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Superdiversity in a Cameroonian Diaspora Community in Ghent the Social Structure of Superdiverse Networks

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Superdiversity in a Cameroonian Diaspora Community in Ghent the Social Structure of Superdiverse Networks Superdiversity in a Cameroonian diaspora community in Ghent The social structure of superdiverse networks Jelke Riet Josien Brandehof ANR 187238 Master’s thesis Communication and Information Sciences Specialization Intercultural Communication Faculty of Humanities Tilburg University, Tilburg Supervisor: Prof. Dr. J. Blommaert Second reader: Dr. J. Van der Aa Preface Approximately six or seven years ago in 2008, I was involved in what would later turn out to be the first of many courses in intercultural communication as part of the curriculum of my HBO bachelor. As from that moment the subject had some strange kind of attraction and it came back in many different ways throughout my life. In 2011 I have spend a semester in the Southwest region of Cameroon as a communication intern in a local NGO aimed at preventing deforestation and alleviating poverty. What I perceived as my understanding of intercultural communication allowed me to bond with the people I met during that journey, causing me to fall in love with the country and its inhabitants. Now, a few years later, the understanding I have of intercultural communication has expanded and is much deeper (fortunately), resulting in this master thesis. The process leading to its finalization has been both joy- and stressful. During some parts of it, I have felt overwhelmed and insecure. Even though I was not almost the most pleasant person to be around – especially when the design of tables and figures did not turn out the way I wanted it to – there were always people to encourage me, and I would like to take this opportunity to express my eternal gratitude to them. First of all I would like to thank my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Blommaert for his guidance throughout the process. Additionally many thanks to my family and friends, especially to Paul Veerman, for supporting me and being there for me at times it was most needed (read: those times I wanted to jump up and down on my laptop and ritually burn all my field notes). Lastly, I would like to thank the members of the Cameroonian diaspora community in Ghent for allowing me into their community to gather the necessary data. To all of you, please enjoy the following poem that I once read during those first years of studying intercultural communication. It was in the first book on the subject I ever read, and has stuck with me ever since. “We and They Father, Mother, and Me, Sister and Auntie say All the people like us are We, and everyone else is They. And They live over the sea while We live over the way, But – would you believe it? – They look upon We as only a sort of They! We eat pork and beef with cow-horn-handled knives. They who gobble Their rice of a leaf are horrified out of Their lives; Feast on grubs and clay, (isn’t it scandalous?) look upon We As a simple disgusting They! We eat kitchen food. We have doors that latch. They drink milk and blood under an open thatch. We have doctors to fee. They have wizards to pay. And (impudent heathen!) They look upon We as a quite impossible They! All good people agree, and all good people say, All nice people, like us, are We, and everyone else is They. But if you cross over the sea, instead of the way, You may end by (think of it!) looking on We as only a sort of They.” - Rudyard Kipling, in Jandt’s (2007) ‘an introduction to intercultural communication’. Tilburg, 15 December 2014 1 Contents Preface ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 1 Globalization and superdiversity: From Cameroon to Belgium .................................... 5 1.1 Globalization and superdiversity ................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Cameroonian diversity.................................................................................................................. 8 1.3 Cameroonian diversification in Ghent ......................................................................................... 11 1.3.1 Amadou ................................................................................................................................ 12 1.3.2 Martial .................................................................................................................................. 12 1.3.3 Sainge ................................................................................................................................... 14 1.3.4 Chinedou .............................................................................................................................. 14 1.4 Unraveling the superdiverse diaspora ........................................................................................ 14 1.4.1 Network structures within the diaspora .............................................................................. 15 1.4.2 Linguistic repertoires and communication flows within the diaspora ................................. 15 1.4.3 Similarities among networks and linguistic repertoires ....................................................... 17 1.4.4 Overall questions and expectations of the study ................................................................. 18 Chapter 2 From network to field work .......................................................................................... 19 2.2 Participants illuminated. ............................................................................................................. 19 2.3 Data collection ............................................................................................................................. 20 2.3.1 Participant observation ........................................................................................................ 20 2.3.2 Interviews ............................................................................................................................. 21 2.3.3 Observation of online behavior ............................................................................................ 22 Chapter 3 Analyses ........................................................................................................................ 23 3.1 Welcoming the newcomer .......................................................................................................... 23 3.2 Contextualization in language varieties among the diaspora members. .................................... 23 3.2.1 Key incident analysis: linguistic diversity ....................................................................... 24 3.3 Utilization of communication instruments throughout the community .................................... 28 3.3.1 Communicating with Cameroon: Key incident analysis, excerpt A ...................................... 29 4.3.2 Communicating with Cameroon: Key incident analysis, excerpt B ...................................... 31 3.4 Overlap in linguistic repertoires and infrastructure within the diaspora community ................ 33 3.4.1 Substantive statement and network analysis: Amadou ....................................................... 34 3.4.2 Substantive statement analysis and network analysis: Sainge ............................................ 36 3.4.3 Substantive statement analysis and network analysis: Martial ........................................... 39 3.4.4 Substantive statement analysis and network analysis: Chinedou ....................................... 42 2 3.4.5 Comparison and interpretation of analyses ......................................................................... 44 3.5 Quality control analysis ............................................................................................................... 44 3.5.1 Online behavior analysis Amadou ........................................................................................ 44 3.5.2 Online behavior analysis Sainge ........................................................................................... 44 3.5.3 Online behavior analysis Martial .......................................................................................... 45 3.5.4 Online behavior analysis Chinedou ...................................................................................... 45 3.5.6 Interpretation of online behavior analyses .......................................................................... 45 Chapter 4 The social structure of the diaspora community Revealed .......................................... 46 References ............................................................................................................................................. 49 Appendix Interview transcripts .................................................................................................... 53 3 Abstract The aim of this thesis is to examine the social structure of superdiverse networks. The approach in doing so is mainly qualitative and ethnographic in nature. A case study of a Cameroonian diaspora community in Ghent composed of highly skilled migrants gives an insight in the linguistic and socio-cultural diversity as well as in the infrastructure of the network’s framework. Analyses of the linguistically diverse repertoires of the participants and their individual networks demonstrate the repertoires and communication instruments to be functionally specialized: they are
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