! workowning pap e r CBMS-20 16-09
Le renforcement du SSCP et la protection sociale Universite Laval du secteur informel : cas des communes de Diébougou (province de la Bougouriba),
Koper (province du Ioba) et To (province de la Sissili)
Lassina Konaté Michel Kone
Omer Combary Ouedraogo Jeannette
Prosper Somda Samandoulgou Rasmata
November 2016
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CEDRES PEP/CBMS
SSCP UNICEF/BF
The Community Poverty Monitoring System (PSCS)
" Strengthening Social Protection in the Informal Sector through CBMS: Case of the Communes of Diébougou (Province of Bougouriba), Koper (Province of Ioba) and To (Province of Sissili)
Final report
November 2016
Members of the CBMS / BF team
Dr. Konaté Lassina
Dr. Somda Prosper
Mr. Koné Michel
Dr Combary Omer
Ms. Samandoulougou Rasmata
M. Kabore/Ouedraogo Jeannette
This work was carried out with thanks to a research grant from the PEP-CBMS Network through its program of analysis of growth and employment policy (PAGE), and the UNICEF / Burkina Faso.
TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES V ABSTRACT VIII ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS X INTRODUCTION - 1 - I. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY - 2 - II. METHODOLOGY - 4 - 2.1. SOURCES OF DATA - 4 - 2.1.1. THE PRIMARY DATA - 4 - 2.1.2. THE SECONDARY DATA - 5 - 2.2. DATA COLLECTION - 5 - 2.3. DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS - 5 - III. REVIEW OF LITERATURE - 6 - 3.1 international / global / regional development commitments relating to social protection and employment in the informal sector - 6 - 3.2. Initiatives at the country level and key issues relating to social protection in Burkina Faso - 7 - 3.3. Informal sector and employment - 12 - 3.4. Role of the social protection of workers in the informal sector in accelerating growth and sustainable development - 14 - IV. RESEARCH QUESTIONS - 15 - V. ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK FOR THE CONDUCT OF THE STUDY - 16 - VI. RESULTS OF THE STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF DATA - 20 - 6.1. Community of Diebougou - 20 - 6.1.1. Social protection of the population in general - 20 - 6.1.1.1. Number of people employed in labor intensive labor (himo) - 20 - 6.1.1.2. Social assistance - 21 - 6.1.1.3. Social insurance - 33 - 6.1.2. Social protection of the informal sector - 44 - 6.1.3. Social protection of children - 52 - 6.2. Koper community - 56 - 6.2.1. Social protection of the general population - 56 - 6.2.1.1. Number of persons employed in labor-intensive work (himo) - 56 -
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6.2.1.2. Social assistance - 56 - 6.2.1.3. Social insurance - 66 - 6.2.2. Social protection of the informal sector - 76 - 6.2.3. Social protection of children - 82 - 6.3. Commune of To - 85 - 6.3.1. Social protection of the population in general - 85 - 6.3.1.1. Number of people employed in labor-intensive work (himo) - 85 - 6.3.1.2. Social assistance - 85 - 6.3.1.3. Social insurance - 95 - 6.3.2. Social protection of the informal sector - 104 - 6.3.3. Social protection of children - 111 - CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (DIEBOUGOU, KOPER AND TO) - 113 - BIBLIOGRAPHY - 116 -
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Distribution of the population with or without assistance by sex and place of residence (%) ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 2: Distribution of the population receiving food assistance by sex and place of residence (%)………………………………………………………… - 21 - Table 3: Distribution of the population receiving assistance for other non-food needs by sex and place of residence (%)...... - 24 - Table 4: Distribution of the population receiving housing assistance by sex and place of residence (%) ...... - 25 - Table 5: Distribution of the Population Receiving Health Assistance by Sex and Place of Residence (%) ...... - 26 - Table 6: Distribution of the Population Assisted in Credit-Finance, Sex and Place of Residence (%) ...... - 28 - Table 7: Distribution of the population receiving education assistance by sex and place of residence (%) ...... - 29 - Table 8: Distribution of the population receiving any other form of assistance by sex and place of residence (%) ...... - 30 - Table 9: Distribution of the population that adhere to social mutuals by sex and place of residence (%) ...... - 32 - Table 10a: Distribution of the population according to desired services or services, sex and place of residence (%) ...... - 33 - Table 10b: Distribution of the population according to desired services or services, sex and place of residence (%) ...... - 35 - Table 10c: Distribution of the population by desired services or services by sex and place of residence (%) ...... - 36 - Table 11: Distribution of Average Contribution Amount by Location ...... - 37 - Table 11a: Distribution of the population according to social protection and gender ……..- 40 - Table 11b: Distribution of the Population according to access and willingness to pay for social protection and age group ………………………………………………………… - 40 - Table 11c: Distribution of the population according to access and willingness to pay for social protection and employment sector ………………………………………………………- 40 - Table 11d: Distribution of the population according to access and willingness to pay for social protection and occupation ……………………………………………………………..- 41 - Table 12: Distribution of persons working in the formal and informal sector according to the right to work and place of residence ...... - 43 - Table 13: Distribution of informal sector population by sex and place of residence (%)…………………………………………………………………………………….- 44 - Table 14: Distribution of informal sector population by age group and locality (%)………………………………………………………………………………………..- 45 - Table 15: Distribution of informal sector population with or without assistance by sex and place of residence (%)……………………………………- 47 - Table 16: Distribution of the population working in the informal sector, whether or not willing to join social mutuals by sex and place of residence ...... - 49 - Table 17: Breakdown of the average contribution of the informal sector by locality ...... - 50 - Table 18: Distribution of children with or without assistance by place of residence ...... - 52 - Table 19: Distribution of children in receipt of food assistance, non-food assistance, education assistance and health assistance by place of residence (%) ...... - 53 -
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Table 20: Distribution of the population with or without assistance by sex and place of residence (%) ...... - 55 - Table 21: Distribution of food assistance to population by sex and place of residence(%)- 57 - Table 22: Distribution of the population assisted for other non-food needs by sex and place of residence (%) ...... - 58 - Table 23: Distribution of the population receiving housing assistance by sex and place of residence (%) ...... - 59 - Table 24: Distribution of the Population Receiving Health Assistance by Sex and Place of Residence (%) ...... - 60 - Table 25: Distribution of the Population Assisted in Credit Finance by Gender and Place of Residence (%) ...... - 61 - Table 26: Distribution of the population with educational assistance by sex and place of residence (%) ...... - 62 - Table 27: Distribution of the population receiving any other form of assistance by sex and place of residence (%) ...... - 63 - Table 28: Distribution of the population that adhere to social mutuals by sex and place of residence (%) ...... - 65 - Table 29a: Distribution of the population according to desired services or services, sex and place of residence (%) ...... - 66 - Table 29b: Distribution of the population according to desired services or services, sex and place of residence (%) ...... - 67 - Table 29c: Distribution of the population by desired services or services by sex and place of residence (%) ...... - 67 - Table 30: Distribution of Average Contribution Amount by Location ...... - 70 - Table 30a: Distribution of the population according to social protection and gender ……..- 71 - Table 30b: Distribution of the Population according to access and willingness to pay for social protection and age group …………………………………………………………- 71 - Table 30c: Distribution of the population according to access and willingness to pay for social protection and employment sector ………………………………………………………- 72 - Table 30d: Distribution of the population according to access and willingness to pay for social protection and occupation ……………………………………………………………..- 72 - Table 31: Distribution of persons working in the formal and informal sector according to the right to work and place of residence ...... - 74 - Table 32: Distribution of informal sector population by sex and place of residence (%) .. - 75 - Table 33: Distribution of informal sector population by age group and locality (%)...... - 76 - Table 34: Distribution of Informal Sector Population Who Received or Not Received Assistance by Sex and Place of Residence (%) ...... - 77 - Table 35: Distribution of the population working in the informal sector, whether or not willing to join social mutuals by sex and place of residence (%) ...... - 78 - Table 36: Distribution of the average contribution of the informal sector by locality ...... - 79 - Table 37: Distribution of children with or without assistance by place of residence ...... - 81 - Table 38: Distribution of children who received food assistance, non-food assistance, health assistance and education assistance by place of residence (%) ...... - 82 - Table 39: Distribution of the population with or without assistance by sex and place of residence (%) ...... - 85 - Table 40: Distribution of the population receiving food assistance by sex and place of residence (%) ...... - 86 - Table 41: Distribution of the population receiving assistance for other non-food needs by sex and place of residence (%)...... - 87 - Table 42: Distribution of the population receiving housing assistance by sex and place of residence (%) ...... - 88 -
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Table 43: Distribution of the population receiving health assistance by sex and place of residence (%) ...... - 89 - Table 44: Distribution of the Population Assisted in Credit Finance by Gender and Place of Residence (%) ...... - 90 - Table 45: Distribution of the population receiving education assistance by sex and place of residence (%) ...... - 91 - Table 46: Distribution of the population receiving any other form of assistance by sex and place of residence (%) ...... - 92 - Table 47: Distribution of the population adhering to social mutuals by sex and place of residence (%) ...... - 93 - Table 48a: Distribution of the population according to desired services or services, sex and residencee (%) ...... - 94 - Table 48b: Distribution of the population according to desired services or services, sex and place of residence (%) ...... - 95 - Table 48c: Distribution of the population according to desired services or services, sex and place of residence (%) ...... - 96 - Table 49: Distribution of Average Contribution Amount by Location ...... - 98 - Table 49a: Distribution of the population according to social protection and gender ……- 99 - Table 49b: Distribution of the Population according to access and willingness to pay for social protection and age group ………………………………………………………..- 100 - Table 49c: Distribution of the population according to access and willingness to pay for social protection and employment sector ……………………………………………………..- 100 - Table 49d: Distribution of the population according to access and willingness to pay for social protection and occupation ……………………………………………………………- 100 - Table 50: Distribution of persons working in the formal and informal sector according to the right to work and place of residence ...... - 102 - Table 51: Distribution of informal sector population by sex and place of residence (%) - 103 - Table 52: Distribution of informal sector population by age group and locality (%)...... - 104 - Table 53: Distribution of Informal Sector Population Who Received or Not Received Assistance by Sex and Place of Residence (%) ...... - 104 - Table 54: Distribution of the population working in the informal sector, whether or not willing to join social mutuals by sex and place of residence (%) ...... - 105 - Table 55: Breakdown of the average contribution of the informal sector by locality ...... - 106 - Table 56: Distribution of children with or without assistance by sex and place of residence (%) ...... - 108 -
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ABSTRACT
This study focuses on strengthening the SSCP and social protection of the informal sector in the municipalities of Diébougou (Bougouriba province), Koper (province of Ioba) and To (Sissili province). "Its objective is to contribute to the effectiveness of social safety net programs aimed at social protection of the informal sector and the reduction of poverty among the population of Burkina Faso.
Several elements justify the strengthening of the SSCP in the municipalities of Diébougou and Koper where it has proved its worth since its establishment and its expansion to another municipality which is typically rural (To). The extent of the phenomenon of poverty in Burkina Faso requires that the country develop a system capable of allowing the monitoring and evaluation of its development by the political and administrative authorities as well as by the local authorities and village communities . In addition, it ensures monitoring and evaluation of the impact of social protection measures implemented in terms of contribution to poverty reduction through a participatory and community-based system.
The main question which the research project aspires to answer is: Can social protection (PS) be extended to the informal sector in the municipalities of Diébougou, Koper and To ? The supplemental questions are : (i) what are the population groups (including women and children) that are potential beneficiaries of PS in the municipalities of Diébougou, Koper and To? ii) What social safety nets or social protection do members of the informal sector use to cope with shocks or adjust their vulnerability? iii) Are the members of the informal sector willing to contribute financially to the establishment of social protection structures in the municipalities of Diébougou, Koper and To?
The strong hypothesis is that social protection (PS) can be validly extended to the informal sector in the communes of Diébougou, Koper and To;
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Alternatively, (i) groups operating in the informal sector in the municipalities, including women and children, are potential beneficiaries of PS; ii) family, village or socio-professional solidarity used by members of the informal sector is limited in the scale of shocks; (iii) Persons in the informal sector are willing to contribute financially to the implementation of social protection structures in the municipalities of Diébougou, Koper and To.
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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ARV : Anti-Retroviraux ASUDEC : Africa’s Sustainable Development Council CARFO : Caisse Autonome de Retraite des Fonctionnaires CBMS : Community-Based Monitoring System CEDRES : Centre d’Etudes, de Documentation et de Recherche Economiques et Sociales CGCT : Code Général des Collectivités Territoriales CNSS : Caisse Nationale de Securité Sociale CONASUR : Conseil national de secours d'urgence et de réhabilitation CVD : Comité Villagois de Developpement DUDH : Declaration Universelle des Droits de l’Homme EICVM : Enquête complète sur les conditions de vie des ménages ENTE : Enquête National sur le Travail des Enfants FCFA : Franc de la Communauté Financière Africaine HIMO : Haute Intensité de Main d’Œuvre INSD : Institut National de la Statistique et de la Demographie MAH : Ministère de l’Agriculture et de l’Hydraulique MCS : Méningite Cérébro-Spinale OIT : Organisation Internationale du Travail OMD : Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Developpement ONG : Organisation Non Gouvernemental PAM : Programme Alimentaire Mondial PIB : Produit Intérieur Brut PIDESC : Pacte international relatif aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels PNPS : Politique Nationale de Protection Sociale PS : Protection Sociale RGPH : Recensement Général de la Population et de l’Habitat SARL : Société Anonyme à Responsibilité Limitée SCADD : Stratégie de la Croissance Accelerée et de Developpement Durable SOFITEX : Société des Fibres et Textiles SONAGESS : Société Nationale de Gestion du Stock de Sécurité Alimentaire
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SONU : Soins Obstétricaux et Néonatals d’Urgence SPF : Socle de la Protection Sociale SPSS : Statistical Package for the Social Sciences SSCP : Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté
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INTRODUCTION
The results of the comprehensive survey on the living conditions of households (EICVM) from 2009 to 2010 showed that more than one Burkinabe out of four live below the estimated poverty line of 108,374 FCFA. In rural areas, nearly six Burkinabé out of 10 are in poverty. As the number of children per household is higher in rural than in urban areas, the proportion of children affected by food insecurity is thus much higher than the national average. Among vulnerable households, the proportion suffering from chronic food insecurity is estimated at more than 20 percent. To these are added nearly 20 percent of households that are in constant threat of food insecurity.
It is in this context that the Accelerated Growth and Sustainable Development (SCADD) Strategy enters into force. It aims, among other things, to alleviate extreme poverty and hunger in the country and focuses on social sectors in general and social protection in particular. Today, only 10 percent of the population has a formal social security system and one of the main challenges in this area is the effective coverage of workers, including those in the informal sector and the vulnerable.
Three communes served as analytical sites. These are the communes of Diébougou, Koper and To which have expressed an interest in the SSCP approach. Diébougou and Koper are currently the areas where the SSCP has been established since 2004 and 2007, respectively. Meanwhile, the rural commune of To is considered as an expansion site of the SSCP in this study.
Indeed, in Burkina Faso, several social safety net program initiatives are being implemented to promote access to basic social services and the employment of disadvantaged social strata and to reduce the effects of exogenous shocks. These programs are based on more or less innovative strategies and focus on cash transfers, in-kind transfers, subsidies and exemptions, and Labor-Intensive Labor (HIMO).
The review of social safety net programs shows that many actions are being implemented for the most vulnerable and the poor. However, it should be noted that most of these actions are not scheduled for lack of funding. Moreover, most programs do not have a precise definition strategy for eligible households and / or individuals, resulting in inclusion and exclusion errors.
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The main challenges in social protection include defining targeting methods for social safety net programs. Most programs do not have a clear and consistent approach to defining beneficiaries, all of which raises the issue of the effectiveness of social safety net programs.
In the search for suitable solutions for poverty reduction, it is increasingly accepted that whatever the potential effectiveness of a development policy is, particularly in the social sectors, actual achievements are intimately linked to genuine involvement of beneficiaries, which include both national decisionmakers and stakeholders as well as the grassroots population. The SSCP strategy could validly contribute to national poverty reduction strategies and be a local response to its monitoring and evaluation. To enable this, however, the strategy needs to be sufficiently mastered by all the population and well anchored in the local and decentralized administrative structures even if the tool has already proven its worth in its experimental phase. This is the goal set by the SCCP team in this project.
I. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY a. Main objective Contribute to the effectiveness of the social safety net programs aimed at the social protection of the informal sector and the reduction of poverty of the population of Burkina Faso. b. Specific objectives
- At the level of the communes of Diébougou and Koper : o Strengthen the operational capacities of the SSCP; o Strengthen the Village Development Committees' (CVD) capacities of villages and sectors of Diébougou and Koper in the production of reliable data, using the SSCP method, to establish the different facets of poverty in their respective localities ; - At the level of the rural commune of To: o Convince the local authorities of the relevance of the SSCP as a management tool for their community and to adopt it for the
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development of municipal development plans, monitoring and evaluation of projects and programs ; o Equip CVDs with appropriate skills for producing reliable data and processing lightweight indicators in accordance with the SSCP ; o Ensure the appropriation of the SSCP by the population of the municipality of To. - At the level of all three municipalities : o Strengthen CBMS in Diébougou and Koper and implement it in To ; o Have CBMS data on the various facets of poverty in the municipalities of Diébougou, Koper and To; o Establish poverty profiles in the communes of Diébougou, Koper and To ; o Produce relevant and reliable data that would enable local and regional political and administrative authorities to take appropriate measures to better target beneficiaries of social safety net programs, in particular for pregnant women and children from 0- 5 years old ; o Produce an analysis report on the social protection of the informal sector using CBMS data.
II. METHODOLOGY
2.1. The data sources Two sources were used in the study: primary and secondary data.
2.1.1. The primary data
Primary sources are primarily SSCP data sources collected in the field. The sampling frame is composed of the list of villages in the communes of Diébougou, Koper and To wherein in each case, all the sectors of the main town are included.
The sites selected for the study relate to the new administrative structure of Burkina Faso which is based on Law n ° 055-2004 / AN establishing the General Code of Local Authorities (CGCT) that organizes the national territory into 13 regions and 351 municipalities. This is the culmination of full communalization with 302 rural communes and 49 urban municipalities.
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Numerous studies, national surveys and databases on poverty and well-being have certainly been carried out, but these quantitative data, albeit interesting, are not disaggregated up to the village level and do not empower the grassroots population in their fight against poverty.
The commune of Diébougou, located in the province of Bougouriba, is one of the four provinces of the south-western region of Burkina Faso. This region is bounded to the east by Ghana and to the south by the Ivory Coast. Like in other regions of Burkina Faso, agriculture and animal husbandry are the main economic activities in the south-west and provide the bulk of household income, covering 95 percent of the population. Cotton, the main export product, is cultivated and ginned by the Society of Fibers and Textiles (SOFITEX). The breeding is of the traditional type with local species of low productivity.
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- The Rural Commune of Koper is located in the province of Ioba and is bounded to the south by the commune of Dessin and Ghana after the river Mouhoun and to the west and northwest by the urban commune of Dano. A water reservoir allows for some fishing activities and off-season crops.
Like most border regions, the rural commune of Koper is subject to the vagaries of migration to neighboring Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire, especially during the dry season.
The rural commune of To is located in the Sissili province, bordering Ghana, which makes movement of men and goods with Ghana a commonplace activity. It should be noted that its economic activities are mainly based on agriculture and livestock.
2.1.2. Secondary data These refer to the documents cited during the analysis process and mentioned in the bibliography.
2.2. Data collection
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The tools used to collect the data were the household questionnaire and the interview guide. The collection consisted of administering the household questionnaire to each household, making it an actual census of all households in each of the localities. The community care guide was administered locally to a group using the focus group discussion method.
2.3. Data processing and analysis
Computer processing was carried out using the SPSS software. The survey took place from April to May 2014 in all the localities of the respective communes. As mentioned above, it involved all households in the villages and sectors. It was carried out by a field team composed of a coordinator and facilitators, with investigators in each village. All these activities were supervised by the SSCP team.
III. LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1 International / Global / Regional Commitments for Development on Social Protection and Employment in the Informal Sector
The informal sector is a phenomenon of interest to policymakers and researchers. In developing countries, the sector involves heterogeneous activities that produce goods and services deployed on the margins of the usual formal economy, and maintains ambiguous relations with the government. The concept of the informal sector was used for the first time in the 1970s and divides discussions and arguments among economic theorists. It is recognized that informal activities in developing countries are an important source of employment for rural and urban populations found in the formal economy.
According to the International Labour Organisation (ILO), the informal sector is defined as: "an independent small-scale activity (with or without hired workers) at a low level of organization and technology with the main objective of generating employment and income. Moreover, activities are generally carried out without any real recognition from the authorities and escape the attention of the administrative machinery responsible for the application of laws and regulations ".
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According to Meine Pieter Van Dijk in "Burkina Faso: the informal sector of Ouagadougou -Edition l'harmattan 1986", three criteria can be used for an operational definition of the informal sector, namely: 1. The company has no legal status (for example: Limited Liability Company (S.A.R.L) ; 2. The staff do not regularly receive the statutory minimum wage ; and 3. The staff are not registered with the National Social Security Fund (CNSS). Thus, the informal sector is generally located in urban areas. In rural areas, the informal sector operates differently and can be defined as any non-agricultural activities that do not belong to the formal sector. It is much more linked to the agricultural sector and many activities are complementary in that agricultural products are processed or sold or that the producer manufactures or repairs tools for agriculture and devotes himself to these activities outside the agricultural sector season. In recent years, there has also been the birth of artisanal gold panning in gold-bearing sites. As regards social protection (PS), the concept of the Social Protection Floor (SPS) came into being in the early 2000s. It is based on the common principles of social justice and is anchored in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966 (ICESCR), the Conventions of the ILO on social security, the Convention on the Rights of the Child and other human rights texts (see http: socialsecurityextension.org/gimi/gess).
3.2. Country-level initiatives and key issues related to social protection in Burkina Faso 1
In Burkina Faso, several social safety net program initiatives are being implemented to promote access to basic social services and employment for disadvantaged social strata and to reduce the impact of shocks. These programs are based on more or less innovative strategies and focus on in-kind transfers, subsidies and exemptions.
Transfers in kind
1 Selon la Politique Nationale de Protection Sociale (PNPS) 2013-2023
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They are essentially food transfers and distributions of school kits (manuals and minimum binder). Food transfers are the main form of social safety net programs in Burkina Faso. These transfers accounted for 87 percent of total social safety net spending over the period 2005-2009 and involved more than 80 percent of beneficiaries in 2009 (excluding fuel subsidies). Four types of food transfers are currently being implemented in Burkina Faso,namely: (i) sales of subsidized food; (ii) targeted distribution of free food; (iii) nutrition programs; and (iv) school feeding programs and distribution of school kits.
1. Targeted sales of subsidized food
The Food Security Support Program of the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources (MAH) is implemented by the National Food Security Stock Corporation (SONAGESS). This program, initiated since the recent crises, consists of selling subsidized food products to enable people to meet their food needs at an acceptable cost.
Due to a weak monitoring and evaluation system of the subsidized feed sales program, information on the actual number, profile and poverty level of beneficiaries is lacking. Thus, it is not possible to determine or confirm whether the poorest are the ones who have benefited primarily from this operation. For this program to be effective, there is a need to improve the targeting system and to put in place a monitoring and evaluation system to assess its impact on the population.
2. Targeted free food distribution
Free food distribution is carried out particularly through the National Council for Emergency Relief and Rehabilitation (CONASUR), a coordination structure for the prevention and management of disasters and humanitarian crises.
With 70 percent of transfers in 2009, food transfers were the main instrument of intervention in the country. This approach was justified in situations where markets were not functioning properly and food products were not available (drought, floods or other emergencies). However, it can not remain as the preferred instrument of intervention in the approach toward the establishment of a permanent basis for social protection.
3. Nutrition programs
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The situation of malnutrition remains a major challenge for Burkina Faso. Indeed, about one in 10 children under the age of 5 years suffers from acute malnutrition, and especially among children aged 24 to 59 months, one in three suffers from chronic malnutrition (SMART Survey, 2010). With the support of its partners, including UNICEF, the World Bank, WFP, ECHO and NGOs, the Government is making substantial efforts to expand interventions for the nutritional management of children under five years old and for pregnant and lactating women who are moderately or severely malnourished.
However, coverage of existing programs remains insufficient. Adequate coverage of screening and management of severe acute malnutrition are therefore major challenges in achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) related to nutrition. Despite considerable efforts, the nutritional situation remains difficult. More than one child in three is stunted with enormous geographical disparities.
4. School canteens and distribution of school kits
School canteens are one of the main social safety net programs currently underway in Burkina Faso. These programs are carried out through the provision of food to primary schools and pre-school education structures. The contribution of school canteens to the quality of education is recognized by schoolchildren, their parents and teachers.
Programs for the free distribution of textbooks and school supplies are implemented in primary schools to achieve and maintain the ratio of one pupil per pupil in basic subjects (reading, computing and observation). Thus, about eight million textbooks have been distributed over the last three years.
Subsidies and exemptions
1. Universal food and petroleum subsidies
The deterioration of the economic and social environment as a consequence of the international economic, food and financial crisis has led to soaring commodity prices. Added to the loosening of market surveillance, this situation has affected the consumption capacity of the population and the living conditions of households, especially the most vulnerable. Therefore, in order to mitigate the negative effects of high food and oil prices, the Government has provided subsidies on the prices of a
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number of basic necessities (rice, oil, sugar, milk, children's food preparations, soap, salt and pasta) and hydrocarbons.
2. Exemption and subsidies for health and education costs
According to the 2007 Annual Survey on the Living Conditions of Households, one reason for low attendance at health facilities was the high cost of benefits. In fact, 52.1 percent of the patients questioned referred to the problem of the financial accessibility of the population to health services.
Faced with this situation, the Government has made increasing the financial accessibility of the population to health care, a priority by alleviating the financial burden borne by the population through the progressive adoption of measures of free and subsidized certain benefits and care. These measures can be divided into two essential components, namely:
free-of-charge measures for all the population covering:
- management of leprosy cases;
- treatment of cases of tuberculosis, human trypanosomiasis, guinea worm and lymphatic filariasis;
- antiretrovirals (ARVs);
- management of diseases with epidemic potential: Cerebro-spinal meningitis (MCS), measles, yellow fever and cholera.
free or subsidized measures for target groups (women and children) including:
- Free treatment of severe malaria among pregnant women and children under five years of age in public health facilities: free vaccination for children under one year of age and free vitamin A supplementation for children under five years;
- - free distribution of long-lasting impregnated mosquito nets to the entire population at the rate of 1 LLIN for 2 persons;
- - free preventive care for pregnant women (prenatal consultation, vaccination);
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- - subsidy of contraceptive products for women of reproductive age;
- - subsidies for deliveries and emergency obstetric and neonatal care (ANC), ACTs, contraceptives and promotional care (prenatal consultations, postnatal consultation, follow-up of healthy children, etc.) and free of charge for indigent women.
However, it should be noted that subsidy and exemption measures face major problems (targeting, communication, financial compensation, etc.). The subsidy policy of the SONU adopted in 2006 gave indigent women the right to free obstetric care. However, it must be noted that the criteria for eligibility for these benefits are not determined, so that these women do not benefit sufficiently.
In the field of education, the Education Guidelines provide free education for all children aged 6 to 16 years. This provision aimed at universal access to the education system while alleviating the burdens of households, especially the poor and vulnerable, is implemented through measures of free tuition fees, particularly in public institutions.
They have had a positive impact on the schooling of children, especially those in rural areas and among girls, which proves that it is a pro-poor policy.
Social insurance brings together compulsory, non-profit, state-sponsored programs that enable households and individuals to protect themselves against various deprivations of their capacities, not to go into debt and smooth out their spending through time. Social insurance assumes a redistributive and protective function covering the risks of unemployment, old age, disability, illness and the death of the main supporter of the family (see social coverage of workers in the private sector, self-employed persons in the liberal professions and those in the informal economy through Act No. 015-2006 / AN of 11 May 2006 on the social security system applicable to employed persons and the assimilated in Burkina Faso).
Social protection in the health field is a concern of the State of Burkina Faso. A project to implement a national health insurance system in Burkina Faso was adopted by the Council of Ministers on 04 August 2009. This project aims to integrate the entire population into the same health insurance system while developing traditional insurance practices and micro insurance adapted to each socioprofessional category. Thus, this project will cover the entire national territory
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and will benefit workers in the informal sector in the communes of Diébougou, Koper and To. It also aims to combine different financing mechanisms.
3.3. Informal sector and employment
As for informal employment, it can be said that it includes all workers in the non- agricultural economic sphere who are deprived of social protection and who work without a written and valid employment contract. Thus, the informal sector as mentioned above, is generally located in the urban environment. In rural areas, the informal sector operates differently and can be defined as any non-agricultural activities that do not belong to the formal sector.
In Burkina Faso, at least 50 percent of GDP is in the informal economy, which employs about 74 percent of the urban labor force (Survey 1-2-3 INSD-2001-2003). On the social level, the low productivity of the informal sector can be perceived as a brake on growth. It is a constituent part of the poverty trap in the country because even if it makes it possible to generate subsistence income in the short to medium term, in the long term, it does not allow in the current context the substantial financing of pension expenditure. Although there have been no recent specific studies, the main feature of the informal sector is the high participation of women. In rural areas, in addition to rural work and domestic tasks, women take part in economic activities, mostly doing small business like making millet (dolo) beer. In urban areas, they can be found in markets or near major roads, selling fruit and vegetables, running kiosks or mini-restaurants. The artisanal sector is still much more invested by women. Many of them are professionals in dyeing, wickerwork, sewing, hairdressing or aesthetics.
As for child labor, Burkina Faso is one of the countries in the subregion with the highest rate of child labor (BOURSIN, 2002). For the majority of children, for whom work is simply a way of survival, it seems that the child work environment is emerging, with almost 55 percent of children working in agriculture and livestock farming and working outside the family unit even if they still reside with their parents. About 15.2 percent of urban children do not live with their parents, compared with only 9.6 percent in rural areas (Bourse, 2002). This difference is the result of the
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remoteness of school infrastructures, especially secondary schools, which have been concentrated for a long time in cities, and the fact that the incidence of poverty in urban areas is lower, thus offering more opportunities. The causes of child labor are to be found not only in household poverty and in the nature of agricultural work in most parts of the country, but also in the inadequacy between schooling and labor market needs. This causes some parents not to send their children to school and make sure they have a job. The results of the National Survey of Child Labor (ENTE) in 2006 show that 41.1 percent of children between the ages of 5 and 17 are economically active, i.e., 44.1 percent in rural areas and 23.2 percent in urban areas, with regional rates ranging from 17.3 percent in the Hauts Bassins to 64.2 percent in the Southwest (INSD, 2008). Of the children performing work, 93.6 percent are unpaid, 3.1 percent are paid and 3.3 percent are self-employed. Of the seven sectors considered in the analysis, the largest employer is agriculture / fishing / hunting, where 69.2 percent of children aged 5 to 17 years work, followed by the domestic activities sector (20%) although child labor in the latter sector is often particularly underestimated. The other sectors each employ less than 5.1 percent of the children. Today, we are seeing the increasing presence of children on the sites of gold panning, working alongside adults in search of gold. They abandon classrooms and are exposed to the multiple dangers in sites (drugs, prostitution, violence and diseases).
3.4. Role of social protection of informal sector workers in accelerating growth and sustainable development
The theme chosen for the project fits well with the State's concerns expressed in the Strategy for Accelerated Growth for Sustainable Development (SCADD) in its axis 2 "Strengthening human capital and promoting social protection". This dimension in axis 2 is still vital for the country which wants to reach a turning point in development to become one of the emerging countries. In addition, the Government intends to focus on raising incomes and employment, development of education, technical and vocational education and training, health (including women's health), social protection and access to modern energy services.
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With regard to social protection, the Government intends to elaborate and implement a national social protection policy. It envisages, among other things, the following priority actions:
- building a social protection floor; - putting in place a special regime for the poorest; - establishing a national health insurance system; - ensuring the access of the poor to basic social services.
In the government document entitled "National Policy on Social Protection (PNPS) 2013-2023 -September 2012", it is recognized that Social Protection (PS) can be defined as a set of public interventions that help households and individuals better manage risks and reduce their vulnerability and poverty by providing them with better access to social services and employment. PS is an investment supporting the development of human capital and economic growth and not a form of assistance or relief. If the poor are not able to participate in the economy and thus in the creation of economic growth, the impact of the economic crisis as well as environmental and food crises would be considerably amplified. The PS has four instruments: social safety nets, social insurance, social regulation and welfare services. Although the latter two instruments are considered to be instruments in their own right, they support social safety nets and social insurance. Social safety nets are non-contributory, regular and predictable direct transfer programs targeting the poor or individuals vulnerable to poverty and shocks and aiming to directly increase their consumption or access to basic social services. They have both a role of redistribution and transfer.
IV. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Can Social Protection (PS) be extended to the informal sector in the municipalities of Diébougou, Koper and To?
Additionally:
I) What are the population groups (including women and children) that are potential beneficiaries of PS in the municipalities of Diébougou, Koper and To?
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Ii) What social safety nets or social protection do members of the informal sector use to cope with shocks or adjust their vulnerability?
Iii) Are the populations of the informal sector willing to contribute financially to the establishment of social protection structures in the municipalities of Diébougou, Koper and To?
Hypotheses
The strong hypothesis is that social protection (PS) can validly be extended to the informal sector in the municipalities of Diébougou, Koper and To;
Alternatively: (i) groups operating in the informal sector in the municipalities, including women and children, are potential beneficiaries of PS; ii) family, village or socio-professional solidarity used by members of the informal sector is limited in the scale of shocks;
(iii) Members of or persons in the informal sector are willing to contribute financially to the implementation of social protection structures in the municipalities of Diébougou, Koper and To.
V. ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK FOR THE CONDUCT OF THE STUDY
The review of social insurance programs in Burkina Faso shows the existence not only of formal mechanisms but also informal mechanisms based on networks of family, village or socio-professional solidarity.
Indeed, there are traditional mechanisms of social protection which are manifested through parental assistance, traditional and community solidarity.
Parental care is characterized by organized solidarity at family or village level to provide assistance at family events to the elderly. Social risks are always covered by spontaneous assistance inscribed in the customs and traditions of traditional society. Thus, disability, sickness, old age, death, and birth are taken care of not only by the
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family, but also by the community as a whole, the degree of solidarity being a function of the severity of the impact.
Community solidarity refers to community groups or village groups that define themselves as a set of institutions, relationships, attitudes and values that govern trade between people in the informal sector. Indeed, these groups of individuals are based around a common ideal: the search for the socio-economic well-being of the members. This community solidarity is exercised through the tontines and the contributions that allow a group of people with something in common (place of work, residence, village origin, etc.) to pool their resources in order to cope with a future event or to cover a possible risk. The pooling of these resources constitutes a potential for these people to have access to loans from local credit institutions such as the Caisses Populaires, the Savings and Credit Banks and so on. This form of social protection operates on the margins of any legislation.
The non-formal social protection system is very predominant in Burkina Faso. Its importance in the country reflects the limits of the formal social protection system, which concerns only a very small proportion of the population. However, the traditional system is increasingly limited in terms of the magnitude of shocks and the growing inability of households to support one another. On the other hand, some of these informal strategies are detrimental to the well-being of their members (removal of a child from school, sale of livestock, or reduced demand for health care).
The finding of social insurance programs is that insufficiencies are evident from the point of view of: (a) the persons covered and (b) benefits provided. Ten percent of the population are covered by a formal social security system, with benefits provided by social security limited to family and maternity benefits, occupational risks and old age, disability and death insurance. The risks associated with sickness, unemployment, loss of the work tool for the self-employed and the informal economy are not covered although they are considered as priorities (in PNPS op).
In addition, occupational health benefits are intended for a minority of workers and do not take into account all sectors of economic activity, including those in the informal and hydro-sylvo-agro-pastoral economy; The statutory social security schemes, the National Social Security Fund (CNSS) and the Self-Governing Pension
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Fund for Civil Servants (CARFO) are directly inspired by the western systems, in particular, the French social security system. They are therefore designed for the modern sectors of the economy and therefore out of phase with a context in which most of the economy is driven by farmers (70% of the working population) and workers in the informal sector ( 90% of the non-agricultural population). (See PNPS op.)
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Figure: Framework for analysis of social protection in the informal sector (households)
Start-up
Population employed
Leave with pay
Right to pension (q20)
Oui Non
Formal employment Informal employment
Does he receive assistance?
Sectors
Oui Non
Informal employment Informal non-assisted
employment (social Assisted (social safety nets) safety nets)
Identification: Who are they, What do they do (q19), where are they ...
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A. Figure 1 illustrates the conceptual framework that will allow the target population to be identified in our study: non-agricultural work in the informal sector through the data collected in the household survey (different from a survey of production units). This reads as follows: (1) For a locality or commune, there is all the labor force employed in the sectors of economic activity (household questionnaire Bq19). (2) The employed population (PE) is tested through question B20 "member is entitled to leave and / or pension paid?". This test score (PE) gives two disjointed subsets: (i) the population of people working in formal employment and (ii) informal sector employees. The formal and informal sectors of the municipality's activities are thus identified according to the activity of the member of the household. (3) The population working in informal employment is tested in accordance with the aid received: a partition is obtained between the population of people employed in the informal sector and receiving no aid (very vulnerable) and the informal sector social assistance. (4) By targeting people who deserve social protection, we can identify who they are and where they are. As a result, we are able to respond to the research questions raised above. B. Specific variables that will answer the research questions in the project are: i) BQ19 "What is the main activity of a member, (ii) BQ20" member is entitled to paid leave = 1, member has a pension of retirement = 2; Member is entitled to leave with pay and retirement pension = 3; None = 4.
C. Social protection in the informal sector. (1) The nature and extent of the vulnerability of the population to employment in the informal sector will be assessed by (i) the proportion of the population employed in the informal sector; (ii) their socio-economic characteristics defined by variables AQ3, AQ4, AQ5, AQ8 and BQ19. (2). Existing social protection mechanisms offered to persons engaged in informal employment are identified by questions contained in the "assistance received" module. The level and extent of access will affect not only the entire population but also depend on the area covered.
D. In addition, to enrich the study on social protection in the informal sector as planned, data from the municipalities of Diébougou, Koper and To will be taken into
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account. The following section provides an overview of the work to be done on social protection.
VI. RESULTS OF THE STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
This report presents the social protection of the informal sector in the three communes concerned by the study: Diébougou, Koper and To through labor- intensive work, social assistance, support for children in nutritional recovery centers, people living with HIV who receive free antiretrovirals, and social insurance.
In each commune, this analysis report is structured in three parts: social protection of the population in general, social protection of the informal sector and social protection of children.
6.1. DIEBOUGOU COMMUNITY
6.1.1. Social protection of the general population
6.1.1.1. Number of people employed in labor intensive labor (HIMO)
Labor Intensive Programs (HIMO) are interventions designed to ensure a minimum level of income for targeted communities or groups. Labor-intensive works are seen as social safety nets.
In the commune of Diébougou, 463 people are employed in labor-intensive work or 1.23 percent of the total population. Two localities in the municipality (Navrikpè and Nipodja) are not affected by the work at HIMO.
6.1.1.2. Welfare It is defined as the duty of society to help the indigent, the aged or abandoned children. It involves the granting of aid in the form of monetary or in-kind benefits to persons whose resources are insufficient, without consideration for contributions.
Table 1 : Distribution of the population with or without assistance by sex and place of residence (%)
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Localité Assistance received gouvernement charitable Government and Any Organisation charity Sexe Tot sexe Total Sexe Total sexe Total mascu fémini al masc fémini mascul Fémi masculi fémini lin n ulin n in nin n n Balingnar 42,1 40,6 82,7 0,1 0,1 8,5 8,7 17,2 Bamako 11,6 15,6 27,2 0,1 0,1 36,6 36,1 72,8 Bapla 50,3 49,7 100,0 Bapla-Birifor 1,0 0,6 1,5 1,9 1,7 3,6 50,5 44,3 94,8 Barindia 51,1 48,9 100,0 Dankoble 49,3 50,7 100,0 Danko-Tanzou 54,9 45,1 100,0 Diasser 10,7 8,2 18,9 0,1 0,1 0,2 39,8 41,1 80,9 Kolepar 17,6 14,2 31,8 31,1 37,2 68,2 Konsabla 0,1 0,2 0,3 47,7 52,0 99,7 Lokodia 35,3 32,9 68,2 17,9 14,0 31,8 Mébar 10,1 8,9 19,0 0,1 0,1 38,9 42,1 80,9 Moule 50,8 49,2 100,0 Moutori 2,4 2,4 4,7 0,4 0,4 0,7 0,4 0,4 44,4 49,8 94,2 Mouvielo 0,1 0,1 49,8 50,1 99,9 Naborgane 1,6 1,6 3,3 47,5 49,2 96,7 Navielgane 40,3 39,0 79,2 0,5 0,8 1,3 0,4 0,1 0,5 9,6 9,5 19,1 Segre 0,3 0,2 0,5 50,4 49,2 99,5 Sorgon 0,4 0,4 53,3 46,3 99,6 Tampé 1,7 0,9 2,5 0,4 0,4 0,8 45,8 50,9 96,7 Tansié 16,7 16,0 32,7 0,3 0,3 0,1 0,1 0,2 32,5 34,3 66,8 Voukoun 3,9 3,3 7,2 0,1 0,1 0,2 44,6 48,1 92,6 Kolepar Diébougou 0,2 0,5 0,7 45,9 53,4 99,3 secteur 1 Diébougou 0,3 0,2 0,6 0,1 0,1 49,7 49,6 99,3 secteur 2 Diébougou 0,7 0,7 45,5 53,8 99,3 secteur 3 Diébougou 0,7 0,7 50,8 48,5 99,3 secteur 4
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Diébougou 48,8 51,2 100,0 secteur 5 Diébougou 4,3 3,2 7,5 0,9 0,4 1,3 51,7 39,5 91,2 secteur 6 Diébougou 2,1 1,1 3,1 0,1 0,1 0,0 0,0 52,5 44,2 96,7 secteur 7 Navrikpe 51,9 48,1 100,0 Nipodja 48,9 51,1 100,0 Nane 0,3 0,2 0,5 0,3 0,4 0,8 48,8 49,9 98,7 Djinkargo 44,8 55,2 100,0 Gougougo 1,1 1,1 46,1 52,8 98,9 Gnaba 54,4 45,6 100,0 Kpakpara 0,3 0,3 0,1 0,3 0,4 48,5 50,8 99,3 Loto 2,3 2,2 4,5 49,8 45,8 95,5 Seouregane 4,5 5,5 10,1 42,6 47,3 89,9 Tantouo 0,3 0,3 50,0 49,7 99,7 Yaotew 52,9 47,1 100,0 Limania 3,4 3,7 7,1 49,7 43,1 92,9 Kpologo 3,8 2,9 6,6 49,5 43,9 93,4 Total 6,5 6,1 12,6 0,1 0,1 0,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 43,6 43,5 87,1
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
In the commune of Diébougou, 12.6 percent of people receive assistance from the government and 0.3 percent from charities. Of these, 6.5 percent of men and 6.1 per- cent of women receive government assistance ; meanwhile, women receive 0.1 percent from non-governmental organizations (NGOs)..
It is noted that 14 villages are not affected by government assistance. They are: Bapla, Barindia, Dankoble, Danko-Tanzou, Moule, Mouvielo, Diébougou Sector 1, Diébougou Sector 3, Diébougou Sector 5, Navrikpe, Nipodja, Djinkargo, Gnaba and Yaotew. Balingnar (82.7%) holds the highest percentage of beneficiaries with 42.1 percent of men and 40.6 percent of women. As far as assistance from non- governmental organizations is concerned, 26 villages do not benefit. Bapla-Birifor with 3.6 percent holds the highest rate of beneficiaries, comprising 1.9 percent of men and 1.7 percent of women.
Table 2 : Distribution of the population receiving food assistance by sex and place of residence (%)
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localité Food assistance oui Non sexe Total sexe Total masculin féminin masculin féminin Balingnar 50,8 49,2 100,0 Bamako 5,2 5,2 46,8 48,1 94,8 Bapla-Birifor 53,8 46,2 100,0 Diasser 8,3 8,3 25,0 66,7 91,7 Kolepar 2,6 2,6 55,3 42,1 97,4 Konsabla 60,0 40,0 100,0 Lokodia 2,1 2,4 4,5 49,3 46,2 95,5 Moutori 50,0 50,0 100,0 Naborgane 100,0 100,0 Navielgane 1,3 1,3 2,6 49,5 47,9 97,4 Segre 66,7 33,3 100,0 Tampé 61,4 38,6 100,0 Tansié 1,1 0,9 2,0 49,7 48,3 98,0
Voukoun Kolepar 21,4 21,4 42,9 50,0 7,1 57,1 Diébougou secteur 1 100,0 100,0 Diébougou secteur 2 26,7 33,3 60,0 13,3 26,7 40,0 Diébougou secteur 3 50,0 50,0 50,0 50,0 Diébougou secteur 4 100,0 100,0 Diébougou secteur 5 50,0 50,0 100,0 Diébougou secteur 6 3,6 0,5 4,1 47,2 48,7 95,9 Diébougou secteur 7 3,8 7,7 11,5 46,2 42,3 88,5 Nane 41,7 33,3 75,0 8,3 16,7 25,0 Gougougo 100,0 100,0 Kpakpara 20,0 20,0 40,0 40,0 20,0 60,0 Seouregane 21,4 50,0 71,4 14,3 14,3 28,6 Tantouo 33,3 33,3 66,7 66,7 Total 2,0 2,1 4,1 49,0 46,9 95,9
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
Table 2 above shows that food assistance reaches 4.1 percent of people who receive assistance. Women (2.1%) receive a little more than men (2%). Moutori, Diébougou Sector 1 and Gougougo hold the highest percentage (100%). The Table also shows that in eight communities, people do not receive food aid. They are: Balingnar, Bapla-
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Birifor, Konsabla, Naborgane, Segre, Tampé, Diébougou Sector 4 and Diébougou Sector 5.
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Table 3 : Distribution of the population receiving assistance for other non-food needs by sex and place of residence (%) localité Assistance for other non-food needs oui Non sexe Total sexe Total masculin féminin masculin féminin Balingnar 50,7 49,3 100,0 Bamako 49,3 50,7 100,0 Bapla-Birifor 3,8 3,8 53,8 42,3 96,2 Diasser 27,3 72,7 100,0 Kolepar 2,6 2,6 55,3 42,1 97,4 Konsabla 60,0 40,0 100,0 Lokodia 0,5 0,5 51,1 48,5 99,5 Moutori 46,4 50,0 96,4 3,6 3,6 Naborgane 100,0 100,0 Navielgane 0,9 1,1 2,0 49,8 48,2 98,0 Segre 66,7 33,3 100,0 Tampé 2,3 2,3 4,5 59,1 36,4 95,5 Tansié 0,9 1,1 2,0 49,9 48,1 98,0 Voukoun Kolepar 69,2 30,8 100,0 Diébougou secteur 1 100,0 100,0 Diébougou secteur 2 22,2 22,2 33,3 44,4 77,8 Diébougou secteur 4 100,0 100,0 Diébougou secteur 5 50,0 50,0 100,0 Diébougou secteur 6 2,6 1,5 4,1 48,0 48,0 95,9 Diébougou secteur 7 12,5 12,5 25,0 62,5 87,5 Nane 12,5 12,5 25,0 50,0 25,0 75,0 Gougougo 100,0 100,0 Kpakpara 20,0 20,0 40,0 40,0 80,0 Seouregane 100,0 100,0 Tantouo 100,0 100,0 Total 1,2 1,1 2,4 49,9 47,7 97,6
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
Table 3 shows that 2.4 percent of recipients receive assistance for non-food needs. Women benefit (1.1%) slightly less than men (1.2%). Gougougo and Sector 1 of Diébougou hold the highest percentage (100%), followed by Moutori (96.4%).
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Assistance for non-food needs does not affect the following localities: Balingnar, Bamako, Diasser, Konsabla, Naborgane, Segre, Voukoun Kolepar, Diébougou Sector 4, Diébougou Sector 5, Seouregane and Tantouo.
Table 4: Distribution of the population receiving housing assistance by sex and place of residence (%)
Housing assistance oui Non sexe Total sexe Total masculin féminin masculin féminin Balingnar 0,1 0,1 50,6 49,3 99,9 Bamako 49,3 50,7 100,0 Bapla-Birifor 53,8 46,2 100,0 Diasser 27,3 72,7 100,0 Kolepar 2,6 2,6 55,3 42,1 97,4 Konsabla 20,0 20,0 40,0 40,0 80,0 Lokodia 50,5 49,5 100,0 Moutori 50,0 50,0 100,0 Naborgane 100,0 100,0 Navielgane 0,1 0,1 50,7 49,2 99,9 Segre 66,7 33,3 100,0 Tampé 61,4 38,6 100,0 Tansié 50,7 49,3 100,0 Voukoun Kolepar 69,2 30,8 100,0 Diébougou secteur 1 100,0 100,0 Diébougou secteur 2 42,9 57,1 100,0 Diébougou secteur 4 100,0 100,0 Diébougou secteur 5 49,2 50,8 100,0 Diébougou secteur 6 2,5 1,5 4,0 48,0 48,0 96,0 Diébougou secteur 7 12,5 25,0 37,5 25,0 37,5 62,5 Nane 71,4 28,6 100,0 Gougougo 100,0 100,0 Kpakpara 60,0 40,0 100,0 Seouregane 100,0 100,0 Tantouo 100,0 100,0 Total 0,7 0,5 1,2 50,3 48,5 98,8
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
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Very few people (1.2% of beneficiaries of assistance) receive housing assistance in the commune of Diébougou. Men (0.7%) receive more than women (0.5%). Seven communities are affected by housing assistance. They are: Balingnar, Kolepar, Konsabla, Moutori, Navielgane, Diébougou Sector 6 and Diébougou Sector 7.
Moutori (100%) has the highest rate of beneficiaries with as many men as women (50%).
In addition to being low, housing assistance is distributed unevenly in localities.
Table 5: Distribution of the population receiving health assistance by sex and place of residence (%) localité Health care oui Non sexe Total sexe Total masculin féminin masculin féminin Balingnar 50,0 49,0 99,0 0,7 0,3 1,0 Bamako 31,0 41,3 72,2 14,3 13,5 27,8 Bapla-Birifor 22,2 25,9 48,1 33,3 18,5 51,9 Diasser 33,3 33,3 66,7 33,3 33,3 Kolepar 41,4 33,6 75,0 13,6 11,4 25,0 Konsabla 20,0 20,0 40,0 40,0 80,0 Lokodia 1,2 1,9 3,0 49,1 47,9 97,0 Moutori 50,0 50,0 100,0 Naborgane 100,0 100,0 Navielgane 50,0 48,3 98,3 0,8 0,9 1,7 Segre 33,3 33,3 66,7 66,7 Tampé 11,4 4,5 15,9 50,0 34,1 84,1 Tansié 35,1 33,6 68,7 15,8 15,5 31,3 Voukoun Kolepar 51,4 39,4 90,8 6,3 2,8 9,2 Diébougou secteur 2 20,0 20,0 30,0 50,0 80,0 Diébougou secteur 4 100,0 100,0 Diébougou secteur 5 0,8 0,8 1,6 48,0 50,4 98,4 Diébougou secteur 6 8,1 3,3 11,4 42,7 46,0 88,6 Diébougou secteur 7 30,0 20,0 50,0 20,0 30,0 50,0 Nane 57,1 57,1 14,3 28,6 42,9 Gougougo 100,0 100,0 Kpakpara 20,0 20,0 40,0 40,0 80,0 Seouregane 100,0 100,0
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Tantouo 66,7 66,7 33,3 33,3 Limania 75,0 25,0 100,0 Total 37,8 36,0 73,9 13,3 12,9 26,1
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
The survey revealed that 73.9 percent of people receiving assistance got health care. Less women (36%) than men (37.8%) are beneficiaries of health care assistance. In the following three villages: Moutori, Gougougo and Limania, all beneficiaries received assistance (100%). Villages like Balingnar (99%), Navielgane (98%) and Voukoun Kolepar (90.8) also have very high percentages of health care. However, residents of certain localities have no health care at all. They are Naborgane, Diébougou Sector 4 and Seouregane. In terms of gender, five villages (Konsabla, Nane, Gougougo, Kpakpara and Tantouo) have no female beneficiaries as compared with two villages (Segre and Diébougou Sector 2) where there are no male beneficiaries.
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Table 6 : Distribution of the population assisted in finance-credits, sex and place of residence (%) localité Assistance in finance and credits oui Non sexe Total sexe Total masculin féminin masculin féminin Balingnar 2,5 2,3 4,8 48,3 46,9 95,2 Bamako 1,4 2,9 4,3 47,8 47,8 95,7 Bapla-Birifor 3,8 3,8 50,0 46,2 96,2 Diasser 5,9 58,8 64,7 17,6 17,6 35,3 Kolepar 7,5 7,5 52,5 40,0 92,5 Konsabla 60,0 40,0 100,0 Lokodia 50,5 49,5 100,0 Moutori 3,6 10,7 14,3 46,4 39,3 85,7 Naborgane 100,0 100,0 Navielgane 0,9 0,5 1,4 49,9 48,8 98,6 Segre 66,7 33,3 100,0 Tampé 6,8 20,5 27,3 54,5 18,2 72,7
Tansié 1,7 0,9 2,6 49,1 48,3 97,4 Voukoun Kolepar 11,8 11,8 23,5 52,9 23,5 76,5 Diébougou secteur 2 42,9 57,1 100,0 Diébougou secteur 4 100,0 100,0 Diébougou secteur 5 48,4 51,6 100,0 Diébougou secteur 6 4,5 2,5 7,0 46,0 47,0 93,0 Diébougou secteur 7 12,5 12,5 37,5 50,0 87,5 Nane 14,3 14,3 57,1 28,6 85,7 Gougougo 100,0 100,0 Kpakpara 20,0 20,0 40,0 40,0 20,0 60,0 Seouregane 11,1 77,8 88,9 11,1 11,1 Tantouo 100,0 100,0 Total 1,6 2,1 3,7 49,1 47,2 96,3
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
The commune of Diébougou receives very little assistance (3.7%) in terms of finances and credit. Women (2.1%) receive more than men (1.6%). Meanwhile, all
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the inhabitants of Gougougo (100%) have assistance in finance and credit. On the other hand, the inhabitants of eight localities, namely, Konsabla, Lokodia, Naborgane, Segre, Diébougou Sector 2, Diébougou Sector 4 , Diébougou Sector 5 and Tantouo have no financial assistance.
Table 7 : Distribution of the population receiving education assistance by sex and place of residence (%)
Localité Education assistance (scholarships, supplies ...) oui Non sexe Total sexe Total masculin féminin masculin féminin Balingnar 2,3 2,9 5,2 48,4 46,4 94,8 Bamako 38,1 51,2 89,2 5,4 5,4 10,8 Bapla-Birifor 3,8 3,8 7,7 50,0 42,3 92,3 Diasser 51,1 44,0 95,1 1,6 3,3 4,9 Kolepar 56,8 43,2 100,0 Konsabla 20,0 40,0 60,0 40,0 40,0 Lokodia 10,2 10,2 20,4 40,8 38,8 79,6 Mébar 53,6 46,4 100,0 Moutori 50,0 50,0 100,0 Naborgane 50,0 50,0 100,0 Navielgane 7,6 7,3 14,9 43,1 42,0 85,1 Segre 33,3 33,3 33,3 33,3 66,7 Tampé 40,7 20,4 61,1 16,7 22,2 38,9 Tansié 4,0 2,6 6,6 46,6 46,8 93,4 Voukoun Kolepar 50,0 44,5 94,5 2,7 2,7 5,5 Diébougou secteur 2 12,5 12,5 25,0 25,0 50,0 75,0 Diébougou secteur 4 100,0 100,0 Diébougou secteur 5 2,5 5,0 7,6 44,5 47,9 92,4 Diébougou secteur 6 11,1 9,2 20,3 40,6 39,2 79,7 Diébougou secteur 7 61,3 32,1 93,4 1,9 4,7 6,6 Nane 14,3 14,3 57,1 28,6 85,7 Gougougo 100,0 100,0 Kpakpara 60,0 40,0 100,0 Loto 50,0 50,0 100,0 Seouregane 54,0 46,0 100,0 Tantouo 100,0 100,0 Limania 43,5 56,5 100,0
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Kpologo 56,8 43,2 100,0 Total 17,8 16,2 34,1 33,4 32,5 65,9
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
Survey data show that 34.1 percent of the recipients of assistance receive education assistance, with 17.8 percent of men and 16.2 percent of women receiving said assistance. All residents of eight villages receiving assistance get assistance in education. They are Kolepar, Mébar, Naborgane, Gougougo, Loto, Seouregane, Limania and Kpologo. On the other hand, the inhabitants of Moutori, Sector 4 of Diébougou, Kpakpara and Tantouo do not have any educational assistance.
Table 8 : Distribution of the population receiving any other form of assistance by sex and place of residence (%) localité Other audiences oui Non sexe Total sexe Total masculin féminin masculin féminin Balingnar 50,7 49,3 100,0 Bamako 51,7 48,3 100,0 Bapla-Birifor 53,8 46,2 100,0 Diasser 27,3 72,7 100,0 Kolepar 52,8 47,2 100,0 Konsabla 60,0 40,0 100,0 Lokodia 39,8 39,4 79,2 10,9 10,0 20,8 Mébar 25,0 75,0 100,0 Moutori 50,0 50,0 100,0 Navielgane 0,1 0,1 0,2 50,7 49,1 99,8
Segre 33,3 33,3 33,3 33,3 66,7 Tampé 58,5 41,5 100,0 Tansié 1,1 0,3 1,4 49,6 49,0 98,6 Voukoun Kolepar 6,7 6,7 66,7 26,7 93,3 Diébougou secteur 2 42,9 57,1 100,0 Diébougou secteur 4 100,0 100,0 Diébougou secteur 5 48,4 51,6 100,0 Diébougou secteur 6 2,0 1,5 3,4 48,8 47,8 96,6 Diébougou secteur 7 25,0 25,0 37,5 37,5 75,0 Nane 71,4 28,6 100,0
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Gougougo 100,0 100,0 Kpakpara 60,0 40,0 100,0 Seouregane 33,3 33,3 66,7 66,7 Tantouo 100,0 100,0 Total 5,2 5,1 10,2 45,7 44,0 89,8
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
With regard to other forms of assistance, the municipality records 10.2 percent as beneficiaries, with women (5.1%) receiving slightly less than men (5.2%). The highest rate is in Mébar and Sector 4 of Diébougou (100%). Fourteen villages, however, are not affected by these types of assistance.
Number of people living with HIV who receive free ARV
The survey found that 49 people living with HIV receive free antiretrovirals (ARVs) in the commune.
In conclusion, the assistance that the population of the commune of Diébougou receives, comes mainly from the government. Health care (73.9%) covers far more population than education (34.1%) or food (4.1%). According to the National Social Protection Policy (PNPS), the Government has made increasing the financial accessibility of the people to health care, a priority by alleviating the financial burden borne by them through the progressive adoption of free measures and the granting of certain benefits and care.
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6.1.1.3. Social assurance
Social insurance assumes a redistributive and protective function covering the risks of unemployment, old age, disability, illness and the death of the main family support. Social mutuals are community-based organizations and are an example of a microinsurance system put in place by social groups to deal with catastrophic health- related expenditures. These systems are generally based on the principles of the social economy such as solidarity, non-profitability, free membership and democratic and autonomous management.
Table 9 : Distribution of the population adhering to social mutuals by sex and place of residence (%)
Localité Agree to join the social mutuals oui Non sexe Total sexe Total masculin féminin masculin féminin Balingnar 47,3 43,0 90,4 6,1 3,6 9,6 Bamako 33,3 38,5 71,8 10,7 17,5 28,2 Bapla 32,8 34,9 67,7 13,9 18,4 32,3 Bapla-Birifor 49,8 48,8 98,6 0,5 0,9 1,4 Barindia 55,0 40,2 95,2 2,7 2,1 4,8 Dankoble 49,3 50,7 100,0 Danko-Tanzou 44,3 33,5 77,8 11,4 10,8 22,2 Diasser 40,3 47,9 88,2 6,3 5,5 11,8 Kolepar 9,6 12,7 22,3 34,5 43,3 77,7 Konsabla 42,0 48,2 90,1 3,4 6,5 9,9 Lokodia 51,1 47,9 99,0 0,5 0,5 1,0 Mébar 38,7 47,6 86,3 5,7 8,0 13,7 Moule 51,9 48,1 100,0 Moutori 47,2 47,8 95,1 1,2 3,7 4,9 Mouvielo 46,0 46,2 92,2 3,9 3,9 7,8 Naborgane 31,9 32,1 63,9 18,2 17,8 36,1 Navielgane 43,8 45,1 88,9 5,5 5,6 11,1 Segre 47,2 52,2 99,4 0,3 0,3 0,6 Sorgon 45,8 43,8 89,7 6,9 3,4 10,3 Tampé 21,9 25,5 47,4 23,4 29,2 52,6 Tansié 10,3 11,5 21,8 37,8 40,4 78,2
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Voukoun Kolepar 27,8 28,9 56,7 19,5 23,8 43,3 Diébougou secteur 1 43,8 47,2 90,9 3,4 5,7 9,1 Diébougou secteur 2 32,2 28,7 60,9 18,8 20,3 39,1 Diébougou secteur 3 43,0 55,7 98,7 1,3 1,3 Diébougou secteur 4 44,9 49,0 93,9 3,6 2,6 6,1 Diébougou secteur 5 45,3 49,6 94,9 2,0 3,0 5,1 Diébougou secteur 6 20,2 12,1 32,3 36,7 31,0 67,7 Diébougou secteur 7 21,8 14,5 36,3 35,6 28,1 63,7 Navrikpe 30,8 32,1 62,9 14,5 22,6 37,1 Nipodja 39,4 56,0 95,4 1,8 2,8 4,6 Nane 41,1 52,7 93,9 2,5 3,6 6,1 Djinkargo 42,2 54,7 96,9 1,6 1,6 3,1 Gougougo 43,6 38,5 82,1 6,4 11,5 17,9 Gnaba 59,7 23,4 83,1 3,9 13,0 16,9 Kpakpara 38,8 44,3 83,1 10,8 6,1 16,9 Loto 30,8 27,9 58,7 21,1 20,2 41,3 Seouregane 26,7 44,4 71,1 16,5 12,4 28,9 Tantouo 42,1 53,4 95,5 1,5 3,0 4,5 Yaotew 36,8 13,0 49,8 18,4 31,8 50,2 Limania 14,4 7,8 22,2 38,3 39,4 77,8 Kpologo 10,8 0,7 11,5 42,3 46,2 88,5 Total 31,6 31,9 63,5 17,9 18,6 36,5
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
According to the survey data, 63.5 percent of the population want to join social mutuals. Men represent 31.6 percent and women, 31.9 percent of those who want to join. Only the inhabitants of Dankoble do not wish to join the social mutuals. The highest rate is in Moule (100%) with more women (51.9%) than men (48.1%).
According to the community survey, there are seven social mutuals in the commune of Diébougou. In view of the interest of the population for social mutuals, they should be strengthened and extended in the 31 other localities of the commune.
Table 10a : Distribution of the population according to desired services or services, sex and place of residence (%)
Localité Services / services covered
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Medical consultations Pharmaceutical costs hospitalisation sexe Sexe Sexe masculin féminin Total masculin Féminin Total masculin Féminin Total Balingnar 15,5 10,8 26,4 5,2 3,2 8,4 6,9 5,7 12,6 Bamako 1,9 0,7 2,7 33,7 35,2 68,9 0,5 0,5 Bapla 1,7 1,5 3,2 45,5 48,9 94,3 0,4 0,4 0,8 Bapla-Birifor 0,5 0,5 18,0 19,1 37,1 3,6 2,1 5,7 Barindia 0,3 0,9 1,2 2,3 2,6 5,0 9,4 3,5 12,9 Danko-Tanzou 6,2 3,8 10,0 0,8 1,5 2,3 50,0 37,7 87,7 Diasser 1,6 2,5 4,0 29,3 36,2 65,5 14,1 15,0 29,1 Konsabla 1,7 1,9 3,6 27,8 33,3 61,1 0,3 0,3 Lokodia 2,3 1,3 3,5 49,7 46,5 96,2 Mébar 2,9 5,5 8,4 2,9 13,2 16,0 0,2 0,7 1,0 Sorgon 45,0 38,6 83,6 8,2 6,4 14,6 0,6 0,6 1,2 Moutori 48,8 50,6 99,4 Mouvielo 0,9 0,9 1,8 21,5 20,0 41,6 24,2 26,4 50,7 Naborgane 0,3 0,3 Navielgane 20,2 13,9 34,1 13,1 13,8 26,8 3,3 4,7 8,0 Segre 2,6 4,1 6,8 Tampé 2,5 2,1 4,6 0,5 3,0 3,4 Moule Tansié 2,9 3,3 6,2 17,6 13,8 31,4 23,8 33,3 57,1 Voukoun Kolepar 10,5 8,5 18,9 9,2 8,8 18,0 16,4 16,8 33,2 Diébougou secteur 1 34,6 40,3 74,9 2,5 2,1 4,5 Diébougou secteur 2 5,0 4,0 9,0 13,3 14,0 27,2 6,2 9,1 15,4 Diébougou secteur 3 1,8 0,5 2,3 20,5 34,2 54,8 1,4 1,4 Diébougou secteur 4 8,3 8,3 16,7 27,5 26,7 54,2 3,3 6,7 10,0 Diébougou secteur 5 4,6 3,5 8,1 34,9 39,2 74,2 6,7 6,7 13,4 Diébougou secteur 6 0,6 0,6 5,3 0,6 5,8 11,7 8,2 19,9 Diébougou secteur 7 6,7 4,8 11,5 16,6 13,0 29,7 12,6 7,5 20,1 Navrikpe 5,8 7,8 13,6 34,0 31,1 65,0 1,0 1,0 Nipodja Nane 2,0 2,2 4,3 16,1 24,7 40,8 2,5 2,2 4,7 Djinkargo 40,6 43,8 84,4 1,6 1,6 Gougougo Gnaba 3,2 1,6 4,8 57,1 20,6 77,8 4,8 4,8 9,5 Kpakpara 1,7 3,2 5,0 21,2 25,9 47,1 6,0 6,5 12,5 Loto 16,9 7,6 24,5 11,2 10,0 21,1 10,6 6,3 16,9 Seouregane 0,2 0,2 31,6 43,1 74,7 0,4 0,9 1,3 Tantouo 0,2 0,2 31,3 27,3 58,6 0,4 0,9 1,3 Yaotew 56,8 23,4 80,2 1,8 1,8 3,6
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Limania 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 2,5 2,5 Kpologo 3,1 3,1 14,1 1,6 15,6 Kolepar 30,2 36,0 66,3 Total 5,0 3,9 8,9 19,9 21,0 40,9 7,3 7,1 14,4 Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
Table 10b : Distribution of the population according to desired services or services, sex and place of residence (%)
Services / services covered Surgical procedures Caesarean section Childbirth sexe Sexe Sexe Localité masculin féminin Total masculin Féminin Total masculin Féminin Total Balingnar 0,5 0,2 ,7 5,2 4,9 10,1 11,8 16,7 28,6 Bamako 5,6 6,1 11,7 3,2 8,5 11,7 1,2 1,2 Bapla 0,9 ,9 0,2 0,2 Bapla-Birifor 1,0 1,0 2,6 2,6 Barindia Danko-Tanzou Diasser 0,4 0,4 0,9 Konsabla 0,2 0,3 0,5 2,3 3,6 5,9 0,5 0,9 1,4 Lokodia 0,3 0,3 Mébar 0,5 0,5 Sorgon Moutori Mouvielo Naborgane Navielgane 5,4 3,1 8,5 1,0 6,1 7,1 4,8 7,3 12,2 Segre 1,5 1,5 Tampé 0,2 3,2 3,4 Moule Tansié 2,4 2,4 1,0 1,0 Voukoun Kolepar 2,0 2,2 4,2 3,1 3,0 6,1 5,2 10,9 16,1 Diébougou secteur 1 0,8 0,8 1,6 1,2 1,2 Diébougou secteur 2 0,3 0,3 Diébougou secteur 3 0,5 0,5 0,9 2,7 2,7 Diébougou secteur 4 0,8 0,8 1,7 1,7 2,5 4,2 0,8 0,8 1,7 Diébougou secteur 5 0,5 0,5 0,3 0,3 0,5 0,8 0,8 Diébougou secteur 6 3,5 3,5 1,2 2,9 4,1 Diébougou secteur 7 0,8 0,2 1,0 0,8 0,8 0,5 0,5 Navrikpe Nipodja
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Nane 2,5 2,2 4,7 3,6 3,6 1,6 1,6 Djinkargo 3,1 10,9 14,1 Gougougo Gnaba 1,6 1,6 1,6 1,6 Kpakpara 4,0 1,5 5,5 1,2 2,2 3,5 0,7 0,7 Loto 3,6 0,3 3,9 0,6 10,3 10,9 0,3 3,9 4,2 Seouregane 0,9 0,9 1,3 1,3 0,4 0,4 Tantouo 0,2 0,4 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,7 13,2 13,9 Yaotew 1,8 1,8 Limania 1,3 1,3 2,5 8,8 11,3 2,5 10,0 12,5 Kpologo 7,8 7,8 Kolepar 7,0 11,6 18,6 5,8 9,3 15,1 Total 1,2 0,8 2,0 0,8 1,8 2,6 1,0 2,7 3,7
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
Table 10c : Distribution of the population according to desired services or services by sex and place of residence (%)
Services / services covered Medical evacuation (transport costs + medical care) death retirement Ordinary loans sexe sexe sexe sexe masculi fémini Tota masculi fémini Tota masculi fémini masculin féminin Total n n l n n l n n Total Balingnar 5,4 3,7 9,1 0,5 0,2 0,7 0,7 0,7 Bamako 0,5 0,2 0,7 0,5 0,5 0,5 1,5 1,9 Bapla 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 Bapla-Birifor 5,2 5,7 10,8 20,1 20,6 40,7 Barindia 45,0 34,5 79,5 0,3 0,6 0,9 Danko-Tanzou Diasser 0,2 0,2 0,4 Konsabla 1,6 1,6 3,1 0,2 0,2 12,3 10,8 23,1 Lokodia Mébar 0,2 1,9 2,2 37,8 32,8 70,6 Sorgon Moutori Mouvielo 0,2 0,2 0,5 2,8 2,7 5,4 Naborgane 50,0 49,7 99,7 Navielgane 0,3 0,6 0,9 1,1 0,5 1,6 Segre 9,1 9,1 Tampé 0,2 0,2 0,5 42,6 45,3 87,9
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Moule 44,4 44,4 88,9 Tansié 0,5 0,5 0,5 1,0 1,4 Voukoun Kolepar 2,2 0,7 2,9 0,3 0,1 0,4 Diébougou 7,0 4,9 11,9 0,4 0,4 0,8 2,5 2,5 4,9 secteur 1 Diébougou 0,4 0,1 0,6 2,1 ,7 2,8 25,6 18,8 44,4 secteur 2 Diébougou 0,9 0,5 1,4 15,1 13,7 28,8 1,4 3,7 5,0 secteur 3 Diébougou 1,7 0,8 2,5 secteur 4 Diébougou 0,3 0,3 0,5 0,8 0,8 1,6 secteur 5 Diébougou 5,8 0,6 6,4 0,6 1,2 1,8 1,8 2,3 4,1 19,9 22,2 42,1 secteur 6 Diébougou 11,8 7,4 19,1 2,4 0,4 2,8 0,5 0,3 0,8 7,1 5,3 12,4 secteur 7 Navrikpe 1,9 1,9 6,8 11,7 18,4 Nipodja 41,3 58,7 100, 0 Nane 7,2 3,1 10,3 1,3 0,2 1,6 0,2 0,2 12,1 15,5 27,6 Djinkargo Gougougo 1,5 1,5 50,8 47,7 98,5 Gnaba 4,8 4,8 Kpakpara 10,2 12,7 22,9 0,2 0,2 Loto 1,8 3,3 5,1 0,3 0,3 0,6 1,8 1,8 5,1 5,4 10,6 Seouregane 0,9 1,8 2,7 0,7 3,8 4,4 0,9 0,9 3,1 10,0 13,1 Tantouo Yaotew 6,3 0,9 7,2 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,9 Limania 28,8 6,3 35,0 5,0 1,3 6,3 Kpologo 7,8 7,8 1,6 1,6 Kolepar Total 3,5 2,5 5,9 0,4 0,3 0,7 0,5 0,4 0,8 8,2 7,9 16,1
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
In general, the survey data reveal a low demand for the various services offered by the mutuals. In decreasing order, the following services are provided: pharmaceutical expenses (40.9%), ordinary loans (16.1%), hospitalization (14.4%), medical consultation (8.9%), medical evacuation (2.6%), surgery (2 %), retirement (0.8%) and deaths (0.7%). The survey reveals that very few people apply for multiple benefits at once. Indeed, the different combinations of benefits have very low percentages (less
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than 1% or almost zero). It is also noted that social benefits (ordinary loans, deaths and retirement) are less demanded in relation to health benefits. This reflects the crucial need for health of the commune's population.
Considering the different villages, Sorgon (83.6%) holds the highest percentage in medical consultation with fewer women (38.6%) than men (45%). Ten villages do not want the medical consultation as a benefit. As for pharmaceutical expenses, Moutori (99.4%) holds the highest percentage, with 48.8 percent of men and 50.6 percent of women. The inhabitants of four villages do not want pharmaceutical expenses as benefit. Regarding hospitalization, Danko-Tangou (87.7%) holds the highest rate, with men representing 50 percent and women 37.7 percent. Eight villages did not choose hospitalization. As for surgery, it was not chosen in the 18 villages. Kolepar had the highest percentage of surgical procedures (18.6%, including 7% of men and 11.6% of women) and caesarean section (15.1%, of which 5.8% are men and 9.3%, women). We note that the inhabitants of 21 villages are not interested in caesarean section. Concerning simple birth, Balingnar (28.6%) has the highest rate, of which 11.8 percent are men and 16.7 percent are women. Sixteen villages did not choose this health benefit. Concerning medical evacuation, 15 villages did not choose it. Barindia (79.5%, with 45% male and 35% female) has the highest rate.
Social benefits such as death and retirement are not chosen in the villages. Only Sector 3 of Diébougou reaches 28.8 percent of people interested in retirement with 15.1 percent being men and 13.7 percent, women. Twenty-nine villages did not choose it. As for the death benefit, the highest rate is 88.9 percent in Mold, with as many men as women. Twenty-nine villages did not choose this service. The most popular social benefits are ordinary loans with the highest rate in Nipodja (100%) where 41.3 percent of men and 58.7 percent of women chose and availed of said benefits. Nevertheless, 13 villages did not choose them.
Table 11: Breakdown of the amount of the average contribution per locality
Localité Average monthly contribution (in CFA francs) Balingnar 2756 Bamako 246 Bapla 711 Bapla-Birifor 2196 Barindia 127 Danko-Tanzou 431
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Diasser 264 Kolepar 398 Konsabla 171 Lokodia 69 Mébar 266 Moule 337 Moutori 48 Mouvielo 749 Naborgane 4275 Navielgane 1176 Segre 1939 Sorgon 31110 Tampé 217 Tansié 951 Voukoun Kolepar 6227 Diébougou secteur 1 550 Diébougou secteur 2 932 Diébougou secteur 3 1434 Diébougou secteur 4 3344 Diébougou secteur 5 322 Diébougou secteur 6 8789 Diébougou secteur 7 1448 Navrikpe 558 Nipodja 501 Nane 1625 Djinkargo 359 Gougougo 5003 Gnaba 2234 Kpakpara 375 Loto 528 Seouregane 1061 Tantouo 316 Yaotew 3307 Limania 789 Kpologo 555 Total 1762 Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
Table11 shows that the population of the commune of Diébougou is willing to pay monthly on average CFAF 1762 per person to access the services of social mutuals. The population of Moutori would like to pay on average 48 F CFA (lowest contribution) per person while that of Sorgon offers on average 31110 F CFA (highest contribution) per person. Ten localities would like to pay at least 2000 F CFA to benefit from the services of mutuals.
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Table 11a: Distribution of the population according to social protection and gender
protection sociale Willingness to Pay
non protection oui Non sociale protection sociale
masculin 93,9 6,1 65,2 34,8 sexe
féminin 96,7 3,3 65,0 35,0
65,1 34,9 Total 95,3 4,7
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
Table 11a shows that in general, men and women benefit very little from social protection, but men (6.1%) benefit slightly more than women (3.3%). Among the women, 65.0 percent are slightly less willing to pay to access social protection than men (65.2%).
Table 11b: Distribution of the population according to access and willingness to pay for social protection and age group
protection sociale Willingness to pay Non classe d’âge non protection sociale protection sociale oui <5 95,5 4,5 33,9 66,1 [5;10[ 94,7 5,3 29,9 70,1 [10;15[ 96,2 3,8 35,1 64,9 [15;25[ 97,0 3,0 60,3 39,7 [25;35[ 94,5 5,5 71,9 28,1 [35;45[ 93,4 6,6 79,9 20,1 [45;55[ 96,1 3,9 79,4 20,6 [55-65[ 95,9 4,1 76,6 23,4 >65 93,7 6,3 63,2 36,8 Total 95,2 4,8 65,2 34,8 Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
Table 11b shows that in most age groups, most people do not have access to social protection. The youth aged 15 to 25 have the highest rate, with 97 percent of them not having social protection, followed by children aged 10 to 15 (96.2%). However, not all those who do not have access to social protection wish to pay for it. Most children are helpless and can not pay for social protection.
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Table 11c: Distribution of the population according to access and willingness to pay for social protection and employment sector
Social protection willingness to pay non protection protection Oui Non Source of income sociale sociale salary 58,2 41,8 86,5 13,5
98,8 1,2 77,3 22,7 Income from activities
Transfers 95,9 4,1 45,6 54,4 Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
Table 11d: Distribution of the population according to access and willingness to pay for social protection and occupation protection sociale Willingness to pay non protection protection oui Non Main activity sociale sociale Agriculture and Livestock 94,7 5,3 76,9 23,1
Craft production (dolotière, cobbler, tailor, carpenter, potter, basketry, 85,4 14,6 98,0 2,0 transformer of NWFP, restorer)
Building crafts (plumber, bricklayer, painter, brickyard) 83,7 16,3 89,8 10,2 Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
The survey reveals that employees (41.8%) benefit far more from social protection than those from other sectors of employment. Similarly, they are more apt to pay than others. Indeed, 86.5 percent of employees wish to pay for social protection while among the 98.8 percent of individuals living on income from activities that do not benefit from social protection, 77.3 percent of them are able to pay for social protection.
For people working in agriculture and livestock, 94.7 percent do not have access to social protection and 76.9 percent want to pay for it. Of those who work in
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construction, 16.3 percent benefit from social protection versus only 14.6 percent , of those who work in production crafts, 98 percent of whom want to pay for it.
The above tables indicate that in the majority of cases, people who do not have access to social protection are more numerous than those who wish to pay to benefit. For example, of the 93.7 percent of those over the age of 65 not having access to social protection, 63.2 percent would want to pay for it. Of the 95.9 percent of people who derive their income from transfers and who do not have access to social protection, only 45.6 percent want to pay for it. This could be explained by poverty and also by the educational level of the population. Indeed, the more people have a higher income, the more they have the ability to pay for social protection. As to educational attainment, educated people better understand the benefits of social insurance. Moreover, some people, in case of illness, prefer to go to traditional medicine and in case of social difficulties, rely on children and their relatives to help them.
In conclusion, most of the population of Diébougou do not have access to social insurance but more than half of the inhabitants want to have social insurance in return for a contribution. Each type of benefit is poorly requested and residents want more health benefits such as pharmaceutical costs and medical hospitalization than social benefits such as death and retirement.
6.1.2. Social protection of the informal sector The informal sector is generally located in urban areas. In rural areas, the informal sector operates differently. It can be defined as any non-agricultural activities that do not belong to the formal sector.
According to Meine Pieter Van Dijk in "Burkina Faso: the informal sector of Ouagadougou -Edition l'harmattan 1986", three criteria can be used for an operational definition of the informal sector:
1. The company does not have a legal status (for example: Limited Liability Company (S.A.R.L);
2. Staff are not regularly paid the minimum wage set by law;
3. The staff are not registered with the National Social Security Fund (CNSS) and therefore have no paid holiday or pension.
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This latter criterion has been used to characterize the informal sector in this report. Thus, the informal sector is defined as any person not primarily engaged in agriculture, forestry, fisheries and livestock and who do not have the right to work (pension, paid leave).
Table 12 : Distribution of persons working in the formal and informal sector according to the right to work and the place of residence
right to work Localité paid leave pension Leave and pension no Total effectif % effectif % Effectif % effectif % effectif % Balingnar 1 4,00 24 96,00 25 100 Bamako 2 0,55 2 0,55 360 98,90 364 100 Bapla 8 2,61 1 0,33 298 97,07 307 100 Bapla-Birifor 73 100,00 73 100 Barindia 210 100,00 210 100 Dankoble 1 0,57 174 99,43 175 100 Danko-Tanzou 4 100,00 4 100 Diasser 1 0,78 127 99,22 128 100 Kolepar 230 100,00 230 100 Konsabla 1 0,25 1 0,25 394 99,49 396 100 Lokodia 2 15,38 11 84,62 13 100 Mébar 249 100,00 249 100 Moule 2 100,00 2 100 Mouvielo 25 100,00 25 100 Naborgane 211 100,00 211 100 Navielgane 1 0,30 336 99,70 337 100 Segre 148 100,00 148 100 Sorgon 3 100,00 3 100 Tampé 1 0,28 351 99,72 352 100 Tansié 146 100,00 146 100 Voukoun Kolepar 8 4,76 2 1,19 3 1,79 155 92,26 168 100 Diébougou secteur 1 2 1,85 17 15,74 89 82,41 108 100 Diébougou secteur 2 74 17,25 5 1,17 18 4,20 332 77,39 429 100 Diébougou secteur 3 8 5,16 1 0,65 5 3,23 141 90,97 155 100 Diébougou secteur 4 7 6,86 5 4,90 90 88,24 102 100 Diébougou secteur 5 10 7,69 1 0,77 119 91,54 130 100 Diébougou secteur 6 35 14,89 3 1,28 13 5,53 184 78,30 235 100 Diébougou secteur 7 106 13,62 7 0,90 109 14,01 556 71,47 778 100 Navrikpe 28 100,00 28 100 Nane 2 0,68 1 0,34 1 0,34 292 98,65 296 100 Djinkargo 33 100,00 33 100 Gougougo 9 100,00 9 100
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Kpakpara 2 0,92 1 0,46 215 98,62 218 100 Loto 6 3,16 2 1,05 182 95,79 190 100 Seouregane 1 0,27 372 99,73 373 100 Tantouo 1 0,36 280 99,64 281 100 Total 264 3,81 33 0,48 181 2,61 6453 93,10 6931 100 Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
According to Table 12, the number of non-agricultural workers is 6,931. Among them, 6.90 percent benefit from social protection, with 3.81 percent being entitled to paid holidays, 0.48 percent having a pension and 2.61 percent having both. The remaining 93.10 percent are not covered by labor law. These 6,453 people, or 25.56 percent of the total population, are in the informal sector.
As also shown in Table 12, the formal sector is mainly located in the city of Diébougou and does not exist in 14 localities. This is due to the fact that the inhabitants of these villages depend mainly on agriculture.
Table 13: Distribution of informal sector population by sex and place of residence (%)
Sexe Localité masculin féminin Total Balingnar 15 9 24 Bamako 100 260 360 Bapla 25 273 298 Bapla-Birifor 10 63 73 Barindia 23 187 210 Dankoble 7 167 174 Danko-Tanzou 2 2 4 Diasser 7 120 127 Kolepar 31 199 230 Konsabla 28 366 394 Lokodia 5 6 11 Mébar 3 246 249 Moule 2 2 Mouvielo 10 15 25 Naborgane 19 192 211 Navielgane 33 303 336 Segre 11 137 148 Sorgon 2 1 3 Tampé 19 332 351 Tansié 7 139 146
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Voukoun Kolepar 49 106 155 Diébougou secteur 1 48 41 89 Diébougou secteur 2 211 121 332 Diébougou secteur 3 39 102 141 Diébougou secteur 4 33 57 90 Diébougou secteur 5 50 69 119 Diébougou secteur 6 116 68 184 Diébougou secteur 7 357 199 556 Navrikpe 2 26 28 Nane 16 276 292 Djinkargo 2 31 33 Gougougo 2 7 9 Kpakpara 66 149 215 Loto 49 133 182 Seouregane 63 309 372 Tantouo 27 253 280 Total 1487 4966 6453 Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
As shown in Table 13, the informal sector employs 6,453 people in the commune of Diébougou. Women are more numerous than men in this sector. In fact, 4966 women are employed in the informal sector versus 1487 men. The same is true in most villages, except in five villages where men in the informal sector slightly outnumber women.
Table 14: Distribution of informal sector population by age group and locality (%)
Age group [5;10 Localité <5 [ [10;15[ [15;25[ [25;35[ [35;45[ [45;55[ [55-65[ >65 Total Balingnar 45,83 29,17 25,00 100,00 Bamako 0,28 1,68 18,72 32,96 15,08 12,85 12,57 5,87 100,00 Bapla 1,0 0,67 25,84 22,82 18,46 17,79 7,72 5,70 100,00 1 Bapla-Birifor 13,70 35,62 19,18 24,66 4,11 2,74 100,00 Barindia 0,9 23,08 25,48 20,67 12,02 15,87 1,92 100,00 6 Dankoble 1,17 33,33 33,92 18,71 8,77 2,34 1,75 100,00 Danko-Tanzou 25,00 25,00 50,00 100,00 Diasser 0,8 13,60 28,00 26,40 17,60 9,60 4,00 100,00
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0 Kolepar 18,06 24,67 15,42 24,67 11,01 6,17 100,00 Konsabla 0,5 0,26 19,54 22,88 20,31 16,71 15,94 3,86 100,00 1 Lokodia 36,36 27,27 27,27 9,09 100,00 Mébar 15,38 26,72 21,86 20,24 9,72 6,07 100,00 Moule 100,00 100,00 Mouvielo 20,00 16,00 24,00 20,00 20,00 100,00 Naborgane 4,29 19,52 28,57 21,90 15,71 8,10 1,90 100,00 Navielgane 0,3 1,49 2,68 18,45 32,14 20,24 15,77 5,65 3,27 100,00 0 Segre 19,05 37,41 13,61 18,37 11,56 100,00 Sorgon 33,3 66,67 100,00 3 Tampé 0,5 3,46 28,53 20,17 18,16 14,70 8,65 5,76 100,00 8 Tansié 11,81 42,36 11,81 28,47 4,86 0,69 100,00 Voukoun Kolepar 1,3 13,82 33,55 18,42 17,76 11,84 3,29 100,00 2 Diébougou secteur 1,15 9,20 20,69 33,33 21,84 9,20 4,60 100,00 1 Diébougou secteur 0,6 7,53 35,24 28,92 15,66 9,34 2,71 100,00 2 0 Diébougou secteur 0,71 12,77 39,01 22,70 12,06 12,06 0,71 100,00 3 Diébougou secteur 10,11 33,71 31,46 17,98 6,74 100,00 4 Diébougou secteur 0,88 14,16 38,05 23,01 13,27 6,19 4,42 100,00 5 Diébougou secteur 24,73 41,76 16,48 10,44 5,49 1,10 100,00 6 Diébougou secteur 0,1 0,54 0,18 11,19 47,65 25,27 9,75 4,33 0,90 100,00 7 8 Navrikpe 3,7 3,70 44,44 25,93 14,81 3,70 3,70 100,00 0 Nane 3,7 6,21 4,14 14,48 25,17 14,48 18,97 10,00 2,76 100,00 9 Djinkargo 27,27 27,27 24,24 12,12 9,09 100,00 Gougougo 33,33 22,22 22,22 22,22 100,00 Kpakpara 0,47 22,17 27,83 20,28 15,09 9,91 4,25 100,00 Loto 1,65 21,43 25,27 18,13 19,78 6,59 7,14 100,00
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Seouregane 0,55 17,21 18,31 19,13 18,58 16,94 9,29 100,00 Tantouo 0,72 14,08 24,55 24,55 18,05 12,27 5,78 100,00 Total 0,4 0,47 1,08 18,08 30,10 20,41 16,08 9,52 3,83 100,00 4 Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
Among the age groups, the population group aged 25 to 35 has more informal workers (30.1%), followed by the 35 to 45 years (20.41%). The population group in which children are included (group of those aged 15 to 25 years old) has 18.08 percent of informal workers while the population age group of 45 to 55 years old has 16.08 percent. Each of the other age groups comprises less than 10 percent of informal workers.
Table 15: Distribution of informal sector population with or without assistance by sex and place of residence (%)
Assistance reçue gouvernement charitable Organisation No sexe sexe Sexe Localité masculin feminin Total masculin feminin Total masculin Feminin Total Balingnar 54,17 37,50 91,67 8,33 8,33 Bamako 3,33 19,44 22,78 24,44 52,78 77,22 Bapla 8,39 91,61 100,00 Bapla-Birifor 2,74 1,37 4,11 10,96 84,93 95,89 Barindia 10,95 89,05 100,00 Dankoble 4,02 95,98 100,00 Danko- 50,00 50,00 100,00 Tanzou Diasser 0,79 10,24 11,02 4,72 84,25 88,98 Kolepar 13,48 86,52 100,00 Konsabla 0,25 0,51 0,76 6,85 92,39 99,24 Lokodia 36,36 54,55 90,91 9,09 9,09 Mébar 0,81 0,81 1,21 97,98 99,19 Moule 100,00 100,00 Mouvielo 40,00 60,00 100,00 Naborgane 9,00 91,00 100,00 Navielgane 9,52 66,96 76,49 0,30 23,21 23,51 Segre 0,68 0,68 1,35 6,76 91,89 98,65 Sorgon 66,67 33,33 100,00 Tampé 0,57 0,57 1,43 1,43 5,44 92,55 97,99
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Tansié 1,37 1,37 4,79 93,84 98,63 Voukoun 1,31 1,31 32,03 66,67 98,69 Kolepar Diébougou 2,27 2,27 54,55 43,18 97,73 secteur 1 Diébougou 0,61 0,30 0,91 0,30 0,30 63,03 35,76 98,79 secteur 2 Diébougou 1,60 1,60 28,00 70,40 98,40 secteur 3 Diébougou 36,67 63,33 100,00 secteur 4 Diébougou 42,02 57,98 100,00 secteur 5 Diébougou 0,55 1,65 2,20 1,10 0,55 1,65 62,09 34,07 96,15 secteur 6 Diébougou 0,18 0,18 0,36 0,18 0,18 63,90 35,56 99,46 secteur 7 Navrikpe 7,14 92,86 100,00 Nane 0,34 0,34 0,34 0,34 0,68 5,14 93,84 98,97 Djinkargo 6,06 93,94 100,00 Gougougo 22,22 77,78 100,00 Kpakpara 0,93 0,93 30,37 68,69 99,07 Loto 26,92 73,08 100,00 Seouregane 4,84 4,84 16,94 78,23 95,16 Tantouo 9,64 90,36 100,00 Total 1,1 5,5 6,6 0,1 0,3 0,4 21,9 71,2 93,0 Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
The survey reveals that 93 percent of the informal sector of the commune of Diebougou do not receive any social assistance. Compared to the proportion of men (21.9%) in the informal sector who do not have social assistance, 71.2 percent of the women have no social assistance even if they are the most numerous in this sector. In addition, all informal workers in 16 villages have no social assistance.
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Table 16 : Distribution of the population working in the informal sector, whether or not willing to join social mutuals according to sex and place of residence
Agree to join the social mutuals Oui Non Localité sexe sexe masculin féminin Total masculin féminin Total Balingnar 56,25 37,50 93,75 6,25 6,25 Bamako 20,75 55,91 76,66 4,90 18,44 23,34 Bapla 10,65 88,66 99,31 0,34 0,34 0,69 Bapla-Birifor 12,86 87,14 100,00 Barindia 14,17 81,89 96,06 0,79 3,15 3,94 Dankoble 3,98 96,02 100,00 Danko-Tanzou 50,00 50,00 100,00 Diasser 6,40 92,00 98,40 1,60 1,60 Kolepar 10,71 21,43 32,14 1,79 66,07 67,86 Konsabla 8,13 83,39 91,52 8,48 8,48 Lokodia 50,00 42,86 92,86 7,14 7,14 Mébar 0,82 85,60 86,42 0,41 13,17 13,58 Moule 100,00 100,00 Mouvielo 45,16 54,84 100,00 Naborgane 7,21 84,62 91,83 1,92 6,25 8,17 Navielgane 8,95 79,23 88,18 0,96 10,86 11,82 Segre 7,48 91,84 99,32 0,68 0,68 Sorgon 66,67 33,33 100,00 Tampé 3,75 67,81 71,56 2,19 26,25 28,44 Tansié 0,68 1,37 2,05 4,11 93,84 97,95 Voukoun Kolepar 17,26 26,11 43,36 6,64 50,00 56,64 Diébougou secteur 1 51,64 43,44 95,08 1,64 3,28 4,92 Diébougou secteur 2 59,30 27,91 87,21 10,47 2,33 12,79 Diébougou secteur 3 32,89 66,44 99,33 0,67 0,67 Diébougou secteur 4 41,00 53,00 94,00 2,00 4,00 6,00 Diébougou secteur 5 44,96 51,16 96,12 3,88 3,88 Diébougou secteur 6 39,06 25,32 64,38 27,90 7,73 35,62
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Diébougou secteur 7 39,87 18,58 58,45 28,90 12,65 41,55 Navrikpe 3,85 46,15 50,00 50,00 50,00 Nane 2,06 93,00 95,06 0,41 4,53 4,94 Djinkargo 5,88 91,18 97,06 2,94 2,94 Gougougo 22,22 77,78 100,00 Kpakpara 30,70 68,37 99,07 0,47 0,47 0,93 Loto 24,62 38,46 63,08 6,15 30,77 36,92 Seouregane 11,08 71,77 82,85 6,86 10,29 17,15 Tantouo 9,71 85,25 94,96 5,04 5,04 Total 20,90 55,72 76,62 6,71 16,67 23,38 Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
Informal sector workers do not have social protection but 76.62 percent of them wish to join the social mutuals. Women (55.72%) want to contribute much more to social protection than men (20.90%). All informal workers in six localities would like to join the social mutuals. These localities are Bapla-Birifor, Danko-Tanzou, Moule, Mouvielo, Sorgon and Gougougo. On the other hand, in Dankoble, there is no desire to join social mutuals.
Table 17: Breakdown of the average contribution of the informal sector by locality
Localité Average monthly contribution (FCFA) Balingnar 1762 Bamako 243 Bapla 440 Bapla-Birifor 2336 Barindia 118 Danko-Tanzou 188 Diasser 274 Kolepar 398 Konsabla 157 Lokodia 68 Mébar 151 Moule 375 Mouvielo 3142 Naborgane 2359 Navielgane 921 Segre 1742 Sorgon 13500 Tampé 182 Tansié 433
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Voukoun Kolepar 3335 Diébougou secteur 1 689 Diébougou secteur 2 947 Diébougou secteur 3 1563 Diébougou secteur 4 4267 Diébougou secteur 5 486 Diébougou secteur 6 9493 Diébougou secteur 7 1030 Navrikpe 415 Nane 1239 Djinkargo 300 Gougougo 4361 Kpakpara 389 Loto 614 Seouregane 974 Tantouo 282 Total 1102 Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
Table17 shows that the population of the informal sector of Diébougou is prepared to pay on average and per month the sum of 1102 F CFA per person to access the services of social mutuals. The population of Lakodia would like to pay an average of 68 CFA francs (lowest contribution) per person while Sorgon offers an average of 13500 FCFA (highest contribution) per person.
6.1.3. Social protection of children
Children constitute an important part of the population of the municipality and should benefit from social protection.
For this study, we consider children under the age of 18 years.
Number of children in care for school fees According to the survey data, 371 children benefit from the payment of their tuition fees in the commune of Diébougou.
Number of children in the nutritional recovery centers (CREN) The survey indicates the existence of a single CREN in the commune with 12 children in care.
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Table 18 : Distribution of children with or without assistance by place of residence
Assistance received gouvernement charitable Organisation Government and charity non Balingnar 68,96 0,25 30,79 Bamako 36,40 0,18 63,42 Bapla 100,00 Bapla-Birifor 1,86 2,97 95,17 Barindia 100,00 Dankoble 100,00 Danko-Tanzou 100,00 Diasser 25,91 0,38 73,70 Kolepar 67,70 32,30 Konsabla 0,12 99,88 Lokodia 68,85 31,15 Mébar 36,18 0,20 63,62 Moule 100,00 Moutori 3,66 0,73 0,37 95,24 Mouvielo 100,00 Naborgane 4,54 95,46 Navielgane 79,40 2,39 0,70 17,51 Segre 100,00 Sorgon 100,00 Tampé 3,99 0,55 95,46 Tansié 29,12 0,43 0,43 70,02 Voukoun Kolepar 12,91 0,06 87,04 Diébougou secteur 1 100,00 Diébougou secteur 2 0,20 0,10 99,70 Diébougou secteur 3 100,00 Diébougou secteur 4 0,96 99,04 Diébougou secteur 5 100,00 Diébougou secteur 6 12,14 0,52 87,34 Diébougou secteur 7 7,97 0,18 91,85 Navrikpe 100,00 Nane 1,07 1,07 97,86 Djinkargo 100,00 Gougougo 3,03 96,97 Kpakpara 0,30 99,70 Loto 10,28 89,72 Seouregane 16,90 83,10 Tantouo 0,21 99,79 Total 15,46 0,31 0,07 84,16 Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
As indicated in Table 18, 84.16 percent of the children of the commune of Diébougou
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receive no assistance from the government or from charitable organizations. On the other hand, 15.46 percent of the children receive assistance from the government. Concerning charities, only 0.31 percent of children receive help from them. It is also noted that some children (0.07%) receive both government and non-government assistance.
Considering the different localities of the commune, Table 18 indicates that 13 localities are not benefitted by any aid. Navielgane (79.40%) holds the highest rate of government assistance. The aid of charitable organizations, meanwhile, reaches only 12 out of 37 localities of the commune.The highest percentage is in Bapla-Birifor (2.97%).
Table 19 : Distribution of children who received food assistance, non-food assistance, education assistance and health assistance by place of residence (%)
Education Food assistance Non-food assistance assistance Health care oui non oui non Oui non oui non Balingnar 100 100 8,24 91,76 98,57 1,43 Bamako 7,55 92,45 100 85,54 14,46 80,43 19,57 Bapla-Birifor 100 7,69 92,31 15,38 84,62 46,15 53,85 Diasser 100 100 Kolepar 2,63 97,37 2,63 97,37 100 74,64 25,36 Konsabla 100 100 50 50 100 Lokodia 6,34 93,66 0,97 99,03 39,17 60,83 4,29 95,71 Mébar 100 Moutori 100 100 100 100 Naborgane 100 100 100 100 Navielgane 4,67 95,33 3,84 96,16 27,49 72,51 98,08 1,92 Tampé 100 3,23 96,77 77,5 22,5 19,35 80,65 Tansié 2,16 97,84 3,57 96,43 10,07 89,93 69,06 30,94 Voukoun Kolepar 22,22 77,78 100 99,26 0,74 93,89 6,11 Diébougou secteur 2 100 100 Diébougou secteur 4 100 100 100 100 Diébougou secteur 5 100 100 14,75 85,25 100 Diébougou secteur 6 3,92 96,08 7,84 92,16 71,43 28,57 18,18 81,82 Diébougou secteur 7 100 100 97,74 2,26 100 Nane 90 10 33,33 66,67 20 80 80 20 Gougougo 100 100 100 100 Kpakpara 100 100 100 100 Loto 100
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Seouregane 100 100 100 100 Tantouo 100 100 100 100 Total 4,92 95,08 3,44 96,56 53,64 46,36 76,34 23,66 Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
Among the various forms of assistance, health care (76.34%) and education assistance (53.64%) cover the most children receiving assistance from the municipality. This shows the government's effort to protect the health of children, but efforts remain to be made, especially in education. Principle 7 of the Declaration of the Rights of the Child stipulates that the child has the right to an education which must be free and compulsory at least at the elementary levels. Consequently, all children in the commune should benefit from educational assistance (scholarships, supplies, etc.). Food assistance affects only 4.92 percent of the children receiving aid from the municipality and 13 localities are not affected. On the other hand, all the children of Moutori, Sector 2 of Diébougou, Nane, Gougougo and Kpakpara, who are the beneficiaries of the aid, receive food aid. Non-food aid affects only 3.44 percent of children in the municipality receiving aid while 15 localities are not affected.
6.2. KOPER COMMUNITY
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6.2.1. Social protection of the general population
6.2.1.1. Number of people employed in labor- intensive labor (HIMO)
Labor-Intensive Programs (HIMO) are interventions designed to ensure a minimum level of income for targeted communities or groups. Labor-intensive labor (HIMO) is seen as a social safety net. In the commune of Koper, 66 people are employed in labor-intensive work, i.e., 0.023 percent of the total population. Eight localities in the municipality are not affected by HIMO. These are Bingawn, Mougnoupèlè, Pirkown, Tangbè, Toupowo, Zingawn, Zoner and Zopaal.
6.2.1.2. Welfare
Welfare is defined as the duty of society to help the indigent, the aged or abandoned children. It involves the granting of aid in the form of monetary or in-kind benefits to persons whose resources are insufficient, without consideration for contributions. Table 20 : Distribution of the population with or without assistance by sex and place of residence (%)
Localité Assistance received
gouvernement Charity association Government and charity non
sexe sexe Sexe Sexe
masculin féminin Total masculin féminin Total masculin féminin Total masculin féminin Total Babora 47,2 48,1 95,4 0,1 0,1 0,1 2,2 2,3 4,5
Béné 0,7 0,5 1,2 0,3 0,6 0,9 48,5 49,4 97,9 Bingawn 45,9 47 92,9 0,1 0,1 3,3 3,7 7 Biokola 9,5 9,5 19 0,2 0,2 40,3 40,5 80,8 Boulmontéon 51,1 48,8 99,9 0,1 0,1
Dalgawn 46,7 53,1 99,8 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 Dibow 6,4 6,9 13,3 0,1 0,1 41,1 45,4 86,5 Gorgawn 8,7 9,5 18,1 2,2 2,4 4,6 0,2 0,3 0,5 39,9 36,9 76,8 Gourpouo 46,6 48,7 95,3 1,4 3,3 4,7 Koper 43,4 50,7 94,1 2,6 3,3 5,9 Kpaï 7,9 7,1 15 0,3 0,8 1,1 42,4 41,5 83,9 Lopaal 50,5 46,5 96,9 0,1 0,1 1,4 1,6 3 Memer 47,6 48 95,6 1,8 2,4 4,2 0,1 0,1 Mougnoupèlè 38,2 61,8 100
Pirkwon 25,9 25 50,9 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 24,7 24,3 49 So-vovor 50,7 48,1 98,8 0,3 0,3 0,4 0,2 0,6 0,2 0,2 Tangbé 24 21,6 45,6 0,1 0,1 0,3 28 26,1 54,1 Toupowo 45,6 47,8 93,4 0,6 0,6 1,3 1,9 3,3 5,3 Zingawn 50,3 49,2 99,5 0,1 0,1 0,2 0,1 0,3 Zoner 50,7 48,1 98,8 0,5 0,7 1,2 Zopaal 48,3 49,6 97,9 0,6 0,7 1,2 0,4 0,1 0,4 0,2 0,2 0,4
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Total 33,8 34 67,8 0,3 0,4 0,8 0 0 0,1 15,5 15,8 31,3 Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
The population of the commune of Koper receives assistance from the government (67.8%) and charitable associations (0.8%). Women (34%) benefit slightly more than men (33.8%) in terms of government assistance. The same applies to donations from non-governmental organizations, with 0.4 percent for women and 0.3 percent for men. All the villages of the commune are affected by the gifts of the government. Mougnoupèlè (100%) holds the highest percentage with 38.2 percent of men and 61.8 percent of women. It is followed by Boulmontéon (99.9%), with 51.1 percent of men and 48.8 percent of women and Dalgawn (99.8%), with 46.7 percent of men and 53.1 percent of women . It is noted that 10 other villages reach more than 90 percent of beneficiaries. These include Baber (94.4%), Bingawn (92.9%), Gourpouo (95.3%), Koper (94.1%), Lopaal (96.9%), Memer (95.6%), Toupowo (93.4%), Zingawn (99.5%), Zoner (98.8%) and Zopaal (97.9%).
As far as charitable donations are concerned, seven villages do not benefit. They are Boulmontéon, Dibow, Gourpouo, Koper, Mougnoupèlè, Zingawn and Zoner. Gorgawn has the highest percentage of beneficiaries (4.6%) distributed as follows: 2.2 percent of men and 2.4 percent of women.
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Table 21 : Distribution of the population receiving food assistance by sex and place of residence (%)
Localité Food assistance Oui Non Sexe Total sexe Total Masculin féminin masculin féminin Babora 0,9 1,6 2,5 48,6 48,9 97,5 Béné 34,0 26,4 60,4 17,0 22,6 39,6 Bingawn 0,1 0,1 49,3 50,6 99,9 Biokola 48,8 47,7 96,5 1,2 2,3 3,5 Boulmontéon 51,2 48,8 100,0 Dalgawn 0,2 0,2 0,3 46,7 53,0 99,7 Dibow 19,0 19,5 38,5 28,2 33,3 61,5 Gorgawn 4,1 0,7 4,7 43,2 52,0 95,3 Gourpouo 48,9 51,1 100,0 Koper 0,3 0,4 0,6 45,8 53,6 99,4 Kpaï 1,9 2,9 4,8 49,2 46,0 95,2 Lopaal 0,1 0,1 0,2 52,0 47,8 99,8 Memer 49,6 50,4 100,0 Mougnoupèlè 38,2 61,8 100,0 Pirkwon 4,7 4,9 9,7 45,2 45,2 90,3 So-vovor 0,6 ,5 1,2 50,9 47,9 98,8 Tangbé 52,1 45,9 98,0 0,9 1,1 2,0 Toupowo 0,1 0,1 48,8 51,1 99,9 Zingawn 0,2 0,1 0,3 50,5 49,2 99,7 Zoner 1,3 0,8 2,1 49,9 48,0 97,9 Zopaal 0,1 0,2 0,2 49,4 50,4 99,8 Total 2,2 2,0 4,2 47,6 48,3 95,8
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
Among the beneficiaries of assistance, only 4.2 percent receive food aid distributed as follows: 2.2 percent of men and 2 percent of women. Tanghe (98%) holds the highest percentage with 52.1 percent of men and 45.9 percent of women. Boulmontéon, Gourpouo, Memer and Mougnoupèlè do not receive food assistance.
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Table 22 : Distribution of the population receiving assistance for other non-food needs by sex and place of residence (%)
Localité Assistance for other non-food needs oui Non sexe Total Sexe Total masculin féminin masculin féminin Babora 0,2 0,4 0,5 49,3 50,1 99,5 Béné 7,5 9,4 17,0 43,4 39,6 83,0 Bingawn 49,4 50,6 100,0 Biokola 49,4 50,6 100,0 Boulmontéon 51,2 48,8 100,0 Dalgawn 0,1 0,1 46,7 53,2 99,9 Dibow 47,3 52,7 100,0 Gorgawn 0,7 0,7 46,6 52,7 99,3 Gourpouo 48,9 51,1 100,0 Koper 0,2 0,2 0,4 45,9 53,8 99,6 Kpaï 1,9 3,2 5,1 49,2 45,7 94,9 Lopaal 52,1 47,9 100,0 Memer 1,7 2,2 3,9 47,9 48,2 96,1 Mougnoupèlè 38,2 61,8 100,0 Pirkwon 0,8 1,1 1,9 49,1 49,0 98,1 So-vovor 0,1 0,1 51,6 48,3 99,9 Tangbé 32,8 29,9 62,7 20,2 17,1 37,3 Toupowo 48,9 51,1 100,0 Zingawn 0,1 0,1 50,6 49,3 99,9 Zoner 0,4 0,1 0,5 50,9 48,6 99,5 Zopaal 0,1 0,1 0,2 49,3 50,5 99,8 Total 1,0 1,0 2,0 48,7 49,3 98,0
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
Two percent of recipients of assistance receive assistance in terms of non-food needs. As many women (1%) as men benefit. Tangbé (62.7%) holds the highest rate with 32.8 percent of men and 29.9 percent of women. It is noted that eight villages do not receive assistance in other non-food needs. They are Bingawn, Biokola, Boulmontéon, Dibow, Gourpouo, Lopaal, Mougnoupèlè and Toupowo.
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Table 23: Distribution of the population receiving housing assistance by sex and place of residence (%)
Localité Assistance for housing oui Non sexe Total Sexe Total masculin féminin masculin féminin Babora 0,1 0,1 0,2 49,4 50,4 99,8 Béné 1,9 1,9 49,1 49,1 98,1 Bingawn 0,2 0,2 0,4 49,2 50,4 99,6 Biokola 49,4 50,6 100,0 Boulmontéon 51,2 48,8 100,0 Dalgawn 0,2 0,2 0,4 46,6 53,0 99,6 Dibow 47,3 52,7 100,0 Gorgawn 47,3 52,7 100,0 Gourpouo 2,2 2,2 4,4 46,7 48,9 95,6 Koper 0,1 0,1 0,2 46,0 53,9 99,8 Kpaï 0,7 0,3 1,0 50,7 48,4 99,0 Lopaal 0,8 0,8 1,6 51,2 47,2 98,4 Memer 0,1 0,2 0,3 49,5 50,2 99,7 Mougnoupèlè 38,2 61,8 100,0 Pirkwon 1,3 1,9 3,2 48,6 48,2 96,8 So-vovor 0,3 0,3 51,2 48,4 99,7 Tangbé 53,0 47,0 100,0 Toupowo 0,5 0,3 0,8 48,5 50,7 99,2 Zingawn 1,0 1,3 2,3 49,7 48,0 97,7 Zoner 0,3 0,3 0,5 51,2 48,3 99,5 Zopaal 0,1 0,1 49,3 50,6 99,9 Total 0,4 0,3 0,7 49,4 49,9 99,3
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
Very few people (0.7% of the beneficiaries of assistance) receive housing assistance in the commune of Koper. Men (0.4%) receive a little more than women (0.3%). Gourpouo (4.4%) has the highest rate of beneficiaries with as many men as women (2.2%). Biokola, Boulmontéon, Dibow, Gorgawn, Mougnoupèlè and Tangbé are not affected by housing assistance. .
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Table 24 : Distribution of the population receiving health assistance by sex and place of residence (%)
Localité Health care Oui Non Sexe Total Sexe Total masculin féminin Masculin féminin Babora 48,5 49,6 98,1 1,0 0,9 1,9 Béné 50,9 49,1 100,0 Bingawn 49,0 49,8 98,8 0,4 0,8 1,2 Biokola 47,1 49,4 96,5 1,2 2,4 3,5 Boulmontéon 51,1 48,7 99,8 0,1 0,1 0,2 Dalgawn 46,7 53,0 99,8 0,1 0,2 0,2 Dibow 33,9 40,8 74,7 13,2 12,1 25,3 Gorgawn 47,3 52,0 99,3 0,7 0,7 Gourpouo 48,7 50,9 99,5 0,2 0,2 0,5 Koper 42,7 49,6 92,3 3,4 4,4 7,7 Kpaï 49,2 43,1 92,3 2,6 5,1 7,7 Lopaal 52,1 47,9 100,0 Memer 48,2 49,0 97,2 1,3 1,5 2,8 Mougnoupèlè 38,2 61,8 100,0 Pirkwon 39,7 41,0 80,7 10,2 9,1 19,3 So-vovor 51,4 47,9 99,4 0,2 0,4 0,6 Tangbé 52,1 45,6 97,7 0,9 1,4 2,3 Toupowo 48,8 51,1 99,9 0,1 0,1 Zingawn 50,3 49,0 99,3 0,3 0,3 0,7 Zoner 46,0 44,1 90,0 5,4 4,6 10,0 Zopaal 49,2 50,4 99,6 0,2 0,2 0,4 Total 48,3 48,7 97,0 1,5 1,5 3,0
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
Most people receiving assistance receive health care (97%). Men (48.3%) receive slightly less than women (48.7%). All villages are affected by health care and Dibow (74.7%) has the lowest percentage.
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Table 25 : Distribution of the population assisted in finance-credits by sex and place of residence (%)
Localité Assistance finances / credits oui Non sexe Total sexe Total masculin féminin masculin féminin Babora 0,6 1,4 2,0 48,9 49,1 98,0 Béné 2,6 2,6 53,8 43,6 97,4 Bingawn 0,1 0,1 49,4 50,5 99,9 Biokola 39,0 43,9 82,9 8,5 8,5 17,1 Boulmontéon 0,2 0,4 0,6 51,0 48,4 99,4 Dalgawn 0,3 0,1 0,4 46,5 53,1 99,6 Dibow 0,6 0,6 1,2 46,7 52,1 98,8 Gorgawn 3,4 8,1 11,5 43,2 45,3 88,5 Gourpouo 0,7 0,2 1,0 48,2 50,9 99,0 Koper 0,3 0,2 0,5 45,8 53,8 99,5 Kpaï 2,6 9,8 12,4 48,2 39,4 87,6 Lopaal 0,3 0,5 0,8 51,7 47,5 99,2 Memer 1,2 1,1 2,3 48,5 49,2 97,7 Mougnoupèlè 38,2 61,8 100,0 Pirkwon 6,5 13,3 19,8 43,5 36,7 80,2 So-vovor 5,9 4,9 10,7 45,7 43,6 89,3 Tangbé 2,3 1,1 3,4 50,7 45,9 96,6 Toupowo 1,1 0,6 1,7 47,7 50,6 98,3 Zingawn 0,8 0,1 0,9 49,9 49,2 99,1 Zoner 51,3 48,7 100,0 Zopaal 0,8 1,7 2,5 48,8 48,8 97,5 Total 1,3 1,7 3,0 48,4 48,5 97,0
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
As indicated in Table 25, three percent of aid recipients, including 1.3 percent of men and 1.7 percent of women, receive financial and credit assistance. Biokola (82.9%) holds the highest percentage with 39 percent of men and 43.9 percent of women. Two villages are not affected by financial and credit assistance. They are Mougnoupèlè and Zoner.
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Table 26 : Distribution of the population with educational assistance by sex and place of residence (%)
Localité Education assistance (dung, supplies ...) oui Non sexe Total sexe Total masculin féminin masculin féminin Babora 10,1 8,1 18,3 39,3 42,4 81,7 Béné 15,4 17,9 33,3 41,0 25,6 66,7 Bingawn 7,2 6,7 14,0 42,2 43,9 86,0 Biokola 7,2 2,4 9,6 41,0 49,4 90,4 Boulmontéon 3,2 3,6 6,7 48,0 45,3 93,3 Dalgawn 8,1 8,6 16,7 38,7 44,6 83,3 Dibow 3,0 6,5 9,5 43,8 46,7 90,5 Gorgawn 12,0 19,7 31,7 34,5 33,8 68,3 Gourpouo 5,6 3,2 8,8 43,3 47,9 91,2 Koper 8,3 7,5 15,8 37,8 46,4 84,2 Kpaï 9,4 7,8 17,3 41,7 41,0 82,7 Lopaal 10,0 9,6 19,7 41,8 38,5 80,3 Memer 1,9 3,0 4,9 47,7 47,3 95,1 Mougnoupèlè 5,9 2,9 8,8 32,4 58,8 91,2 Pirkwon 13,9 18,2 32,0 36,9 31,1 68,0 So-vovor 4,3 4,6 9,0 47,4 43,7 91,0 Tangbé 12,0 11,7 23,6 41,0 35,3 76,4 Toupowo 4,8 3,2 7,9 44,0 48,0 92,1 Zingawn 7,4 6,0 13,4 43,3 43,3 86,6 Zoner 2,1 1,4 3,5 49,3 47,2 96,5 Zopaal 3,0 2,3 5,3 46,5 48,2 94,7 Total 6,5 6,2 12,6 43,3 44,1 87,4
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
The survey reveals that 12.6 percent of people receiving assistance receive educational assistance; 6.5 percent are men and 6.2 percent are women. All villages are affected by education assistance. With 33.3 percent of beneficiaries, Béné holds the highest rate, of which 15.4 percent are men and 17.9 percent, women. The lowest rate is in Zoner (3.5%), with 2.1 percent of men and 1.4 percent of women.
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Table 27: Distribution of the population receiving any other form of assistance by sex and place of residence (%)
Localité Other audiences oui Non sexe Total Sexe Total masculin féminin Masculin féminin Babora 1,6 1,6 3,2 47,9 49,0 96,8 Béné 2,6 2,6 52,6 44,7 97,4 Bingawn 49,4 50,6 100,0 Biokola 7,3 9,8 17,1 41,5 41,5 82,9 Boulmontéon 0,2 0,6 0,8 50,9 48,3 99,2 Dalgawn 0,2 0,2 0,3 46,7 53,0 99,7 Dibow 15,6 17,3 32,9 31,8 35,3 67,1 Gorgawn 0,7 0,7 46,3 53,0 99,3 Gourpouo 0,5 0,5 48,9 50,6 99,5 Koper 0,3 0,1 0,4 45,6 54,0 99,6 Kpaï 0,7 1,3 2,0 50,5 47,5 98,0 Lopaal 52,1 47,9 100,0 Memer 0,1 0,1 49,5 50,4 99,9 Mougnoupèlè 38,2 61,8 100,0 Pirkwon 10,1 9,2 19,3 40,1 40,6 80,7 So-vovor 0,1 0,2 0,3 51,5 48,2 99,7 Tangbé 53,0 47,0 100,0 Toupowo 0,5 0,1 0,6 48,5 51,0 99,4 Zingawn 0,1 0,2 0,3 50,6 49,1 99,7 Zoner 0,1 0,3 0,3 51,3 48,3 99,7 Zopaal 0,2 0,1 0,3 49,2 50,6 99,7 Total 0,8 0,8 1,6 48,9 49,4 98,4
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
Concerning other forms of assistance, 1.6 percent of the beneficiaries in the municipality receive them. Women (0.8%) receive as much as men (0.8%). The highest rate is in Dibow (32.9%) with 15.6 percent of men and 17.3 percent of women receiving such assistance. Four villages are not privy to these other types of assistance. They are Bingawn, Lopaal, Mougnoupèlè and Tangbé.
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Number of people living with HIV who receive ARV free
The survey does not reveal any beneficiaries of antiretrovirals (ARVs) in the commune.
In conclusion, the assistance that the population of the municipality of Koper receives essentially comes from the government. The population benefits more from health care (97%) than from education (12.6%) or food (4.2%). According to the National Social Protection Policy (PNPS), the Government has made the increase of financial accessibility of the population to health care a priority by alleviating the financial burden borne by them through the progressive adoption of free measures and the granting of certain benefits and care.
6.2.1.3. Social assurance
Social insurance assumes a redistributive and protective function covering the risks of unemployment, old age, disability, illness and the death of the family’s main support. Social mutuals are community-based organizations and are an example of a microinsurance system put in place by social groups to deal with catastrophic health- related expenditures. These systems are generally based on the principles of the social economy such as solidarity, non-profitability, free membership and democratic and autonomous management.
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Table 28 : Distribution of the population adhering to social mutuals by sex and place of residence (%)
Localité Agree to join the social mutuals oui Non sexe Total sexe Total masculin féminin masculin féminin Babora 26,7 33,8 60,5 21,2 18,3 39,5 Béné 43,7 46,2 89,9 4,9 5,2 10,1 Bingawn 32,9 40,7 73,6 15,2 11,2 26,4 Biokola 46,4 52,2 98,6 1,0 0,5 1,4 Boulmontéon 51,3 47,5 98,8 0,8 0,4 1,2 Dalgawn 23,6 27,9 51,5 23,8 24,7 48,5 Dibow 40,1 45,9 86,0 6,6 7,4 14,0 Gorgawn 47,0 47,0 94,0 2,8 3,1 6,0 Gourpouo 37,1 47,6 84,8 5,7 9,5 15,2 Koper 34,6 49,5 84,1 6,8 9,1 15,9 Kpaï 29,5 36,9 66,4 17,2 16,4 33,6 Lopaal 38,7 36,9 75,6 10,8 13,6 24,4 Memer 40,5 45,8 86,3 6,5 7,2 13,7 Mougnoupèlè 22,7 27,3 50,0 13,6 36,4 50,0 Pirkwon 45,6 47,8 93,4 2,3 4,3 6,6 So-vovor 48,9 50,2 99,1 0,2 0,7 0,9 Tangbé 50,4 47,7 98,1 0,8 1,1 1,9 Toupowo 43,1 50,4 93,5 2,8 3,7 6,5 Zingawn 27,1 31,2 58,3 21,5 20,1 41,7 Zoner 39,2 28,9 68,1 12,6 19,3 31,9 Zopaal 2,9 13,8 16,7 47,3 36,0 83,3 Total 34,8 39,1 73,9 13,3 12,9 26,1
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
According to the survey data, 73.9 percent of the population wish to join social mutuals. Men represent 34.8 percent and women 39.1 percent. All the villages want to join the social mutuals. Only Zopaal (16.7%) falls below 50 percent of the membership applications. The highest rate is in Sovovor (99.1%) with more women (50.2%) than men (48.9%) applying for membership. According to the community survey, there are five social mutuals in the commune of Koper, more precisely in the following villages: - Pirkwon, with ordinary loans as provision;
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- Toupowo whose services are pharmaceutical costs, medical evacuation and death; - Gorgawn, with ordinary loans as benefit; - Biokola, also with ordinary loans as benefit; - Tangbé, also with the same benefits.
In view of the interest of the population for social mutuals, they should be strengthened and extended in the 18 other localities of the commune.
Table 29a : Distribution of the population according to desired services or services, sex and place of residence (%)
Services / services covered Medical consultations Pharmaceutical costs Hospitalisation sexe sexe sexe masculi Localité masculin féminin total masculin féminin total n féminin total Babora 11,8 14,0 25,8 30,6 35,2 65,9 0,8 0,8 Béné 0,4 0,7 1,1 47,4 46,7 94,1 0,2 0,4 0,6 Bingawn 1,8 2,9 4,7 38,7 47,1 85,9 1,6 1,8 3,4 Biokola 12,3 10,8 23,1 1,5 1,5 Boulmontéo 22,1 19,2 41,3 7,4 8,0 15,3 6,5 7,1 13,6 n Dalgawn 1,0 0,5 1,6 43,6 22,1 65,7 0,3 0,3 0,5 Dibow 13,3 10,6 23,9 12,6 12,2 24,8 5,5 9,7 15,3 Gorgawn 8,4 6,1 14,6 39,2 35,0 74,1 0,3 0,3 Gourpouo 2,9 2,2 5,1 30,7 40,9 71,5 4,4 7,3 11,7 Koper 0,5 0,5 1,0 15,7 27,5 43,2 2,5 2,8 5,3 Kpaï 1,9 2,7 4,6 32,3 42,2 74,5 3,7 3,1 6,9 Lopaal 1,7 1,3 3,0 31,0 22,6 53,6 5,0 3,3 8,3 Memer 26,3 27,7 54,0 18,6 17,7 36,3 0,6 0,3 0,9 Mougnoupèl 10,0 10,0 30,0 10,0 40,0 è Pirkwon 3,6 2,7 6,3 13,2 11,6 24,8 11,4 13,2 24,6 So-vovor 7,6 5,4 13,0 36,8 39,2 76,0 2,0 2,7 4,7 Tangbé 8,3 8,3 16,7 8,3 8,3 16,7 8,3 25,0 Toupowo 8,5 6,7 15,2 32,6 25,5 58,1 0,9 0,9 1,8 Zingawn 1,7 2,1 3,8 25,5 35,6 61,1 1,7 2,5 4,2 Zoner 5,9 8,2 14,1 16,5 18,8 35,3 3,5 7,1 10,6 Zopaal 7,6 22,0 29,5 20,5 31,8 52,3 1,5 6,1 7,6
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Total 7,4 15,0 27,9 28,5 56,3 2,9 3,4 6,3 7,5 Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
Table 29b : Distribution of the population according to desired services or services, sex and place of residence (%)
services/prestations souhaités couverts Surgical procedures Caesarean section Childbirth sexe sexe sexe masculi Localité masculin féminin total masculin féminin total n féminin Total Babora 0,5 0,8 1,3 Béné 0,2 0,2 Bingawn 1,0 1,6 2,6 Biokola 1,5 1,5 Boulmontéon 0,6 1,5 2,1 0,9 0,9 1,8 1,5 0,9 2,4 Dalgawn 0,3 0,3 0,5 0,5 1,0 1,0 Dibow 0,4 0,4 0,2 0,2 0,2 7,7 8,0 Gorgawn Gourpouo 0,7 0,7 1,5 0,7 0,7 2,2 2,2 Koper 0,3 0,3 0,5 0,3 0,5 0,8 1,8 1,8 Kpaï 0,3 0,1 0,4 2,4 2,4 1,5 1,5 Lopaal 0,2 0,2 0,3 3,3 16,1 19,4 Memer 1,2 7,4 8,6 Mougnoupèl 10,0 40,0 50,0 è Pirkwon 8,3 4,7 13,0 1,3 1,3 0,4 3,6 4,0 So-vovor 2,0 0,4 2,5 0,2 1,6 1,8 0,2 1,3 1,6 Tangbé 8,3 8,3 16,7 Toupowo 0,3 0,3 0,9 15,0 15,8 Zingawn 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,8 1,3 5,4 4,2 9,6 Zoner 3,5 3,5 1,2 1,2 2,4 9,4 9,4 18,8 Zopaal 0,8 9,8 10,6 Total 0,8 0,6 1,3 0,1 0,6 0,7 1,0 4,6 5,6 Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
Table 29c : Distribution of the population according to desired services or services by sex and place of
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residence (%)
Services / services covered Evacuation (transport costs + medical care) Ordinary loans Sexe sexe Localité masculin féminin Total masculin féminin Total Babora 0,3 0,8 1,1 1,3 3,8 5,1 Béné 1,3 2,4 3,7 0,4 0,4 Bingawn 1,8 1,6 3,4 Biokola 16,9 15,4 32,3 18,5 23,1 41,5 Boulmontéon 11,8 11,8 23,6 Dalgawn 0,3 0,3 13,2 16,9 30,1 Dibow 5,3 5,1 10,4 9,7 7,3 17,0 Gorgawn 0,3 0,3 2,3 8,4 10,7 Gourpouo 2,9 3,6 6,6 0,7 0,7 Koper 12,1 15,2 27,3 9,3 10,9 20,2 Kpaï 1,3 1,0 2,4 4,2 3,1 7,3 Lopaal 8,0 4,8 12,8 2,0 0,7 2,7 Memer 0,2 0,2 Mougnoupèlè Pirkwon 9,6 12,3 21,9 2,0 2,0 4,0 So-vovor 0,2 0,2 0,4 Tangbé 25,0 8,3 33,3 Toupowo 5,9 1,5 7,3 0,9 0,6 1,5 Zingawn 6,3 9,6 15,9 3,3 0,4 3,8 Zoner 3,5 9,4 12,9 2,4 2,4 Zopaal Total 4,1 4,1 8,2 3,1 3,3 6,5 Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
In general, the survey data reveal a low demand for the various services offered by the mutuals. In descending order, the following services can be listed: pharmaceutical expenses (56.3%), medical consultation (15.0%), medical evacuation (8.2%), ordinary loans (6.5%), hospitalization 3%), single delivery (5.6%), surgery (1.3%) and caesarean section (0.7%). The survey reveals that very few people apply for multiple benefits at once. Indeed, the different combinations of services have virtually zero percentages. It is also noted that social benefits are less demanded than health benefits. This reflects the crucial health need of the commune's population.
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Considering the different villages, Memer (54.0%) holds the highest percentage in medical consultation with more women (27.7%) than men (26.3%), followed by Boulmontéon (41.3%), of which 22.1 percent are men and 19.2 percent are women. As for pharmaceutical costs, Béné (94.1%) holds the highest percentage with 47.4 percent of men and 46.7 percent of women while Biokola (1.5%) has the lowest percentage . In terms of hospitalization, Tangbé (25.0%) holds the highest rate. Men represent 16.7 percent and women 8.2 percent. Two villages did not choose hospitalization. They are Biokola and Mougnoupèlè. As for surgery, it was not selected in nine villages. Tangbé (16.7%) holds the highest percentage with as many men as women. Concerning the type of delivery, it is noted that the inhabitants of nine villages are not interested in Caesarean section and three villages with the simple delivery method. Kpaï (2.4%) and Zoner (2.4%) hold the highest percentage of usage for caesarean section while Mougnoupèlè (50%) holds the highest single birth rate. Concerning medical evacuation, two villages did not choose it. Tangbé (33.3%, of which 25.0% are men and 8.3%, women) holds the highest rate.
The social benefits requested are mainly the ordinary loans with the highest rate in Biokola (41.5%), where 18.5 percent are men and 23.1 percent are women. The inhabitants of eight villages do not want these social benefits.
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Table 30 : Breakdown of the amount of the average contribution per locality localité Average amount of the potential contribution (CFA F) Babora 349 Béné 1199 Bingawn 243 Biokola 1673 Boulmontéon 298 Dalgawn 349 Dibow 3664 Gorgawn 999 Gourpouo 367 Koper 336 Kpaï 2418 Lopaal 453 Memer 259 Mougnoupèlè 477 Pirkwon 500 So-vovor 400 Tangbé 404 Toupowo 438 Zingawn 490 Zoner 598 Zopaal 1072 Total 892
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
Table 30 shows that the population of the municipality of Koper is willing to pay on average CFAF 892 per month to access social mutual services. The population of Bingawn would like to pay on average 243 F CFA (lowest contribution) per person, while that of Dibow offers on average 3664 F CFA (highest contribution) per person.
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Table 30a: Distribution of the population according to social protection and gender
protection sociale Willingness to pay
non protection oui Non sociale protection sociale
masculin 98,7 1,4 72,3 27,7 sexe
féminin 99,2 0,8 75,5 24,5
98,9 1,1 73,9 26,1 Total
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
Table 30a shows that in general, men and women benefit very little from social protection but men (1.4%) benefit a little more than women (0.8). However, the latter (75.5%) have a little more willingness to pay to access social protection than men (72.3%).
Table 30b: Distribution of the population according to access and willingness to pay for social protection and age group protection sociale Willingness to pay classe d’âge non protection sociale protection sociale oui Non <5 99,8 0,2 16,9 83,1
[5;10[ 99,8 0,2 16,9 83,1
[10;15[ 99,6 0,4 19,4 80,6
[15;25[ 99,4 0,6 68,1 31,9
[25;35[ 98,0 2,0 82,4 17,6
[35;45[ 98,0 2,0 85,4 14,6
[45;55[ 99,1 0,9 85,9 14,1
[55-65[ 98,4 1,6 83,1 16,9
>65 96,6 3,4 67,6 32,4
Total 98,9 1,1 73,9 26,1
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014 Table 30b shows that almost all the population in all age groups do not have access to social protection. Children under 10 have the highest rate (99.8%) and they are the ones usually without resources and can not pay for social protection. Those aged 45 to 55 (85.9%) have the highest willingness to pay to access social protection, followed by those aged 35 to 45 (85.4%).
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Table 30c : Distribution of the population according to access and willingness to pay for social protection and employment sector
source principale des protection sociale Willingness to pay revenus non protection protection Oui Non sociale sociale salaire 64,0 36,0 85,3 14,7
revenus d'activités 99,5 0,5 77,5 22,5
Transferts 97,0 3,0 88,4 11,6
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
Table 30d : Distribution of the population according to access and willingness to pay for social protection and occupation protection sociale Willingness to pay non protection protection oui Non Main activity sociale sociale Agriculture and Livestock 99,5 0,5 76,5 23,5
Craft production (dolotière, cobbler, tailor, carpenter, potter, basketry, 99,7 0,3 73,5 26,5 transformer of NWFP, restorer)
Building crafts (plumber, bricklayer, 93,1 6,9 96,2 3,8 painter, brickyard) Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014 The survey reveals that employees (36.0%) benefit far more from social protection than individuals from other employment sectors: three percent for transfers and 0.3 percent for income from activities. Nevertheless, the latter have the lowest rate of willingness to pay for access to social protection, which is 73.5 percent compared with 96.2 percent for those who have transfers. For people working in agriculture and livestock, 99.5 percent do not have access to social protection and 76.5 percent want to pay for it. Of those who work in construction crafts, 6.9 percent benefit from social protection and 96.2 percent want to pay to benefit. This is in contrast to only 0.3 percent of beneficiaries among craft workers and to the 73.5 percent of those willing to pay. The various tables above show that in the majority of cases, people who do not have access to social protection are more numerous than those who wish to pay to benefit. For example, of the 96.6 percent of people over the age of 65 who do not have access to social protection, 67.6 percent want to pay for it. Of the 97.0 percent of
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people who derive their income from transfers and who do not have access to social protection, 88.4 percent want to pay for it. This could be explained by poverty and also by the educational level of the population. Indeed, the more people have a higher income, the more they have the ability to pay for social protection. In terms of educational attainment, educated people better understand the benefits of social insurance. Moreover, some people, in case of illness, prefer to go to traditional medicine and in case of social difficulties, rely on children and their relatives to help them.
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6.2.2. Social protection of the informal sector
The informal sector is generally located in urban areas. In rural areas, the informal sector operates differently. It can be defined as any non-agricultural activities that do not belong to the formal sector.
According to Meine Pieter Van Dijk in "Burkina Faso: the informal sector of Ouagadougou -Edition l'harmattan 1986", three criteria can be used for an operational definition of the informal sector:
1. The company does not have a legal status (for example: Limited Liability Company (S.A.R.L);
2. Staff are not regularly paid the minimum wage set by law;
3. The staff are not registered with the National Social Security Fund (CNSS) and therefore have no paid holiday or pension.
This latter criterion has been used to characterize the informal sector in this report. Thus, the informal sector refers to any person not primarily engaged in agriculture, forestry, fisheries and livestock and who do not have the right to work (pension, paid leave).
Table 31: Distribution of persons working in the formal and informal sector according to the right to work and the place of residence
right to work Localités Paid leave pension Leave and pension no Total effectif % effectif % effectif % effectif % effectif % Babora 12 3,15 5 1,31 3 0,79 361 94,75 381 100 Béné 5 10,00 2 4,00 43 86,00 50 100 Bingawn 2 0,90 1 0,45 218 98,64 221 100 Biokola 7 100 7 100 Boulmontéon 53 100 53 100 Dalgawn 7 18,92 1 2,70 3 8,11 26 70,27 37 100 Dibow 1 0,56 1 0,56 175 98,87 177 100 Gorgawn 5 2,82 172 97,18 177 100 Gourpouo 6 5,45 104 94,55 110 100 Koper 8 3,16 245 96,84 253 100 Kpaï 19 4,67 4 0,98 6 1,47 378 92,87 407 100
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Lopaal 7 1,94 1 0,28 353 97,78 361 100 Memer 1 0,73 136 99,27 137 100 Mougnoupèlè 130 100 130 100 Pirkwon 9 3,47 3 1,16 3 1,16 244 94,21 259 100 So-vovor 11 3,85 1 0,35 274 95,80 286 100 Tangbé 1 1,43 69 98,57 70 100 Toupowo 2 0,86 1 0,43 230 98,71 233 100 Zingawn 2 1,23 2 1,23 1 0,62 157 96,91 162 100 Zoner 2 0,86 1 0,43 229 98,71 232 100 Zopaal 5 1,57 314 98,43 319 100 Total 98 2,41 21 0,52 25 0,62 3918 96,45 4062 100 Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
According to Table 31, the number of non-agricultural workers is 4062. Among them, 3.55 percent of workers are covered by social protection: 2.41 percent are entitled to paid holidays, 0.52 percent have a pension and 0, 62 percent have both. Those not covered by the labor law and are thus in the informal sector total about 96.45 percent. Thus, 3918 non-agricultural workers or 15.52 percent of the total population are in the informal sector. It is also noted that all non-agricultural workers in Biokola, Boulmontéon and Mougnoupèlè are in the informal sector.
Table 32: Distribution of informal sector population by sex and place of residence (%)
Sexe Localité masculin féminin Total Babora 47 314 361 Béné 29 14 43 Bingawn 8 210 218 Biokola 3 4 7 Boulmontéon 2 51 53 Dalgawn 10 16 26 Dibow 58 117 175 Gorgawn 10 162 172 Gourpouo 21 83 104 Koper 40 205 245 Kpaï 120 258 378 Lopaal 53 300 353 Memer 13 123 136 Mougnoupèlè 23 107 130 Pirkwon 53 191 244 So-vovor 36 238 274
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Tangbé 4 65 69 Toupowo 13 217 230 Zingawn 44 113 157 Zoner 45 184 229 Zopaal 43 271 314 Total 675 3243 3918 Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
As shown in Table 32, the informal sector employs 3918 people in the commune of Koper. Women are far more numerous than men in this sector. In fact, 3243 women are employed in the informal sector against 675 men. The same is true in all villages except in Bene where men in the informal sector slightly exceed women.
Table 33: Distribution of informal sector population by age group and locality (%)
Age group [55- localité <5 [5;10[ [10;15[ [15;25[ [25;35[ [35;45[ [45;55[ 65[ >65 Total Babora 0,84 3,34 22,28 30,36 13,65 16,43 9,19 3,90 100,00 Béné 2,33 6,98 9,30 23,26 30,23 13,95 9,30 4,65 100,00 Bingawn 3,67 25,23 18,35 22,94 13,30 10,55 5,96 100,00 Biokola 28,57 14,29 14,29 14,29 14,29 14,29 100,00 Boulmontéon 1,89 1,89 13,21 39,62 24,53 11,32 7,55 100,00 Dalgawn 3,85 3,85 19,23 19,23 23,08 19,23 11,54 100,00 Dibow 1,14 2,29 2,86 17,14 22,86 18,86 22,86 6,86 5,14 100,00 Gorgawn 1,74 4,07 19,19 20,35 16,28 18,02 12,21 8,14 100,00 Gourpouo 0,96 2,88 19,23 22,12 20,19 24,04 6,73 3,85 100,00 Koper 0,82 0,82 2,87 12,70 27,87 17,62 15,16 17,62 4,51 100,00 Kpaï 0,27 0,81 1,08 11,02 25,54 20,16 23,92 12,10 5,11 100,00 Lopaal 0,29 0,86 4,00 19,43 29,71 18,86 15,71 9,71 1,43 100,00 Memer 0,74 0,74 15,44 40,44 16,91 17,65 6,62 1,47 100,00 Mougnoupèlè 1,54 2,31 36,15 25,38 12,31 13,08 6,15 3,08 100,00 Pirkwon 2,88 1,23 1,65 20,58 31,69 16,05 15,23 7,82 2,88 100,00 So-vovor 0,37 3,66 26,01 26,37 20,51 13,92 6,96 2,20 100,00 Tangbé 1,45 24,64 31,88 17,39 14,49 7,25 2,90 100,00 Toupowo 0,44 26,55 23,01 23,89 11,50 10,62 3,98 100,00 Zingawn 1,29 1,94 2,58 14,19 27,10 11,61 18,06 15,48 7,74 100,00 Zoner 1,32 3,52 5,73 30,84 25,11 12,78 13,22 6,61 0,88 100,00 Zopaal 0,32 0,96 23,25 31,21 18,79 12,10 8,92 4,46 100,00 Total 0,67 1,00 2,75 20,84 27,23 17,89 16,14 9,63 3,85 100,00 Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
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Among the age groups, the population group aged 25 to 35 counts more informal workers (27.23%), followed by the bracket where the children are included or the age group composed of those 15 to 25 years old (20.84%). The population aged 35 to 45 years have 17.89 percent of informal workers in their ranks while those who are 45 to 55 years old count about 16.14 percent of informal workers among them.. The other age groups each have fewer than 10 percent of informal workers.
Table 34: Distribution of informal sector population with or without assistance by sex and place of residence (%)
Localité Assistance received Government and gouvernement Charitable Organisation Charitable Organization non sexe sexe sexe Sexe masculin féminin Total masculin féminin Total masculin féminin Total masculin féminin Total Babora 11,63 81,16 92,8 1,39 5,82 7,2 Béné 65,85 34,15 100 Bingawn 3,67 87,16 90,83 9,17 9,17 Biokola 14,29 14,29 28,57 28,57 42,86 71,43 Boulmontéon 3,77 96,23 100 Dalgawn 38,46 61,54 100 Dibow 3,43 11,43 14,86 29,71 55,43 85,14 Gorgawn 1,17 10,53 11,7 5,26 5,26 0,58 0,58 1,17 4,09 77,78 81,87 Gourpouo 19,23 73,08 92,31 0,96 6,73 7,69 Koper 16,33 83,67 100 Kpaï 8,73 17,99 26,72 0,53 2,65 3,17 22,49 47,62 70,11 Lopaal 14,25 81,2 95,44 0,57 3,99 4,56 Memer 9,63 87,41 97,04 2,96 2,96 Mougnoupèlè 100 100 Pirkwon 5,33 31,97 37,3 16,39 46,31 62,7 So-vovor 13,01 86,25 99,26 0,37 0,37 0,37 0,37 Tangbé 4,41 77,94 82,35 1,47 16,18 17,65 Toupowo 5,65 90,43 96,09 1,3 1,3 2,61 2,61 Zingawn 28,03 71,97 100 Zoner 19,3 79,82 99,12 0,44 0,44 0,88 Zopaal 13,14 86,22 99,36 0,64 0,64 Total 11,12 65,65 76,77 0,08 0,74 0,82 0,03 0,05 0,08 5,91 16,42 22,33 Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
The survey reveals that 22.33 percent of the informal sector population in Koper commune do not receive any social assistance. Among the women in the informal sector, 16.42 percent have no social assistance compared to 5.91 percent of men, even if women are the most numerous in this sector. Moreover, all informal sector
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workers in Béné have no social assistance. However, all those in eight villages receive social assistance.
Table 35: Distribution of the population working in the informal sector, whether or not willing to join social mutuals by sex and place of residence (%)
Agree to join the social mutuals Oui Non Localité sexe sexe Masculin Féminin Total Mascilin Féminin Total Babora 12,63 71,24 83,87 2,96 13,17 16,13 Béné 70,27 24,32 94,59 2,70 2,70 5,41 Bingawn 2,40 89,90 92,31 0,96 6,73 7,69 Biokola 50,00 50,00 100,00 Boulmontéon 2,00 96,00 98,00 2,00 2,00 Dalgawn 42,42 39,39 81,82 6,06 12,12 18,18 Dibow 32,28 62,03 94,30 1,90 3,80 5,70 Gorgawn 7,32 89,63 96,95 0,61 2,44 3,05 Gourpouo 21,36 70,87 92,23 0,97 6,80 7,77 Koper 16,67 81,62 98,29 0,85 0,85 1,71 Kpaï 19,07 41,49 60,57 14,95 24,48 39,43 Lopaal 11,68 66,47 78,14 2,69 19,16 21,86 Memer 11,11 87,30 98,41 1,59 1,59 Mougnoupèlè 66,67 66,67 33,33 33,33 Pirkwon 23,46 74,90 98,35 1,65 1,65 So-vovor 15,79 83,81 99,60 0,40 0,40 Tangbé 6,25 93,75 100,00 Toupowo 5,94 89,50 95,43 0,91 3,65 4,57 Zingawn 27,45 63,40 90,85 0,65 8,50 9,15 Zoner 17,48 50,35 67,83 3,50 28,67 32,17 Zopaal 0,69 31,14 31,83 13,49 54,67 68,17 Total 14,76 68,10 82,86 3,84 13,31 17,14 Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
Informal sector workers benefit from no social protection, but 82.86 percent of them wish to join social mutuals. Women (68.10%) want more contributions for social
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protection than men (14.76%). All informal workers in Biokola and Tangbe want to join social mutuals. Zopaal (31.14%) has the lowest percentage.
Table 36: Breakdown of the average contribution of the informal sector by locality
Localité Average monthly contribution (FCFA) Babora 352 Béné 391 Bingawn 221 Biokola 375 Boulmontéon 244 Dalgawn 318 Dibow 4468 Gorgawn 805 Gourpouo 305 Koper 298 Kpaï 1665 Lopaal 387 Memer 303 Mougnoupèlè 375 Pirkwon 566 So-vovor 387 Tangbé 379 Toupowo 446 Zingawn 502 Zoner 495 Zopaal 1180 Total 745 Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
Table 36 shows that the population of the commune of Koper is ready to pay monthly an average sum of 745 F CFA per person to access the services of social mutuals. The population of Bingawn wants to pay an average of 221 CFA per person (lowest contribution) while Dibow offers an average of 4468 CFA francs per person (highest contribution).
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6.2.3. Social protection of children
Children constitute an important part of the population of the municipality and must benefit from social protection.
For this study, we consider children under the age of 18 years.
Number of children in care for school fees
According to the survey data, 1377 children benefit from the payment of tuition fees in the commune of Koper.
Number of children in the nutritional recovery centers (CREN)
Similarly, the survey does not indicate any children in care in CRENs.
Table 37 : Distribution of children with or without assistance by place of residence
Localités Assistance received gouvernement charitable Organisation Government and charity Non Babora 98,97 1,03 Béné 0,83 0,90 98,27 Bingawn 95,01 0,17 4,82 Biokola 16,26 0,41 83,33 Boulmontéon 100,00 Dalgawn 99,83 0,17 Dibow 15,70 0,30 84,00 Gorgawn 25,44 4,95 0,35 69,26 Gourpouo 96,89 3,11 Koper 96,63 3,37 Kpaï 13,71 0,54 85,75 Lopaal 97,55 0,12 2,33 Memer 95,51 4,35 0,13 Mougnoupèlè 100,00 Pirkwon 56,64 0,21 43,15 So-vovor 99,18 0,61 0,20 Tangbé 44,74 0,54 54,72 Toupowo 92,74 1,50 5,77 Zingawn 99,49 0,51 Zoner 98,45 1,55 Zopaal 97,98 1,39 0,25 0,38 Total 68,93 0,74 0,08 30,25 Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
As shown in Table 37, children in Koper commune receive assistance mainly from
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the government (68.93%). Concerning charities, only 0.74 percent of children receive help from them. It is also noted that some children (0.08%) receive both government and non-government assistance.
In terms of the different localities of the commune, the Table indicates that all the children of Boulmontéon and Mougnoupèlè receive assistance from the government. Almost all children in certain localities are also affected by this assistance such as in Dalgawn (99.83%), So-vovor (99.18%) and Zingawn (99.48%). We note that the government's assistance affects all the localities of the municipality and the lowest percentage is in Béné (0.83%). On the other hand, the aid of the charities does not touch 10 localities of the commune (out of 21 localities). The highest percentage is in Gorgawn (4.35%).
Table 38 : Distribution of children who received food assistance, non-food assistance, health assistance and education assistance by place of residence (%) Food non-food assistance health care education assistance assistance
Localité s oui non oui non oui Non oui non Babora 2,86 97,14 0,52 99,48 98,18 1,82 33,68 66,32 56,5 Béné 2 43,48 17,39 82,61 100,00 33,33 66,67 Bingawn 0,18 99,82 100,00 98,74 1,26 25,45 74,55 95,1 Biokola 2 4,88 100,00 94,87 5,13 15,79 84,21 Boulmont éon 100,00 100,00 99,60 0,40 12,90 87,10 Dalgawn 0,17 99,83 100,00 99,83 0,17 35,97 64,03 46,2 Dibow 3 53,77 100,00 62,86 37,14 13,73 86,27 Gorgawn 4,55 95,45 100,00 100,00 47,62 52,38 Gourpou o 100,00 100,00 99,08 0,92 14,68 85,32 Koper 0,71 99,29 0,53 99,47 95,39 4,61 30,32 69,68 Kpaï 2,46 97,54 4,84 95,16 94,35 5,65 38,02 61,98 Lopaal 0,13 99,88 100,00 100,00 36,87 63,13 Memer 100,00 3,59 96,41 97,48 2,52 8,92 91,08 Mougnou pèlè 100,00 100,00 100,00 15,79 84,21 14,7 Pirkwon 2 85,28 100,00 73,58 26,42 52,21 47,79 So-vovor 1,03 98,97 0,21 99,79 98,98 1,02 15,24 84,76
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96,5 Tangbé 1 3,49 58,72 41,28 95,93 4,07 25,58 74,42 Toupowo 0,22 99,78 100,00 100,00 13,80 86,20 Zingawn 100,00 100,00 99,49 0,51 26,60 73,40 Zoner 1,43 98,57 0,63 99,37 88,27 11,73 4,89 95,11 Zopaal 100,00 0,13 99,87 99,12 0,88 8,08 91,92 Total 4,29 95,71 1,81 98,19 96,59 3,41 22,61 77,39 Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
Among the various forms of assistance, health care (96.59%) and education assistance (22.61%) cover most children in the municipality. This shows the government's effort to protect the health of children, but more efforts still need to be made, especially in the area of education. Principle 7 of the Declaration of the Rights of the Child stipulates that the child has the right to an education which must be free and compulsory at least at the elementary levels. Consequently, all the children of the commune will have to benefit from the assistance in education (scholarships, supplies, etc .).
Food assistance affects only 4.29 percent of the children receiving aid from the municipality and seven localities are not affected. On the other hand, 95.12 percent of the children of Biokola and 96.51 percent of the children of Tangbe beneficiaries receive food aid. Non-food aid affects only 1.81 percent of children in the commune and nine localities. Tangbé (58.72%) holds the highest percentage.
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6.3. COMMUNITY OF TO 6.3.1. Social protection of the general population
6.3.1.1. Number of people employed in labor-intensive labor (HIMO)
Labor-Intensive Programs (HIMO) are interventions designed to ensure a minimum level of income for targeted communities or groups. Labor-intensive labor (HIMO) is seen as a social safety net. In To, 29 people are employed, i.e., 0.06 percent of the total population. It should be noted that these 29 people are located in the town of To, i.e., 0.26 percent of the population of To. No other village in the municipality benefits from HIMO.
6.3.1.2. Welfare
Welfare is defined as the duty of society to help the indigent, the aged or abandoned children. It involves the granting of aid in the form of monetary or in-kind benefits to persons whose resources are insufficient, without consideration for contributions.
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Table 39 : Distribution of the population with or without assistance by sex and place of residence (%)
Assistance received gouvernement Charity Government and charity any sexe sexe sexe sexe Localité masculin féminin Total masculin féminin Total masculin féminin Total masculin féminin Total Bagouin 6,2 7,6 13,8 41,3 45,0 86,2 Bagounsia 8,9 7,0 15,9 36,6 47,5 84,1 Boun 1,9 1,2 3,1 0,1 0,1 46,6 50,2 96,8 Diona 3,1 1,8 4,9 46,5 48,6 95,1 Go 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,1 0,1 48,3 51,3 99,6 Gori 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 53,5 46,0 99,5 Kadakona 7,3 5,9 13,2 0,2 0,2 42,3 44,3 86,6 Kanduyo 3,8 3,7 7,4 45,2 47,4 92,6 Korabou 22,4 24,3 46,7 0,1 0,1 0,8 2,1 2,9 24,7 25,6 50,3 Ly 46,5 51,9 98,4 0,9 0,7 1,6 Metio 19,0 21,0 40,0 0,7 0,6 1,3 29,2 29,6 58,7 Nabon 48,9 51,1 100,0 Namandala 34,7 46,3 81,0 9,4 9,6 19,0 Poin 1,4 1,2 2,6 0,2 0,2 0,4 0,2 0,2 0,4 48,6 47,9 96,5 Sagalo 0,4 0,1 ,5 48,6 50,9 99,5 Sapo 45,4 48,2 93,6 1,1 0,7 1,8 0,3 0,3 0,6 2,1 2,0 4,0 Tabou 38,7 43,1 81,8 2,6 2,1 4,8 0,2 0,2 0,5 6,1 6,8 13,0 Tiano 48,6 49,8 98,4 0,7 0,9 1,6 Tiao 20,4 20,8 41,2 0,1 0,1 0,1 27,5 31,2 58,7 Tiessourou 46,4 52,0 98,4 0,7 0,8 1,6 To 2,1 2,1 4,2 0,1 0,0 0,1 46,5 49,1 95,7 Tuai 1,6 2,0 3,6 0,2 0,1 0,3 52,8 43,3 96,1 Vara 47,5 52,5 100,0 Vatao 0,2 0,2 52,0 47,8 99,8 Total 12,7 13,9 26,6 0,2 0,2 0,4 0,1 0,1 0,2 36,0 36,8 72,8 Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
In the municipality of To, 26.6 percent of the population receive assistance from the government, with more women (13.9%) than men (12.7%) as recipients. Very few receive assistance from charitable organizations (0.4%), with as many women (0.2%) as men (0.2%). As for donations from the government and charitable associations taken together, only 0.2 percent of the population of the municipality of To benefit from it, with the same number of women (0.1%) as men (0.1%). However, three villages (Nabou, Vara and Vatao) are not affected by government donations while six are significantly affected, namely, Ly with 98.4 percent of its population (46.5% of
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men and 51.9% of women), Namandala with 81 percent (34.7% of men and 46.3% of women), Sapo with 93.6 percent (45.4% men and 48.2% women), Tabu with 81.8 percent (38.7% men and 43.1% women), Tiano with 98.4 percent (48.6% of men and 49.8% of women), and Tiessourou with 98.4 percent (46.4% of men and 52.0% of women). There are more women than men receiving government assistance in these villages. With regard to donations from non-governmental organizations, 12 villages did not benefit. These include Bagouin, Bagounsia, Diona, Kanduyo, Ly, Nabon, Namandala, Sagalo, Tiano, Tiessourou, Tuai and Vara. Tabou has the highest percentage of beneficiaries (4.8%) distributed as follows: 2.6 percent of men and 2.2 percent of women.
Table 40 : Distribution of the population receiving food assistance by sex and place of residence (%)
Localité Food assistance oui non sexe Total Sexe Total masculin féminin masculin féminin Bagouin 1,9 1,7 3,6 45,2 51,2 96,4 Bagounsia 2,8 2,8 33,3 63,9 97,2 Boun 42,9 57,1 100,0 Diona 33,3 16,7 50,0 25,0 25,0 50,0 Go 1,7 1,3 3,0 38,8 58,2 97,0 Gori 32,0 29,8 61,9 21,8 16,4 38,1 Kadakona 60,0 40,0 100,0 Kanduyo 100,0 100,0 Korabou 2,1 1,5 3,6 45,2 51,3 96,4 Ly 48,8 41,5 90,2 6,1 3,7 9,8 Metio 5,5 5,5 11,0 49,6 39,4 89,0 Namandala 1,2 1,1 2,2 41,8 56,0 97,8 Poin 50,8 40,0 90,8 4,6 4,6 9,2 Sagalo 42,9 42,9 28,6 28,6 57,1 Sapo 48,9 51,1 100,0 Tabou 3,8 3,9 7,7 44,0 48,3 92,3 Tiano 50,0 50,0 100,0 Tiao 60,0 40,0 100,0 Tiessourou 80,0 20,0 100,0 To 2,0 2,7 4,8 45,5 49,7 95,2 Tuai 7,1 7,1 14,3 64,3 21,4 85,7 Total 6,3 5,8 12,0 41,8 46,1 88,0
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
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Table 40 shows that food assistance reaches 12 percent of the people who receive assistance. Women (5.8%) benefit less than men (6.3%). All the inhabitants (100%) of Tiao and Tiessourou who are beneficiaries of assistance receive food assistance, with 60 percent of men and 40 percent of women for Tiao in receipt, and with 80 percent of men and 20 percent of women for Tiessourou receiving. Meanwhile,the inhabitants of Boun, Kadakona, Kanduyo, Sapo and Tiano do not receive food assistance.
Table 41 : Distribution of the population receiving assistance for other non-food needs by sex and place of residence (%)
Localité Assistance for other non-food needs oui Non sexe Total Sexe Total masculin féminin Masculin féminin Bagouin 11,0 11,3 22,3 35,5 42,2 77,7 Boun 66,7 33,3 100,0 Diona 58,3 41,7 100,0 Go 4,6 3,1 7,7 37,9 54,4 92,3 Gori 0,1 0,1 54,0 45,8 99,9 Kadakona 25,0 16,7 41,7 33,3 25,0 58,3 Korabou 1,1 0,9 2,0 46,4 51,7 98,0 Ly 21,1 31,6 52,6 26,3 21,1 47,4 Metio 10,1 10,9 21,0 40,6 38,4 79,0 Namandala 0,9 2,5 3,4 42,0 54,6 96,6 Poin 35,2 16,7 51,9 20,4 27,8 48,1 Sagalo 42,9 42,9 28,6 28,6 57,1 Sapo 1,5 2,0 3,5 47,4 49,1 96,5 Tabou 3,3 3,1 6,4 44,4 49,2 93,6 Tiano 49,6 50,4 100,0 To 50,0 50,0 100,0 Tuai 75,0 25,0 100,0 Total 3,1 3,1 6,2 45,0 48,8 93,8 Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
Table 41 shows that 6.2 percent of recipients get assistance for non-food needs. Women (3.1%) benefit as much as men (3.1%). Ly is the village with the highest percentage (52.6%) of those receiving, followed by Poin (51.9%). On the other hand, assistance for non-food needs does not affect villages such as Boun, Diona, Tiano, To and Tuai.
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Table 42 : Distribution of the population receiving housing assistance by sex and place of residence (%)
Localité Housing assistance oui Non sexe Total Sexe Total masculin féminin masculin féminin Bagouin 46,9 53,1 100,0 Boun 66,7 33,3 100,0 Diona 58,3 41,7 100,0 Go 1,2 0,4 1,5 41,2 57,3 98,5 Gori 54,3 45,7 100,0 Kadakona 57,1 42,9 100,0 Korabou 0,2 0,2 0,3 47,3 52,4 99,7 Ly 25,0 25,0 41,7 33,3 75,0 Metio 51,4 48,6 100,0 Namandala 43,0 57,0 100,0 Poin 45,8 18,8 64,6 16,7 18,8 35,4 Sagalo 71,4 28,6 100,0 Sapo 48,9 51,1 100,0 Tabou 0,9 1,1 2,0 46,9 51,1 98,0 Tiano 1,6 0,8 2,3 49,6 48,1 97,7 To 50,2 49,8 100,0 Tuai 46,4 25,0 71,4 21,4 7,1 28,6 Total 0,8 0,6 1,3 47,3 51,3 98,7
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
Of those who receive aid in the municipality, very few (1.3%) receive housing assistance, of whom 0.8 percent are men and 0.6 percent are women. Tuai has the highest percentage (71.4%), followed by Poin (64.6%). On the other hand, in 10 villages, people do not have any housing assistance. These are in Bagouin, Boun, Diona, Gori, Kadakona, Metio, Namandala, Sagalo, Sapo and To.
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Table 43 : Distribution of the population receiving health assistance by sex and place of residence (%)
Localité Health Assistance oui Non sexe Total Sexe Total masculin féminin masculin féminin Bagouin 9,4 10,4 19,8 37,9 42,3 80,2 Bagounsia 44,6 55,4 100,0 Boun 50,0 50,0 100,0 Diona 58,3 41,7 100,0 Go 2,7 1,9 4,6 39,6 55,8 95,4 Gori 0,1 0,1 53,9 46,0 99,9 Kadakona 66,7 33,3 100,0 Kanduyo 71,4 28,6 100,0 Korabou 46,4 51,5 98,0 1,2 0,9 2,0 Ly 41,8 41,8 83,6 9,1 7,3 16,4 Metio 43,8 47,8 91,6 4,3 4,1 8,4 Namandala 41,5 52,7 94,1 1,5 4,3 5,9 Poin 51,6 31,3 82,8 7,8 9,4 17,2 Sagalo 42,9 42,9 28,6 28,6 57,1 Sapo 48,8 51,2 100,0 Tabou 11,7 12,3 24,0 36,0 39,9 76,0 Tiano 50,0 49,6 99,6 0,1 0,3 0,4 Tiao 56,8 43,2 100,0 To 3,1 1,3 4,4 47,1 48,5 95,6 Tuai 52,5 45,8 98,3 1,7 1,7 Vara 49,4 50,6 100,0 Total 21,9 23,3 45,2 26,6 28,2 54,8
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
Table 43 shows that 45.2 percent of people receiving assistance got health care. More of the women are beneficiaries (23.3%) than men (21.9%). In the five villages of Bagounsia, Kadakona, Kanduyo, Tiao and Vara, all aid recipients received health care (100%). The villages like Korabou (98%), Metio (91.6%), Namandala (94.1%), Tiano (99.6%) and Tuai (98.3%) also have very high percentages of health care . However, the inhabitants of some villages like Boun, Diona and Sapo do not have any health care.
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Table 44: Distribution of the population assisted in finance-credits by sex and place of residence (%)
Localité Assistance in finance and credits oui non sexe Total Sexe Total masculin féminin masculin féminin Bagouin 47,0 53,0 100,0 Boun 100,0 100,0 Diona 16,7 8,3 25,0 41,7 33,3 75,0 Go 0,8 0,8 1,6 41,0 57,4 98,4 Gori 0,1 0,1 53,8 46,1 99,9 Kadakona 62,5 37,5 100,0 Kanduyo 12,5 17,5 30,0 55,0 15,0 70,0 Korabou 2,6 6,7 9,2 45,0 45,8 90,8 Ly 25,0 30,0 55,0 25,0 20,0 45,0 Metio 1,8 0,9 2,7 50,5 46,8 97,3 Namandala 0,2 0,2 43,0 56,8 99,8 Poin 23,6 14,5 38,2 32,7 29,1 61,8 Sagalo 71,4 28,6 100,0 Sapo 48,9 51,1 100,0 Tabou 2,8 3,7 6,4 45,0 48,6 93,6 Tiano 4,5 2,3 6,8 47,0 46,2 93,2 Tiao 66,7 33,3 100,0 To 0,2 0,2 0,4 50,0 49,6 99,6 Tuai 25,0 31,3 56,3 37,5 6,3 43,8 Total 1,5 1,9 3,5 46,7 49,9 96,5
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
The municipality of To receives very little assistance (3.5%) in terms of finances and credit. Women (1.9%) receive a little more than men (1.5%). While all residents of Tiao (100%) receive assistance in finance and credit, the residents of Bagouin, Boun, Kadakona, Sagalo and Sapo have no financial assistance at all.
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Table 45 : Distribution of the population who receive educational assistance by sex and place of residence (%)
Localité Education assistance (scholarships, supplies , etc.) oui non sexe Total Sexe Total masculin féminin masculin féminin Bagouin 7,2 8,6 15,8 39,8 44,3 84,2 Bagounsia 80,0 20,0 100,0 Boun 61,5 38,5 100,0 Diona 8,3 16,7 25,0 50,0 25,0 75,0 Go 42,3 57,7 100,0 Gori 0,1 0,2 0,4 53,7 46,0 99,6 Kadakona 47,2 47,2 94,4 3,4 2,2 5,6 Kanduyo 36,7 31,1 67,8 22,2 10,0 32,2 Korabou 24,2 27,3 51,5 21,9 26,6 48,5 Ly 43,9 48,9 92,8 3,6 3,6 7,2 Metio 16,0 12,0 28,0 36,7 35,3 72,0 Namandala 4,9 6,8 11,7 38,1 50,2 88,3 Poin 28,8 13,6 42,4 28,8 28,8 57,6 Sagalo 50,0 20,0 70,0 30,0 30,0 Sapo 0,2 0,1 0,3 48,9 50,8 99,7 Tabou 9,3 10,4 19,7 38,4 41,9 80,3 Tiano 30,0 24,2 54,1 22,2 23,7 45,9 Tiao 51,6 45,5 97,2 0,5 2,3 2,8 Tiessourou 60,0 40,0 100,0 To 40,9 40,9 81,7 9,4 8,9 18,3 Tuai 20,0 30,0 50,0 40,0 10,0 50,0 Vara 57,1 42,9 100,0 Total 12,3 12,6 24,9 36,1 39,0 75,1
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
Table 45 shows that 24.9 percent of the recipients of assistance receive education assistance, with 12.3 percent being men and 12.6 percent, women. Bagounsia, Boun, Tiessourou and Vara hold the highest percentage (100%), followed by Tiao (97.2%). The inhabitants of Go, meanwhile, have no education assistance.
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Table 46 : Distribution of the population receiving any other form of assistance by sex and place of residence (%)
Localité Other forms of assistance oui non sexe Total Sexe Total masculin féminin masculin féminin Bagouin 1,1 1,4 2,6 45,7 51,7 97,4 Bagounsia 58,3 41,7 100,0 Diona 10,3 12,6 23,0 39,1 37,9 77,0 Go 0,8 0,8 1,6 40,6 57,8 98,4 Gori 54,1 45,9 100,0 Kadakona 60,0 40,0 100,0 Kanduyo 10,4 10,4 20,8 56,3 22,9 79,2 Korabou 5,4 4,2 9,6 40,4 50,0 90,4 Ly 47,6 52,4 100,0 Metio 3,5 3,5 49,6 46,9 96,5 Namandala 0,7 0,6 1,3 42,3 56,4 98,7 Poin 42,9 23,8 66,7 14,3 19,0 33,3 Sagalo 71,4 28,6 100,0 Sapo 44,9 47,9 92,8 4,2 2,9 7,2 Tabou 41,8 45,6 87,3 5,9 6,8 12,7 Tiano 4,2 2,1 6,3 48,6 45,1 93,8 Tiao 46,3 52,8 99,2 0,5 0,3 0,8 Tiessourou 47,1 52,9 100,0 To 47,6 52,4 100,0 Tuai 70,0 30,0 100,0 Total 29,7 32,2 61,9 18,2 19,8 38,1
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
As for other forms of assistance, 61.9 percent of the beneficiaries receive them, with men receiving 29.7 percent of the aid and women, 32.2 percent. Bagounsia, Ly and Tiessourou hold the highest percentage (100%) followed by Tiao (99.2%). In five villages, people do not benefit from other assistance. These are Gori, Kadakona, Sagalo, To and Tuai. According to the survey data, in the municipality of To, the other forms of assistance mainly concern MILDA (long-lasting insecticide-treated mosquito nets) which the inhabitants received from the State.
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Number of people living with HIV who receive free ARV
The survey revealed no beneficiaries of antiretrovirals (ARVs) in the commune.
In conclusion, the assistance that the population of the commune of To receive essentially comes from the government. Health care (45.2%) covers more people than education (24.9%) or food (12%). According to the National Social Protection Policy (PNPS), the Government has made the increase of financial accessibility of the population to health care a priority by alleviating the financial burden borne by the people. This was done through the progressive adoption of free measures and the subsidy of certain benefits and care.
6.3.1.3. Social assurance Social insurance assumes a redistributive and protective function covering the risks of unemployment, old age, disability, illness and the death of the main family support. Social mutuals are community-based organizations and are an example of a microinsurance system put in place by social groups to deal with catastrophic health- related expenditures. These systems are generally based on the principles of social economy such as solidarity, non-profit, free membership, and democratic and autonomous management.
Table 47 : Distribution of the population adhering to social mutuals by sex and place of residence (%)
Agree to join the social mutuals
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oui non Localité sexe Total Sexe Total masculin féminin masculin féminin Bagouin 4,7 7,1 11,8 30,7 57,5 88,2 Bagounsia 66,7 26,7 93,3 6,7 6,7 Boun 32,3 67,2 99,5 0,5 0,5 Diona 31,1 64,4 95,6 2,2 2,2 4,4 Go 39,0 57,5 96,4 1,5 2,1 3,6 Gori 37,8 62,2 100,0 Kadakona 30,1 68,5 98,6 1,4 1,4 Kanduyo 37,1 61,6 98,7 0,6 0,6 1,3 Korabou 34,3 65,7 100,0 Ly 19,4 64,5 83,9 6,5 9,7 16,1 Metio 36,5 63,5 100,0 Nabon 34,9 64,2 99,0 0,2 0,8 1,0 Namandala 28,4 71,1 99,5 0,5 0,5 Poin 37,4 62,3 99,7 0,3 0,3 Sagalo 26,8 57,2 84,1 5,8 10,1 15,9 Sapo 19,8 50,7 70,5 8,7 20,8 29,5 Tabou 26,5 55,6 82,2 4,7 13,1 17,8 Tiano 28,2 61,2 89,4 3,5 7,1 10,6 Tiao 35,0 61,3 96,3 3,1 0,6 3,7 Tiessourou 27,3 72,7 100,0 To 23,3 54,2 77,5 8,9 13,6 22,5 Tuai 49,3 50,7 100,0 Vara 46,1 53,9 100,0 Vatao 47,1 52,9 100,0 Total 31,0 57,7 88,7 4,1 7,2 11,3
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
The survey reveals that a large number of people wish to join social mutuals (88.7%). Women's membership (57.7%) is much higher than that of men (31%). Only Metio has no members of social mutuals. It is also noted that in Bagouin, 88.2 percent of the people do not wish to join mutuals. The survey also shows that there are no social mutuals in To. Given the large number of people who want to join social mutuals, their establishment in the municipality should be considered.
Table 48a: Distribution of the population according to desired services or services, sex and place of
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residence (%)
Services / services desired Medical consultations Pharmaceutical costs hospitalisation Surgical procedures sexe sexe Sexe sexe mascu fémini Tota masculi fémini Tota masculi fémini Localité lin n l n n l n n Total masculin féminin Total Bagouin 0,6 2,3 2,9 2,9 7,5 10,3 1,7 2,9 4,6 0,6 0,6 Bagounsia 1,3 1,1 2,4 3,4 2,1 5,5 Boun 0,3 0,3 0,8 0,3 1,1 Diona 1,5 0,7 2,2 0,7 3,7 4,5 35,8 48,5 84,3 Go 5,2 3,5 8,7 11,0 11,5 22,4 2,0 4,6 6,6 0,5 0,4 0,9 Gori 14,0 10,5 24,5 3,1 4,5 7,6 0,8 0,4 1,2 0,8 0,8 1,6 Kadakona 0,8 0,6 1,4 Kanduyo 49,5 50,3 99,8 Korabou 0,2 0,2 1,1 1,4 2,5 43,6 47,3 90,9 0,4 0,2 0,5 Ly 2,1 1,9 4,1 4,7 5,6 10,3 38,6 42,1 80,6 Metio 16,7 16,7 38,9 5,6 44,4 5,6 5,6 Nabon 15,3 9,3 24,6 14,5 18,8 33,3 5,2 11,9 17,1 1,2 2,0 3,2 Namandala 8,7 11,2 19,9 16,4 24,4 40,8 4,3 7,5 11,8 9,1 3,3 12,4 Poin 44,0 46,1 90,2 1,4 0,4 1,8 1,6 1,3 2,9 0,7 0,4 1,1 Sagalo 4,9 3,7 8,5 9,5 7,7 17,2 15,2 20,8 36,0 8,5 9,2 17,8 Sapo 7,0 7,5 14,5 5,9 4,2 10,1 0,7 0,5 1,2 30,0 40,5 70,5 Tabou 4,6 4,0 8,5 7,8 6,1 13,9 14,9 9,6 24,5 9,1 5,0 14,1 Tiano 2,6 2,6 5,1 6,7 4,5 11,2 3,5 6,1 9,6 10,9 15,7 26,5 Tiao 0,5 1,3 1,9 4,0 6,1 10,1 18,8 2,8 21,6 Tiessourou 13,9 11,5 25,3 24,7 28,4 53,1 0,2 0,2 4,5 1,6 6,1 To 6,0 6,8 12,7 5,6 6,3 11,9 13,0 15,2 28,2 6,3 7,1 13,4 Tuai 11,7 11,6 23,3 7,1 7,0 14,1 11,7 9,8 21,5 3,1 3,1 6,3 Vara 3,7 1,6 5,2 0,8 0,8 1,6 0,8 1,3 2,1 0,8 1,0 1,8 Vatao 5,1 9,4 14,5 8,5 5,1 13,7 6,0 6,0 12,0 6,0 6,8 12,8 Total 10,0 9,7 19,7 6,7 7,3 14,0 10,1 10,4 20,5 4,2 4,3 8,5 Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
Table 48b: Distribution of the population according to desired services or services, sex and place of residence (%)
Services / services desired Medical evacuation (transport costs + medical Caesarean section Childbirth care) sexe sexe sexe Localité masculin féminin Total masculin féminin Total masculin féminin Total Bagouin 1,7 12,1 13,8 0,6 0,6 1,1
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Bagounsia Boun 1,4 50,7 52,1 42,4 4,2 46,5 Diona 1,5 2,2 3,7 1,5 1,5 3,0 Go 2,9 3,0 5,9 3,4 4,2 7,6 0,1 0,1 Gori 2,1 0,8 2,9 2,3 3,3 5,6 3,9 6,6 10,5 Kadakona Kanduyo Korabou 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,4 Ly 0,6 2,1 2,7 Metio 5,6 27,8 33,3 Nabon 5,0 4,0 8,9 4,0 7,9 11,9 0,1 0,1 Namandala 0,2 1,2 1,4 2,5 6,6 9,1 1,9 1,0 2,9 Poin 1,9 1,8 3,7 0,3 0,2 0,4 Sagalo 2,2 8,0 10,2 1,4 1,5 2,8 Sapo 0,7 0,7 1,4 0,5 0,5 0,9 Tabou 0,6 14,3 14,9 0,6 11,5 12,1 2,1 1,7 3,8 Tiano 1,3 1,3 2,6 4,5 12,8 17,3 5,8 7,0 12,8 Tiao 1,1 43,3 44,4 Tiessourou 3,2 11,0 14,2 0,2 0,1 0,3 0,1 0,3 0,5 To 8,3 9,6 17,9 2,8 6,3 9,1 1,6 1,2 2,8 Tuai 3,7 4,0 7,8 4,1 2,8 7,0 2,7 1,9 4,6 Vara 0,5 0,3 0,8 1,8 1,0 2,9 0,8 1,8 2,6 Vatao 5,1 2,6 7,7 7,7 12,8 20,5 9,4 4,3 13,7 Total 2,9 4,3 7,2 2,1 7,2 9,3 2,1 1,2 3,3
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
Table 48c: Distribution of the population according to desired services or services, sex and place of residence (%)
Services / services desired death Retirement Ordinary loans sexe sexe sexe Localité masculin féminin Total masculin féminin Total masculin féminin Total Bagouin 25,9 20,1 46,0 1,1 0,6 1,7 13,2 5,7 19,0 Bagounsia 0,4 0,4 41,0 50,7 91,7 Boun
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Diona 0,7 1,5 2,2 Go 0,1 0,2 0,4 0,2 0,4 0,6 23,1 23,7 46,8 Gori 21,6 24,7 46,2 Kadakona 43,6 55,0 98,6 Kanduyo 0,2 0,2 Korabou 1,1 0,9 1,9 1,2 2,3 3,5 Ly 0,4 0,2 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,8 0,4 1,2 Metio Nabon 0,4 0,4 0,2 0,2 0,5 Namandala 0,6 0,2 0,8 Poin Sagalo 1,9 2,8 4,7 0,1 0,4 0,5 Sapo 0,9 0,5 1,4 Tabou 0,8 0,8 1,6 6,3 0,1 6,3 Tiano 6,1 1,3 7,3 0,3 0,3 Tiao 0,7 0,1 0,8 0,1 0,1 18,9 2,0 20,9 Tiessourou 0,2 0,2 To 1,5 1,9 3,4 0,0 0,0 0,4 0,1 0,5 Tuai 1,1 1,2 2,3 0,8 0,4 1,2 7,3 4,1 11,4 Vara 0,3 0,3 0,5 0,3 0,3 39,3 42,9 82,2 Vatao 0,9 1,7 2,6 0,9 0,9 1,7 Total 1,0 1,0 2,0 0,2 0,1 0,3 7,7 7,2 14,9
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
In general, the survey data reveal a low demand for the various services offered by the mutuals as shown in the following decreasing order : hospitalization (20.5%), medical consultation (19.7%), ordinary loans (14.9%), pharmaceutical costs (14%), simple childbirth (9.3%), surgery (8.5%), caesarean section (7.2%), medical evacuation (3.3%), death (2%) and retirement (0.3%). The survey reveals that very few people apply for multiple benefits at once. Indeed, the different combinations of benefits have very low percentages (less than 0.1%). It is also noted that social benefits (ordinary loans, deaths and retirement) are less demanded than health benefits. This reflects the crucial health need of the commune's population. In terms of the different villages, Kanduyo (98.8%) holds the highest percentage in medical consultation, with slightly more women (50.3%) than men (49.5%). It is followed by Poin (90.1%) with 44 percent of men and 46.1 percent of women. In Bagounsia and Kadakona, however, people do not want medical consultations. As for pharmaceutical expenses, Tiessourou (53.1%) holds the highest percentage with
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24.7 percent of men and 28.4 percent of women. The residents of Kanduyo, meanwhile, do not want pharmaceutical costs as a benefit. Concerning hospitalization, Korabou (90.9%) holds the highest rate. Men represent 43.6 percent and women, 47.3 percent. Three villages did not choose hospitalization. These are Boun, Kadakona and Kanduyo. Services for surgery were not selected in the following eight villages: Bagounsia, Boun, Diona, Kadakona, Kanduyo, Ly, Metio and Tiao. In contrast, 70.5 percent of the people (30% men and 40.5% women) interested in mutuals in Sapo chose surgical intervention as a health benefit. Concerning the choice of other health services (caesarean section, simple delivery and medical evacuation), only one village reaches more than 50 percent of its people who are interested in social mutuals. This is Boun which holds 52.1 percent of its population who availed of services for simple childbirth delivery. Social benefits such as death and retirement are not chosen in the villages. Only Bagouin reaches 46 percent of people interested in the death benefits, with 25.9 percent being men and 20.1 percent, women. In 11 villages, no one chose these benefits. As for retirement, the highest rate is only 2.2 percent in Diona, with 0.7 percent of men and 1.5 percent of women. Twelve villages did not choose this service. The most popular social benefits are ordinary loans with the highest rate in Kadakona (98.6%), with 43.6 percent of men and 55 percent of women. Six villages, however, did not select them. They are Boun, Diona, Metio, Namandala, Poin and Vatao.
Table 49: Breakdown of the amount of the average contribution per locality
localité Amount of potential contribution (in CFA francs) Bagouin 200 Bagounsia 4889 Boun 221 Diona 441 Go 1273 Gori 490 Kadakona 163 Kanduyo 200 Korabou 638 Ly 188 Metio 1778 Nabon 143
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Namandala 425 Poin 2039 Sagalo 910 Sapo 466 Tabou 1032 Tiano 145 Tiao 396 Tiessourou 198 To 2942 Tuai 1441 Vara 480 Vatao 3106 Total 1504
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
As shown in Table 49, the inhabitants of the municipality of To are willing to pay an average of 1504 FCFA each month to the social mutual to benefit from social protection. Bagounsia (4889 FCFA) offers the highest contribution and Nabon (143 F CFA) the lowest. Among the localities of the commune, four have an average contribution higher than 2000 F CFA and these are Bagounsia, Poin, To and Vatao.
Table 49a: Distribution of the population according to social protection and gender
protection sociale Willingness to pay
non protection oui non sociale protection sociale
masculin 86,1 13,9 86,1 13,9 sexe
féminin 85,3 14,7 85,3 14,7
Total 85,7 14,3 85,7 14,3
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
The survey found that in general, men and women benefit very little from social protection but men (13.9%) benefit slightly more than women (14.7%). Nevertheless, the latter (85.3%) are slightly less willing to pay for social protection than men (86.1%).
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Table 49b : Distribution of the population according to access and willingness to pay for social protection and age group protection sociale Willingness to pay classe d'age non protection sociale protection sociale oui non <5 100,0 0,0 85,0 15,0
[5;10[ 100,0 0,0 82,8 17,2
[10;15[ 99,9 0,1 82,7 17,3
[15;25[ 99,8 0,2 85,8 14,2
[25;35[ 99,3 0,7 88,5 11,4
[35;45[ 99,3 0,7 87,1 12,9
[45;55[ 99,6 0,4 86,8 13,2
[55-65[ 99,7 0,3 83,8 16,1
>65 99,3 0,7 74,2 25,6
Total 99,7 0,3 85,7 14,3
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
Table 49b shows that almost all the population in all age groups do not have access to social protection. No child under 10 years of age receives social protection. However, more than 80 percent of the population in the age groups up to 65 years old want to pay for social protection. The population over 65 has the lowest rate (74.2%).
Table 49c : Distribution of the population according to access and willingness to pay for social protection and employment sector
source principale des protection sociale Willingness to pay revenus non protection protection Oui non sociale sociale salaire 80,4 19,6 81,3 18,8
revenus d'activités 99,8 0,2 88,9 11,0
Transferts 97,4 2,6 65,6 34,4
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
Table 49d : Distribution of the population according to access and willingness to pay for social protection and occupation protection sociale Willingness to pay non protection protection oui non Main activity sociale sociale Agriculture and Livestock 99,9 0,1 87,7 12,3
Craft production (dolotière, cobbler, 100,0 0 90,3 9,7
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tailor, carpenter, potter, basketry, transformer of NWFP, restorer)
Building crafts (plumber, bricklayer, 93,1 6,9 83,3 16,7 painter, brickyard) Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
The survey reveals that employees (19.6%) benefit more from social protection than individuals from other sectors of employment: 0.2 percent for activity income and 2.6 percent for transfers. Those in the latter sector have the lowest rate of willingness to pay for access to social protection at 65.6 percent as compared to 88.9 percent for those living on income from activities. With regards to people working in agriculture and livestock, 99.9 percent do not have access to social protection but 87.7 percent want to pay for it. In the production craft, nobody benefits from social protection but 90.3 percent want to pay for it while in construction crafts, 6.9 percent of the people benefit and 83.3 percent are willing to pay .
From the different tables above, it can be seen that in the majority of cases, people who do not have access to social protection are more numerous than those who wish to pay to benefit. For example, of the 99.3 percent of people over the age of 65 who do not have access to social protection, 74.2 percent want to pay for it. Of the 97.4 percent of people who derive their income from transfers and who do not have access to social protection, 65.6 percent want to pay for it. This could be explained by poverty and also by the educational level of the population. Indeed, the more people have a higher income, the more they have the ability to pay for social protection. Regarding educational attainment, meanwhile, educated people better understand the benefits of social insurance and so they are the ones more willing to pay for it. Moreover, some people, in case of illness, prefer to go to traditional medicine and in case of social difficulties, rely on children and their relatives to help them.
In conclusion, most inhabitants of To do not have access to social insurance but the majority of the population want to have it in exchange for a contribution. Each type of benefit is poorly requested but it can be gleaned that residents want more health benefits such as hospitalization and medical consultation than social benefits such as death and retirement.
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6.3.2. Social protection of the informal sector As mentioned above, the informal sector is generally located in urban areas and in rural areas, it works differently and defined as any non-agricultural activities that do not belong to the formal sector.
Thus, any person not primarily engaged in agriculture, forestry, fisheries and livestock and who does not have the right to work (pension, paid leave) is considered to be in the informal sector.
Table 50 : Distribution of persons working in the formal and informal sector according to the right to work and the place of residence
right to work Leave and no Paid leave pension pension Total
effectif (%) effectif (%) effectif (%) effectif (%) effectif (%) Bagouin 14 100 14 100 Bagounsia 36 100 36 100 Diona 49 100 49 100 Go 2 50 2 50 4 100 Gori 1 14,29 6 85,71 7 100 Kadakona 3 100 3 100 Korabou 2 40 2 40 1 20 5 100 Ly 325 100 325 100 Metio 3 33,33 6 66,67 9 100 Nabon 4 100 4 100 Poin 2 13,33 1 6,67 12 80 15 100 Sagalo 5 35,71 2 14,29 7 50 14 100 Tabou 43 100 43 100 Tiano 3 100 3 100 Tiao 1 100 1 100 To 26 6,82 5 1,31 8 2,10 342 89,76 381 100 Tuai 39 100 39 100 Vara 7 100 7 100 Vatao 2 18,18 2 18,18 7 63,64 11 100 36 3,71 13 1,34 18 1,86 903 93,09 970 100
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Total Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
Per Table 50, the number of persons engaged in non-agricultural activities without the right to work is 970. Of these, 93.09 percent do not benefit from social protection (pension, paid leave) while 6.91 percent benefit as per the following distribution: 3.71 percent are entitled to paid holidays, 1.34 percent to a pension and 1.86 percent to both. These workers in receipt of pensions and paid leave are mainly civil servants such as teachers, nurses and other civil servants.
The total number of workers identified as part of the informal sector is 903 or 1.89 percent of the total population. Only Nabon has no workers in the informal sector.
Table 51: Distribution of informal sector population by sex and place of residence (%)
Sexe Localité masculin féminin Total Bagouin 7 7 14 Bagounsia 1 35 36 Diona 3 46 49 Go 2 2 Gori 4 2 6 Kadakona 1 2 3 Korabou 1 1 Ly 24 301 325 Metio 6 6 Poin 6 6 12 Sagalo 4 3 7 Tabou 14 29 43 Tiano 1 2 3 Tiao 1 1 To 143 199 342 Tuai 13 26 39 Vara 1 6 7 Vatao 5 2 7 Total 233 670 903 Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
As shown in Table 51, the informal sector employs 903 people in To. There are more women than men (670 women versus 233 men). It is the same in most villages
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except in Gori, Metio, Sagalo and Vatao, where men i n the informal sector slightly outnumber women.
Table 52: Distribution of informal sector population by age group and locality (%)
age class [55- Localité <5 [5;10[ [10;15[ [15;25[ [25;35[ [35;45[ [45;55[ 65[ >65 Total Bagouin 7,14 35,71 21,43 7,14 7,14 7,14 7,14 7,14 100,00 Bagounsia 2,78 27,78 27,78 25,00 11,11 5,56 100,00 Diona 2,04 28,57 34,69 14,29 14,29 4,08 2,04 100,00 Go 100,00 100,00 Gori 33,33 50,00 16,67 100,00 Kadakona 33,33 33,33 33,33 100,00 Korabou 100,00 100,00 Ly 0,93 3,09 3,70 30,25 31,79 15,74 8,02 5,25 1,23 100,00 Metio 40,00 60,00 100,00 Poin 8,33 50,00 25,00 8,33 8,33 100,00 Sagalo 28,57 14,29 14,29 28,57 14,29 100,00 Tabou 20,93 27,91 6,98 18,60 11,63 13,95 100,00 Tiano 33,33 33,33 33,33 100,00 Tiao 100,00 100,00 To 1,46 0,29 1,17 24,27 35,38 18,71 13,45 3,80 1,46 100,00 Tuai 7,69 10,26 17,95 30,77 15,38 10,26 5,13 2,56 100,00 Vara 14,29 42,86 28,57 14,29 100,00 Vatao 28,57 57,14 14,29 100,00 Total 1,11 2,11 2,44 25,75 32,63 17,20 11,43 4,88 2,44 100,00 Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
Among the age groups, the population group ged 25 to 35 years has more informal workers (32.63%), followed by the segment where children are included, i.e., 15 to 25 years old (25.75%). The population aged 35 to 45 years has 17.20 percent of informal workers and the population of 45 to 55 years old, 11.43 percent. The other age groups comprise less than 5 percent each of informal workers.
Table 53: Distribution of informal sector population with or without assistance by sex and place of
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residence (%)
Assistance received gouvernement and charitable gouvenement organisation caritative Organisation non
sexe sexe sexe sexe
Localité masculin féminin Total masculin féminin Total masculin Total masculin féminin Total Bagouin 7,14 7,14 42,86 50,00 92,86 Bagounsia 63,89 63,89 2,78 33,33 36,11 Diona 6,12 93,88 100,00 Go 100,00 100,00 Gori 16,67 16,67 50,00 33,33 83,33 Kadakona 33,33 66,67 100,00 Korabou 100,00 100,00 Ly 6,96 93,04 100,00 Metio 100,00 100,00 Poin 9,09 9,09 36,36 54,55 90,91 Sagalo 14,29 14,29 57,14 28,57 85,71 Tabou 23,26 55,81 79,07 4,65 11,63 16,28 2,33 2,33 2,33 2,33 Tiano 33,33 66,67 100,00 Tiao 100,00 100,00 To 3,23 1,47 4,69 38,71 56,60 95,31 Tuai 34,21 65,79 100,00 Vara 14,29 85,71 100,00 Vatao 71,43 28,57 100,00 Total 5,19 39,35 44,53 0,34 0,56 0,90 0,11 0,11 19,84 34,61 54,45 Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
The survey reveals that 54.45 percent of the informal sector population of To have no social assistance (34.61% of whom are women and 19.84%, men). In addition, all informal workers in 10 villages have no social assistance. However, all of Ly and Tiano are on social assistance.
Table 54: Distribution of the population working in the informal sector, whether or not willing to join social mutuals by sex and place of residence (%)
Agree to join the social mutuals oui non sexe sexe masculin féminin Total masculin féminin Total Bagouin 12,50 12,50 25,00 25,00 50,00 75,00 Bagounsia 6,25 90,63 96,88 3,13 3,13 Diona 4,26 93,62 97,87 2,13 2,13
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Go 23,08 76,92 100,00 Gori 71,43 28,57 100,00 Kadakona 50,00 50,00 100,00 Korabou 40,00 60,00 100,00 Ly 5,38 92,38 97,76 2,24 2,24 Metio 33,33 11,11 44,44 55,56 55,56 Nabon 100,00 100,00 Poin 50,00 50,00 100,00 Sagalo 50,00 41,67 91,67 8,33 8,33 Tabou 20,00 65,00 85,00 10,00 5,00 15,00 Tiano 42,86 42,86 85,71 14,29 14,29 Tiao 100,00 100,00 To 36,69 55,46 92,16 6,16 1,68 7,84 Tuai 43,75 56,25 100,00 Vara 100,00 100,00 Vatao 100,00 100,00 Total 24,59 68,66 93,26 4,37 2,37 6,74 Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
Although workers in the informal sector do not have social protection, 93.26 percent of them nonetheless wish to join the social mutuals. Women (68.66%) want to contribute much more to social protection than men (24.59%). All informal workers in 10 localities would like to join the social mutuals. Bagouin (25%) holds the lowest percentage.
Table 55: Breakdown of the average contribution of the informal sector by locality localité Average monthly contribution (FCFA) Bagouin 200 Bagounsia 1490 Diona 330 Go 375 Gori 750 Kadakona 150 Korabou 1000 Ly 133 Poin 1950 Sagalo 2800 Tabou 1399 Tiano 175
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Tiao 200 To 2740 Tuai 700 Vara 750 Vatao 100 Total 1464 Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
As shown in Table 55, the population of the informal sector of the municipality of To are willing to pay an average of 1464 FCFA per month for each social mutual in order to benefit from social protection. Sagalo (2800 FCFA) has the highest amount and Vatao (100 FCFA) the lowest amount.
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6.3.3. Social protection of children
Children constitute an important part of the population of the municipality and should benefit from social protection.
For this study, we consider children under the age of 18 years.
Number of children in care for school fees
In the commune of To, more specifically in the city of To, 100 children benefit from the assumption of responsibility of their expenses for schooling.
Nutritional Recovery Centers (CREN)
According to the survey, there is only one CREN in the commune, specifically in To.
Table 56 : Distribution of children with or without assistance by sex and place of residence (%)
Assistance received gouvernement charitable Organisation gouvernement and charitable Organisation non Bagouin 22,23 77,77 Bagounsia 16,40 83,60 Boun 5,59 94,41 Diona 6,28 93,72 Go 0,16 99,84 Gori 100,00 Kadakona 21,08 0,22 78,71 Kanduyo 11,57 88,43 Korabou 49,01 2,50 48,49 Ly 98,50 1,50 Metio 39,59 2,15 58,26 Nabon 100,00 Namandala 84,29 15,71 Poin 1,47 0,29 0,39 97,84 Sagalo 0,78 99,22 Sapo 93,88 1,98 0,66 3,47 Tabou 83,36 4,21 0,75 11,68 Tiano 99,33 0,67 Tiao 49,66 0,20 50,15 Tiessourou 98,49 1,51 To 6,95 0,12 92,94 Tuai 4,10 0,21 95,69 Vara 100,00 Vatao 100,00
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Total 28,79 0,42 0,17 70,62 Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté, 2014
As shown in Table 56, 70.62 percent of the children in To commune receive no assistance from the government or charitable organizations. About 28.79 percent of the children are receiving government assistance but only 0.42 percent receive help from charitable organizations. Some children (0.17%), however, receive both government and non-government assistance.
With regards to the different localities in the municipality, Table 56 indicates that four are not affected by any aid. They are Gori, Nabon, Vara and Vatao. Tiano (99.33%), on the other hand, holds the highest rate of government assistance. As to aid from charitable organizations, only seven localities of the commune (out of 24 localities) benefit from it. The highest percentage is in Tabou (4.21%).
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Table 57 : Distribution of children who received food assistance, non-food assistance, health assistance and education assistance by place of residence (%) Food assistance Non-food assistance Health care Education assistance oui non oui non oui non oui non Bagouin 2,46 97,54 20,72 79,28 21,74 78,26 26,29 73,71 Bagounsia 5,26 94,74 100 100 Boun 100 100 Diona 45,45 54,55 100 100 27,27 72,73 Go 1,79 98,21 7,81 92,19 5,47 94,53 100 Gori 61,81 38,19 100 100 0,29 99,71 Kadakona 100 37,50 62,50 100 100 Kanduyo 100 100 88,06 11,94 Korabou 3,16 96,84 2,14 97,86 98,47 1,53 55,03 44,97 Ly 95,71 4,29 60,00 40,00 91,67 8,33 96,03 3,97 Metio 21,49 78,51 35,90 64,10 91,72 8,28 41,38 58,62 Namandala 3,93 96,07 3,31 96,69 92,15 7,85 19,83 80,17 Poin 90,91 9,09 33,33 66,67 76,19 23,81 30,00 70,00 Sagalo 33,33 66,67 33,33 66,67 33,33 66,67 77,78 22,22 Sapo 100 1,01 98,99 100 0,51 99,49 Tabou 11,58 88,42 5,75 94,25 29,91 70,09 35,35 64,65 Tiano 100 100 100 80,00 20,00 Tiao 100 100 98,99 1,01 Tiessourou 100 To 3,88 96,12 100 5,03 94,97 90,69 9,31 Tuai 16,67 83,33 100 100 33,33 66,67 Vara 100 100 Total 12,25 87,75 5,54 94,46 47,03 52,97 38,29 61,71
Source : Enquête Système de Suivi Communautaire de la Pauvreté Avril-Mai 2014
Among the various forms of assistance, health care (47.03%) and education assistance (38.29%) cover the most number of children in the municipality. Given the great need for these types of assistance, the Government should exert even more efforts to protect the health and education of children.
Meanwhile, food assistance reaches only 12.25 percent of the children receiving aid from the commune, with six localities not affected. On the other hand, 100 percent of children receiving Tiao assistance receive food aid. As indicated in Table 57, non- food aid affects only 5.54 percent of children receiving aid from the municipality. Ly holds the highest percentage at 60 percent.
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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (Diébougou, Koper and To)
The survey reveals that the formal social insurance system (right to work) does not cover the informal sector in the communes of Diébougou, Koper and To. However, social protection can be extended to these communes because 76.62 percent of the population of Diébougou, 82.86 percent of Koper and 93.26 percent of To are willing to pay an average monthly amount to benefit from social insurance. Women are slightly more interested than men. The survey also reveals that in order to cope with shocks or adjust their vulnerability, the three communes’ respective population benefit from a certain number of social safety nets, mainly from the government. These include:
- work at HIMO : Very few people benefit with only 1.23 percent in Diébougou, 0.02 percent in Koper and 0.06 percent in To;
- social assistance such as food assistance, assistance for non-food needs, assistance with housing, assistance in credit finance, health assistance, education assistance and assistance in other fields.
In addition, the survey indicates that children (under 18 years of age) receive assistance. This shows the efforts of the government and non-governmental organizations to protect children, but there are still many more needs to be covered in order to allow the rest of the children to benefit equally from social protection.
These results confirm the secondary hypothesis (hypothesis ii) that the family, village or socio-professional solidarity used by members of the informal sector is limited in the face of the magnitude of the shocks.
Consequently, the following recommendations are proposed so that social protection is made accessible to all the population of Diébougou, Koper and To.
1. Social Insurance
We advocate the establishment of social welfare mutuals in all localities of the communes. Indeed, among the 1812 listed in Burkina Faso, none exists in these
2 Jean Baptiste ZETT et BATIONO F., juillet 2011, .Inventaires des mutuelles de santé dans la perspective de l’assurance maladie universelle au Burkina Faso commandité par l’ONG ASMADE
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three communes. Referring to the operation of mutuals in the country, two criteria are being proposed in order to adequately target the localities for the establishment of mutuals, in particular health mutuals, namely:
- localities must have a membership rate of more than 90 percent; and
- the amount of the contribution must be greater than 2000 CFA.
These two criteria discriminate many localities in municipalities that will not be able to obtain a mutual health insurance.
Concerning localities where the rate of application is less than 90 percent, their respective population should be sensitized to the advantages of the mutuals in order to increase the rate of application. We also recommend that the government, NGOs and associations subsidize the membership fees of the population with a low contribution potential (below 2,000 CFA francs).
The health insurance project that the government is undertaking to put in place is very beneficial for the people. The aim of this project is to provide the whole population with a basic package focusing on public health services and essential and generic medicines. The large part of the budget will be subsidized by the State and its technical partners.
We also recommend to the population of the informal sector of municipalities to subscribe massively to the voluntary insurance proposed by the National Social Security Fund (CNSS). Indeed, the CNSS allows anyone wishing to retire to subscribe to a pension for a minimum contribution of 3375 F CFA per month.
2. Social assistance
The government and organizations working for the protection of children are challenged to do more in the municipalities so that children can benefit adequately from social protection. The strengthening of school canteens, distribution of school kits and scholarships could increase enrollment and school performance.
In general, social protection is unevenly distributed among the villages. While some are 100 percent affected, others have no beneficiaries at all. The government should improve its distribution strategy to ensure that all people have access to social
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protection. We also advocate the establishment of social welfare services in the communes of Koper and To as well as the strengthening of the social welfare services existing in Diébougou. These social advocacy services would effectively target the vulnerable strata using the poverty data from the survey. The aim is to improve the access of vulnerable groups to education, health, housing and social welfare services.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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