SRINIVASAN COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCE (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Trichy) PERAMBALUR – 621 212. DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY Course : B.Sc Year: II Semester: IV Course Material on: INTRODUCTORY VIROLOGY Sub. Code : 16SCCMB4 Prepared by : Ms. R.KIRUTHIGA, M.Sc., M.Phil., PGDHT ASSISTANT PROFESSOR / MB Month & Year : APRIL – 2020 INTRODUCTORY VIROLOGY OBJECTIVES To make the student and learn about the structure, classification, morphology, pathological importance of viruses and viral diseases. Unit I History of virology, terminologies, origin of viruses, occurrence, morphology of viruses, helical, icosahedral and complex viruses. Viral envelope, nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, classification of viruses- LHT and ICTV system of classification. Unit II Purification, Characterization, Separation and Assay. Cultivation and quantification of viruses, Separation and characterization of viral components. Unit III Bacteriophages- Life Cycle, Classification, Morphological groups, the virulent dsDNA phage, the ssDNA phage, phage lambda, Temperate and Transposable phage, Phage Mu the ssDNA phages, phage M13, Bacteriophage typing, Phage therapy (bacteriophage therapy), Cyanophages, Mycoviruses (Mycophages), Rhizobiophages. Unit IV General characteristics and multiplication of DNA containing viruses- Adenoviruses, Herpes viruses, Poxviruses. RNA containing viruses- Picorna virus, Rhabdo viruses, Orthomyxo viruses, Reoviridae, SARS and H1N1- Influenza A virus. Subviral agents - Viroids, Prions. Unit V History, Classification and nomenclature of plant viruses, Transmission, Multiplication, symptoms and control of plant viral diseases - DNA containing virus - Cauliflower mosaic virus, RNA containing virus - Tobacco mosaic virus - Poty virus, Tomato spotted wilt, Potato leaf roll virus, Rice tungro virus, Mosaic disease of sugarcane. Sub viral agents –Virusoids and Satellite virus. UNIT 1 SOME MILESTONES IN THE HISTORY OF VIROLOGY Date Discoverer(s) Discovery(ies) Application of cowpox virus for 1796 E. Jenner vaccination against smallpox 1885 L. Pasteur Development of rabies vaccine D. Ivanovsky, M. Ultrafiltration of tobacco mosaic 1892 Beijerinck virus Ultrafiltration of foot-and-mouth disease virus—clear proof of virus 1898 F. Loeffler, P. Frosch etiology of disease—discovery of the first virus 1898 G. Sanarelli Discovery of myxoma virus W. Reed, J. Carroll, A. Discovery of yellow fever virus 1900 Agramonte, J. Lazear, C. and its transmission by mosquitoes Finlay M. Remlinger, Riffat-Bay, 1903 Discovery of rabies virus A. di Vestea 1907 P. Ashburn, C. Craig Discovery of dengue viruses 1909 K. Landsteiner, E. Popper Discovery of polioviruses Discovery of the first tumor virus: 1911 P. Rousa Rous sarcoma virus 1911 J. Goldberger, J. Anderson Discovery of measles virus Discovery of bacterial viruses 1915 F. Twort, F. d’Herelle (bacteriophages) Beginning of global pandemic of 1918 influenza 1919 A. Löwenstein Discovery of herpes simplex virus K. Meyer, C. Haring, B. Discovery of Western equine 1930 Howitt encephalitis virus Attenuation of yellow fever 1931 M. Theilera virus—vaccine development C. Andrews, P. Laidlaw, Isolation of human influenza 1933 W. Smith viruses in ferrets Date Discoverer(s) Discovery(ies) R. Muckenfuss, C. Armstrong, H. Discovery of St. Louis encephalitis 1933 McCordock, L. Webster, virus G. Fite C. Johnson, E. 1934 Discovery of mumps virus Goodpasture M. Hayashi, S. Kasahara, Discovery of Japanese encephalitis 1934 R. Kawamura, T. virus Taniguchi Purification/crystallization of 1935 W. Stanleya tobacco mosaic virus C. Armstrong, T. Rivers, Discovery of lymphocytic 1936 E. Traub choriomeningitis virus Discovery of tick-borne L. Zilber, M. Chumakov, 1937 encephalitis virus (Russian spring N. Seitlenok, E. Levkovich summer encephalitis virus) First electron micrograph of B. von Borries, H. Ruska, 1938 viruses (ectromelia, vaccinia E. Ruska viruses) Development of one-step growth 1939 E. Ellis, M. Delbrück curve—bacteriophage K. Smithburn, T. Hughes, 1940 Discovery of West Nile virus A. Burke, J. Paul Discovery of agglutination of red 1941 G. Hirst blood cells by influenza virus M. Chumakov, G. Discovery of Crimean-Congo 1945 Courtois, colleagues hemorrhagic fever virus 1948 G. Dalldorf, G. Sickles Discovery of Coxsackieviruses Development of cell culture J. Endersa, T. Wellera, F. 1949 methodology for polio, measles, Robbinsa and other vaccines L. Florio, M. Miller, E. Discovery of Colorado tick fever 1950 Mugrage virus Development of plaque assay for 1952 R. Dulbecco, M. Vogt animal viruses—polioviruses, Western equine encephalitis virus 1953 W. Rowe Discovery of human adenoviruses Date Discoverer(s) Discovery(ies) J. Salk, J. Youngner, T. Development of inactivated polio 1954 Francis vaccine Discovery of genetic 1958 J. Lederberga recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria A. Sabin, H. Cox, H. Development of attenuated live- 1959 Koprowski virus polio vaccine A. Lwoff, R. Horne, P. Classification of the viruses based 1962 Tournier on virion characteristics Discovery of Epstein–Barr virus M. Epstein, B. Achong, Y. 1964 and its association with Burkitt’s Barr lymphoma D. Tyrrell, M. Bynoe, J. Discovery of human coronaviruses 1965 Almeida (B814 and 229E) Discoveries of genetic control of F. Jacoba, A. Lwoffa, J. 1965 enzymes and virus synthesis: the Monoda operon B. Blumberga, H. Alter, A. Discovery of Australia antigen and 1967 Prince its link to hepatitis B Discoveries related to the M. Delbrücka, A. 1969 replication mechanism and the Hersheya, S. Luriaa genetic structure of viruses Discoveries related to the H. Temina, D. Baltimorea, interaction between tumor viruses 1970 R. Dulbeccoa and the genetic material of the cell—reverse transcriptase Discovery of Norwalk virus 1972 A. Kapikian, colleagues (norovirus) R. Bishop, G. Davidson, I. 1973 Holmes, T. Flewett, A. Discovery of human rotaviruses Kapikian S. Feinstone, A. Kapikian, 1973 Discovery of hepatitis A virus R. Purcell Discovery of parvovirus B-19 and Y. Cossart, A. Field, A. 1975 its association with aplastic crisis Cant, D. Widdows in hemolytic anemia P. Sharpa, L. Chow, R. Discovery of RNA splicing and 1975 Robertsa, T. Broker split genes (adenovirus) Date Discoverer(s) Discovery(ies) Discovery of transmissible 1976 D. C. Gajduseka spongiform encephalopathies K. Johnson, P. Webb, J. Lange, F. Murphy, S. Pattyn, W. Jacob, G. Van 1976 der Groen, P. Piot, E. Discovery of Ebola virus Bowen, G Platt, G. Lloyd, A. Baskerville, D. Simpson Discovery of the cellular origin of 1976 J. Bishopa, H. Varmusa retroviral oncogenes D. Henderson, F. Fenner, 1977 Global eradication of smallpox I. Arita, many others Discovery of restriction enzymes D. Nathansa, W. Arbera, H. 1978 and their application to problems of Smitha molecular genetics S. Harrison, M. Rossman, Atomic structure of viruses (tomato N. Olson, R. Kuhn, T. 1978 bushy stunt virus, polioviruses, Baker, J. Hogle, M. Chow, rhinoviruses) R. Rueckert, J. Johnson The development of recombinant- 1980 P. Berga DNA technology R. Gallo, B. Poiesz, M. Discovery of human T 1980 Yoshida, I. Miyoshi, Y. lymphotropic viruses 1 and 2 Hinuma Development of an infectious V. Racaniello, D. 1981 recombinant clone of a virus Baltimore (poliovirus) Concept of the prion and their 1982 S. Prusinera etiologic role in spongiform encephalopathies Crystallographic electron microscopy and structural 1982 A. Kluga elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid–protein complexes F. Barré-Sinoussia, L. Discovery of human 1983 Montagniera, J. Chermann immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV1) Date Discoverer(s) Discovery(ies) Discovery of hepatitis E virus and 1983 M. Balayan its transmission F. Barin, F. Clavel, M. Discovery of human 1985 Essex, P. Kanki, F. Brun- immunodeficiency virus 2 (HIV2) Vézinet Discoveries of important principles 1988 G. Hitchingsa, G. Eliona for drug treatment—acyclovir M. Houghton, Q.-L. Choo, 1989 G. Kuo, D. Bradley, H. Discovery of hepatitis C virus Alter Discovery of Sin Nombre virus and S. Nichol, C. Peters, P. 1993 its association with hantavirus Rollin, T. Ksiazek cardiopulmonary syndrome Discovery of human herpesvirus 1994 Y. Chang, P. Moore 8—Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus K. Murray, P. Hooper, A. Discovery of Hendra virus and its 1995 Hyatt reservoir host fruit bats Discovery of the genetic specificity P. Dohertya, R. 1996 of the cell-mediated immune Zinkernagela response Discovery that bovine spongiform R. Will, J. Ironside, J. encephalopathy prion is the cause 1996 Collinge, colleagues of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in humans K. Chua, S. Lam, W. 1999 Bellini, T. Ksiazek, B. Discovery of Nipah virus Eaton, colleagues D. Asnis, M. Layton, W.I. Extension of West Nile virus range 1999 Lipkin, R. Lanciotti to North America B. van den Hoogen, A. Discovery of human 2001 Osterhaus, colleagues metapneumovirus C. Urbani, J. Peiris, S. Lai, L. Poon, G. Drosten, K. Stöhr, A. Osterhaus, T. 2003 Discovery of SARS coronavirus Ksiazek, D. Erdman, C. Goldsmith, S. Zaki, J. DeRisi, others Date Discoverer(s) Discovery(ies) B. La Scola, D. Raoult, Discovery of mimivirus, the largest 2003 others virus known at the time J. Taubenberger, P. Palese, 1918 influenza virus genome 2005 T. Tumpey, A. Garcia- sequenced and the virus Sastre, others reconstructed Beginning of global pandemic of 2005 chikungunya E. Leroy, J. Towner, R. Discovery that the reservoir hosts 2005 Swanepoel, others of Ebola/Marburg viruses are bats T. Allander, D. Wang, Y. Discovery of human 2007 Chang, others polyomaviruses