Hybrid Juvenile Discourse in Cameroon Roland Kießling 0
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Here Referred to As Class 18A (See Hyman 1980:187)
WS1 Remarks on the nasal classes in Mungbam and Naki Mungbam and Naki are two non-Grassfields Bantoid languages spoken along the northwest frontier of the Grassfields area to the north of the Ring languages. Until recently, they were poorly described, but new data reveals them to show significant nasal noun class patterns, some of which do not appear to have been previously noted for Bantoid. The key patterns are: 1. Like many other languages of their region (see Good et al. 2011), they make productive use of a mysterious diminutive plural prefix with a form like mu-, with associated concords in m, here referred to as Class 18a (see Hyman 1980:187). 2. The five dialects of Mungbam show a level of variation in their nasal classes that one might normally expect of distinct languages. a. Two dialects show no evidence for nasals in Class 6. Two other dialects, Munken and Ngun, show a Class 6 prefix on nouns of form a- but nasal concords. In Munken Class 6, this nasal is n, clearly distinct from an m associated with 6a; in Ngun, both 6 and 6a are associated with m concords. The Abar dialect shows a different pattern, with Class 6 nasal concords in m and nasal prefixes on some Class 6 nouns. b. The Abar, Biya, and Ngun dialects show a Class 18a prefix with form mN-, rather than the more regionally common mu-. This reduction is presumably connected to perseveratory nasalization attested throughout the languages of the region with a diachronic pathway along the lines of mu- > mũ- > mN- perhaps providing a partial example for the development of Bantu Class 9/10. -
November 2011 EPIGRAPH
République du Cameroun Republic of Cameroon Paix-travail-patrie Peace-Work-Fatherland Ministère de l’Emploi et de la Ministry of Employment and Formation Professionnelle Vocational Training INSTITUT DE TRADUCTION INSTITUTE OF TRANSLATION ET D’INTERPRETATION AND INTERPRETATION (ISTI) AN APPRAISAL OF THE ENGLISH VERSION OF « FEMMES D’IMPACT : LES 50 DES CINQUANTENAIRES » : A LEXICO-SEMANTIC ANALYSIS A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of a Vocational Certificate in Translation Studies Submitted by AYAMBA AGBOR CLEMENTINE B. A. (Hons) English and French University of Buea SUPERVISOR: Dr UBANAKO VALENTINE Lecturer University of Yaounde I November 2011 EPIGRAPH « Les écrivains produisent une littérature nationale mais les traducteurs rendent la littérature universelle. » (Jose Saramago) i DEDICATION To all my loved ones ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Immense thanks goes to my supervisor, Dr Ubanako, who took out time from his very busy schedule to read through this work, propose salient guiding points and also left his personal library open to me. I am also indebted to my lecturers and classmates at ISTI who have been warm and friendly during this two-year programme, which is one of the reasons I felt at home at the institution. I am grateful to IRONDEL for granting me the interview during which I obtained all necessary information concerning their document and for letting me have the book at a very moderate price. Some mistakes in this work may not have been corrected without the help of Mr. Ngeh Deris whose proofreading aided the researcher in rectifying some errors. I also thank my parents, Mr. -
A Grammar of Gyeli
A Grammar of Gyeli Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor philosophiae (Dr. phil.) eingereicht an der Kultur-, Sozial- und Bildungswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin von M.A. Nadine Grimm, geb. Borchardt geboren am 28.01.1982 in Rheda-Wiedenbrück Präsident der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Prof. Dr. Jan-Hendrik Olbertz Dekanin der Kultur-, Sozial- und Bildungswissenschaftlichen Fakultät Prof. Dr. Julia von Blumenthal Gutachter: 1. 2. Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: Table of Contents List of Tables xi List of Figures xii Abbreviations xiii Acknowledgments xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Gyeli Language . 1 1.1.1 The Language’s Name . 2 1.1.2 Classification . 4 1.1.3 Language Contact . 9 1.1.4 Dialects . 14 1.1.5 Language Endangerment . 16 1.1.6 Special Features of Gyeli . 18 1.1.7 Previous Literature . 19 1.2 The Gyeli Speakers . 21 1.2.1 Environment . 21 1.2.2 Subsistence and Culture . 23 1.3 Methodology . 26 1.3.1 The Project . 27 1.3.2 The Construction of a Speech Community . 27 1.3.3 Data . 28 1.4 Structure of the Grammar . 30 2 Phonology 32 2.1 Consonants . 33 2.1.1 Phonemic Inventory . 34 i Nadine Grimm A Grammar of Gyeli 2.1.2 Realization Rules . 42 2.1.2.1 Labial Velars . 43 2.1.2.2 Allophones . 44 2.1.2.3 Pre-glottalization of Labial and Alveolar Stops and the Issue of Implosives . 47 2.1.2.4 Voicing and Devoicing of Stops . 51 2.1.3 Consonant Clusters . -
The Sheng Identity, Cultural Background and Their Influence on Communication in Academic Endevours: the Case of Machakos University College
International Journal of Social Science and Economics Invention(IJESSI) Volume 02 Issue 05 July 2016, page no. 6 to 12 Available Online at - www.isij.in Peer Review Article e-ISSN 2455 -6289 Open Access The Sheng Identity, Cultural Background and Their Influence on Communication in Academic Endevours: The Case of Machakos University College *1Mmbwanga Florence Wanguba, 2Simiyu Evelyn Etakwa Machakos University, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Linguistics and Languages, Machakos, Kenya Abstract: Young people in Kenya want to be identified with Sheng and some, in addition, want to be identified with their cultures. Sheng is a slang language originating in Nairobi, Kenya, spoken by the youth all over the country. It is a mixture of several languages, mainly English, Kiswahili and Kenyan languages. It is coined in the eastern part of the city. Youths from other parts of the country also come up with their own vocabulary which may be at variance with this Sheng. At Machakos University College there are various types of Sheng used which become a hindrance in the communication process between the students themselves and in academic discourse. Cultural background, which is manifested in incorrect pronunciations, coupled with dissimilar interpretations of the varieties of sheng also affects communication in academic discourse. The objectives of this study are designed to answer the question of whether the use of Sheng and the cultural background of the students have an impact on communication between the lecturer and the students and among students themselves. Purposive sampling will be used to get the respondents. Qualitative methods will be used to analyze the data. -
Squibs Babanki Negation Patterns
Squibs Babanki negation patterns Pius W. Akumbu University of Buea Abstract There are languages in the world in which the normal negation (NEG) construction includes a discontinuous morpheme or a double negative. In many of such languages with SVO structure, the first NEG morpheme precedes the verb while the second follows it, preferably occupying the end of the clause. Dryer’s (2009) survey reports a number of such languages in Central Africa with different characteristics. One of the languages, Hausa, employs double NEG only some of the time. Babanki, a central Ring Grassfields Bantu language of Northwest Cameroon presents a case close to Hausa but different in that the second part of the standard negation construction is optional and can always occur except in negative questions where the question particle occupies the end of the clause preventing it from occurring. In central Ring, Babanki shows a unique pattern using the same discontinuous morpheme kóˋ…bwen for standard negation in all tenses/aspects. Keywords: Babanki, Grassfields, negation, patterns 1 Introduction This study describes particles that are used to negate a clause in Babanki, a central Ring Grassfields Bantu language of Northwest Cameroon.1 1 Native speakers prefer to use Kejom when referring both to the language and the two villages where it is spoken but I have chosen to use Babanki, the administrative name by which the language and the people are widely known. SKY Journal of Linguistics 29 (2016), 147–159 148 PIUS W. AKUMBU Negation patterns have been described in five of the seven central Ring languages, namely, Kom (Shultz 1997), Mmen (Möller 2012), Oku (Nforbi & Ngum 2009), Bum (Akumbu & Mbong 2007) and Kuk (Kießling 2016), leaving out only Babanki and Kung. -
The Use of Camfranglais in the Italian Migration Context
Paper The use of Camfranglais in the Italian migration context by Sabrina Machetti & Raymond Siebetcheu (University of Foreigners of Siena, Italy) [email protected] [email protected] May 2013 SABRINA MACHETTI, RAYMOND SIEBETCHEU University of Foreigners of Siena (Italy) The use of Camfranglais in the Italian migration context 1. INTRODUCTION It is nearly ten years since the concept of lingue immigrate (Bagna et al., 2003), was formulated. To date, immigrant minority languages are poorly investigated in Italy. Actually, when referring to applied linguistics in the Italian context, research tends to focus on Italian language learning and acquisition by immigrants but it does not take into consideration contact situations between Italian and Immigrant languages. The linguistic mapping of these languages (Bagna, Barni, Siebetcheu, 2004; Bagna, Barni, 2005; Bagna; Barni, Vedovelli, 2007) so far undertaken empowers us to consider them as belonging to a linguistic superdiversity in Italy (Barni, Vedovelli 2009). Consequently, rather than being an impediment, immigrant languages shall enrich research in this area of study, without disregarding the complexity at both individual and collective levels. Bagna, Machetti and Vedovelli (2003) distinguish Immigrant languages from Migrant languages. For these authors, unlike Migrant languages which are languages passing through, Immigrant languages are used by immigrant groups that are able to leave their mark on the linguistic contact in the host community. A clear example of such immigrant language is called Camfranglais, an urban variety that stems from a mixture of French, English, Pidgin English and Cameroonian local languages (Ntsobé et al., 2008). On the basis of this backdrop, we present a case study started in 2008 across various Italian cities that focuses on the outcome of the interaction between Italian and Camfranglais. -
Multilingual Cameroon
GOTHENBURG AFRICANA INFORMAL SERIES – NO 7 ______________________________________________________ Multilingual Cameroon Policy, Practice, Problems and Solutions by Tove Rosendal DEPARTMENT OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN LANGUAGES 2008 2 Contents List of tables ..................................................................................................................... 4 List of figures ................................................................................................................... 4 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... 5 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 9 2. Focus, methodology and earlier studies ................................................................. 11 3. Language policy in Cameroon – historical overview............................................. 13 3.1 Pre-independence period ................................................................................ 13 3.2 Post-independence period............................................................................... 13 4. The languages of Cameroon................................................................................... 14 4.1 The national languages of Cameroon - an overview ...................................... 14 4.1.1 The language families of Cameroon....................................................... 16 4.1.2 Languages of wider distribution............................................................ -
Classification of the Languages of Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea on the Basis of Lexicostatistics and Mutual Intelligibility
African Study Monographs, 28(4): 181-204, December 2007 181 CLASSIFICATION OF THE LANGUAGES OF CAMEROON AND EQUATORIAL GUINEA ON THE BASIS OF LEXICOSTATISTICS AND MUTUAL INTELLIGIBILITY S. Beban Chumbow University of Yaounde I Gratien G. Atindogbe University of Buea Engelbert Domche University of Dschang Dieudonne Martin Luther Bot University of Douala ABSTRACT This work clusters genetically related speech forms in Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea, and determines to which speech forms within these clusters are sufficiently and mutually intelligible to be grouped together in order to ease harmonization and standardization. The analysis of the linguistic situation in the two countries revealed that while clustering the speech forms on the basis of genetic relations via lexicostatistics has been quite fruitful, clustering on the basis of mutual intelligibility of at least 85% does not seem to significantly reduce the number of speech forms. Intelligibility surveys and testing have not been carried out in many of the clusters. However, it is important to continue the exercise in order to ascertain the exact situation. Key Words: Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea; Classification; Lexicostatistics; Genetic relation; mutual intelligibility. INTRODUCTION This work is carried out within the context of the project on “Harmonization and Standardization of African Languages” initiated by the Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society (CASAS), Cape Town, South Africa. The overall objective of the CASAS research project is “to cluster African speech forms into sets which display an 85% level of intercomprehension” as a first step to the development, based on the economics of scale, of large literate communi- ties. More specifically, CASAS is of the view that given evidence of a high level of mutual intelligibility between several speech forms, it should be possi- ble to harmonize the standardization of those languages, i.e. -
Revisiting Attitudes Towards English in Cameroon and the Rush for EMI: Positioning Education for All Vision
Journal of English Learner Education Volume 12 Issue 1 Dual Language Programs and Practices Article 8 May 2021 Revisiting Attitudes Towards English in Cameroon and the Rush for EMI: Positioning Education For All Vision Eric Enongene Ekembe Higher Teacher Training College (ENS Yaounde), [email protected] Part of the Bilingual, Multilingual, and Multicultural Education Commons, and the Language and Literacy Education Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/jele University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Article is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of English Learner Education by an authorized editor of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Ekembe, E. E. (2021). Revisiting Attitudes Towards English in Cameroon and the Rush for EMI: Positioning Education For All Vision. Journal of English Learner Education. (12)1. Retrieved from https://stars.library.ucf.edu/jele/vol12/iss1/8 Ekembe: Revisiting Attitudes Towards English in Cameroon and the Rush for EMI Revisiting Attitudes Towards English in Cameroon and the Rush for EMI: Positioning Education for All Vision Introduction English has become one of the most important means for acquiring access to the world’s intellectual and technical resources and English medium instruction (EMI), from a global perspective, is significantly associated with economic benefits (Hu, 2005; Nomlomo & Vuzo, 2014). Specifically, English language proficiencies have been associated with access to quality education (Powel, 2005). High-value English has achieved globally and is further strengthened by its role in world trade and information and communication technology (Sah & Li, 2019). -
The Emergence of Tense in Early Bantu
The Emergence of Tense in Early Bantu Derek Nurse Memorial University of Newfoundland “One can speculate that the perfective versus imperfective distinction was, historically, the fundamental distinction in the language, and that a complex tense system is in process of being superimposed on this basic aspectual distinction … there are many signs that the tense system is still evolving.” (Parker 1991: 185, talking of the Grassfields language Mundani). 1. Introduction 1.1. Purpose Examination of a set of non-Bantu Niger-Congo languages shows that most are aspect-prominent languages, that is, they either do not encode tense —the majority case— or, as the quotation indicates, there is reason to think that some have added tense to an original aspectual base. Comparative consideration of tense-aspect categories and morphology suggests that early and Proto-Niger-Congo were aspect-prominent. In contrast, all Bantu languages today encode both aspect and tense. The conclusion therefore is that, along with but independently of a few other Niger-Congo families, Bantu innovated tense at an early point in its development. While it has been known for some time that individual aspects turn into tenses, and not vice versa, it is being proposed here is that a whole aspect- based system added tense distinctions and become a tense-aspect system. 1.2. Definitions Readers will be familiar with the concept of tense. I follow Comrie’s (1985: 9) by now well known definition of tense: “Tense is grammaticalised expression of location in time”. That is, it is an inflectional category that locates a situation (action, state, event, process) relative to some other point in time, to a deictic centre. -
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Some Peculiarities of Hybrid Language "Camfranglais"
International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7 (4.38) (2018) 1587-1590 International Journal of Engineering & Technology Website: www.sciencepubco.com/index.php/IJET Research paper Some Peculiarities of Hybrid Language "Camfranglais" Jerome Baghana1*, Olga N. Prokhorova1, Yuliya S. Blazhevich1, Tatyana G.Voloshyna1, Elena L. Kuksova1 1Belgorod State University, Russia, 308015, Belgorod, Pobeda Street, 85 *Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The article is devoted to the peculiarities of hybrid language code called "Camfranglais"(CFA), which emerged in large cities as a youth social code and now is rather popular and widely used in Cameroon. The researchers have described and analyzed the causes of CFA occurrence and its social functions in the modern Cameroonian society. The existing terms describing CFA have been analyzed. The authors have studied the morpho-syntactic structures of CFA and the basis of CFA dictionary. The main sources of CFA replenishment and semantic processes that accompany the process of borrowing from other languages have also been defined and considered. Keywords: Camfranglais, hybrid language, French, English, Pidgin-English, Cameroonian languages, borrowing. the University of Yaoundé. This “sociolect” was invented as a 1. Introduction result of the imposition of bilingual curricula on the students by the state. Bilingual education policy compelled them to take Our objectives are to acquaint the reader with the history of courses in a language in which they were not proficient: French emergence of a new linguistic code named “Camfranglais” (CFA) for Anglophone students and English for Francophone students. and its functions in the society. The authors set the purpose to Students wanted a model of communication that would distinguish analyze the existing terms denominating it, to identify the basic them from other segments of the population.