DOCSLIB.ORG

Department of Microbiology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Department of Microbiology SRINIVASAN COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCE (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Trichy) PERAMBALUR – 621 212. DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY Course : B.Sc Year: II Semester: IV Course Material on: INTRODUCTORY VIROLOGY Sub. Code : 16SCCMB4 Prepared by : Ms. R.KIRUTHIGA, M.Sc., M.Phil., PGDHT ASSISTANT PROFESSOR / MB Month & Year : APRIL – 2020 INTRODUCTORY VIROLOGY OBJECTIVES To make the student and learn about the structure, classification, morphology, pathological importance of viruses and viral diseases. Unit I History of virology, terminologies, origin of viruses, occurrence, morphology of viruses, helical, icosahedral and complex viruses. Viral envelope, nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, classification of viruses- LHT and ICTV system of classification. Unit II Purification, Characterization, Separation and Assay. Cultivation and quantification of viruses, Separation and characterization of viral components. Unit III Bacteriophages- Life Cycle, Classification, Morphological groups, the virulent dsDNA phage, the ssDNA phage, phage lambda, Temperate and Transposable phage, Phage Mu the ssDNA phages, phage M13, Bacteriophage typing, Phage therapy (bacteriophage therapy), Cyanophages, Mycoviruses (Mycophages), Rhizobiophages. Unit IV General characteristics and multiplication of DNA containing viruses- Adenoviruses, Herpes viruses, Poxviruses. RNA containing viruses- Picorna virus, Rhabdo viruses, Orthomyxo viruses, Reoviridae, SARS and H1N1- Influenza A virus. Subviral agents - Viroids, Prions. Unit V History, Classification and nomenclature of plant viruses, Transmission, Multiplication, symptoms and control of plant viral diseases - DNA containing virus - Cauliflower mosaic virus, RNA containing virus - Tobacco mosaic virus - Poty virus, Tomato spotted wilt, Potato leaf roll virus, Rice tungro virus, Mosaic disease of sugarcane. Sub viral agents –Virusoids and Satellite virus. UNIT 1 SOME MILESTONES IN THE HISTORY OF VIROLOGY Date Discoverer(s) Discovery(ies) Application of cowpox virus for 1796 E. Jenner vaccination against smallpox 1885 L. Pasteur Development of rabies vaccine D. Ivanovsky, M. Ultrafiltration of tobacco mosaic 1892 Beijerinck virus Ultrafiltration of foot-and-mouth disease virus—clear proof of virus 1898 F. Loeffler, P. Frosch etiology of disease—discovery of the first virus 1898 G. Sanarelli Discovery of myxoma virus W. Reed, J. Carroll, A. Discovery of yellow fever virus 1900 Agramonte, J. Lazear, C. and its transmission by mosquitoes Finlay M. Remlinger, Riffat-Bay, 1903 Discovery of rabies virus A. di Vestea 1907 P. Ashburn, C. Craig Discovery of dengue viruses 1909 K. Landsteiner, E. Popper Discovery of polioviruses Discovery of the first tumor virus: 1911 P. Rousa Rous sarcoma virus 1911 J. Goldberger, J. Anderson Discovery of measles virus Discovery of bacterial viruses 1915 F. Twort, F. d’Herelle (bacteriophages) Beginning of global pandemic of 1918 influenza 1919 A. Löwenstein Discovery of herpes simplex virus K. Meyer, C. Haring, B. Discovery of Western equine 1930 Howitt encephalitis virus Attenuation of yellow fever 1931 M. Theilera virus—vaccine development C. Andrews, P. Laidlaw, Isolation of human influenza 1933 W. Smith viruses in ferrets Date Discoverer(s) Discovery(ies) R. Muckenfuss, C. Armstrong, H. Discovery of St. Louis encephalitis 1933 McCordock, L. Webster, virus G. Fite C. Johnson, E. 1934 Discovery of mumps virus Goodpasture M. Hayashi, S. Kasahara, Discovery of Japanese encephalitis 1934 R. Kawamura, T. virus Taniguchi Purification/crystallization of 1935 W. Stanleya tobacco mosaic virus C. Armstrong, T. Rivers, Discovery of lymphocytic 1936 E. Traub choriomeningitis virus Discovery of tick-borne L. Zilber, M. Chumakov, 1937 encephalitis virus (Russian spring N. Seitlenok, E. Levkovich summer encephalitis virus) First electron micrograph of B. von Borries, H. Ruska, 1938 viruses (ectromelia, vaccinia E. Ruska viruses) Development of one-step growth 1939 E. Ellis, M. Delbrück curve—bacteriophage K. Smithburn, T. Hughes, 1940 Discovery of West Nile virus A. Burke, J. Paul Discovery of agglutination of red 1941 G. Hirst blood cells by influenza virus M. Chumakov, G. Discovery of Crimean-Congo 1945 Courtois, colleagues hemorrhagic fever virus 1948 G. Dalldorf, G. Sickles Discovery of Coxsackieviruses Development of cell culture J. Endersa, T. Wellera, F. 1949 methodology for polio, measles, Robbinsa and other vaccines L. Florio, M. Miller, E. Discovery of Colorado tick fever 1950 Mugrage virus Development of plaque assay for 1952 R. Dulbecco, M. Vogt animal viruses—polioviruses, Western equine encephalitis virus 1953 W. Rowe Discovery of human adenoviruses Date Discoverer(s) Discovery(ies) J. Salk, J. Youngner, T. Development of inactivated polio 1954 Francis vaccine Discovery of genetic 1958 J. Lederberga recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria A. Sabin, H. Cox, H. Development of attenuated live- 1959 Koprowski virus polio vaccine A. Lwoff, R. Horne, P. Classification of the viruses based 1962 Tournier on virion characteristics Discovery of Epstein–Barr virus M. Epstein, B. Achong, Y. 1964 and its association with Burkitt’s Barr lymphoma D. Tyrrell, M. Bynoe, J. Discovery of human coronaviruses 1965 Almeida (B814 and 229E) Discoveries of genetic control of F. Jacoba, A. Lwoffa, J. 1965 enzymes and virus synthesis: the Monoda operon B. Blumberga, H. Alter, A. Discovery of Australia antigen and 1967 Prince its link to hepatitis B Discoveries related to the M. Delbrücka, A. 1969 replication mechanism and the Hersheya, S. Luriaa genetic structure of viruses Discoveries related to the H. Temina, D. Baltimorea, interaction between tumor viruses 1970 R. Dulbeccoa and the genetic material of the cell—reverse transcriptase Discovery of Norwalk virus 1972 A. Kapikian, colleagues (norovirus) R. Bishop, G. Davidson, I. 1973 Holmes, T. Flewett, A. Discovery of human rotaviruses Kapikian S. Feinstone, A. Kapikian, 1973 Discovery of hepatitis A virus R. Purcell Discovery of parvovirus B-19 and Y. Cossart, A. Field, A. 1975 its association with aplastic crisis Cant, D. Widdows in hemolytic anemia P. Sharpa, L. Chow, R. Discovery of RNA splicing and 1975 Robertsa, T. Broker split genes (adenovirus) Date Discoverer(s) Discovery(ies) Discovery of transmissible 1976 D. C. Gajduseka spongiform encephalopathies K. Johnson, P. Webb, J. Lange, F. Murphy, S. Pattyn, W. Jacob, G. Van 1976 der Groen, P. Piot, E. Discovery of Ebola virus Bowen, G Platt, G. Lloyd, A. Baskerville, D. Simpson Discovery of the cellular origin of 1976 J. Bishopa, H. Varmusa retroviral oncogenes D. Henderson, F. Fenner, 1977 Global eradication of smallpox I. Arita, many others Discovery of restriction enzymes D. Nathansa, W. Arbera, H. 1978 and their application to problems of Smitha molecular genetics S. Harrison, M. Rossman, Atomic structure of viruses (tomato N. Olson, R. Kuhn, T. 1978 bushy stunt virus, polioviruses, Baker, J. Hogle, M. Chow, rhinoviruses) R. Rueckert, J. Johnson The development of recombinant- 1980 P. Berga DNA technology R. Gallo, B. Poiesz, M. Discovery of human T 1980 Yoshida, I. Miyoshi, Y. lymphotropic viruses 1 and 2 Hinuma Development of an infectious V. Racaniello, D. 1981 recombinant clone of a virus Baltimore (poliovirus) Concept of the prion and their 1982 S. Prusinera etiologic role in spongiform encephalopathies Crystallographic electron microscopy and structural 1982 A. Kluga elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid–protein complexes F. Barré-Sinoussia, L. Discovery of human 1983 Montagniera, J. Chermann immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV1) Date Discoverer(s) Discovery(ies) Discovery of hepatitis E virus and 1983 M. Balayan its transmission F. Barin, F. Clavel, M. Discovery of human 1985 Essex, P. Kanki, F. Brun- immunodeficiency virus 2 (HIV2) Vézinet Discoveries of important principles 1988 G. Hitchingsa, G. Eliona for drug treatment—acyclovir M. Houghton, Q.-L. Choo, 1989 G. Kuo, D. Bradley, H. Discovery of hepatitis C virus Alter Discovery of Sin Nombre virus and S. Nichol, C. Peters, P. 1993 its association with hantavirus Rollin, T. Ksiazek cardiopulmonary syndrome Discovery of human herpesvirus 1994 Y. Chang, P. Moore 8—Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus K. Murray, P. Hooper, A. Discovery of Hendra virus and its 1995 Hyatt reservoir host fruit bats Discovery of the genetic specificity P. Dohertya, R. 1996 of the cell-mediated immune Zinkernagela response Discovery that bovine spongiform R. Will, J. Ironside, J. encephalopathy prion is the cause 1996 Collinge, colleagues of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in humans K. Chua, S. Lam, W. 1999 Bellini, T. Ksiazek, B. Discovery of Nipah virus Eaton, colleagues D. Asnis, M. Layton, W.I. Extension of West Nile virus range 1999 Lipkin, R. Lanciotti to North America B. van den Hoogen, A. Discovery of human 2001 Osterhaus, colleagues metapneumovirus C. Urbani, J. Peiris, S. Lai, L. Poon, G. Drosten, K. Stöhr, A. Osterhaus, T. 2003 Discovery of SARS coronavirus Ksiazek, D. Erdman, C. Goldsmith, S. Zaki, J. DeRisi, others Date Discoverer(s) Discovery(ies) B. La Scola, D. Raoult, Discovery of mimivirus, the largest 2003 others virus known at the time J. Taubenberger, P. Palese, 1918 influenza virus genome 2005 T. Tumpey, A. Garcia- sequenced and the virus Sastre, others reconstructed Beginning of global pandemic of 2005 chikungunya E. Leroy, J. Towner, R. Discovery that the reservoir hosts 2005 Swanepoel, others of Ebola/Marburg viruses are bats T. Allander, D. Wang, Y. Discovery of human 2007 Chang, others polyomaviruses
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Identification of Two Major Virion Protein Genes of White Spot Syndrome Virus of Shrimp
    Virology 266, 227–236 (2000) doi:10.1006/viro.1999.0088, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Identification of Two Major Virion Protein Genes of White Spot Syndrome Virus of Shrimp Marie¨lle C. W. van Hulten, Marcel Westenberg, Stephen D. Goodall, and Just M. Vlak1 Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen Agricultural University, Binnenhaven 11, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands Received August 25, 1999; returned to author for revision October 28, 1999; accepted November 8, 1999 White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) is an invertebrate virus, causing considerable mortality in shrimp. Two structural proteins of WSSV were identified. WSSV virions are enveloped nucleocapsids with a bacilliform morphology with an approximate size of 275 ϫ 120 nm, and a tail-like extension at one end. The double-stranded viral DNA has an approximate size 290 kb. WSSV virions, isolated from infected shrimps, contained four major proteins: 28 kDa (VP28), 26 kDa (VP26), 24 kDa (VP24), and 19 kDa (VP19) in size, respectively. VP26 and VP24 were found associated with nucleocapsids; the others were associated with the envelope. N-terminal amino acid sequences of nucleocapsid protein VP26 and the envelope protein VP28 were obtained by protein sequencing and used to identify the respective genes (vp26 and vp28) in the WSSV genome. To confirm that the open reading frames of WSSV vp26 (612) and vp28 (612) are coding for the putative major virion proteins, they were expressed in insect cells using baculovirus vectors and analyzed by Western analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of Biotehcnological Tools for Studying Infectious Pathways of Canine and Human Parvoviruses
    JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 154 Leona Gilbert Development of Biotehcnological Tools for Studying Infectious Pathways of Canine and Human Parvoviruses JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 154 Leona Gilbert Development of Biotechnological Tools for Studying Infectious Pathways of Canine and Human Parvoviruses Esitetään Jyväskylän yliopiston matemaattis-luonnontieteellisen tiedekunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi yliopiston Ambiotica-rakennuksen salissa (YAA303) kesäkuun 18. päivänä 2005 kello 12. Academic dissertation to be publicly discussed, by permission of the Faculty of Mathematics and Science of the University of Jyväskylä, in the Building Ambiotica, Auditorium YAA303, on June 18th, 2005 at 12 o'clock noon. UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ JYVÄSKYLÄ 2005 Development of Biotechnological Tools for Studying Infectious Pathways of Canine and Human Parvoviruses JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 154 Leona Gilbert Development of Biotechnological Tools for Studying Infectious Pathways of Canine and Human Parvoviruses UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ JYVÄSKYLÄ 2005 Editors Jukka Särkkä Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä Pekka Olsbo, Irene Ylönen Publishing Unit, University Library of Jyväskylä Cover picture: Molecular models of the fluorescent biotechnological tools for CPV and B19. Picture by Leona Gilbert. ISBN 951-39-2134-4 (nid.) ISSN 1456-9701 Copyright © 2005, by University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä University Printing House, Jyväskylä 2005 ABSTRACT Gilbert, Leona Development of biotechnological tools for studying infectious pathways of canine and human parvoviruses. Jyväskylä, University of Jyväskylä, 2005, 104 p. (Jyväskylä Studies in Biological and Environmental Science, ISSN 1456-9701; 154) ISBN 951-39-2182-4 Parvoviruses are among the smallest vertebrate DNA viruses known to date. The production of parvovirus-like particles (parvo-VLPs) has been successfully exploited for parvovirus vaccine development.
    [Show full text]
  • Systematic, Genome-Wide Identification of Host Genes Affecting Replication of a Positive-Strand RNA Virus
    Systematic, genome-wide identification of host genes affecting replication of a positive-strand RNA virus David B. Kushner*†, Brett D. Lindenbach*‡§, Valery Z. Grdzelishvili*, Amine O. Noueiry*, Scott M. Paul*¶, and Paul Ahlquist*‡ʈ *Institute for Molecular Virology and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 Contributed by Paul Ahlquist, October 23, 2003 Positive-strand RNA viruses are the largest virus class and include serves as a template for synthesis of a subgenomic (sg) mRNA, many pathogens such as hepatitis C virus and the severe acute RNA4, which encodes the viral coat protein (Fig. 1A). respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS). Brome mosaic virus The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has proven a valuable (BMV) is a representative positive-strand RNA virus whose RNA model for normal and disease processes in human and other replication, gene expression, and encapsidation have been repro- cells. The unusual ability of BMV to direct its genomic RNA duced in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. By using traditional replication, gene expression, encapsidation, and other processes yeast genetics, host genes have been identified that function in in this yeast (7, 8) has allowed traditional yeast mutagenic controlling BMV translation, selecting BMV RNAs as replication analyses that have identified host genes involved in multiple steps templates, activating the replication complex, maintaining a lipid of BMV RNA replication and gene expression. Such host genes composition required for membrane-associated RNA replication, encode a wide variety of functions and contribute to diverse and other steps. To more globally and systematically identify such replication steps, including supporting and regulating viral trans- host factors, we used engineered BMV derivatives to assay viral lation, selecting and recruiting viral RNAs as replication RNA replication in each strain of an ordered, genome-wide set of templates, activating the RNA replication complex through yeast single-gene deletion mutants.
    [Show full text]
  • Grapevine Virus Diseases: Economic Impact and Current Advances in Viral Prospection and Management1
    1/22 ISSN 0100-2945 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-29452017411 GRAPEVINE VIRUS DISEASES: ECONOMIC IMPACT AND CURRENT ADVANCES IN VIRAL PROSPECTION AND MANAGEMENT1 MARCOS FERNANDO BASSO2, THOR VINÍCIUS MArtins FAJARDO3, PASQUALE SALDARELLI4 ABSTRACT-Grapevine (Vitis spp.) is a major vegetative propagated fruit crop with high socioeconomic importance worldwide. It is susceptible to several graft-transmitted agents that cause several diseases and substantial crop losses, reducing fruit quality and plant vigor, and shorten the longevity of vines. The vegetative propagation and frequent exchanges of propagative material among countries contribute to spread these pathogens, favoring the emergence of complex diseases. Its perennial life cycle further accelerates the mixing and introduction of several viral agents into a single plant. Currently, approximately 65 viruses belonging to different families have been reported infecting grapevines, but not all cause economically relevant diseases. The grapevine leafroll, rugose wood complex, leaf degeneration and fleck diseases are the four main disorders having worldwide economic importance. In addition, new viral species and strains have been identified and associated with economically important constraints to grape production. In Brazilian vineyards, eighteen viruses, three viroids and two virus-like diseases had already their occurrence reported and were molecularly characterized. Here, we review the current knowledge of these viruses, report advances in their diagnosis and prospection of new species, and give indications about the management of the associated grapevine diseases. Index terms: Vegetative propagation, plant viruses, crop losses, berry quality, next-generation sequencing. VIROSES EM VIDEIRAS: IMPACTO ECONÔMICO E RECENTES AVANÇOS NA PROSPECÇÃO DE VÍRUS E MANEJO DAS DOENÇAS DE ORIGEM VIRAL RESUMO-A videira (Vitis spp.) é propagada vegetativamente e considerada uma das principais culturas frutíferas por sua importância socioeconômica mundial.
    [Show full text]
  • MOLECULAR BIOLOGY and EPIDEMIOLOGY of GRAPEVINE LEAFROLL- ASSOCIATED VIRUSES by BHANU PRIYA DONDA a Dissertation Submitted in Pa
    MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF GRAPEVINE LEAFROLL- ASSOCIATED VIRUSES By BHANU PRIYA DONDA A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSPHY WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Department of Plant Pathology MAY 2016 © Copyright by BHANU PRIYA DONDA, 2016 All Rights Reserved THANKS Bioengineering MAY 2014 © Copyright by BHANU PRIYA DONDA, 2016 All Rights Reserved To the Faculty of Washington State University: The members of the Committee appointed to examine the dissertation of BHANU PRIYA DONDA find it satisfactory and recommend that it be accepted. Naidu A. Rayapati, Ph.D., Chair Dennis A. Johnson, Ph.D. Duroy A. Navarre, Ph.D. George J. Vandemark, Ph.D. Siddarame Gowda, Ph.D. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my respect and deepest gratitude towards my advisor and mentor, Dr. Naidu Rayapati. I am truly appreciative of the opportunity to pursue my doctoral degree under his guidance at Washington State University (WSU), a challenging and rewarding experience that I will value the rest of my life. I am thankful to my doctoral committee members: Dr. Dennis Johnson, Dr. George Vandemark, Dr. Roy Navarre and Dr. Siddarame Gowda for helpful advice, encouragement and guidance. I would like to thank Dr. Sandya R Kesoju (USDA-IAREC, Prosser, WA) and Dr. Neil Mc Roberts (University of California, Davis) for their statistical expertise, suggestions and collaborative research on the epidemiology of grapevine leafroll disease. To Dr. Gopinath Kodetham (University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India), thank you for believing in me and encouraging me to go the extra mile. I thank Dr. Sridhar Jarugula (Ohio State University Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, University of Ohio, Ohio, USA), Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bacteriophage Mu Lysis System--A New Mechanism of Host
    BIOCELL Tech Science Press 2021 45(5): 1175-1186 The bacteriophage mu lysis system–A new mechanism of host lysis? SAIKAT SAMANTA1,#;ASHISH RANJAN SHARMA2,#;ABINIT SAHA1;MANOJ KUMAR SINGH1;ARPITA DAS1; MANOJIT BHATTACHARYA3;RUDRA PRASAD SAHA1,*;SANG-SOO LEE2,*;CHIRANJIB CHAKRABORTY1,* 1 Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science & Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, 700126, India 2 Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si, 24252, Korea 3 Department of Zoology, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore, 56020, India Key words: Bacteriophage Mu, Host cell lysis, Endolysin, Holin, Spanin Abstract: Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria and can choose any one of the two alternative pathways for infection, i.e., lysis or lysogeny. Phage lysis is one of the conventional biological processes required to spread infection from one bacterium to another. Our analysis suggests that in the paradigm bacteriophage Mu, six proteins might be involved in host cell lysis. Mu has a broad host range, and Mu-like phages were found in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. An analysis of the genomes of Mu and Mu-like phages could be useful in elucidating the lysis mechanism in this group of phages. A detailed review of the various mechanisms of phage lysis and different proteins associated with the process will help researchers understand the phage biology and their life cycle in different bacteria. The recent increase in the number of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of bacteria and the usual long-term nature of new drug development has encouraged scientists to look for alternative strategies like phage therapy and the discovery of new lysis mechanisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Detection of Infectious Brome Mosaic Virus in Irrigation Ditches and Draining Strands in Poland
    Eur J Plant Pathol https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-018-1531-7 Detection of infectious Brome mosaic virus in irrigation ditches and draining strands in Poland Małgorzata Jeżewska & Katarzyna Trzmiel & Aleksandra Zarzyńska-Nowak Accepted: 29 June 2018 # The Author(s) 2018 Abstract Environmental waters, e.g. rivers, lakes Results confirmed the highest amino acid sequence and irrigation water, are a good source of many homology in the fragment of polymerase 2a (99.2% plant viruses. The pathogens can infect plants get- – 100%) and the most divergence in CP (96.2% - ting through damaged root hairs or small wounds 100%). This is the first report on the detection of an that appear during plant growth. First results dem- infective cereal virus in aqueous environment. onstrated common incidence of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) in Keywords BMV. Water-borne virus . Cereals . RT-PCR water samples collected from irrigation ditches and drainage canals surrounding fields in Southern Greater Poland. Principal objective of this work The occurrence of plant viruses in aqueous environment was to examine if environmental water might be was studied less intensively than other water-borne vi- the source of viruses infective to cereals. The in- ruses having impact on human health. Mehle and vestigation was focused on mechanically transmit- Ravnikar (2012) thoroughly reviewed the reports and ted pathogens. Virus identification was performed listed 16 plant virus species isolated from different water by biological, electron microscopic, serological and sources, mainly from Europe, but not from Poland. molecular methods. Preliminary assays demonstrat- The main objective of our work was to fulfil this gap ed Bromemosaicvirus(BMV) infections in symp- with special attention focused on infective cereal viruses.
    [Show full text]
  • UC Riverside UC Riverside Previously Published Works
    UC Riverside UC Riverside Previously Published Works Title Viral RNAs are unusually compact. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6b40r0rp Journal PloS one, 9(9) ISSN 1932-6203 Authors Gopal, Ajaykumar Egecioglu, Defne E Yoffe, Aron M et al. Publication Date 2014 DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0105875 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Viral RNAs Are Unusually Compact Ajaykumar Gopal1, Defne E. Egecioglu1, Aron M. Yoffe1, Avinoam Ben-Shaul2, Ayala L. N. Rao3, Charles M. Knobler1, William M. Gelbart1* 1 Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America, 2 Institute of Chemistry & The Fritz Haber Research Center, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel, 3 Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America Abstract A majority of viruses are composed of long single-stranded genomic RNA molecules encapsulated by protein shells with diameters of just a few tens of nanometers. We examine the extent to which these viral RNAs have evolved to be physically compact molecules to facilitate encapsulation. Measurements of equal-length viral, non-viral, coding and non-coding RNAs show viral RNAs to have among the smallest sizes in solution, i.e., the highest gel-electrophoretic mobilities and the smallest hydrodynamic radii. Using graph-theoretical analyses we demonstrate that their sizes correlate with the compactness of branching patterns in predicted secondary structure ensembles. The density of branching is determined by the number and relative positions of 3-helix junctions, and is highly sensitive to the presence of rare higher-order junctions with 4 or more helices.
    [Show full text]
  • Virus Particle Structures
    Virus Particle Structures Virus Particle Structures Palmenberg, A.C. and Sgro, J.-Y. COLOR PLATE LEGENDS These color plates depict the relative sizes and comparative virion structures of multiple types of viruses. The renderings are based on data from published atomic coordinates as determined by X-ray crystallography. The international online repository for 3D coordinates is the Protein Databank (www.rcsb.org/pdb/), maintained by the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics (RCSB). The VIPER web site (mmtsb.scripps.edu/viper), maintains a parallel collection of PDB coordinates for icosahedral viruses and additionally offers a version of each data file permuted into the same relative 3D orientation (Reddy, V., Natarajan, P., Okerberg, B., Li, K., Damodaran, K., Morton, R., Brooks, C. and Johnson, J. (2001). J. Virol., 75, 11943-11947). VIPER also contains an excellent repository of instructional materials pertaining to icosahedral symmetry and viral structures. All images presented here, except for the filamentous viruses, used the standard VIPER orientation along the icosahedral 2-fold axis. With the exception of Plate 3 as described below, these images were generated from their atomic coordinates using a novel radial depth-cue colorization technique and the program Rasmol (Sayle, R.A., Milner-White, E.J. (1995). RASMOL: biomolecular graphics for all. Trends Biochem Sci., 20, 374-376). First, the Temperature Factor column for every atom in a PDB coordinate file was edited to record a measure of the radial distance from the virion center. The files were rendered using the Rasmol spacefill menu, with specular and shadow options according to the Van de Waals radius of each atom.
    [Show full text]
  • Detection and Complete Genome Characterization of a Begomovirus Infecting Okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus) in Brazil
    Tropical Plant Pathology, vol. 36, 1, 014-020 (2011) Copyright by the Brazilian Phytopathological Society. Printed in Brazil www.sbfito.com.br RESEARCH ARTICLE / ARTIGO Detection and complete genome characterization of a begomovirus infecting okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) in Brazil Silvia de Araujo Aranha1, Leonardo Cunha de Albuquerque1, Leonardo Silva Boiteux2 & Alice Kazuko Inoue-Nagata2 1Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil; 2Embrapa Hortaliças, 70359- 970, Brasília, DF, Brazil Author for correspondence: Alice K. Inoue-Nagata, e-mail. [email protected] ABSTRACT A survey of okra begomoviruses was carried out in Central Brazil. Foliar samples were collected in okra production fields and tested by using begomovirus universal primers. Begomovirus infection was confirmed in only one (#5157) out of 196 samples. Total DNA was subjected to PCR amplification and introduced into okra seedlings by a biolistic method; the bombarded DNA sample was infectious to okra plants. The DNA-A and DNA-B of isolate #5157 were cloned and their nucleotide sequences exhibited typical characteristics of New World bipartite begomoviruses. The DNA-A sequence shared 95.6% nucleotide identity with an isolate of Sida micrantha mosaic virus from Brazil and thus identified as its okra strain. The clones derived from #5157 were infectious to okra, Sida santaremnensis and to a group of Solanaceae plants when inoculated by biolistics after circularization of the isolated insert, followed by rolling circle amplification. Key words: Sida micrantha mosaic virus, geminivirus, SimMV. RESUMO Detecção e caracterização do genoma completo de um begomovírus que infecta o quiabeiro (Abelmoschus esculentus) no Brasil Um levantamento de begomovírus de quiabeiro foi realizado no Brasil Central.
    [Show full text]
  • Lack of Viral Mirna Expression in an Experimental Infection
    Núñez-Hernández et al. Veterinary Research (2015) 46:48 DOI 10.1186/s13567-015-0181-4 VETERINARY RESEARCH SHORT REPORT Open Access Evaluation of the capability of the PCV2 genome to encode miRNAs: lack of viral miRNA expression in an experimental infection Fernando Núñez-Hernández1, Lester J Pérez2, Gonzalo Vera3, Sarai Córdoba3, Joaquim Segalés1,4, Armand Sánchez3,5 and José I Núñez1* Abstract Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a ssDNA virus causing PCV2-systemic disease (PCV2-SD), one of the most important diseases in swine. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a new class of small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. Viral miRNAs have recently been described and the number of viral miRNAs has been increasing in the past few years. In this study, small RNA libraries were constructed from two tissues of subclinically PCV2 infected pigs to explore if PCV2 can encode viral miRNAs. The deep sequencing data revealed that PCV2 does not express miRNAs in an in vivo subclinical infection. Introduction, methods, and results family with the highest miRNAs encoding capacity Porcine circovirus type 2-systemic disease (PCV2-SD) is [6,7]. Other viruses belonging to the families Polyoma- a devastating disease that causes important economic viridae, Adenoviridae, Papillomaviridae, Baculoviridae losses [1]. The disease is essentially caused by PCV2, a and Ascoviridae encode miRNAs in low numbers single stranded DNA, non enveloped virus belonging to [8-12]. Recently, a Human Torque Teno virus, a small, the Circoviridae family [2]. The PCV2 genome encodes ssDNA virus from the Anelloviridae family, that en- four ORFs. ORF1 encodes for two proteins (Rep and codes a miRNA involved in interferon modulation has Rep’) which are involved in replication.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf Available
    Virology 554 (2021) 89–96 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Virology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/virology Diverse cressdnaviruses and an anellovirus identifiedin the fecal samples of yellow-bellied marmots Anthony Khalifeh a, Daniel T. Blumstein b,**, Rafaela S. Fontenele a, Kara Schmidlin a, C´ecile Richet a, Simona Kraberger a, Arvind Varsani a,c,* a The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA b Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Institute of the Environment & Sustainability, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA c Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Over that last decade, coupling multiple strand displacement approaches with high throughput sequencing have Marmota flaviventer resulted in the identification of genomes of diverse groups of small circular DNA viruses. Using a similar Anelloviridae approach but with recovery of complete genomes by PCR, we identified a diverse group of single-stranded vi­ Genomoviridae ruses in yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventer) fecal samples. From 13 fecal samples we identified viruses Cressdnaviricota in the family Genomoviridae (n = 7) and Anelloviridae (n = 1), and several others that ware part of the larger Cressdnaviricota phylum but not within established families (n = 19). There were also circular DNA molecules identified (n = 4) that appear to encode one viral-like gene and have genomes of <1545 nts. This study gives a snapshot of viruses associated with marmots based on fecal sampling.
    [Show full text]