will ensure the water supply for two rice crops per year, early wet season rice between April and July and recession rice between December and March. Therefore, the productivity of agricultural production could be improved accordingly. Additionally, Cham villagers in the command area stated that once the canal is dredged, their travelling will be more convenient and safer as now the bottom of their boats sometimes hit against obstacles in the canal bed at some positions where the canal is shallow or silty in the dry season. 98. In Cambodia, flood and drought cause some negative impacts on agricultural production of Cambodian farmers. On the one hand, the water from the upper of Mekong River, as well as from Thailand and Vietnam, combined with heavy rainfall will cause high raising of the water level in the provinces along the Mekong river in the rainy season. During the 2013 rainy season, a combination of successive typhoons and heavier-than average monsoon rains caused the water levels of the Mekong River to rise leading to extensive flooding. By mid-October, an estimated 1.8 million people across 20 provinces had been affected and 168 people had been killed. In 2011, about 1,200 persons in Kampong Cham had to moved out of their houses and lived in temporary camps which were developed for affected households during the floods. On the other hand, the drought that Cambodia experiences is a shortage of water that is typically caused by: (i) late onset of the rainy season (which normally occurs from May/June to October and brings 80 percent of annual rainfall); (ii) a shortened or erratic rainy season; (iii) lower than average rainfall; and (iv) dry spells of three weeks or more during the rainy season. The implementation of the Project will accommodate the water level in the main canals and reservoirs to ensure the irrigation water for the fields during the dry season, as well as to minimize flood in the rainy season. 99. The implementation of the Project will provide more opportunities for local farmers to improve their livelihood. When the fields are fully supplied with irrigation water, the cultivated area of local farmers will be increased, which will produce more outputs. For landless households, the men could find more opportunities to work as farming daily hired laborers or as unskilled laborers for the construction contractors during the construction phase. B. Potential Negative Impacts 100. The Project might have potentially negative impacts, but not limited to as follows. 101. Regarding land acquisition and resettlement impacts, construction activities of the Kamping Pouy Irrigation subproject will affect five (05) households with 22 persons. A total of 340 m2 of residential land will be acquired. Additionally, 147 fruit trees, 02 bushes of sweet bamboo, 34.8 m2 of houses, 4 m2 of brick toilet, and 54 m2 of barbed-wire fences will be affected. Two out of the five households will have to physically relocate. For Prek Po Irrigation subproject, there is no land acquisition required with private land of individuals or households by the subproject. Location of the new pumping station is in an empty public land managed by Prek-Po Commune. Although land acquisition is not required, a total of 22 canal crossing bridges of households and villages along the main canal will be affected. Re-construction of the bridges will be within the scope of improvement works of the subproject. There will be no crops, trees, houses and other structures of the households, nor business of local people affected. No land acquisition is anticipated due to the implementation of Stung Chinit South and Canal 15 subprojects.

102. During the construction phase, the construction activities will cause disturbance in transportation of the local villagers. However, the impact will occur in short term since the civil works under the subprojects will be carried out section by section. 103. Improvements of the canals and installation of associated structures might require blocking water, which can disrupt the distribution of irrigation water to fields in the command area. 104. “Social evils” are also considered as one of potentially negative impacts of the Project. “Social evils” could be defined as drug trafficking, prostitution, transmission of HIV/AIDS and other Sexually Transmitted Infections(STIs); and conflicts with local people of immigrant construction workers. “Social evils” often cause impacts during the construction phase of the subprojects. In the construction phase of the Project, women could become one of vulnerable objectives of social evils. When poorly managed and uncontrolled - workers can bring risks such as HIV/AIDS and STIs, drug trafficking, and exploitation of children (child prostitution and child labor). Negative social and health issues associated with poorly managed and uncontrolled workers need to be carefully controlled, managed and mitigated. These include culture shock, prevention and control of HIV/AIDS and STIs and other risks like the presence of child pedophiles among others. 105. There are no potential negative impacts on Cham villagers in the command area identified by the implementation of Canal 15 subproject and Stung Chinit South subproject. 106. Table 40 below presents the summary of potential impacts caused by the subprojects. Table 40: Summary of Impacts by The Subprojects

Potential Impacts Subprojects Description of Potential Impacts

A. Positive Impacts

1. Improve the stability of Kamping Pouy Subproject The subproject will target a 12,000 ha for irrigation water distribution for total irrigation both during the wet and dry farming, which leads to seasons. Adequate provision of irrigation increase the output/ water is expected to increase the wet season productivity of crops and yield from 2.5 t/ha to 3.5 t/ha after seven livestock. years. Dry season yield is expected to increase from 3 t/ha to 3.5 t/ha with the availability of water, along with other interventions, and to 5.0 t/ha after seven years.

Prek Po Subproject After the canal system is rehabilitated, the total area of about 8,000 ha could be irrigated for up to three crops per year in Kampong Cham province. There will be increase in irrigated area of about 15,000 ha for early wet (April to July) and dry season (November to February) paddy cultivation.

Stung Chinit South Subproject Once the subproject is implemented, the estimated area of agricultural land that could be irrigated is 16,000 ha and the water could supply for up to two or three crop seasons per year in Kampong Thom province.

Canal 15 Subproject The rehabilitation of Canal 15 and its command will ensure the water supply for two rice crops per year, early wet season rice between April and July and recession rice between December and March. Therefore,

Potential Impacts Subprojects Description of Potential Impacts the productivity of agricultural production could be improved accordingly.

2. Ensure the irrigation water Kamping Pouy Subproject The improvement of drainage facilities under for the field during the dry the Project will help protect agricultural land season and minimize flood in Prek Po Subproject and canals from flooding caused by high- the rainy season. intensity and long-duration rain. Stung Chinit South Subproject The implementation of the Project will accommodate the water level in the main Canal 15 Subproject canals and reservoirs to ensure the irrigation water for the fields during the dry season. Additionally, during the O&M of the Project, measures will be carried out to reduce the impacts of drought on agricultural production.

3. Provide more opportunities Kamping Pouy Subproject Once the Project is completed, water will be for local farmers to improve fully provided to the local people’s field. the livelihood of the Prek Po Subproject Therefore, the irrigated area of local farmers households will be increased and the farmers could Stung Chinit South Subproject diversify their crops during the cropping seasons. More employment opportunities will be created during the subprojects’ Canal 15 Subproject construction phase and operation phase.

B. Negative Impacts

1. Land acquisition and Kamping Pouy Subproject Civil works of the subproject require resettlement permanent acquisition of a total of 340 m2 of residential land. There are five (05) affected households, of which two (02) households are with residential land partially affected; two (02) households will have residential land fully affected and have to relocate; and one (01) household has fruit tree cut down during the construction phase. A total of 147 fruit trees and 02 bushes of sweet bamboo will be cut down. Additionally, the construction activities will affect 34.8 m2 of houses, 4 m2 of brick toilet, and 54 m2 of barbed-wire fences.

Prek Po Subproject No land acquisition and resettlement impacts are required. Although land acquisition is not required, a number of canal crossing bridges will be within the scope of the canal improvement works of the Subproject.

Stung Chinit South Subproject No land acquisition and resettlement impacts are anticipated due to the Canal 15 Subproject implementation of the subprojects

2. Disturbance in travelling of Kamping Pouy Subproject During the construction phase, the travelling local villagers of local people could be restricted due to the Prek Po Subproject

Potential Impacts Subprojects Description of Potential Impacts implementation of civil works. However, the Stung Chinit South Subproject restriction is minor and temporary.

Canal 15 Subproject

3. Health risks and increase of Kamping Pouy Subproject Drug trafficking, prostitution, transmission of social evils HIV/AIDS and STIs and conflicts with local Prek Po Subproject people of construction workers could occur (those are the outsiders coming to the local) Stung Chinit South Subproject during the Project construction phase.

Canal 15 Subproject

4. Gender issues Kamping Pouy Subproject Women are more vulnerable than men in loss of production land, livelihood or

Prek Po Subproject resettlement. Furthermore, women are often the targets of HIV and STIs, especially Stung Chinit South Subproject during the construction phase of the Project.

Canal 15 Subproject

VII. STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS AND PARTICIPATION

A. Objectives of Stakeholders Consultation 107. The purposes of the stakeholder consultations are as follows: - To inform the stakeholders about the proposed Project, Project’s outputs/components, requirements and reports that need to be prepared for submission to ADB as part of requirements for loan processing; - To gather data needed for the preparation of the PSA/gender reports (including the stakeholders’ level of awareness about the proposed subprojects, perception on subprojects’ impacts and suggestions); - To assess the positive and potential social risks that may be associated during Project implementation; views on Project impacts or benefits which they and/or their household members and/or the villages will get once the subprojects are implemented; - To identify issues and concerns raised by the stakeholders and proposed mitigation measures; and - To consult the women and women organization/ agency on how they would like to be involved during Project implementation. B. Stakeholders Analysis 108. The main stakeholders of the Project are categorized into Government agencies, Beneficiaries and Affected Persons/Groups; Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) and Non- Government Organizations (NGOs); the Private Sector; and the Development Partners. Table 41 below indicates the details of the potential stakeholders that are involved in the Project planning, implementation and monitoring.

Table 41: Stakeholders Involved in The Subprojects’ Planning, Implementation and Monitoring

No Stakeholder Group Function/Interest in Project

1 Government key stakeholders • MOWRAM, MOWRAM is the Executing Agency of the Project, which is responsible for overall supervision and • Department of Farmer Water User guidance on the implementation of the project. Communities under MOWRAM Implementing Agency (DFWUC) • PDWRAMs; Under supervision of DFWUC, MOWRAM supervise the establishment and strengthening of the FWUCs at the Irrigation system level and provide support in project implementation. PDWRAMs coordinate with the GDR under MEF to implement of land acquisition and resettlement.

• Internal-Ministerial Resettlement IRC has the mandate to review and evaluate the land Committee (IRC); acquisition and resettlement impacts for public physical infrastructure development projects in the Cambodia. • General Department of Resettlement (GDR); GDR is responsible for preparation, implementation, and monitoring and reporting of land acquisition and involuntary resettlement issues.

• Department of Ethnic Minority The agency and its provincial agencies can be called Development under Ministry of Rural upon for assistance in resolving indigenous people Development issues.

2 Beneficiaries and Project Affected Direct beneficiaries of the project play the roles in Persons/Groups increasing the irrigated area in villages and diversifying the crops/paddy when the irrigation is available. • Farmers, including Cham villagers • FWUCs • Other Water users (private companies, domestic water supply) 3 CSOs and NGOs These organizations provide expertise and knowledge, give voice to marginalized communities, test innovative approaches to poverty reduction, and ensure that those affected by development projects have a greater opportunity to get involved.

4 Private sector: Construction Companies Unit will implement the construction works of the subprojects. These groups bring much more than financing to the 5 International Development Partners Project and they are overcoming barriers to development through innovative solutions and expertise.

1. Household Perception on Advantages and Disadvantages of the Project

109. The surveyed respondents stated that the existed irrigation system only provided enough water for about half of cultivated area of local people in both dry and wet season. The local people

71 also indicated that the implementation of the Project would (i) improve the availability of water for farming; (ii) increase output/productivity of crops and livestock and create more jobs and incomes from agricultural production; and (iii) reduce the flooding and drought. Regarding disadvantages of the Project, the local people worried about (i) impacts during the construction phase like noise, dust and traffic disturbance; (ii) social evils such as prostitution, transmission of HIV/AIDS and other STIs; (iii) reduced productivity/agricultural outputs during the construction phase of the project; and (iv) loss of productive land. 110. Training in the irrigation for crops plays an important role in the increase of the Project efficiency. The survey results also indicated that most of household respondents (696 respondents, accounting for 66.48%) need to be trained consisting of 180 respondents in Battambang province; 167 households in Kampong Cham province; 180 households in Kampong Thom province; and 169 respondents in Takeo province. The following table presents the need of households on training on the irrigation for crops in each commune. Table 42: Need of Surveyed Households on Training in the Irrigation for Crops

No or Not decide Yes Total Provinces Districts Communes # % # % # % Battambang Banan Phnom 20 33.9 39 66.1 59 22.26 Sompov Ta Kream 22 30.14 51 69.86 73 27.55 Tma Koul Ou Ta Ki 8 25 24 75 32 12.08 Chrey 18 31.03 40 68.97 58 21.89 Krong Ou Mal 17 39.53 26 60.47 43 16.23 Battam Bong Sub-Total 1 85 32.08 180 67.92 265 25.31 Kampong Srei Santhor Chi Bal 20 33.9 39 66.1 59 23.14 Cham Khnar Sor 15 55.56 12 44.44 27 10.59 Pram Yem 16 32.65 33 67.35 49 19.22 Preaek Pou 12 37.5 20 62.5 32 12.55 Svay Pou 16 33.33 32 66.67 48 18.82 Tong Tralach 9 22.5 31 77.5 40 15.69 Sub-Total -2 88 34.51 167 65.49 255 24.36 Kampong Baray Chong Doung 20 35.71 36 64.29 56 20.51 Thom Boeng 14 28.57 35 71.43 49 17.95 Triel 7 22.58 24 77.42 31 11.36 Sralau 6 26.09 17 73.91 23 8.42 Andoung Pou 3 30.00 7 70.00 10 3.66 Chrolong 2 40.00 3 60.00 5 1.83 Sou Young 0 0.00 5 100.00 5 1.83 Pongro 1 12.50 7 87.50 8 2.93 Tnaot Chum 2 20.00 8 80.00 10 3.66 Baray 28 58.33 20 41.67 48 17.58

No or Not decide Yes Total Provinces Districts Communes # % # % # % Chhuk Khsach 10 35.71 18 64.29 28 10.26 Sub-Total 3 93 34.07 180 65.93 273 26.07 Takeo Angkor Borei Angkor Borei 29 32.22 61 67.78 90 35.43 Prey Phkoam 24 38.71 38 61.29 62 24.41 Doun Kaev Roka Krau 5 21.74 18 78.26 23 9.06 Treang Sambuor 23 37.10 39 62.90 62 24.41 Srangae 4 23.53 13 76.47 17 6.69 Sub-Total 4 85 33.46 169 66.54 254 24.26 Total 351 33.52 696 66.48 1047 100.00

Source: SES, April 2018 C. Summary of Key Issues and Concerns Raised by Stakeholders 111. During the consultation meetings, the participants highly agreed with the Project implementation. The participants indicated that the Project would improve the water supply for the command area; improve their income; and contribute to economic development of the villages, districts and province. The local people would like to participate in civil works as well as other activities during the implementation of the Project. They were also willing to take part in the trainings and awareness campaign especially on HIV/AIDS and other STIs. They stated that some NGOs have conducted training or orientation about HIV/AIDS in the communes but the awareness campaign on HIV/AIDS in particular and STIs in general is essential for the local people, both men and women. 112. The main concerns of local people were related to land acquisition impacts; environment (noise and dust during the construction phase), however all of participants admitted that the impacts are minor in comparison with the benefits that the subprojects could bring to local people. More than 80% of households in Kampong Cham and Battambang province are farmers and they could cultivate only one or two seasons per year. The number of season that they could cultivate depends on the water supply. 113. In the meetings, almost all of the participants including women suggested that they are willing to attend training on climate change, HIV/AIDS awareness, trainings on new agricultural production methods or livelihood skills. Whatever available jobs in the communities will be appreciated by the local people, as they prefer to work in the same village where they are living instead of migrating to another place outside their village. 114. Summary of key issues and concerns raised by stakeholders during the consultation meetings is presented in following table. Table 43: Summary of Key Issues and Concerns of Stakeholders Opinions, suggestions and concerns of local people Responses to the local people

(i) Consultation meeting at Takream commune, Banan district, Battambang province on 9th April, 2018

Opinions, suggestions and concerns of local people Responses to the local people

• The proposed civil works under the Kamping Pouy subproject include (i) Strengthening the reservoir embankment of 6.5km; (ii) Modernization the main canal; (iii) Upgrading the canal linking the natural river named Mongkol Borei River to the reservoir; and (iv) Rehabilitation of some secondary canals.

• The local people agreed with the implementation of the subproject and hoped that the subproject could be carried out as soon as possible. • Key issues and concerns raised by stakeholder during the meeting: The implementation of the subproject will require land Impacts on land and on-land assets caused by the acquisition of households subproject are acceptable. Construction activities of the subproject will affect 05 households in Ou Mal commune and Chrey Commune only.

Which benefits that the subproject could provide to local The subproject implementation will provide local communities and people? people with stable irrigation, rice yield in the command area can be increased and local farmers can diversify their farming products.

Some training courses such as livelihood skill training, new All of the participants indicated that they were willing method of agricultural production and HIV/AIDS awareness to take part in the training courses organized by the will be organized. Are the participants willing to participate subproject and desired the subproject could assist in? them in improving their livelihood.

(ii) Consultation meeting at Svay Pou commune, Srei Santhor district, Kampong Cham province on 12th April, 2018

• The proposed interventions of the subproject include: (i) construction of new pumping station; (ii) upgrading of the main canal with 12.75km long; (iii) construction of 22 concrete lined secondary canals with total length of 70km; and (iv) construction of 350 structures (off-takes, culverts, drain inlets, flushing structures, barrel outlet, siphons, check structure with gates, tail regulator, outlets, aqueducts, etc.).

• The participants highly agreed with the proposed subproject.

• Key issues and concerns of Stakeholders:

Noise, air pollution and vibration will cause some impacts All of participants agreed that the impacts are minor during construction period. and temporary compared to the benefits that the subproject could provide.

Capacity of the main canal should be designed to provide Capacity of the main canal is designed with 5.5m3/s sufficient water to the secondary canals. discharge. In addition, five pumps of each 300kW capacity will be installed to pump sufficient water to the main canal to provide water to the secondary canals.

Design of the canal crossing bridges should be consulted Re-construction of the bridges will be within the with the villagers and households. scope of the canal improvement works. Design of the bridges, including basic and detailed engineering designs, will be consulted with the villagers and households

Opinions, suggestions and concerns of local people Responses to the local people

The subproject should assist the local farmers in improving Training courses will be organized in consultation the livelihood through the training courses on new with local communities and local farmers. agricultural production methods as well as the training courses on climate change and HIV/AIDS awareness.

(iii) Consultation meeting at Boeng commune, Baray district, Kampong Thom province on 13th July, 2018

• The proposed system modernizations under the Stung Chinit South subproject include: (i) rehabilitation of the existing weir; (ii) upgrading of the main canal with the total 34km of length; (iii) improvement of 12 secondary canals and one tertiary canal.

• The attendees of the meeting highly agreed with the implementation of the subproject.

• Key issues and concerns of stakeholders in the meeting:

The concentration of the construction materials and Local authority and other participants agreed that the equipment on the embankment will cause some villagers could use another bypass road, therefore, disturbances to the transportation of the local people. the improvement of the canal embankment would not affect travelling of local people.

Local authorities and people desired to participate in the Local people are encouraged to take part in the subproject activities and the engineering team should subproject activities such as raising suggestions in consult with local people when designing of the canals for the field investigations and designing of the canals; upgrading supervision of civil works; identifying the temporary sites for concentration of construction materials and equipment (if needed).

The subproject will organize some training courses for local Local authorities, as well as local people highly people such as training on irrigation for crops and rice; appreciate the training courses and hope that the training on application of agricultural production training courses on agricultural production models technologies; HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention training. can help people to increase the productivity and Will the local people participate in these trainings? improve their livelihoods.

(iv) Consultation meetings at Prey Khroam commune, Angkor Borei district, Takeo province on 14th July, 2018

• The proposed interventions of the subproject include (i) dredging to drop the canal bed to 1.5m from the existing level; (ii) removing siltation along the whole canal 87’s length; (iii) improvement and modernization of pumping station system’s infrastructure including pumping station, intake canal and irrigation and drainage network.

• The participants highly agreed with the proposed subproject.

• Key issues and concerns of raised by Stakeholders

There are no land acquisition caused by the subproject, TRTA consultants and the participants confirmed that however, civil works should be supervised regularly to the implementation of the subproject will not cause minimize the temporary impacts on the surrounding area. any impacts on land and other assets of local community and people as the improvement activities will only be conducted within the ROW of the existing main canal and siltation which will be removed from the canal bed will be deposited on the embankment. However, the PMU and PDWRAM would conduct

Opinions, suggestions and concerns of local people Responses to the local people

supervision properly to ensure that agricultural land and paddy/crops on land will be not affected due to the canal improvements. If land of local people is temporarily affected due to the subproject implementation, the construction contractor(s) will be responsible for compensation. The compensation rate for temporarily affected land will be calculated based on net-income that would have been derived during the period of disruption and the market rate will be applied to compensate for affected paddy or crops.

Would the rehabilitation of the main canal cause impacts on TRTA consultants confirmed with the villagers that water level of the secondary canals? the dredging of Canal 15 would not affect the water level in the secondary canals because Canal 15 connects to two natural rivers (Borei and Takeo rivers). When the main canal is dredged to a depth of 1.5m below the existing level, water from these rivers will flow to the main canal and ensure that the water level of the main canal as well as the secondary canals will not be changed.

The villagers worried about the disruption of transportation The improvements of the main canal will be during the construction phase. conducted section by section to ensure the disturbance on transportation of local people is minimized. Furthermore, the width of the main canal is large enough, the villagers could travel through the canal during the construction phase without disturbance.

Some training courses such as livelihood skill training, new People are always willing to participate in training models of agricultural production and HIV/AIDS awareness courses to improve their knowledge on production. and prevention will be organized. Are the participants willing to participate?

PDWRAM = Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology; PMU = Project Management Unit; TRTA = Transaction Technical Assistance

D. Requirements for Consultation and Participation 115. Meaningful consultation will continue throughout the project implementation cycle, building on the initial consultations with participations of various stakeholder groups during project preparation. The various stakeholders, mechanisms for participation, entities responsible, indicative schedules and resources are set out in the Consultation and Participation Plan presented in Table 44 below.

Table 44: Consultation and Participation Plan

Stakeholder Group Objective of Approach to Participation Methods Responsible Timing Involvements Participation and Depth

Government Key Representatives Collaboration • Approvals: Review and approve PDWRAMs, PMU During detailed Stakeholders: of government (High) annual work plan and budgets, design of are responsible safeguard documents, civil works subprojects and • MOWRAM, for project design, and site management throughout PDWRAMs implementation, contracts or concessions. project • FWUC and representing implementation. DEPARTMENT provincial and • Project implementation: Appoint • PMU commune staff to public representatives to destination management • MEF interests. • GDR organizations.

• Monitoring: Participate in provincial and national steering committee meetings, resettlement committees, and destination management organizations. Provide policy guidance and dispute remediation if necessary.

Beneficiaries and Direct Partnership • Information: public consultation Local authorities, During detail Project Affected beneficiaries of (High) meetings and dissemination of mass design of Persons/Groups project; information in the subproject organizations, and infrastructure increase the communes. The information that is TRTA subprojects and • Farmers irrigated area disseminated through PIB includes Consultants. throughout • FWUC in villages; do design of four subprojects; project • Other Water cropping entitlements on compensation, implementation users (private rotation and assistance and resettlement for companies, diversification affected households (AHs) if land domestic when irrigation acquisition is required; grievance water supply) is available. redress mechanism; and implementation schedule of related activities. • Consultation: consultation on measurements to improve the agricultural production; conduct the training need survey to assess the need of local people on agricultural production development; village

Stakeholder Group Objective of Approach to Participation Methods Responsible Timing Involvements Participation and Depth meetings and focus group discussions on measures to enhance benefits and mitigate risks; detailed measurement survey and resettlement consultations for persons affected by involuntary resettlement. • Decisions: Local authorities determine participation with support from village leaders and mass organizations to ensure the participants are inclusive, with representatives of ethnic groups, women, and other subgroups

CSOs and NGOs These Collaboration • Project management and PDWRAMs, PMU During detailed organizations (Medium) Implementation: Direct design of Local authorities, provide consultations and participation subprojects and Mass expertise and in project implementation throughout organizations knowledge, through collaboration with project give voice to PDWRAMs and representation implementation. marginalized on provincial steering communities, committee. test innovative approaches to • Strategic Decision-Making: poverty Contribute to decisions on reduction, and destination management and ensure that GAP and LARP implementation. those affected by development projects have a greater opportunity to get involved

Private sector: Unit will Collaboration • Project Implementation: The PDWRAMs, PMU Throughout Construction implement the (Medium) construction companies conduct project Companies construction the rehabilitation, modernization implementation

Stakeholder Group Objective of Approach to Participation Methods Responsible Timing Involvements Participation and Depth works of the and new construction of the project irrigation system for the four subprojects.

International These groups Collaboration • Direct consultation during the PDWRAMs, PMU Throughout Development bring much (Medium) Project progress and performance project Partners more than implementation financing to the Project and they are overcoming barriers to development through innovative solutions and expertise.

CSO = Civil Society Organization; FWUC = Farmer Water User Committee; GDR = General Department of Resettlement; MEF = Ministry of Economy and Finance; MOWRAM = Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology; NGO = Non-government Organization; PDWRAM = Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology; TRTA = Transaction Technical Assistance

VIII. SOCIAL ACTION PLAN

116. The adverse impacts of the subprojects’ implementation include: • Land acquisition and resettlement. Land acquisition is only required by the implementation of the Kamping Pouy irrigation subproject. The civil works of the subproject will affect five households with 22 persons. A total area of 340 m2 of residential land of four (04) households in Chrey and Ou mal communes will be acquired. Two (02) households are required to physically relocate. The construction activities will also impact on 34.8 m2 of houses, 4 m2 of brick toilet, and 54 m2 of barbed-wire fences. Additionally, 147 fruit trees and 02 bushes of sweet bamboo will be cut down. The construction works of Prek Po subproject does not acquire land of local people, however, a total of 22 canal crossing bridges will be re-constructed as these bridges are within the scope of the canal improvement works. Land acquisition and resettlement impact are not required by the two other subprojects. • Disturbance on local people’s travelling. The improvement of the canal system as well as the re-construction of some crossing bridges will disrupt the travelling of local people. However, local people indicated that this impact is acceptable in comparison with the benefits of the Project. • HIV/AIDS and STIs. The construction phase of the Project presents increased risks of HIV/AIDS infection to the local communities, construction workers and mobile populations. There will be a number of concentrated locations for construction workers (including construction camps) during the construction of the Project. The vast majority are expected to be unaccompanied men away from their families and communities for extended periods. There is also expected to be an associated increase in the presence of sex workers and other mobile populations during this phase. There are several project impacts that would adversely impact on or present significant risks to livelihoods and household living standards. • Gender issues. The implementation of the Project can affect differently on men and women. Women are more vulnerable to hardship than men due to loss of economic and social base caused by land acquisition, relocation, and loss of livelihood. In addition, women will also face other social risks such as increased risk of HIV/AIDS transmission, STIs due to influx of immigrant workers during construction phase and afterwards. • Ethnic group issues. There is no potential negative impact identified by the implementation of the Canal 15 and Stung Chinit South subprojects. On the other hand, the implementation of these subprojects will bring benefits to Cham ethnic group in the subproject areas. The Canal 15 subproject will provide to local people, including Cham people with more convenient and safer travel through Canal 15 to the district area or their fishing areas while the Stung Chinit South irrigation subproject will have some positive impacts on local Cham villagers including (i) the diversification of farming products; (ii) increase in the rice yield and (iii) increase in the number of cropping seasons due to sufficient and stable irritation water from the upgraded canals. Measures to promote positive impacts of the subprojects to the Cham ethnic group have been developed in consultation with and with the participation of the Cham ethnic group. 117. Based on the result of poverty and social analysis as well as potential impacts on local households and communities, a social action plan has been developed and consulted with the relevant stakeholders. The social action plan has been agreed during the PSA preparation as follows:

Table 45: Social Action Plan

Cost Issues Action Required Responsible Agencies Timing Estimates Notes ($)

a. Land Acquisition and Resettlement (impact: negative/minor)

Kamping A Land Acquisition and Resettlement The MOWRAM through As specified in Included in The detailed LARP will be Pouy Plan (LARP) has been prepared PDWRAM of Battambang the LARP the LARP’s prepared based on the DMS, Subproject governing compensation and province will coordinate closely budget SES, RCS and additional public assistance to the DPs as well as with the IRC/GDR on all issues consultations when the detailed providing mitigated measurements for related to involuntary engineering design is approved. the adverse impacts and promote resettlement and the positive impacts on local people. The preparation, updating and LARP is compliant with ADB’s implementation of the draft Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS, LARP/detailed LARP. 2009).

Prek Po A Resettlement Due Diligence Report MOWRAM (through its PMU Not required When the detailed engineering Subproject has been prepared to examine land and PDWRAM) will submit this design of the subproject is acquisition and resettlement issues by Resettlement Due Diligence available, screening on land the Subproject in line with ADB’s Report to ADB and GDR/MEF acquisition and resettlement will Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS for review and approval. be conducted by the Social 2009). The due diligence activity has Safeguards Consultants of PMIC confirmed that there is no land in coordination with Kampong acquisition and resettlement impacts by Cham PDWRAM, Prek Po the Subproject. Communal Council, FWUC and representatives of villagers - and Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan (LARP) will be prepared by the GDR-MEF if land acquisition of individuals/ households is required

Stung Chinit A Resettlement Due Diligence Report MOWRAM (through its PMU Not required When the detailed engineering South has been prepared to examine land and PDWRAM) will submit this design of the subproject is Subproject acquisition and resettlement issues by Resettlement Due Diligence available, screening on land the Subproject in line with ADB’s Report to ADB and GDR/MEF acquisition and resettlement will Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS for review and approval. be conducted by the Social 2009). The due diligence activity has Safeguards Consultants of PMIC confirmed that there is no land in coordination with Kampong Thom PDWRAM, Communal

Cost Issues Action Required Responsible Agencies Timing Estimates Notes ($) acquisition and resettlement impacts by Councils, FWUC and the Subproject representatives of villagers - and Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan (LARP) will be prepared by the GDR-MEF if land acquisition of individuals/ households is required

Canal 15 A Resettlement Due Diligence Report MOWRAM (through its PMU Not required When the detailed engineering Subproject has been prepared to examine land and PDWRAM) will submit this design of the subproject is acquisition and resettlement issues by Resettlement Due Diligence available, screening on land the Subproject in line with ADB’s Report to ADB and GDR/MEF acquisition and resettlement will Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS for review and approval. be conducted by the Social 2009). The due diligence activity has Safeguards Consultants of PMIC confirmed that there is no land in coordination with Takeo acquisition and resettlement impacts by PDWRAM, Communal Councils, the Subproject FWUC and representatives of villagers - and Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan (LARP) will be prepared by the GDR- MEF if land acquisition of individuals/ households is required b. Ethnic Groups

Stung Chinit A Due Diligence Report on Ethnic MOWRAM (through its PMU Upon the As specified This DDREM is a draft and needs South Minority (DDREM) has been prepared and PDWRAM) will submit this approval of the in the to be updated upon the Subproject to provide measures to mitigate Due Diligence Report on DDREM DDREM for completion of detail engineering adverse impacts and promote positive Ethnic Minority to ADB for the design and the updated DDREM impacts on Cham ethnic group in the review and approval. subproject will be prepared in consultations subproject area in line with the with local communities and requirements of ADB’s Safeguards stakeholders and will be publicly Policy Statement (SPS 2009). disclosed to the communities in the command area.

Canal 15 A Due Diligence Report on Ethnic MOWRAM (through its PMU Upon the As specified This DDREM is a draft and needs Subproject Minority (DDREM) has been prepared and PDWRAM) will submit this approval of the in the to be updated upon the to provide measures to mitigate DDREM DDREM for completion of detail engineering adverse impacts and promote positive design and the updated DDREM

Cost Issues Action Required Responsible Agencies Timing Estimates Notes ($) impacts on Cham ethnic group in the DDREM to ADB for review and the will be prepared in consultations subproject area in line with the approval. subproject with local communities and requirements of ADB’s Safeguards stakeholders and will be publicly Policy Statement (SPS 2009). disclosed to the communities in the command area.

b. Drug trafficking, prostitution, transmission of HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and conflicts with local people (impact: negative/minor)

Awareness program on HIV/AIDS and PMU under the MOWRAM will As specified in Included in STIs prevention will be included in the coordinate the development the GAP the GAP’s GAP and implemented. and implementation of the budget Program with the concerned agencies.

c. Gender issues

Gender concerns are to be PMU under the MOWRAM will During the Included in mainstreamed in all project coordinate the development project GAP’s budget components, as part of the LARP, and implementation of various implementation HIV/AIDS Awareness and Prevention activities with the concerned Program, and Income Restoration agencies, and other locally Strategy. based organizations A Gender Action Plan has been prepared as stand-alone document providing necessary actions on the issues. CSO = Civil Society Organization; DMS = Detailed Measurement Survey; FWUC = Farmer Water User Committee; GAP = Gender Action Plan; GDR = General Department of Resettlement; IRC = Inter-ministerial Resettlement Committee; LARP = Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan; MEF = Ministry of Economy and Finance; MOWRAM = Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology; NGO = Non-government Organization; PDWRAM = Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology; PMIC = Project Management and Implementation Consultant; RCS = Replacement Cost Study; SES = Socio-economic Survey; SPS = Safeguard Policy Statement; TRTA = Transaction Technical Assistance

IX. IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS

118. Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology (MOWRAM) will be the executing agency (EA) and its Department of Farmer Water User Communities (DFWUC) will be the implementing agency (IA). A PMU has been established in DFWUC before commencement of the project preparatory technic al assistance (PPTA). 119. Resettlement and land acquisition will be implemented by and under the management of the Inter-Ministerial Resettlement Committee (IRC) chaired by MEF with membership from the representatives of relevant line ministries in close cooperation with the Provincial Resettlement Sub-committees. General Department of Resettlement (GDR) which is Secretariat of the Inter- Ministerial Resettlement Committee (IRC) will be the lead agency for the preparation, implementation, and monitoring and reporting of land acquisition and involuntary resettlement. For the IAIP, detailed tasks of GDR will include:

• Coordinate and collaborate with line ministries, MOWRAM, PDWRAMs and other agencies involved in land acquisition and resettlement activities;

• Conducts public consultations and FGDs with the affected persons and vulnerable groups;

• Prepare the detailed LARPs for the subprojects and submit to ADB for review and acceptance;

• Develop terms of reference and recruit the replacement cost appraisal;

• Prepare and secure the necessary budget for the implementation of detailed LARPs;

• Calculate, prepare contracts and make payments for compensation for each affected household based on the entitlement matrix in the detailed LARPs;

• Implement all land acquisition and resettlement activities in compliance with the detailed LARPs;

• Facilitate the landless households for the preliminary preparation of documents to apply a plot of land according to the regulation of Social Land Concession.

• Ensure proper functioning of the GRM;

• Supervise, monitor, and report on implementation progress of the detailed LARPs;

• Prepare and submit to ADB LARP Compliance Reports to obtain ADB’s no objection for civil works;

• Prepare and submit to ADB semi-annual monitoring reports;

• Prepare, agree with ADB and implement Corrective Action Plan, if any, during implementation; and submit the Corrective Action Plan implementation report to ADB for concurrence and disclosure;

• Conduct awareness workshops for MOWRAM, line ministries, local authorities, and construction contractor on the implementing rules and regulations as specified in the detailed LARPs; and

• Serve as the focal knowledge center for land acquisition and resettlement of the Project. 120. In addition, the Department of Internal Monitoring and Data Management (DIMDM) of GDR is responsible for carrying out the internal monitoring of the implementation of the detailed LARPs and the verification and validating of the compliance of the entitlements and compensation payments with the provisions of the entitlement matrix in the detailed LARPs. Its role extends to internal verification of all land acquisition and resettlement activities for compliance with the provisions under the agreed LARP/detailed LARPs and reports directly to the General Director of GDR. In addition, it records and reviews all complaints and grievances submitted by displaced persons, investigates them and makes recommendations on compliance to the General Director of GDR. 121. IRC-Working group (IRC-WG). IRC-WG as the technical arm will plan and carry out the day to day land acquisition and resettlement activities under the subprojects which is led by the Deputy Director/Chief of the Resettlement Department of the GDR and comprise technical PMU staff of the EA, staff of the Resettlement Department and staff of the Ministry of Land

Management, Urban Planning and Construction. The IRC-WG is responsible for all the field work under the supervision of the Director of the Resettlement Department and overall guidance and direction of the General Director of the GDR.

122. Provincial Resettlement Sub-Committee (PRSC) of the Project Provinces. The PRSCs of Kampong Cham, Battambang, Kampong Thom and Takeo provinces will be established by the Provincial Governor at the request of the IRC for each subproject. The role of the PRSCs is as follows:

• Provide the coordination and supporting role to the GDR, IRC and IRC-WG for land acquisition and resettlement activities at the local level;

• Ensure all relevant provincial and local government authorities provide the necessary support for LAR;

• Manage the public consultation meetings at Provincial Level;

• Oversee and monitor the work of the PRSC-WG;

• Be responsible and accountable for the disbursements of the compensation payments at the provincial level; and

• Assist the IRC-WG in the developing of measures to assist vulnerable households by the subprojects.

123. Provincial Resettlement Sub-Committee Working Group (PRSC-WG). The PRSC-WG will be established by the Provincial Governor for each subproject - and is mainly responsible for technical functions of the PRSC and works with the IRC-WG in carrying out the land acquisition and resettlement activities at the provincial level. In addition to supporting the PRSC, the PRSC- WG has the following specific functions:

• Facilitate all public consultation and information disclosure meetings and maintain records;

• Cooperate with consultants and IRC-WG in carrying out of DMS and in the implementation of the approved detailed LARPs;

• Lead the payments of compensation to DPs; and

• Prepare monthly progress reports on all land acquisition and resettlement activities at the provincial level and submit to PRSC and GDR.

124. Regarding the DDREM implementation arrangements, the Department of Ethnic Minority of Rural Development under the Ministry of Rural Development has the national mandate for indigenous peoples in Cambodia (a total of 56 indigenous people groups have been recognized as legal indigenous people groups), but not ethnic minorities. The role of the Department is more on the preservation of culture and traditions but is not involved in the vetting of DDREMs, although its provincial agencies can be called upon for assistance in resolving indigenous people issues. The PMU safeguards specialist will be responsible for updating and implementation of the DDREMs and these are submitted to MOWRAM and ADB for approval. The PMIC will also provide safeguard training to provincial agency staff. The executing agency will be responsible for implementing the DDREMs through its provincial level agencies.

125. Project Management and Implementation Consultants (PMIC). Social safeguards specialists will be hired to support the PMU under MOWRAM in preparing the detailed LARPs and updated DDREMs for the subprojects. Specific tasks of the social safeguards specialists include:

• Assist PMU in preparing of the detailed LARPs and DDREMs for the subprojects and provide needed technical support to facilitate its approval and subsequent implementation and monitoring;

• Ensure MOWRAM and other line agencies’ safeguards compliance requirements in implementing the detailed LARPs and DDREMs;

• Design and actual facilitation of capacity development activities for all project management/implementers on ADB’s social safeguards policies particularly on involuntary resettlement, income restoration; ethnic group development activities also includes gender mainstreaming of all women’s concerns in the project implementation cycle as well as how to facilitate information campaigns and other activities with project beneficiaries;

• Assist the PMU in concept-building of an effective approach to information dissemination to the project beneficiaries on the project, its progress and on community and beneficiary participation;

• Provide technical assistance in the development and production of information materials using as context the local situation in the project area;

• Backstop the PMU and local authorities in the actual conduct of the information campaigns, public consultation, and community participation on the social safeguards;

• Coordinate the DMS/community consultations, incorporating information from the infrastructure detailed design to update the list of DPs;

• Verify the calculations of compensation during detailed LARPs preparation - based on the DMS/ community consultations conducted by the IRC-WG and PRSC-WG, in relation to the provisions of the detailed LARP entitlement matrix;

• Participate and monitor compensation payments to AHs and advise the IRC-WG and PRSC-WG of any actions needed to ensure compensation is paid in full and in a timely manner;

• Ensure that grievances are addressed promptly and properly, the GRM is functioning well and the project progress/monitoring reports reflect status of grievances received and addressed per period;

• Provide periodic training on grievance redress procedures;

• Establish and implement liaison mechanisms to ensure proper technical and logistical support to PMU, local administrative authorities, resettlement committees and concerned government departments;

• Train the PMU assigned social safeguards focal persons to carry out internal monitoring and reporting of the detailed LARPs and DDREMs implementation;

• Review the survey materials and methods that will be used to complete DMS during detailed design, and recommend improvements as may be required;

• Coordinate with IRC-WG and PRSC-WG in implementing the detailed LARPs;

• Together with members of the IRC-WG, brief officials at all levels on the content and procedures for implementing the detailed LARP and if necessary, provide suggestions to improve procedures for the coordination of resettlement and compensation; and

• Prepare quarterly status reports and periodic spot checks on the implementation of detailed LARPs and DDREMs, to be submitted to ADB through the PMU.

126. Cadastral Administration Office. The Cadastral Administration Offices under the Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction is responsible for issuing titling documents, including the land use rights certificate, hard titles and social land concession as part of securing tenure for landless and issuing title documents for the land plots acquired in favor of MOWRAM.

127. Concerned local administrative authorities (district/commune/village). Although implementation team is from provincial agencies, district level staff will complement provincial teams if and when possible and depending upon local resource conditions. The project implementation teams will work closely with commune council officials as well as village administration officials. The commune and village levels play an important role in coordinating between the project and local community and will assist in conducting surveys, collecting data, and also assist in holding public consultation meetings, FGDs with local people and in disseminating project-related information to local people during the implementation of detailed LARPs and DDREMs as needed. 128. Regarding gender, institutional arrangements for the implementation of GAP will follow those specified in the GAP.

88 Appendix

HOUSEHOLD SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE NAME OF ENUMERATOR: ______RESPONDENT NUMBER : ______ADDRESS OF THE RESPONDENT: Name of Village ______Commune______Province ______Subproject (name of the Canal): ...... DATE OF INTERVIEW: ______SIGNATURE OF THE ENUMERATOR: ______

If respondent is not head of household, please fill-up box: Name of respondent: ______.Age______Gender:□ Female □ Male Relationship to household head: ______

A. INFORMATION ON THE HOUSEHOLD HEAD/RESPONDENT Q1. Name (Optional): Q2. Age: ______Q3. Gender: □ Female □ ______Male Q4. Are you the Household Head (HH)? □ Yes □ No (Please, specify who the HH head is): ______Q5. Ethnic origin Q6. Religion □Khmer □ Buddhism □Cham (Khmer-Muslim) □ Islam □Vietnamese □ Christian □Chinese (Khmer-Chinese) □ Others (Specify your religion below): □ Other Ethnic Group (Specify below): ______Q7. Civil status □ Single (never married) □ Married (living Together) □ Female-Headed Household (female/solo parent, widow, separated or divorced by husband) □ Widower (male whose wife is already dead; or separated/divorced from wife) □ Live-in (living together but not married) Q8. Physical condition □ Normal (no disability) □ With disability Please, describe the disability: ______Q9. Length of stay in the village □Less than two years □Two to five years □Six to ten years □More than ten years □Have always lived here Q10. Primary occupation: □ Farming □ Fishing □ Livestock □ Forest activities □ Business enterprise or trade of one’s own □ Property ownership (income mainly from rentals) □ Casual work (E.g., farm labor, construction) □ Wage/Salaried work (in the public sector)

Appendix 89

□ Wage/Salaried Work (in the private sector) □ Student □ No job □ Other Job(Specify ______) Q11. Employment status □ Self-employed □ Full-Time wage work/ Permanent □ Casual/Temporary/ Part-time □ Unpaid family □ Seasonal worker (i.e. farmer or fisherman/fisherwoman) □ Other status (Specify ______) Q12. How much is your monthly Income? ______Riel Q13. Your primary income source? ______□ Farming □ Fishing □ Livestock □ Forest activities □ Business enterprise or trade of one’s own □ Property ownership(income mainly from rentals) □ Casual Work (e.g., farm labor, construction) □ Wage/Salaried Work (in the public sector) □ Wage/Salaried Work (in the private sector) □ Other, specify: ______Q14. Do you/your family have a Household Priority Access Card or an Equity Card (i.e. to avail of basic social services like health, etc.) □ Yes □No Q15. Highest educational attainment □No schooling/did not attend formal education □ Primary school uncompleted □ Primary school completed □ Lower Secondary uncompleted □ Lower Secondary completed □ High School uncompleted □ High School completed □ Vocational course □ University/College uncompleted □ University/College completed Q16. Which vulnerable group/s does the household head belong to? □Female-headed household □ Ethnic minority household □ Poor household □ Social-aided household □ Disabled □Children headed household □Elderly headed households B. HOUSEHOLD’S FAMILY COMPOSITION AND OTHER ECONOMIC DATA Q17. What is your family’s first language? ______Q18. How many year has your household been living in this community? □Less than two years □Two to five years □Six to ten years □More than ten years □Have always lived here

90 Appendix

Q19. Is your dwelling? □Rented □Owned □ Other, specify: ______Q20. Total number of household members: ______Including: ______Male member(s) ______Female member(s) Q21. Total number of families living in your house: □1 Family □2 Families □3 Families Q22. Total number of children of the household:______Number of females:______Number of males: ______Q23. Total number of children below 5 years old (living with households): Number of Girls: ______Number of Boys: ______Q24. Number of members(living with household) by relationship to head of household ______Wife/Husband ______Brother-In-Law/Sister-In- Law ______Child/Adopted Child ______Grandfather/Grandmother ______Grandchild ______Father-In-Law/Mother-In-Law ______Niece/Nephew ______Other Relative ______Father/Mother ______Servant Or Servant's Relative ______Sister/ Brother ______Tenant Or Tenant’s Relative ______Son-In-Law/Daughter-In-Law ______Other (Specify): ______Q25. Number of household members by age Under 15 years old ______member(s), including ______Female member(s) 15 - 30 years old ______member(s), including______Female member(s) 31 - 45 years old ______member(s), including ______Female member(s) 46 - 60 years old ______member(s), including ______Female member(s) Over 60 years old ______member(s), including ______Female member(s) Q26. Number of household members by civil status ______Married ______Separated ______Divorced ______Widow Or Widower ______Never Married Q27. Number of household members by Highest Education Level ______No schooling/did not attend formal education ______Primary school uncompleted ______Primary school completed ______Lower Secondary uncompleted ______Lower Secondary completed ______High School uncompleted ______High School completed ______Vocational course ______University/College uncompleted ______University/College completed Q28. Number of household members by Employment status ______Self-Employed ______Full-Time Wage Work/ Permanent ______Casual/ Temporary/ Part-Time ______Unpaid family ______Seasonal worker (i.e. farmer or fisherman/fisherwoman) ______No job/ student

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Q29. Main occupation of household members Busine Casual ss Property Wage/ Wage/ Work Enterpri Ownership Salaried Salaried Forest (E.g., Memb Farmi Fishi Livesto se Or (Income Work Work Activiti Farm Student er ng ng ck Trade Mainly (In the (In the es Labor, Of From Public Private Constructi One’s Rentals) Sector) Sector) on) Own 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Q30. Secondary occupation of household members Busine Casual ss Property Wage/ Wage/ Work Enterpri Ownership Salaried Salaried Forest (E.g., Memb Farmi Fishi Livesto se Or (Income Work Work Activiti Farm Student er ng ng ck Trade Mainly (In the (In the es Labor, Of From Public Private Constructi One’s Rentals) Sector) Sector) on) Own 1 2 3 4 5 6 Q31. Is any family member from this household working away from home? □ Yes □No Q32. Does this person contribute income to the household? □ Yes □No Q33. Your household income stable through a year? □ Yes □ Almost □ No (Please, provide specific reason(s) for such seasonal instability): ______Q34. Main source of income of household? □ Farming □ Fishing □ Livestock □ Selling fruits/vegetables or other products □ Forest Activities (charcoal making, collecting and selling firewood etc.) □ Business Enterprise Or Trade Of One’s Own □ Property Ownership(Income Mainly From Rentals) □ Casual Work (E.g., Farm Labor, Construction) □ Wage/Salaried Work(In The Public Sector) □ Wage/Salaried Work(In The Private Sector)

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□ Other (Specify): ______Q35. Secondary source of income □ Farming □ Fishing □ Livestock □ Selling fruits/vegetables or other products □ Forest Activities (charcoal making, collecting and selling firewood etc.) □ Business Enterprise Or Trade Of One’s Own □ Property Ownership (Income Mainly From Rentals) □ Casual Work (E.g., Farm Labor, Construction) □ Wage/Salaried Work(In The Public Sector) □ Wage/Salaried Work(In The Private Sector) □ Have only main source of income □ Other (Specify): ______Q36. How many members contribute income to the household? ______member(s) Q37. Who contributes to the family's income? ______Wife/Husband ______Brother-In-Law/Sister-In- Law ______Child/Adopted Child ______Grandfather/Grandmother ______Grandchild ______Father-In-Law/Mother-In-Law ______Niece/Nephew ______Other Relative ______Father/Mother ______Servant Or Servant's Relative ______Sister/ Brother ______Tenant Or Tenant’s Relative ______Son-In-Law/Daughter-In-Law ______Other (Specify): ______

Q38. How much is the total household’s yearly income (after tax and deduction of investment):______Riel Including: Farming Riel ______per year Fishing Riel ______per year Livestock Riel ______per year Selling fruits/vegetables or other products Riel ______per year Forest Activities (charcoal making, collecting and selling Riel ______per year firewood etc.) Business Enterprise Or Trade Of One’s Own Riel ______per year Property Ownership (Income Mainly From Rentals) Riel ______per year Casual Work (E.g., Farm Labor, Construction) Riel ______per year Wage/Salaried Work Riel ______per year Other (specify): Riel ______per year ______Q39. Estimated yearly expenditure of household? ______Riel Including: Food items (Basic food consumed) Riel ______per year Education (tuition fee, school supplies, uniform, school Riel ______per year projects and other school fees) Health (medicines purchased, hospitalization, medical check- Riel ______per year up) Lighting (electricity, re-chargeable batteries, etc.) Riel ______per year Water consumption (drinking and domestic use) Riel ______per year Cooking (fuel/firewood, charcoal, etc.) Riel ______per year Transportation for all household members (ex. fee for Riel ______per year transportation services, gasoline costs, etc.) Communication (ex. loads for mobile phones, land-line Riel ______per year telephones, internet services)

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Recreation (ex. movies, puppet play, music, etc.) Riel ______per year Clothes for all household members Riel ______per year Rent for your house or residential space(s), if renting Riel ______per year Rent for the land for economic/productive activities, if renting Riel ______per year Household Items (i.e. bath soaps, toothpaste, laundry soap, Riel ______per year etc.) Repayment of loans, including interests Riel ______per year Contribution to the local temple Riel ______per year Other expenditures, specify: ______Riel ______per year Q40. Is your household expenditure stable through a year? □ Yes □ Almost □ No. Please, provide specific reason(s) for such seasonal instability: ______Q41. How would you classify the situation of most of the households in this community? □ Relatively well off □Have just enough to live □Poor □Very poor Q42. How would you classify your household economic situation compared to other people in this community? □Very wealthy compared to others □Bit more wealthy than others □Average situation for this village □Bit less wealthy than others □Poor compared to others Q43. Has the commune classified your household as (based on the poverty line of 2011-2015): □ Poor household □ Not classified as poor household (Proceed to Q45)

Q44. Your household is poor due to: □ Recent natural calamity, please specify: ______□ Your or household’s member/s ‘poor health or illness □ Lack of labour force □ Lack of productive land □ Lack of money □ Other, please specify: ______Q45. In the last 3 years, has your household suffered from food shortage? □ 1-2 months; □ No answer □ 2-3 months; □ No food shortage □ Over 3 months; Q46. Does your family have outstanding loans? □Yes □No (Proceed to Q51) Q47. Which source have you borrowed money from? □Moneylender/Pawn broker □Relative living in the village □Relative living outside the village, □Friend living in the village □Friend living outside the village □Micro credit facilities, Please specify the name: ______□Private bank, Please specify the name: ______

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□Government bank, Please specify the name: ______□Employer/Landlord □NGO, Please specify the name: ______□Trader □Rice millers □Input suppliers □Others source, specify: ______Q48. You borrowed money for: □ Development of cultivation and animal husbandry □ Development of business activity □Purchase of agricultural inputs (ex. seeds, fertilizer, pesticide) □ House building or repairing □Purchase of daily commodities □Purchase of durable household items (ex. TV, bicycle, furniture) □Purchase of motorized vehicle (ex. motorbike, truck, van) □ Investment in children’s education □ Pay medical expenses; □Buy food for family consumption (when the HH has not enough food) □Family event (ex. wedding, funerals) □Social event(s) (ex. festival) □ Other, specify: ______Q49. Do you want to borrow more money in the near future? □Yes □No (Proceed to Q51) Q50. How much do you want to borrow? ______Riel/ year Q51. Do you intend to do any of the following to improve the economic status of your family? □Continue to maintain its current economic activities □Expand into manufacturing or trading □Reduce investment and production activities / business □Convert into production / business □No intention □Other (specify): ______

C. COMPOSITION OF THE RESPONDENT’S HOUSEHOLD ASSETS Q52. How many houses do the family own? ______Q53. House classification (select more than one option if the family has more than one house) □ Permanent house with one or more floors □ Semi-permanent house (roof of bricks or tiles) □ Wooden/iron walls (corrugated iron roof / roofing cement) □ Simple house (corrugated wall / wood and roofing sheets) □ Temporary tent / no house Q54. Type of Land/ Properties: Type of land Area (m2) Residential land ______Home or backyard garden ______Rice Land (irrigated) ______Rice land (not irrigated) ______Other agricultural land (irrigated) ______Other agricultural land (not irrigated) ______Land being rented out by another person ______

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Type of land Area (m2) Lot (with apartment/flat/space being ______rented out for extra income) Pasture/Grazing/Forage (for livestock, etc.) ______Aquaculture land (include pond surface) ______Forest land ______Other type of land (specify): ______Q55. Status of the ownership Rented out or household not using it but property is being Type of land Owned Rented rented by another person(extra income for households) Residential land □ □ □ Home or backyard garden □ □ □ Rice Land (irrigated) □ □ □ Rice land (not irrigated) □ □ □ Other agricultural land (irrigated) □ □ □ Other agricultural land (not irrigated) □ □ □ Land being rented out by another person □ □ □ Lot (with apartment/flat/space being □ □ □ rented out for extra income) Pasture/Grazing/Forage (for livestock, □ □ □ etc.) Aquaculture land (include pond surface) □ □ □ Forest land □ □ □ Other type of land (specify): □ □ □ ______

Q56. Do you have land titles or certificates for your land? Type of land Yes No Residential land □ □ Home or backyard garden □ □ Rice Land (irrigated) □ □ Rice land (not irrigated) □ □ Other agricultural land (irrigated) □ □ Other agricultural land (not irrigated) □ □ Land being rented out by another person □ □ Lot (with apartment/flat/space being rented out for extra □ □ income) Pasture/Grazing/Forage (for livestock, etc.) □ □ Aquaculture land (include pond surface) □ □ Forest land □ □ Other type of land (specify): ______□ □

Q57. Total yields every harvest period Type of land Total yields every harvest period (in tons/ kilos) Home or backyard garden ______Rice Land (irrigated) ______Rice land (not irrigated) ______Other agricultural land (irrigated) ______

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Other agricultural land (not irrigated) ______Pasture/Grazing/Forage (for livestock, etc.) ______Aquaculture land (include pond surface) ______Forest land ______Other type of land (specify): ______

Q58. Additional information on irrigated farmlands, if the respondent/family owns. If the respondent’s farmland is irrigated, describe type and owner of irrigation facilities. Q58.1. Do you have irrigated farmland? □Yes □ No (proceed to Q41.5.) Q58.2. If Yes, how many hectares is your farmland irrigated? Specify: ______Q58.2. What are the crops are farmed in on your irrigated farmland? Crops Seasons ______Q58.3. What type of irrigation facilities do you have? □ Water pumps □ Concrete dams □ Improvised structure □ Other (Describe): ______Q58.4. Who owns the irrigation facilities? □ The respondent’s family □Other family’s individuals □Your employer □Communal (owned by the village/commune) □The government □Other (Specify): ______Q58.5. If you don’t own, do you pay rent? If Yes-how much? a) Do you pay rent? □ Yes □ No b) How much do you pay per month for rental (in Riels): ______Q58.7. Is the total harvest from your farmland: □More than enough for your household’s subsistence □Only enough for your household’s subsistence □Not enough for your household’s subsistence Q58.8. Where do you sell crops? □ Trader comes to my farm □ In local market □ On roadside □Wholesalers in purchase agreements □ Other: ______Q59. Additional information on livestock and poultry Q59.1. Indicate the number of the following livestock/animals the household raise? □ Cows ______□ Horse ______□Buffalos ______□ Ducks ______□Hog (Pig) ______□Chicken ______□ Goats ______□Other, specify ______Q59.2. What do you do with the livestock/ animals? Select. □Domestic use as food for the family □For sale/additional source of income for the family □Other (Specify______Q60. Additional information on fish ponds (if household has a fish pond):

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Q60.1. Type or kind of fish cultured/raised? Specify: ______Q60.2. Size of pond in sq. meters: ______Q60.3. How often do you harvest/produce the fish (per year) and how many tons/kilos per harvest season? a. Frequency of harvest/produced Fish: □Once a year □ Twice a year b. How much averagely each harvest period?______(Tons/kilos) c. Estimated Income per harvest season (Riels): ______Q61. Household Appliances and Equipment f) Price at purchase d) Where did (Riel) you obtained or 1=Less than KR50,000 purchased the 2=KR50,000- appliances? KR100,000 c) When you 1=Inside the 3=KR100,000- obtained or e) Who b) Number village KR200,000 purchased the usually or Unit in 2=Commune 4=KR200,000- a) Item appliances (Year) uses it? your center KR400,000 1= 2015 and (1=Men; house 3=District center 5=KR400,000- before 2=Women) 4=Province KR800,000 2= In 2016 center 6=KR800,000-KR1.2mil 5=Phnom Penh 7=KR1.2mil-KR2.0mil 6=Other (Specify 8=KR2,0 mil-KR3.0mil in the column) 9=More than KR3.0 mil (Specify) Type of appliances Television 1 (white/black TV Set) Television (color TV 2 Set) 3 Radio 4 Refrigerator 5 Electric fan 6 DVD 7 Computer/Printer 8 Mobile phone 9 Camera 10 Bicycle 11 Motorcycle Other (specify) 12 ______Type of equipment (for farming) 11 Farm Tractor 12 Plow 13 Harrow 14 Thresher 15 Water pump Rice milling 16 machine 17 Other (specify) Type of vehicle (for transportation) 18 Farm tractor 19 Plow

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f) Price at purchase d) Where did (Riel) you obtained or 1=Less than KR50,000 purchased the 2=KR50,000- appliances? KR100,000 c) When you 1=Inside the 3=KR100,000- obtained or e) Who b) Number village KR200,000 purchased the usually or Unit in 2=Commune 4=KR200,000- a) Item appliances (Year) uses it? your center KR400,000 1= 2015 and (1=Men; house 3=District center 5=KR400,000- before 2=Women) 4=Province KR800,000 2= In 2016 center 6=KR800,000-KR1.2mil 5=Phnom Penh 7=KR1.2mil-KR2.0mil 6=Other (Specify 8=KR2,0 mil-KR3.0mil in the column) 9=More than KR3.0 mil (Specify) 20 Car 21 Truck 22 Ox/buffalo cart 23 Horse with cart 24 Motorcycle Motor tricycle (“Tuk- 25 Tuk”) 26 Van (for rent-out) 27 Van (for family-use) 28 Motor fishing boat Fishing boat 29 (without motor) Motor boat for 30 transport services 31 Bicycle Other (specify): 32 _____ D. DOMESTIC CONDITION OF HOUSEHOLD Q62. What kind of house does the family live in? □ Permanent house with one or more floors □ Semi-permanent house (roof of bricks or tiles) □ Wooden/iron walls (corrugated iron roof / roofing cement) □ Simple house (corrugated wall / wood and roofing sheets) □ Temporary tent / no house Q63. Ownership of house □ Owned □ Rented □ No rent (free) □ Slum/ Squalter □ Other (specify): ______Q64. Kitchen type: □Permanent (concrete/ fix) □Temporary (light materials/ not fix) □Other (specify): ______Q65. Source of domestic water: □ Rainwater □ Brought water □Tradition/shallow well □ Pond/ lake/ canal/ river water □Deep-well □Piped water □ Public tap □ Other: ______□Community well

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Q65.1. If the HH uses a public tap, please indicate the amount of time used in a day to collect water and who collects it: a. Distance to water source: b. Who collects it: Age: ______Gender: □Male □Female c. How much time used each day to collect water: Q66. What do you use to purify drinking water? □ Boil water □ Use filter □ Do not purify (drink direct) □ Other, specify______Q67. Type of toilet facilities □No toilet facilities □Water sealed (with toilet bowl, with automatic flush) □Communal/ Shared/ Public □Closed pit (improved has toilet bowl but no automatic □Fish pond latrine flush) □Pit latrine (Just plain pit, no water □Other, specify______

Q68. Source of power Q68.1. Lighting Q68.2. Cooking □ Electricity (from national □ Wood, coal □ Electricity(from national □ Wood, coal grid) grid) □Electric generator □ Bio gas □Electric generator □ Bio gas □ Gas/Kerosene □ Not used □ Gas/Kerosene □ Not used □Other, specify: ______□ Other, specify: ______E. ACCESSIBILITY TO PUBLIC SERVICES E1. ACCESSIBILITY TO CREDIT FACILITIES AND SERVICES Q69. Is there any bank or credit facilities, or organization that provide micro-lending or loan assistance in your village? □ Yes □No Q70. How do you get financial service information when you need extra money? □From other family members □Through friends you personally know □Through community network, like farmer’s association which you belong to □From an office of banks or credit service facilities □From people you know in markets □Other (Specify______) Q71. Bank/Agency that provided the assistance in your village/ commune (available in the commune/village)? □Moneylender/Pawn broker □Relative living in the village □Relative living outside the village, □Friend living in the village □Friend living outside the village □Micro credit facilities, Please specify the name: ______□Private bank, Please specify the name: ______□Government bank, Please specify the name: ______□Employer/Landlord □NGO, Please specify the name: ______□Trader □Rice millers □Input suppliers □Others, specify: ______Q72. Do you know how is the interest of the assistance?

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Name of organizations or individuals Interest (%) per month Moneylender/Pawn broker ______Relative living in the village ______Relative living outside the village, ______Friend living in the village ______Friend living outside the village ______Micro credit facilities ______Private bank, Please specify the name: ______Government bank ______Employer/Landlord ______NGO ______Trader ______Rice millers ______Input suppliers ______Others, specify: ______Q73. How do you think about the rate of interest? Name of organizations or individuals High Acceptable Low Moneylender/Pawn broker □ □ □ Relative living in the village □ □ □ Relative living outside the village, □ □ □ Friend living in the village □ □ □ Friend living outside the village □ □ □ Micro credit facilities □ □ □ Private bank, Please specify the name: □ □ □ Government bank □ □ □ Employer/Landlord □ □ □ NGO □ □ □ Trader □ □ □ Rice millers □ □ □ Input suppliers □ □ □ Others, specify: □ □ □ ______Q74. How long does it take until the application is approved? Name of organizations or individuals <1 1-2 3-4 1-3 4-6 > 6 week weeks weeks months months months Moneylender/Pawn broker □ □ □ □ □ □ Relative living in the village □ □ □ □ □ □ Relative living outside the village, □ □ □ □ □ □ Friend living in the village □ □ □ □ □ □ Friend living outside the village □ □ □ □ □ □ Micro credit facilities □ □ □ □ □ □ Private bank, Please specify the □ □ □ □ □ □ name: Government bank □ □ □ □ □ □ Employer/Landlord □ □ □ □ □ □ NGO □ □ □ □ □ □ Trader □ □ □ □ □ □ Rice millers □ □ □ □ □ □ Input suppliers □ □ □ □ □ □ Others, specify: □ □ □ □ □ □ ______Q75. When receiving assistance, describe conditions for accepting your requests? □Cash collateral

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□In-kind collateral(Specify which asset you provided: ______) □Documents submitted for ensuring the repayment □Contribution of labor forces as house helper □Contribution of labor forces as wage labor (Specify activities engaged) □Exceptional interest rates □Other (Specify: ______) E2. ACCESSIBILITY TO MEDICAL/HEALTH FACILITIES Q76. Type of the health facilities that available in/ around your commune/ village Facility Public Private Health center □ □ Hospital □ □ Clinic □ □ Rehabilitation center □ □ Home office of private physician □ □ Home visit of trained health worker(s) □ □ Pharmacy □ □ Others (if any): □ □ ______Q77. The location of the health facilities: Facility Within the In another Within In the city/ In village village the provincial Phnom district proper Penh Health center □ □ □ □ □ Hospital □ □ □ □ □ Clinic □ □ □ □ □ Rehabilitation center □ □ □ □ □ Home office of private □ □ □ □ □ physician Home visit of trained health □ □ □ □ □ worker(s) Pharmacy □ □ □ □ □ Others (if any): □ □ □ □ □ ______Q78. Which services that the health facilities provide? Facility Medical Medical Prescription and Vaccinati Assistance check-up Treatment provision of on for delivery medicines Health center □ □ □ □ □ Hospital □ □ □ □ □ Clinic □ □ □ □ □ Rehabilitation center □ □ □ □ □ Home office of private □ □ □ □ □ physician Home visit of trained health □ □ □ □ □ worker(s) Pharmacy □ □ □ □ □ Others (if any): □ □ □ □ □ ______Q79. In most cases, with whom, do you go with to the health facility? □Male family member □Female family member □Male relative □Female relative

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□Friend living in this village □Friend living outside this village □Alone □Others (Specify: ______) Q80. Distance between the household to the nearest one (km)? Facility 0-1km 1- 3-4km 5-6km 6-10km More 2km than 10 km Health center □ □ □ □ □ □ Hospital □ □ □ □ □ □ Clinic □ □ □ □ □ □ Rehabilitation center □ □ □ □ □ □ Home office of private physician □ □ □ □ □ □ Home visit of trained health □ □ □ □ □ □ worker(s) Pharmacy □ □ □ □ □ □ Others (if any): ______□ □ □ □ □ □

Q81. How long does it take from your house to the nearest one (hour)? Facility less 0.5-1 1-1.5 hrs 1.5-2 hrs More than than hr 2 hrs 0.5 hr Health center □ □ □ □ □ Hospital □ □ □ □ □ Clinic □ □ □ □ □ Rehabilitation center □ □ □ □ □ Home office of private physician □ □ □ □ □ Home visit of trained health □ □ □ □ □ worker(s) Pharmacy □ □ □ □ □ Others (if any): ______□ □ □ □ □ Q82. Which travel mode do you use for going to the nearest health facility? □Self-owned vehicle □Tuk-tuk □Self-owned motorbike □Public bus □Self-owned bicycle □Other public transportation □Sharing a vehicle with neighbors □On foot □Others (Specify: ______)

Q83. In average, how much money have you paid for round trip (Riel)? Facility Round trip cost Health center ______Hospital ______Clinic ______Rehabilitation center ______Home office of private physician ______Home visit of trained health worker(s) ______Pharmacy ______Others (if any): ______

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Q84. Out of the services listed above, were you able to avail any subsidy from the government? □Fully subsidized. ______□Partially subsidized. ______□Not subsidized ______Q85. Which of the following illnesses has affected any member of your household in the past 6 months? (Check all that apply and cycle the number) Adults(Male) Adults(Male) Children(under 5 years) Mild diarrhea 1 1 1 Severe diarrhea(cannot go to work or 2 2 2 school) Eye diseases 3 3 3 Skin diseases 4 4 4 Colds, cough, respiratory ailments 5 5 5 Headache/muscular pain/back pain 6 6 6 Malaria 7 7 7 Other illnesses/diseases, specify 8 8 8 ______E3. ACCESSIBILITY TO EDUCATION FACILITIES Q86. Number of school-attending members: ______Including: a. Number of school-attending female members: ______b. Number of members attending primary school: ______c. Number of members attending secondary school: ______d. Number of members attending high school: ______e. Number of members attending vocational school: ______f. Number of members attending college/university:______Q87. Is there Primary school in the village? □ Yes □No How far: □< 1 km; □ 1 to 2 km; □ More than 2 km Q88. Is there Secondary school in the village? □ Yes □No How far: □< 1 km; □ 1 to 2 km; □ More than 2 km Q89. Is there High school in the village? □ Yes □No How far: □< 1 km; □ 1 to 2 km; □ More than 2 km Q90. Is there vocational training center in the village? □ Yes □No How far: □< 1 km; □ 1 to 2 km; □ 3 to 5 km; □ More than 5 km Q91. Is there higher education organization in the village? □ Yes □No How far: □< 1 km; □ 1 to 2 km; □ 3 to 5 km; □ More than 5 km Q92. Which travel mode do you use for going to school? Travel mode Go to Primary Go to Secondary Go to High school school school Self-owned vehicle □ □ □ Self-owned motorbike □ □ □ Self-owned bicycle □ □ □ Sharing a vehicle with □ □ □ neighbors Tuk-tuk □ □ □ Public bus □ □ □ Other public transportation □ □ □

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Travel mode Go to Primary Go to Secondary Go to High school school school On foot □ □ □ Others (Specify: ______) □ □ □ Q93. With whom, do the children go to the school? With whom Go to Primary Go to Secondary Go to High school school school Male family member □ □ □ Male relative □ □ □ Female relative □ □ □ Friend living in this village □ □ □ Alone □ □ □ Others (Specify: ______) □ □ □ Q94. How long does it take from your house to the school (hour)? Travel time Go to Primary Go to Secondary Go to High school school school Less than 0.5 hr □ □ □ 0.5-1 hr □ □ □ 1-1.5 hrs □ □ □ 1.5-2 hrs □ □ □ More than 2 hrs □ □ □ Q95. There is any child in your home has dropped out/ stopped from school? □Yes □No (proceed to Q98) Q96. What is the reason for dropping out or stop schooling? ______Q97. What are the most common problems or difficulties children experience in going to school? Select three from the following and rank subject to significance to your family: 1=Long travel time 2=Travel costs, 3=Difficulty for girl(s) to go to school regularly for household works, 4=Difficulty for boy(s) to go to school regularly for family works, 5=Additional costs required for attending the school (textbook, note, stationary and so on), 6=No other child in the area to go to school with your children, 7=Unavailability of higher education facilities in the area, 8=Other (Specify): ______Rank Rank 1 Rank 3 2 E4. ACCESS TO MARKETS IN/OUTSIDE THE VILLAGE Q98. Which market did you visit the most often? □ Within the village, □ Phnom Penh □ In adjacent village □ Border □ In the district □ Other (specify): ______□ In the city/ provincial proper Q99. How often do you visit the market at average? □Every day □Once every two weeks □3-4 times a week □Once a month □Once a week □Never Q100. Why do you visit the market? Select three and ranks them subject to your priority. 1=To sell your products 2=To buy food and commodities for your family's livelihoods 3=To purchase commodities for your own business 4=To exchange information with others living in the village

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5=To exchange information with others living outside the village 6=To expand personal networks for seeking more business opportunities 7=Others (Specify______) Rank Rank 1 Rank 3 2 Q101. Which travel mode do you use for going to the market? □Truck □Bicycle □Van □On foot □Motorbike □With livestock □Tuk-tuk □Others (Specify): ______Q102. If you must to pay for the transportation, how much per round-trip (in average): ______Q103. With whom do you go to the market the most frequently? □Your family member (Specify: ______) □Member of voluntary groups which you belong to □Relative □Alone □Neighbors □Others (Specify: ______) Q104. How long does it take for you to go to the market? ______Q105. How do you get the market's information (please, cycle the numbers which you choose)? Product price Market Job service opportunities Direct visit to the market 1 1 1 By mobile text from the market 2 2 2 Through family member(s) 3 3 3 Through relative(s) 4 4 4 Through friend(s) 5 5 5 No access to any market information 6 6 6 Other (Specify: 7 7 7 ______)

F. PARTICIPATION IN COMMUNITY ACTIVITIES AND ORGANIZATIONS IN THE VILLAGE Q106. Are you involved in any group activity in your village, including farmer's association, parents' group for school operation, women's association and so on? □Yes □No (proceed to item Q114) Q107. What kind of group activity have you been involved in your village? □Commune council □Credit cooperative □Farmer's organization □Parents’ association of your children’s school □Mother/Women's association □Temple committee/ Religious group □Group savings and loan association □Other (Specify ______) Q108. Is the group aimed at income generation? □Yes □No Q109. What is your position in the organization? □Commune/Village officer/leader □Member Q110. What motivated you to participate in the group? □Networking with others outside the house □Being invited by friends □Committing to the group's objective □Getting obligated to join □Having interests in the group's activity □Following others in the village □Being invited by family member/relative Q111. For how many years have you been involved in? Please specify:______Q112. Is there any membership fee? □Yes □No

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Q113. How will you rate your level of participation in your organization or group? □No involvement/participation □Poor □Only when requested □Active □Very active Q114. Advise why you don't join any group activity □No information obtained □No chance given □No interest Q115. During community meetings, who among your household member(s) usually attend? □ Father/ Husband; □ Mother/ Wife; □ Other (specify): ______Q116. What are the three most common problems Q117. What will you recommend to address or concerns in your village? Please indicate the problems/ concerns. Indicate the the problem and rank response below by rank. Rank 1: Rank 1: ______Rank 2: Rank 2: ______Rank 3: Rank 3: ______Q118. How do you want to be involved in future consultation meetings? □Inform us through a notice or letter about the schedule and agenda of the meeting □ Through phone (SMS) □Radio □ Neighbor or village leader □ Other (specify): ______Q119. What is your most preferred time to attend in consultation meetings? □Morning, □ Afternoon, □Evening; □ week-ends (any time), □ Other (specify): ______Q120. If there will be job opportunities during the canal construction/ maintenance, will you or any household member be willing to work in order to earn income? □ Yes Please explain why: ______□ No Please explain why: ______□ Not sure Please explain why: ______Q121. Do you have work experience in canal/ irrigation construction / maintenance work? □Yes □No Q122. If there will be training related to the project (i.e. HIV/AIDS and human trafficking awareness, labor standards, gender, etc.), will you or HH member be willing to attend? □Yes Please explain why: ______□No Please explain why: ______Q123. Are there NGOs existing or providing services/ programs in your village? □ Yes □ No Q124. If Yes what is/ are these NGOs (indicate name): ______Q125. What programs/ services are provided to the people □Livelihood assistance/ credit; □ Maternal and children’s care/ service □Education assistance; □ agricultural related services

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□ Training/ capacity building; □ Other (specify): ______Q126. Is your household willing to participate in community activities Not Activities Yes No decided Join groups of water users to develop irrigation □ □ □ systems? Willing to pay for water supply / irrigation operation? □ □ □ Willing to contribute cash / in-kind for irrigation works? □ □ □ Ready to participate in irrigation canal □ □ □ construction/dike / sluice gates / dam construction? Do you trust that you will have sufficient water for □ □ □ agricultural production? Are you convinced that the improvement of irrigation □ □ □ facilities will help improve your household income? Are you willing to participate in training on sustainable □ □ □ livelihoods development? G. GENDER ISSUES Q127. How is the labour division in your household? Activities Husband Wife Both Husband All HH only only and Wife members Land preparation □ □ □ □ Planting □ □ □ □ Seeding transfer □ □ □ □ Insecticide spraying □ □ □ □ Harvesting □ □ □ □ Afforesting □ □ □ □ Taking care of forest □ □ □ □ Sell goods/vegetables □ □ □ □ Fishing □ □ □ □ Wood fetching □ □ □ □ Livestock raising □ □ □ □ Water fetching/management (non- □ □ □ □ piped connection) Q128. Labour division for housework Activities Both Husband All HH Wife only Husband and only members Wife Management of household □ □ □ □ finances/assets Buy household items in □ □ □ □ market/groceries Food preparation, washing dishes □ □ □ □ House cleaning □ □ □ □ Solid management/disposal □ □ □ □ Taking care of children □ □ □ □ Taking care of ill member, elderly □ □ □ □ House repair □ □ □ □ Laundry and ironing clothes □ □ □ □ Weeding/ Funeral □ □ □ □

Q129. Joining in local organizations Organizations Husband Wife only Both All HH

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only Husband and members Wife Commune council □ □ □ □ Farmer's organization □ □ □ □ Mother/Women's association □ □ □ □ Group savings and loan association □ □ □ □ Credit cooperative □ □ □ □ Parents’ association of your children’s □ □ □ □ school Temple committee/ Religious group □ □ □ □ Other (Specify □ □ □ □ ______)

Q130. Who makes the final decision in the household concerning the following Issues Both Husband Wife All HH Husband only only members and Wife Educational concerns for children □ □ □ □ Family’s economic activities □ □ □ □ Buying household equipment/ appliances □ □ □ □ House renovation/repair □ □ □ □ On household investments □ □ □ □ Giving/sharing assistance to relatives/friends □ □ □ □ Health and other medical concerns of □ □ □ □ household Involvement of HH members in organizations/ □ □ □ □ community activities/ projects

Q131. Time Spent Performing Daily Housework and other Domestic Activities Activities Average time (hours per day) Men Women Child care and rearing House cleaning Water fetching/management (non-piped connection) Food preparation, washing dishes Solid waste management/disposal Total number of hours per day

Q132. Time Spent in Weekly/Ad-hoc Household Activities Activities Average time (hours per week) Men Women Management of household finances/ assets Buy household items in market/groceries Attending to sick member Laundry and ironing clothes House repair Total number of hours per week

Q133. Time Spent Performing Community Roles Activities Average time (hours per year)

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Men Women Participation in community meetings Participation in community mobilizations Participation in repair of community structures Participation in community festivals and celebration Participation in training and capacity-development Total number of hours per year Q134. Is there an incidence of domestic violence at your home? □ Yes □ No (Proceed to Q137) □ No answer (Proceed to Q137) Q135. If yes, what are these? □Verbal abuse □ Sexual Harassment □ Others, specify______□Physical abuse □ Philandering Husbands Q136. What is done to address domestic violence? □ Mediation by older members/close relatives □ Report to Women’s desk of the local □ Court litigation of the case □ Others, i.e. NGO intervention H. OPINION ABOUT THE PROJECT Q137. Have you heard about the irrigated agriculture improvement project, which will be implemented in your locality? □ Yes □ No (Proceed to Q139) Q138. How did you learn about the project? □ At village meetings □ At the commune □ From watching TV or listening to the radio □ From listening to the radio station of the commune □ From listening to government officials □ From listening to people in the family □ From listening to your friends / neighbors □ Other (specify): ______Q139. Have you been involved in training activities for crop irrigation? □ Yes (Proceed to Q141) □ No Q140. If no, give the reason, please □Not organized in the locality □They are not informed / no information □Husband (male participation only) □Busy at home, could not participate □Feel it is unnecessary Q141. Do you need to be trained in irrigation for crops? □ Yes □ No (Proceed to Q144) Q142. If yes, what content do you need? □Irrigation technology for crops □Modern irrigation technology □Operation of irrigation facilities □Maintenance of irrigation facilities □Water distribution

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□Other (specify): ______Q143. What are the advantages of this irrigation project to your family and the locality? □Improve the quality of water for domestic and production □Increase output/productivity of crops and livestock □Create jobs and increase incomes from agricultural production □Advantages in transportation and travelling □Improve the infrastructure in the locality □Solve flooding, drought □Solve environmental pollution □Develop non-agricultural activities (trade, services, tourism, etc.) □Create tourism opportunities □Other (specify): ______Q144. What are the disadvantages of the irrigation project to your family and community? □Noise pollution □Social evils □Reduced productivity / agricultural output □Travel inconveniences □Cause flooding / drought □Affects local customs and culture □Relocation, resettlement, more difficulties for people □Loss of productive land □Causes unemployment or career, change career □Other (specify): ______Q145. How will this Project benefit to agricultural activities for men, women and the households? For men: ______For women: ______For your household: ______

Q146. Do you have any ideas to mitigate negative impacts above? □Yes Please specify: ______□No Q147. During canal/ irrigation construction, the project will proved opportunity for unskilled men and women to work and earn income? □I am happy that local people will have job opportunity and will earn income in construction work □The project will provide jobs for people in the communes instead of migrating to look for jobs □Other (specify): ______Q148. What do you think of women working in the construction work? □I am not favor of women working in the construction work because it is a job for men (not for women) □Women should stay at home and take care of children instead of working in the road project □The men should be the one to work, they work faster than women in construction work, women could not do heavy work Q149. You are willing to work during the canal/ irrigation construction? □Yes □No Please explain why: ______Q150. Do you have previous experience construction work? □Yes Where did you work before:

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______□No Q151. Do you agree with implementation of the project? □Yes □No Please explain why: ______Q152. Please give some recommendations for the project to improve irrigation efficiency......

Thank you for your cooperation!