–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆ ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•

‘Ž—‡ͳͲǡ—„‡”ͳ ƒ—ƒ”›ǡʹͲͳ͸

 —Ž—”‡••  Ǥǡ͵ͳͲͳ ‹ŽŽ•„‘”‘—‰Š–”‡‡–ǡƒŽ‡‹‰Šǡʹ͹͸Ͳ͹ǡ

ƒ‹Žǣ‹ˆ‘̷‹ŒŽ•Ǥ‡– ‡„ǣŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‹ŒŽ•Ǥ‡–Ȁ Ž‹‡‘‘•–‘”‡ǣŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™ǤŽ—Ž—Ǥ ‘Ȁ•’‘–Ž‹‰Š–Ȁ‹Œ‘Ž•

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE STUDIES ǣʹͳͷ͹ǦͶͺͻͺȋ”‹–Ȍ ‡ ǣʹͳͷ͹ǦͶͻͲͳȋŽ‹‡Ȍ ̹ʹͲͳ͸Ǧ‘Šƒƒ†Ž‹ƒŽƒ‹‘†‘—•Šƒ All rights reserved. No part of this journal may be reproduced in any form, by Photostat, microfilm, xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without permission in writing from the copyright owner.

DESCRIPTION International Journal of Language Studies ‹•†‡˜‘–‡†–‘ƒŽŽƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ†Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ •Ǥ –•ƒ‹‹•–‘’”‡•‡–™‘”‘ˆ —””‡–‹–‡”‡•–‹ƒŽŽƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ •–—†›Ǥ ‘ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  –Š‡‘”‹‡• ‘” • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ –”‡†•ƒ”‡ ˆƒ˜‘”‡†ǣ • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  “—ƒŽ‹–› ƒ† • Š‘Žƒ”Ž› •–ƒ†‹‰ ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ‘Ž› ”‹–‡”‹ƒ ƒ’’Ž‹‡†‹–Š‡•‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘ˆ’ƒ’‡”•ƒ ‡’–‡† ˆ‘”’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ǤIJLS’—„Ž‹•Š‡• ’ƒ’‡”• ‘ˆ ƒ› Ž‡‰–Šǡ ‹ˆ Œ—•–‹ˆ‹‡†ǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ”‡˜‹‡™ ƒ”–‹ Ž‡• •—”˜‡›‹‰ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•‹–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•ˆ‹‡Ž†•‘ˆŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•–—†›ȋ‹ Ž—†‹‰ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‡ƒ Š‹‰ǡ ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‡•–‹‰ǡ ǡ ǡ ”ƒ‰ƒ–‹ •ǡ ‘ ‹‘Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ •ǡ ȋ”‹–‹ ƒŽȌ ‹• ‘—”•‡ ƒŽ›•‹•ǡ —””‹ —Ž— ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ ‘Ž‹–‡‡•• ‡•‡ƒ” Šǡ Žƒ••”‘‘ ‡•‡ƒ” Šǡ ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘Ž‹ ›ǡ ƒ† •‘ ‘ȌǤ Ž•‘ǡ ƒ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ ’ƒ‰‡• ‹ ‡ƒ Š ‹••—‡ ƒ”‡ †‡˜‘–‡† –‘ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ „‘‘ ”‡˜‹‡™•ǤIJLS ‘‡ ‡†’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ʹͲͲ͸ˆ‘”’‡‘’Ž‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ†Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ •–—†‹‡•Ǥ

International Journal of Language Studies ‹•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ˆ”‘ǣ —„Ž‹•Š‹‰ǡ  Ǥ ͳͲ•–‡•–”‡‡–ǡ ’•™‹ Šǡƒ••ƒ Š—•‡––•ǡͲͳͻ͵ͺǦͲ͸ͺʹǡ ‡„ǣ™™™Ǥ‡„• ‘Š‘•–Ǥ ‘ Ǧƒ‹Žǣ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘̷‡„• ‘Š‘•–Ǥ ‘ Š‘‡ǣΪͳǦͻ͹ͺǦ͵ͷ͸Ǧ͸ͷͲͲ ƒšǣΪͳǦͻ͹ͺǦ͵ͷ͸Ǧ͸ͷ͸ͷ

”‹–‡†‹–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•‘ˆ‡”‹ ƒ„›

 —Ž—”‡••  Ǥǡ͵ͳͲͳ ‹ŽŽ•„‘”‘—‰Š–”‡‡–ǡƒŽ‡‹‰Šǡʹ͹͸Ͳ͹ǡ Ž‹‡‘‘•–‘”‡ǣŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™ǤŽ—Ž—Ǥ ‘Ȁ•’‘–Ž‹‰Š–Ȁ‹Œ‘Ž• ‡„ǣŠ––’ȀȀ™™™Ǥ‹ŒŽ•Ǥ‡–Ȁ

International Journal of Language Studies

Editor in Chief x ƒŽƒ‹‘†‘—•Šƒǡ‘Šƒƒ†Ž‹ǡ  ǡ ”ƒ Associate Editors x ƒ–ƒŽƒ‘ǡŠ‡”‡•ƒǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡„”ƒ•ƒȂ‹ ‘Žǡ x —„‹•›ǡ–ƒŽ‡›ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‘—–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒǡ x ƒ” Àƒƒ„‘”†ƒǡ ‡•ï•ǡ‹˜‡”•‹†ƒ††‡Ž ƒŽƒǡ’ƒ‹ x ‘‘”‡ǡ‹ ‘Žƒ•ǡŠ‡ˆˆ‹‡Ž† ƒŽŽƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ Advisory Board x ŽŽƒǡ‡‹–Šǡ‘ƒ•Š‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ x ƒ‹Ž‡›ǡƒ–ŠŽ‡‡Ǥǡ‘–‡”‡› •–‹–—–‡‘ˆ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–—†‹‡•ǡ x Šƒ–‹ƒǡ‹Œƒ›—ƒ”ǡ‹–›‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ‘‰‘‰ǡ ‘‰‘‰ x ‘š‡”ǡ‹ƒƒǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ Ž‘”‹†ƒǡ x ”‘™ǡ ƒ‡•‡ƒǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ƒ™ƒ‹‹ƒ–ƒ‘ƒǡ x ‘‘”ǡŽŽƒǤǡ †‹ƒƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǧ—”†—‡‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ x —‹‰•ǡ‘—‹•‡ǡ‘––‹‰Šƒ”‡–‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ x Ž‘™‡”†‡™ǡ ‘Šǡ‹–›‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ‘‰‘‰ǡ ‘‰‘‰ x ‡••ǡƒ†ƒŽŽǡƒ”Ž‡–‘‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡƒƒ†ƒ x ›Žƒ†ǡ‡ǡŠ‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ‘‰‘‰ǡ ‘‰‘‰ x ƒ•œ œ‘Ž–ǡƒ–ƒ”œ›ƒǤǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒ„”‹†‰‡ǡ x ƒ–‘Žˆǡ ƒ‡•Ǥǡ‡–ƒ–‡‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ x ƒ ™ƒǡ ‡ˆˆǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒ”›Žƒ†ǡ x ŽŽ‡”ǡ ”Ǥǡ ‘ŠǤǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‘—‹•‹ƒƒƒ–ƒˆƒ›‡––‡ǡ x —”’—”ƒǡ ƒ‡•Ǥǡ‘Ž—„‹ƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ x — ‡”ƒǡ Š‹Ž̵ƒ†ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ†‡Žƒ‹†‡ǡ—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ Editorial Panel x ŽŽ‡ǡŠƒŽ‡›ǤǤǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒ‹•‡”•Žƒ—–‡”ǡ ‡”ƒ› x ‰‡Ž‘˜•ƒǡƒŒƒǡ—†™‹‰ƒš‹‹Ž‹ƒ•‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ ‡”ƒ› x ƒ”„‹‡”‹ǡ ‡†‡”‹ ƒǡ™ƒ•‡ƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ x ‡”•ǡƒ”‰‹‡ǡ—”†—‡‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ x ƒ””‹×Ǧƒ•–‘”ǡƒ”Àƒ—‹•ƒǡ‹˜‡”•‹–ƒ–‘Ž‹–° ‹ ƒ†‡ƒŽ° ‹ƒǡ’ƒ‹ x ƒ”•‘ǡ‘”ƒǡ”‹‹–›‘ŽŽ‡‰‡—„Ž‹ǡ ”‡Žƒ† x Šƒ אǦ‡Ž–”žǡƒ—‡Ž—„±ǡǡ’ƒ‹ x ‡™ƒ‡Ž‡ǡ ‡ƒǦƒ” ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‘†‘ǡ x ‹ƒ”–‹‘ǡ‹Ž‹ƒǡ‹˜‡”•‹–†‡‰Ž‹–—†‹—‘””•‘Žƒ‡‹ ƒ•ƒǡ –ƒŽ› x ‹–˜ƒŽŽǡ‘”ƒŽ‹ƒǡ—†‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ™‡†‡ x ±Ž‹šǦ”ƒ•†‡ˆ‡”ǡ Ǥ±•ƒ”ǡ †‹ƒƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›Ž‘‘‹‰–‘ǡ  iii

x ‡”ž†‡œ Ž˜ƒ”‡œǡ‹‰—‡ŽǡŠ‹ ƒ‰‘–ƒ–‡‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ x — Š•ǡƒ”‘Ž‹ǡ‘Ž—„‹ƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ x ƒ” ÀƒǦ Ž˜ƒ”‡œǡ ˜žǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒŽˆ‘”†ǡ x —–‹±””‡œǦ‡šƒ Šǡ ƒ˜‹‡”ǡŠ‹‘–ƒ–‡‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ x ƒ”• ŠǡŽƒ—†‹ƒǡŠ‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒ”™‹ ǡ x ‡”–‡‰ǡ”‹ƒǡͳ‡ ‡„”‹‡ͳͻͳͺ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŽ„ƒ —Ž‹ƒǡ‘ƒ‹ƒ x —‡›‘‡• Š‡‹ǡƒ”‘ǡƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ–ƒ–‡‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ x Ž‹‡ǡ‘”‡Ž‹ƒǡƒŽÚ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ™‡†‡ x ‡ŽŽ› ƒŽŽǡ ‘ƒǡ‡–ƒ–‡‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ x ‡••Ž‡”ǡ ”‡‰ǡŠ‹‘‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ x ‹‰‹‰‡”ǡ‡Ž‡•–‡ǡ‡•›Ž˜ƒ‹ƒ–ƒ–‡‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ x ‹–‹•ǡŽ‹œƒǡ”‹•–‘–Ž‡‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡŠ‡••ƒŽ‘‹‹ǡ ”‡‡ ‡ x Ž‡‡ǡƒ”‘ŽǤǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‹‡•‘–ƒǡ x ‹‡ Š‘™‹ œǦƒ–Š‹ƒ•‡ǡƒ–ƒ”œ›ƒǡ†ƒ‹ ‹‡™‹ œ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ‘Žƒ† x —ŽŽƒ›ǡ‘—‹•‡ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‘––‹‰Šƒǡ x ̵‘™†ǡǤŽ‹œƒ„‡–Šǡƒ‹–‹ Šƒ‡Ž̵•‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ǡ x ƒ”‡”ǡ–‡’Š‡ Ǥǡ ”ƒ†—ƒ–‡ •–‹–—–‡‘ˆ’’Ž‹‡†‹‰—‹•–‹ •ǡƒŽŽƒ•ǡ x ‹‘ƒ”‹—ǡƒ”‹ƒƒǦ‘†‹ ƒǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŽ„ƒ —Ž‹ƒǡ‘ƒ‹ƒ x ‘’‡• —ǡ‡‘†‘”ƒǡŽ„ƒ —Ž‹ƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ‘ƒ‹ƒ x ‹ˆ‹ƒ‘—ǡƒ”‹ƒǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•ǡ ”‡‡ ‡ x ‘‘Ž‹ǡƒ‰‰‹‡ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒǡ‡”‡Ž‡›ǡ x ‘—•ƒǡŽ ‹ƒǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒ†‡‹”ƒǡ‘”–—‰ƒŽ x ‹‘‰”ƒ†‘˜ƒǡ‘Ž‹ƒǡ‡”‹ ƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ x Š‡‡Ž‡”ǡ‡„‡ ƒǡŠ”‹•–‘’Š‡”‡™’‘”–‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ x ‘‘”‡ǡ‘„‡”–ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆšˆ‘”†ǡ

iv

Editorial Policy

International Journal of Language Studies ‹••‡‡‹‰•—„‹••‹‘•‘ˆ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› —’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ—• ”‹’–•‘ƒ›–‘’‹ ”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•–—†›Ǥ ”–‹ Ž‡••Š‘—Ž†„‡™”‹––‡•‘–Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡ƒ ‡••‹„Ž‡–‘ƒ„”‘ƒ† ƒ—†‹‡ ‡ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ –Š‘•‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ™Š‘ ƒ› ‘– „‡ ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ” ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” •—„Œ‡ –ƒ––‡”ƒ††”‡••‡†‹–Š‡ƒ”–‹ Ž‡Ǥ”–‹ Ž‡••Š‘—Ž†”‡’‘”– ‘ ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‘”’”‡•‡–‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ ‘–‡––Šƒ–Ž‹•–‘’”‡˜‹‘—•”‡•‡ƒ” Šǡ–Š‡‘”›ǡ ƒ†Ȁ‘”–‡ƒ Š‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ‘–”‹„—–‘”••Š‘—Ž†‘–‡–Šƒ–ƒ”–‹ Ž‡• ‘–ƒ‹‹‰ ‘Ž› †‡• ”‹’–‹‘• ‘ˆ •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ǡ Žƒ••”‘‘ ’”‘ ‡†—”‡•ǡ ‘” –Š‘•‡ ’”‡•‡–‹‰ ”‡•—Ž–• ‘ˆ ƒ––‹–—†‡ •—”˜‡›• ™‹–Š‘—– †‹• —••‹‰ †ƒ–ƒ ‘ ƒ –—ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‘—– ‘‡• ™‹ŽŽ ‘–„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†Ǥ —ŽŽǦŽ‡‰–Šƒ”–‹ Ž‡• •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ‘ ‘”‡–ŠƒͳͲǡͲͲͲ™‘”†•‹Ž‡‰–Šǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•ƒ†ƒ’’‡†‹ ‡•ǡƒ† •Š‘—Ž†‹ Ž—†‡ƒƒ„•–”ƒ –‘ˆ‘‘”‡–ŠƒͳͷͲ™‘”†•Ǥ‡ ‹•‹‘ƒ•–‘™Š‡–Š‡” Ž‘‰‡”ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ—’–‘ƒƒš‹—‘ˆʹͷǡͲͲͲ™‘”†•Ȍ’ƒ’‡”•™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ ‡’–‡†‘”‘– †‡’‡†•‘IJLS”‡˜‹‡™‡”•̵ ‘‡–•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—• ”‹’– ‹–•‡ŽˆǤ —„‹••‹‘‘ˆƒƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ––Š‡™‘”†‡• ”‹„‡†Šƒ•‘– „‡‡ ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›ȋ‡š ‡’–‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆƒƒ„•–”ƒ –‘”ƒ•’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ƒ ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†Ž‡ –—”‡‘”ƒ ƒ†‡‹ –Š‡•‹•Ȍǡ–Šƒ–‹–‹•‘–—†‡” ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘” ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡ǡ –Šƒ– ‹–• ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ƒ’’”‘˜‡† „› ƒŽŽ ƒ—–Š‘”• ƒ† –ƒ ‹–Ž›‘”‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›„›–Š‡”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•™Š‡”‡–Š‡™‘”™ƒ• ƒ””‹‡† ‘—–ǡƒ†–Šƒ–‹–™‹ŽŽ‘–„‡’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡‹–Š‡•ƒ‡ˆ‘”ǡ‹‰Ž‹•Š‘” ‹ƒ›‘–Š‡”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ™‹–Š‘—––Š‡™”‹––‡ ‘•‡–‘ˆInternational Journal of Language StudiesǤ—–Š‘”••Š‘—Ž†ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡–Š‡•‡’‘‹–•‹ƒ ‘˜‡”Ž‡––‡” –Šƒ–ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡•–Š‡‹”ƒ—• ”‹’–Ǥ ‡ ‡‹’–‘ˆƒ—• ”‹’–•™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡†ǡ„—––Š‡› ƒ‘–„‡”‡–—”‡†Ǣ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ƒ—–Š‘”• •Š‘—Ž† ”‡–ƒ‹ ƒ ‘’› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ’‡” ‡šƒ –Ž› ƒ•‹–™ƒ• •—„‹––‡†Ǥ ‹ ‡ ’ƒ‰‡ ’”‘‘ˆ• ƒ‘– „‡ •‡– –‘ ƒ—–Š‘”• ˆ‘” Žƒ•–‹—–‡ ‘””‡ –‹‘•ǡ ƒ—–Š‘”• —•– ’”‘‘ˆ”‡ƒ† ƒ—• ”‹’–• ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ›ǡ ‰‹˜‹‰ •’‡ ‹ƒŽ ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘–Š‡ƒ —”ƒ ›‘ˆ“—‘–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•Ǥ ‡’–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‡ƒ• –Šƒ– ƒ—–Š‘”• Šƒ˜‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡† ‘’›”‹‰Š– –‘ IJLSǤ —–Š‘”• ƒ”‡ ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡† –‘ †‘™Ž‘ƒ† –Š‡ ‘’›”‹‰Š– –”ƒ•ˆ‡” ˆ‘” ˆ”‘ –Š‡ Œ‘—”ƒŽ •‹–‡ǡ ‘’Ž‡–‡ ‹–ǡ ƒ† •‹‰ ƒ† •‡† ‹– –‘ IJLS˜‹ƒ•—”ˆƒ ‡ƒ‹Ž‘”–Š”‘—‰Šƒˆƒš ƒ Š‹‡Ǥ Š‹• –”ƒ•ˆ‡” ™‹ŽŽ ‡•—”‡ –Š‡ ™‹†‡•– ’‘••‹„Ž‡ †‹••‡‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ˆ‡š ‡”’–•ˆ”‘‘–Š‡” ‘’›”‹‰Š–‡†™‘”•ƒ”‡‹ Ž—†‡†ǡ –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”ȋ•Ȍ —•– ‘„–ƒ‹ ™”‹––‡ ’‡”‹••‹‘ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘’›”‹‰Š– ‘™‡”• ƒ† ”‡†‹––Š‡•‘—” ‡ȋ•Ȍ‹–Š‡ƒ”–‹ Ž‡Ǥ ŽŽƒ”–‹ Ž‡ƒ—• ”‹’–••—„‹––‡†–‘International Journal of Language Studies (IJLS)‰‘–Š”‘—‰Šƒ–™‘Ǧ•–‡’”‡˜‹‡™’”‘ ‡••Ǥ

v Step 1: Internal Review Š‡‡†‹–‘”ȋ•Ȍ‘ˆ–Š‡Œ‘—”ƒŽˆ‹”•–”‡˜‹‡™‡ƒ Šƒ—• ”‹’––‘•‡‡‹ˆ‹–‡‡–•–Š‡ „ƒ•‹ ”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ˆ‘”ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‹–Š‡Œ‘—”ƒŽȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ–Šƒ–‹–”‡’‘”–•‘ ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‘”’”‡•‡–•‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ ‘–‡––Šƒ–Ž‹•–‘’”‡˜‹‘—•”‡•‡ƒ” Šǡ –Š‡‘”›ǡƒ†Ȁ‘”–‡ƒ Š‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ȍǡƒ†–Šƒ–‹–‹•‘ˆ•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–“—ƒŽ‹–›–‘‡”‹– ‡š–‡”ƒŽ”‡˜‹‡™Ǥƒ—• ”‹’–•™Š‹ Š†‘‘–‡‡––Š‡•‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ƒ”‡‘– •‡–‘—–ˆ‘”ˆ—”–Š‡””‡˜‹‡™ǡƒ†ƒ—–Š‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ—• ”‹’–•ƒ”‡‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡† –‘•—„‹––Š‡‹”™‘”‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡ǤŠ‹•‹–‡”ƒŽ”‡˜‹‡™ƒ›–ƒ‡—’–‘ƒ„‘—–͸ ™‡‡•Ǥ ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Š‡ ‹–‡”ƒŽ ”‡˜‹‡™ǡ ƒ—–Š‘”• ƒ”‡ ‘–‹ˆ‹‡† „› ‡Ǧƒ‹Ž ƒ• –‘ ™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡‹”ƒ—• ”‹’–Šƒ•„‡‡•‡–‘—–ˆ‘”‡š–‡”ƒŽ”‡˜‹‡™‘”ǡ‹ˆ‘–ǡ™Š› ‘–Ǥ—–Š‘”• ƒ‰‡––Š‡‹”’ƒ’‡”••‡–‘—–ˆ‘”‡š–‡”ƒŽ”‡˜‹‡™„›ƒ‹‰•—”‡ –Šƒ–ǣ x –Š‡ ‘’›”‹‰Š––”ƒ•ˆ‡”ˆ‘”‹• ‘’Ž‡–‡†ǡ•‹‰‡†ǡƒ†•‡––‘ IJLSǢ x ƒ ‘˜‡”Ž‡––‡”ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡•–Š‡ƒ—• ”‹’–Ǣ x –Š‡›Šƒ˜‡ ‹–‡†’ƒ’‡”•ˆ”‘‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”‹••—‡•‘ˆIJLS‹–Š‡‹”™‘”•Ǣ x ˆ‹”•–’‡”•‘—•ƒ‰‡Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ˜‘‹†‡†ˆ‘”‘”‡ Žƒ”‹–›‹–Š‡’ƒ’‡”Ǣ x ‘‘”˜‡”›Ž‹––Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ––‹‰‹•—•‡†Ǣ x –Š‡ƒ—• ”‹’–‹••–”‹ –Ž›„Ž‹†Ǣ x –Š‡ƒ—• ”‹’–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•†‹–‘”‹ƒŽ–›Ž‡Ǣ x –Š‡ ƒ—• ”‹’– –‹–Ž‡ ‹• ‘ ‹•‡ ȋ’”‡ˆ‡”ƒ„Ž› ˆ‡™‡” –Šƒ ͳͲ ™‘”†•Ȍ ƒ† ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡Ž›†‡• ”‹’–‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–‹ Ž‡Ǣ x –Š‡ƒ—• ”‹’–‹•ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡†„›ƒƒ„•–”ƒ –‘ˆƒ„‘—–ͳͲͲǦͳͷͲ™‘”†•Ǣ x –Š‡ƒ„•–”ƒ –‹•™”‹––‡•‘ƒ•–‘’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡•—„•–ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ—ŽŽ’ƒ’‡”Ǣ x –Š‡ƒ—• ”‹’–‹•‹ƒ–‹˜‡‘”ƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ–‹˜‡ǦŽ‹‡‰Ž‹•ŠǢ x ƒ•‡–‘ˆͷ–‘ͺ‡›™‘”†••‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†„›•‡‹ ‘Ž‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•–Š‡ƒ„•–”ƒ –Ǣ x ’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š•ƒ”‡‘–‹†‡–‡†ƒ†‘–ƒ„•ƒ”‡—•‡†Ǣ x –›’‡ˆƒ ‡‹•ƒ„”‹ƒǡ‹‡•‡™‘ƒǡ ‡‘”‰‹ƒ‘”‘—”‹‡”‡™Ǣ x ”‹ƒŽ–›’‡ˆƒ ‡Šƒ•„‡‡—•‡†‹ƒ›’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—• ”‹’–Ǣ x ‹ˆ –Š‡‹” ™‘” ‘–ƒ‹• ’Š‘‡–‹ Ȁˆ”‹ ƒȀ ‘’Ž‡š ‘Ǧ‰Ž‹•Š •›„‘Ž•ǡ –Š‡›Šƒ˜‡‡„‡††‡†ƒŽŽˆ‘–•‹–Š‡‹”ˆ‹Ž‡ƒ†Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘•‡–ƒ  ˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—• ”‹’–Ǣ x ‘ƒ—ƒŽŠ›’Š‡ƒ–‹‘‹•—•‡†ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ’ƒ ‡„ƒ”‘–Š‡‡›„‘ƒ”†•Š‘—Ž†‘– „‡—•‡†ˆ‘”‹†‡–‹‰–‡š–ȌǢ x “—‘–ƒ–‹‘• Ž‘‰‡” –Šƒ ͶͲ ™‘”†• ƒ’’‡ƒ” ƒ• •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ „Ž‘ • ™‹–Š‘—– “—‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”•Ǣ x ƒŽŽ ‹–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡†ƒ†ƒŽŽ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•ƒ”‡ ‹–‡†Ǣ x ‘Š‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ†Ȁ‘”ˆ‘‘–‡”•ƒ”‡—•‡†™Šƒ–•‘‡˜‡”Ǣ x ‘’ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹‘‹•—•‡†Ǣ x –ƒ„Ž‡•ƒ†ˆ‹‰—”‡•ƒ’’‡ƒ”‹–Š‡ ‘””‡ –’‘•‹–‹‘ǡƒ”‡—„‡”‡† ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡Ž›ǡƒ†ƒ”‡ ƒ’–‹‘‡†ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘†‹–‘”‹ƒŽ–›Ž‡Ǣ vi x ‰”ƒ’Š‹ •‹–Š‡ƒ—• ”‹’–ƒ”‡‘Ž›‹„Žƒ Ǧƒ†Ǧ™Š‹–‡‘”’ƒ––‡”‡† ˆ‘”ƒ–Ǣ x ‰”ƒ›•Šƒ†‹‰‹•‘–—•‡†‹†‹ƒ‰”ƒ•ƒ†–ƒ„Ž‡•Ǣ x –Š‡ƒ—• ”‹’–‹•‘Ž›•ƒ˜‡†‹‹ ”‘•‘ˆ–‘”†ʹͲͲ͵ˆ‘”ƒ–Ǣƒ† x ƒ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ˆ‹Ž‡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ƒ—–Š‘” †ƒ–ƒ ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ˆ—ŽŽ ƒ‡ǡ ƒˆˆ‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‘—–”›ǡ ‡ƒ‹Žǡ•Š‘”–„‹‘‰”ƒ’Š›Ȍƒ†ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡–•‹•ƒŽ•‘•—„‹––‡†Ǥ Step 2: External Review —„‹••‹‘•™Š‹ Š‡‡––Š‡„ƒ•‹ ”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ƒ”‡–Š‡•‡–‘—–ˆ‘”„Ž‹† ’‡‡””‡˜‹‡™ˆ”‘͵ǦͶ‡š’‡”–•‹–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ‡‹–Š‡”ˆ”‘–Š‡Œ‘—”ƒŽ̵•‡†‹–‘”‹ƒŽ „‘ƒ”†‘”ˆ”‘‘—”Žƒ”‰‡”Ž‹•–‘ˆ”‡˜‹‡™‡”•ǤŠ‹••‡ ‘†”‡˜‹‡™’”‘ ‡••–ƒ‡• ͶǦ͸‘–Š•Ǥ ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡‡š–‡”ƒŽ”‡˜‹‡™ǡ–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”•ƒ”‡•‡– ‘’‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡š–‡”ƒŽ”‡˜‹‡™‡”•̵ ‘‡–•ƒ†ƒ”‡‘–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•–‘–Š‡†‡ ‹•‹‘ȋƒ ‡’–ƒ•‹•ǡ ƒ ‡’–’‡†‹‰ Šƒ‰‡•ǡ”‡˜‹•‡ƒ†”‡•—„‹–ǡ‘””‡Œ‡ –ȌǤ—””‡˜‹‡™‡”•ƒ‡ †‡ ‹•‹‘•„ƒ•‡†‘ƒ•‡–‘ˆ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǣ‹ˆƒ—–Š‘”•‘™ƒ„‘—– –Š‡‹” •–ƒ†ƒ”†•ǡ–Š‡› ƒ–ƒ‡ƒ•–”‘‰•–‡’‹‰‡––‹‰–Š‡‹”™‘”’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‹IJLSǤ ‡ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ•—‰‰‡•––Šƒ–„‡ˆ‘”‡•—„‹––‹‰–Š‡‹”™‘”–‘IJLSǡ ƒ—–Š‘”• •Š‘—Ž†ƒ‡•—”‡–Šƒ–ǣ x –Š‡’ƒ’‡”‹•‡ƒ•›–‘”‡ƒ†ƒ†ˆ”‡‡ˆ”‘‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽ‘”•’‡ŽŽ‹‰‡””‘”•Ǣ x –Š‡’ƒ’‡”‹•„ƒ•‡†‘”‹‰‘”‘—•ƒ ƒ†‡‹ •–ƒ†ƒ”†•Ǣ x –Š‡’ƒ’‡”‹•’”‡•‡–‡†‹ƒˆ‘”ƒ–™Š‹ Š‹•ƒ ‡••‹„Ž‡„›IJLSƒ—†‹‡ ‡Ǣ x –Š‡’ƒ’‡”ˆ‘ —•‡•‘Œ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ”‡•—Ž–•ƒ†‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†Šƒ• ”‡ƒ†ƒ„Ž‡ ‘–‡– ƒ•–‹†‹–‘”‹ƒŽ–›Ž‡Ǣ x –‡ Š‹ ƒŽƒ–‡”‹ƒŽȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ‰—‹†‡–‘’Š‘‡–‹ •›„‘Ž•ǡ“—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡•ǡ‡– ǤȌ‹• ƒ’’‡†‹š‡†Ǣ x –Š‡’ƒ’‡”Šƒ• Žƒ”‹–›‘ˆ’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹•™‡ŽŽ‘”‰ƒ‹•‡†ƒ† Ž‡ƒ”Ž›™”‹––‡Ǥ x –Š‡ ’ƒ’‡” ƒ‡• ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‘–”‹„—–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ „‘†› ‘ˆ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘IJLSǢ x –Š‡ –‘’‹  ‹• Š‹‰ŠŽ› •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ǡ „”‡ƒ• ‡™ ‰”‘—†ǡ ƒ† ’”‘˜‹†‡• ƒ ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”ˆ—–—”‡”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǢ x –Š‡–‘’‹ ‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ’‡”‹•”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ǡ–‹‡Ž›ǡƒ†‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•––‘–Š‡ƒ—†‹‡ ‡‘ˆ IJLSǢ x –Š‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡’ƒ’‡”‹•™‡ŽŽ‰”‘—†‡†Ǣ‹–‹•„ƒ•‡†‘ƒ‘™–Š‡‘”› ‘”‘ƒ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰‹••—‡Ǣ x Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰› ˆ‘” –Š‡ •–—†› ‹• ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ƒ† ƒ’’Ž‹‡† ’”‘’‡”Ž›Ǣ x –Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ’‡”‹•–‡ Š‹ ƒŽŽ›ƒ —”ƒ–‡ƒ†•‘—†Ǣ x ‹ˆ–Š‹•’ƒ’‡”‹•ƒ•—”˜‡›ǡ‹–’”‘˜‹†‡••–”‘‰‡˜‹†‡ ‡‘ˆ”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ† ˜ƒŽ‹†‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘•–”— –•Ǣ x †‹• —••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‹•„ƒ•‡†‘ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ†ƒ–ƒǢ x ”‡•—Ž–•ƒ”‡‘–‘˜‡”•–ƒ–‡†‘”‘˜‡”‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡†Ǣƒ† x ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ƒ†—•‡ˆ—ŽǤ

vii How to Submit Manuscripts ‘–”‹„—–‘”••Š‘—Ž†•—„‹– –Š‡‹” ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•‹ ‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ˆ‘”ǡƒ• ‡ƒ‹Ž ƒ––ƒ Š‡–‘”‘ƒ ‘’—–‡”†‹•Ǥ•Š‘”–„‹‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ‘–‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”Ȁ• ‹•”‡“—‹”‡†ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡ƒ††”‡••ȋ‹ƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ˆ‹Ž‡ȌǤ‘–”‹„—–‹‘• •Š‘—Ž†„‡•‡––‘–Š‡‡†‹–‘”‹ Š‹‡ˆƒ–ǣ[email protected]ǤŠ‡‡Ž‡ –”‘‹  ƒ—• ”‹’– •Š‘—Ž† „‡ •–”‹ –Ž› ƒ‘›‘—•Ǣ ƒ—–Š‘”• •Š‘—Ž† ‘– ‹†‡–‹ˆ› –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•‹–Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ—• ”‹’–‹–•‡Žˆǡ‘”‹–Š‡ˆ‹Ž‡ƒ‡—•‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ ƒ—• ”‹’–Ǥ

Legal Notice  ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ™‡„•‹–‡‘ˆInternational Journal of Language Studiesǡ •—„‹••‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ’ƒ’‡” –‘ IJLS ‡ƒ• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”ȋ•Ȍƒ”‡ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‹‰–Š‡ ‘’›”‹‰Š–ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”™‘”–‘–Š‡ ‡†‹–‘”Ǧ‹Ǧ Š‹‡ˆ ‘ ƒ––‡” ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡ •—„‹••‹‘ ‹• ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡†„›–Š‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡†ƒ†ƒ—–‘‰”ƒ’Š‡† ‘’›”‹‰Š–ˆ‘”‘”‘–Ǥ—„‹••‹‘‘ˆƒ’ƒ’‡”–‘ International Journal of Language Studies ƒŽ•‘‡ƒ•–Šƒ–ȋƒȌ–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”Šƒ• ‘–ƒ†‡†‘—„Ž‡‘”’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž•—„‹••‹‘•‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡ǡƒ†ȋ„Ȍ–Š‡’ƒ’‡”Šƒ•‘– „‡‡’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ǡ’”‡•‡–‡†ǡ‘”†‹••‡‹ƒ–‡†‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡Ǥ

Disclaimer ”–‹ Ž‡•’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‹ IJLS†‘‘–”‡’”‡•‡––Š‡˜‹‡™•Š‡Ž†„›–Š‡‡†‹–‘”ƒ† ‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹–‘”‹ƒŽ„‘ƒ”†Ǥ—–Š‘”• ƒ”‡ ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ƒŽŽƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ –Š‡‹”ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‡š ‡’–‡†‹–‘”‹ƒŽˆ‘”ƒ––‹‰Ǥ

‘Šƒƒ†Ž‹ƒŽƒ‹‘†‘—•Šƒ †‹–‘”

viii International Journal of Language Studies Volume 10, Number 1, January 2016

Pages Title 1-14 Professional reflection: Forty years in applied linguistics James Dean BROWN

15-30 Factors affecting multiple-choice cloze test score variance: A perspective from generalizability theory Takaaki KUMAZAWA

31-48 Modern Standard Arabic in Algeria: Problems and challenges Fatima Nor El-Houda DAHOU

49-70 Two approaches to the teaching of grammar and their implications Tamilla MAMMADOVA

71-90 Using learner corpora in language teaching Tsoghik GRIGORYAN

91-110 Linguicism and nationalism: A post-colonial gaze on the promotion of Afrikaans as a national language in apartheid South Africa Nene Ernest KHALEMA

111-124 Improving English conversation skills through online conversation lessons and classroom interactions with English speakers Hayas SANIBOO & Kemtong SINWONGSUWAT

125-148 La bindi nga que tu know-la nyass jusqu'a le feu sort seulement: Examining strategies of intensification in Camfranglais Lozzi Martial MEUTEM KAMTCHUENG

149-155 Book Review: McKay, S., & Brown, J. D. (2015). Teaching and assessing locally defined EIL. New York: Routledge. Patharaorn PATHARAKORN & Kendi HO

ix

Indexing/Abstracting Information International Journal of Language Studies‹• ‘˜‡”‡†„›–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‹†‡š‹‰Ȁƒ„•–”ƒ –‹‰•›•–‡•ǣ

x ƒ•–‡” ‘—”ƒŽ•‹•–ȋ Ȍ x ‡‰‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‡–‡”ˆ‘” ‹‡ ‡ƒ†‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ȋ ‡Ȍ x †— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡•‡ƒ” Š„•–”ƒ –•ȋȌ x ‹‰—‹•–‹ ‹„Ž‹‘‰”ƒ’Š›ȋȌ x ƒ„‡ŽŽ̵•‹”‡ –‘”‹‡•‘ˆ—„Ž‹•Š‹‰’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• x ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘Ƭƒ••‡†‹ƒ‘’Ž‡–‡ȋƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡Ȍ x ‹‰—‹•–‹ •ƒ†ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‡Šƒ˜‹‘”„•–”ƒ –•ȋ”‘—‡•–Ȍ x ‹‰—‹•–‹ •„•–”ƒ –•Ž‹‡ȋ‹Ž‡›ǦŽƒ ™‡ŽŽȌ x Š‡‹”‡ –‘”›‘ˆ‡”‹‘†‹ ƒŽ• x Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹„Ž‹‘‰”ƒ’Š› x †‡š‘’‡”‹ —• ‘—”ƒŽ•ƒ•–‡”‹•–ȋ Ȍ x ‹–‡ˆƒ –‘” †‡š‹‰

Cataloging Information International Journal of Language Studies ‘˜‡”‡† „› –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ƒ–ƒŽ‘‰—‡•: x Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹„Ž‹‘‰”ƒ’Š› x Š‡‹”‡ –‘”›‘ˆ‡”‹‘†‹ ƒŽ• x Š‡ƒ–ƒŽ‘‰‘ˆƒ†ƒ‹„”ƒ”›ȋȌ x ‘‘‰Ž‡ Š‘Žƒ” x Š‡‹‰—‹•–‹•– x ‘”Ž†ƒ– x ‡ƒ‹ • ‘—”ƒŽ‡‡ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡ x ”‡†•’”ƒ Š‡™‹••‡• Šƒˆ–Ž‹ Š‡ ƒ Šœ‡‹–• Š”‹ˆ–‡‹ –‡”‡– x ’‡ Ǧ ƒ–‡ x ˆ‘”‹†‹ƒ x –‡”Ž‹„”ƒ”›š Šƒ‰‡ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘

Interlibrary Exchange Information ‘”‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ƒ ƒ†‡‹ Œ‘—”ƒŽ‹–‡”Ž‹„”ƒ”›‡š Šƒ‰‡ǡ’Ž‡ƒ•‡•‡‡–Š‡

ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰’ƒ‰‡ǣŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‹ŒŽ•Ǥ‡–Ȁƒ„•–”ƒ –‹‰ǤŠ–ŽU 

x International Journal of Language Studies ‘Ž—‡ͳͲǡ—„‡”ͳǡ ƒ—ƒ”›ʹͲͳ͸ǡ’’ǤͳǦͳͶ 

A professional reflection: Forty years in applied linguistics

ƒ‡•‡ƒǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ƒ™ƒ‹Ǯ‹ƒ–ƒlj‘ƒǡ

 „‡‰‹ –Š‹• ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘ ‘ › ˆ‘”–› ›‡ƒ”• ‹ ƒ’’Ž‹‡† Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ • ™‹–Š ƒ „‹– ‘ˆ „ƒ ‰”‘—† ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ –‘ Š‡Ž’ ’—– › ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‹–‘ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡Ǥ  –Š‡ ™”‹–‡ǡ ‘”‡ ‘” Ž‡•• Š”‘‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ ƒ„‘—– › ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ™‹–Š Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‡•–‹‰ ”‡•‡ƒ” Šǡ “—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‡–Š‘†•ǡ —””‹ —Ž— ƒ† ’”‘‰”ƒ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ǡ •Š‹ˆ–‹‰‹–‡”‡•–•‹”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡–Š‘†•ǡƒ†‡š’ƒ†‹‰”‡•‡ƒ” Š–‘’‹ •Ǥ  ‡† „› ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰ ‘ –Š”‡‡ Ž‡••‘• –Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡ Ž‡ƒ”‡† ‘˜‡” –Š‡›‡ƒ”•ǣ ˆ‹”•–ǡ’‡‘’Ž‡Šƒ˜‡’Žƒ›‡†ƒ˜‡”›‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘Ž‡ƒ–ƒŽŽ•–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ› ƒ”‡‡” ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ‘„‘†›•— ‡‡†•™‹–Š‘—–Š‡Ž’ȌǢ•‡ ‘†ǡ™‡ƒŽŽ–‡†–‘•–‡”‡‘–›’‡ ƒ† ’‹‰‡‘Š‘Ž‡ ‡ƒ Š ‘–Š‡” ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ „—– ‹– ™‘—Ž† „‡ ™‹•‡”–‘ ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡ –Šƒ– ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‹ ‘—” ˆ‹‡Ž† ƒ”‡ —Ž–‹†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† Ž‹‡Ž› –‘ ‘–‹—‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ† Šƒ‰‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡‹” ƒ”‡‡”•Ǣƒ†–Š‹”†ǡ–Š‡ ˆ‹‡Ž†‘ˆƒ’’Ž‹‡†Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ •‹• ‘•–ƒ–Ž›•Š‹ˆ–‹‰ǡ Šƒ‰‹‰ǡƒ†‰”‘™‹‰Ǥ ‘•– ‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž›ǡ  Šƒ˜‡ ‡Œ‘›‡† ‡˜‡”› ‹—–‡ ‘ˆ › ”‹†‡ –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ’’Ž‹‡†Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ •Ǥ •ǯ––Šƒ––Š‡’‘‹–ǫ

Keywords: ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‡•–‹‰Ǣ ’’Ž‹‡† ‹‰—‹•–‹ •Ǣ  ”‘™Ǣ ”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘

1. Introduction ‡ ƒ—•‡‘„‘†›‹•ƒ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽƒ’’Ž‹‡†Ž‹‰—‹•–™‹–Š‘—–ˆ‹”•–„‡‹‰ƒ’‡”•‘ǡ ™‹ŽŽ„‡‰‹™‹–Šƒ ‘—’Ž‡‘ˆ’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š•†‡• ”‹„‹‰™Š‘ ƒƒ•ƒ’‡”•‘‹ ‘”†‡”–‘’—––Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‹•’ƒ’‡”‹–‘ ‘–‡š–ǤŠ‡ ™ƒ•„‘”ǡ ™ƒ•˜‡”› ˜‡”› ›‘—‰Ǥ Šƒ– Šƒ’’‡‡† ‹ ƒ””‹•„—”‰ǡ ‡•›Ž˜ƒ‹ƒ ‹ ͳͻͶ͸ǡ ™Š‡”‡ › ‡•›Ž˜ƒ‹ƒ —– Š ‹†‡–‹–› ˆ‘”‡† ˜‡”› ‡ƒ”Ž›Ǥ ”‘ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –™‘ǡ ™ƒ• –”ƒ‹‡†ƒ•ƒ—•‹ ‹ƒ‹™‘‘†™‹†•ƒ†’‹ƒ‘ǡ„—–ƒ–•‡˜‡ ”‡„‡ŽŽ‡† ƒ† •™‹– Š‡†–‘–Š‡ ”‡ ŠŠ‘”ǡ™Š‹ Š•–— –Š”‘—‰Š‘—–››‘—–ŠǤ ƒ––‡†‡†–Š‡ „‡”Ž‹‘•‡”˜ƒ–‘”›‘ˆ—•‹ ƒ•ƒ ”‡ ŠŠ‘”ƒŒ‘”‘ˆ—ŽŽ• Š‘Žƒ”•Š‹’ǡƒ† –™‘ ›‡ƒ”•Žƒ–‡”  ™ƒ• †‹•‹••‡† ˆ‘” ƒ ƒ†‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‘• ™‹–Š ƒ DΪ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡Ǥ – •‡‡• †‹†ǯ–Šƒ˜‡–Š‡•–—†›•‹ŽŽ•–‘’ƒ••‰Ž‹•Š‘’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ•› Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ  ‹•–‘”›ǡƒ†•— ŠǤ ‘”‘„˜‹‘—•”‡ƒ•‘•ǡ ˆ‘—†›•‡Žˆ‹–Š‡”›ˆ”‘ ͳͻ͸͸Ǧͳͻ͸ͻƒ†•‡”˜‡†‹–Š‡ͺʹ†‹”„‘”‡‹˜‹•‹‘ƒ†‡”Ž‹”‹‰ƒ†‡Ǥˆ–‡” –Š‡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ǡ  „‘— ‡† ƒ”‘—† —”‘’‡ ˆ‘” ƒ ›‡ƒ” ȋ”—‹‰ ƒ ”‡•–ƒ—”ƒ– ‹ ’ƒ‹ˆ‘”ƒ„‘—–ˆ‹˜‡‘–Š•‘ˆ–Šƒ–Ȍƒ†–Š‡™‡–„ƒ –‘• Š‘‘Ž‹ͳͻ͹ͳ‘ –Š‡ „‹ŽŽƒ–ƒ•ƒ†‡ƒ‘—‹–›‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ȋȌ‘probationary statusǤ ™ƒ•

ǣʹͳͷ͹ǦͶͺͻͺǢ ǣʹͳͷ͹ǦͶͻͲͳ ̹ʹͲͳ͸ Ǣ”‹–‡†‹–Š‡„›—Ž—”‡••  Ǥ

ʹ ǤǤ”‘™

•‘ƒˆ”ƒ‹†‘ˆˆƒ‹Ž‹‰ƒ‰ƒ‹ǡ–Šƒ– ‰‘–‡ƒ”Ž›•–”ƒ‹‰Š–Aǯ•ƒ•ƒ—•‹ ƒŒ‘”Ǥ™‘ •‡‡•–‡”•Žƒ–‡”ǡ ’ƒ”Žƒ›‡†–Šƒ–•— ‡••‹–‘ƒ‘–Š‡”’”‘„ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›ƒ†‹••‹‘ –‘ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ–ƒ–‡‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ–‘•‰‡Ž‡•ȋȌǡ™Š‡”‡ †‹• ‘˜‡”‡†–Šƒ–ǡ –Šƒ• –‘ ™‡ƒ’‘• –”ƒ‹‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ”›ǡ  Šƒ† •‡”‹‘—• Š‡ƒ”‹‰ Ž‘••ǡ •‘  Šƒ‰‡† › ƒŒ‘” ˆ”‘ ”‡ Š ‘” –‘ ȋ™Šƒ– ‡Ž•‡ǫȌ ”‡ ŠǤ Šƒ– Šƒ‰‡ ƒŽ–‡”‡†–Š‡‡–‹”‡–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”›‘ˆ›Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ •‘‘ˆ‘—†›•‡Žˆ†‘‹‰‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š› ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹‡š‹ ‘ˆ‘”ƒ•—‡”ƒ†–Š‡ˆ‹‹•Š‹‰› ”‡ Šƒ– Žǯ‹˜‡”•‹–‡ƴ†ǯ‹šǦƒ”•‡‹ŽŽ‡ˆ‘”ƒ›‡ƒ”ǡ™Š‹Ž‡•‡”˜‹‰ƒ•ƒƒ••‹•–ƒ–‰Ž‹•Š –‡ƒ Š‡”ƒ–ƒŽ‘ ƒŽŽ› ‡ƴ‡Ǥ ˆ–‡”†‘‹‰ƒƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹‰Ž‹•ŠŽ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ȋ†‘ǯ–ƒ•Ȍƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒƒ–ƒ–ƒƒ”„ƒ”ƒǡ †‹†ƒ‡”–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‡ǡƒ‹ǡƒ†ƒ Š ‹ ’’Ž‹‡† ‹‰—‹•–‹ • ƒ– Ǥ —”‹‰ –Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ ˆ‘—” ›‡ƒ”•  ™ƒ• ƒ– ǡ  ƒŽ•‘ –ƒ—‰Š–  ʹͲ Š‘—”• ’‡” ™‡‡ ƒ– ƒ”›‘—– ƒŽ‘• ‡”†‡• ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡Ǥ – ǡ › –Š”‡‡ ‘•– ‹’‘”–ƒ– ”‘Ž‡ ‘†‡Ž• ™‡”‡ —••‡ŽŽ ƒ’„‡ŽŽ ȋ™Š‘ –ƒ—‰Š– ‡ ™Šƒ– ƒ ”‡Žƒš‡† ’”‘ˆ‡••‘” Ž‘‘• Ž‹‡ ‹ –Š‡ Žƒ••”‘‘Ȍǡ Ǥ ƒ‡• ‘’Šƒ ȋ™Š‘ –ƒ—‰Š– ‡ –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ Ž‹‰Š– ™”‹–‹‰ •–›Ž‡ ƒ† ƒ„‘—– ”‹–‡”‹‘Ǧ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ –‡•–‹‰Ȍǡ ƒ† ‹ Šƒ”† Šƒ˜‡Ž•‘ ȋ™Š‘ –ƒ—‰Š– ‡ –‡•–‹‰ ƒ† ”‡•‡ƒ” Š •–ƒ–‹•–‹ • ƒ† Š‘™ –‘ –‡ƒ Š •–ƒ–‹•–‹ • Ž‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ†•‹’Ž›ȌǤ ”‘ͳͻͺͲǦͳͻͺʹǡ ™ƒ••‡‹‘”• Š‘Žƒ”‹–Š‡Š‹ƒš Šƒ‰‡”‘‰”ƒ ƒ–Š‘‰•Šƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›‹ —ƒ‰œŠ‘—ǡǡ™Š‡”‡ †‹†ƒ‰”‡ƒ–†‡ƒŽ‘ˆ˜‡”› ”‡ƒŽǦ™‘”Ž† —””‹ —Ž— ƒ† –‡•– †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ™‘”Ǥ ”‘ ͳͻͺʹǦͳͻͺͷǡ  ™‘”‡† ƒ– Ž‘”‹†ƒ –ƒ–‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ȋ Ȍǡ ™Š‡”‡  •‡”˜‡† ƒ• ƒ ƒ†Œ— – ƒ••‹•–ƒ– ’”‘ˆ‡••‘” ‘ ƒ’—• ƒ† ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ ƒ†‡‹  ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‘” ˆ‘” ƒ  ‘˜‡”•‡ƒ•†‡‰”‡‡’”‘‰”ƒǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†‹ƒŠ”ƒǡƒ—†‹”ƒ„‹ƒǤ  •’‡–— Š‘ˆ›–‹‡ƒ– ˆŽ›‹‰„ƒ ƒ†ˆ‘”–Š–‘ƒ—†‹”ƒ„‹ƒǤ ––Š‡ͳͻͺͶ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ǡƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡ˆ”‘ ƒ™ƒ‹Ǯ‹ȋ‹‡‘‰Ȍƒ•‡† ‡‹ˆ ™ƒ•‹–‡”‡•–‡†‹ƒŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–‡•–‹‰Œ‘„ƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ƒ™ƒ‹Ǯ‹ƒ– ƒlj‘ƒ ȋ ȌǤ › ”‡•’‘•‡ ™ƒ• ƒ ‹•–ƒ– yes! ‘ ƒ’’Ž‹‡†ƒ†™ƒ• ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ› Š‹”‡† „› –Š‡ ‡’ƒ”–‡– ‘ˆ  ȋ–Š‡ ƒ‡ Šƒ‰‡† –‘ ‡ ‘† ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡ‘”ǡ‹ͳͻͻͻȌǡ™Š‡”‡ Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ˆ‘”–Š‡Žƒ•–͵Ͳ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ ‡ ƒ—•‡ Ž‹‡–‘™”‹–‡ƒ†’—„Ž‹•Šȋƒ†„‡ ƒ—•‡ Œ—†‹ ‹‘—•Ž›ƒ˜‘‹† ‘ˆŽ‹ – ™‹–Š ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡•Ȍǡ  •–‡ƒ†‹Ž› ’”‘‰”‡••‡† ‡˜‡”› ˆ‹˜‡ ›‡ƒ”• ˆ”‘ ƒ••‹•–ƒ– –‘ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡–‘ˆ—ŽŽ’”‘ˆ‡••‘”Ǥ –Š‡’”‘ ‡••ǡ •‡”˜‡†ƒ•‹”‡ –‘”‘ˆ–Š‡‰Ž‹•Š ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ •–‹–—–‡ ȋ Ȍǡ  ‡’ƒ”–‡– ”ƒ†—ƒ–‡ Šƒ‹”ǡ  ‡’ƒ”–‡– Šƒ‹”ǡƒ†‹”‡ –‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘”‡‹‰ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‡•‘—” ‡‡–‡”Ǥ  › •’ƒ”‡ –‹‡ǡ  Šƒ˜‡†‘‡ ƒˆƒ‹” ƒ‘—–‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ƒ† ™”‹–‹‰‹ –Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‡•–‹‰ǡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‡–Š‘†•ǡ —””‹ —Ž— ƒ† ’”‘‰”ƒ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ‘–Š‡”ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ –‹•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•‹–Š‹•™‘”–Šƒ–  ™‹ŽŽ ‘•‹†‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‹•’ƒ’‡”Ǥ

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͳǦͳͶ ͵

2. Language testing research ‡†ƒ›‹ Žƒ••‹›ˆ‹”•–•‡‡•–‡”ƒ–ǡ—••ƒ’„‡ŽŽ™ƒ• –ƒŽ‹‰ ƒ„‘—––Š‹‰•™‡ ‘—Ž††‘’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹Ǥ ‡–ƒŽ‡†ƒ„‘—––Š‡‘„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ–‡ƒ Š‹‰ǡ–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆƒ‹‰Ž‘–•‘ˆ‘‡›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ –Š‡ ˆƒ – –Šƒ– ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™‹–Š –”ƒ‹‹‰ ‘ˆ–‡ ‡†‡† —’ „‡ ‘‹‰ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‘”• †‹”‡ –‹‰’”‘‰”ƒ•ǡƒ†ƒ––Š‡˜‡”›‡†‘ˆ–Š‡†‹• —••‹‘ǡŠ‡‡–‹‘‡† ‹’ƒ••‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡”‡™ƒ•‘‡‘–Š‡”–Š‹‰–Šƒ–‘•–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–‡ƒ Š‡”•†‹†ǯ– Ž‹‡–‘†‘„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–‹˜‘Ž˜‡†Ž‘–•‘ˆƒ–ŠǤ––Šƒ–’‘‹–ǡ›‡ƒ”•’”‹ ‡†—’ ƒ† ’ƒ‹†•’‡ ‹ƒŽƒ––‡–‹‘Ǥ•ƒ ”‡ ŠŠ‘”’Žƒ›‡”ȋ™Š‘•‡†ƒ†’Žƒ›‡†–Š‡ „ƒ••‘‘ƒ†„”‘–Š‡”’Žƒ›‡†–Š‡‘„‘‡Ȍǡ ™ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–’‡‘’Ž‡ ™Š‘ ’Žƒ›‡† ‘†† ƒ† †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž– ‹•–”—‡–• –Šƒ– ‘„‘†› ‡Ž•‡ ™ƒ–‡† –‘ ’Žƒ›ǡ ™‘—Ž†ƒŽ™ƒ›•Šƒ˜‡ƒ•‡ƒ–‹–Š‡‘” Š‡•–”ƒǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹ˆ–Š‡›™‡”‡‰‘‘†ƒ–‹–Ǥ Šƒ–™ƒ•—••–ƒŽ‹‰ƒ„‘—–ǫ ‡•ƒ‹†–Šƒ–‡˜‡”›’”‘‰”ƒ‡‡†‡†‘‡’‡”•‘ ™Š‘™ƒ•‹–‡”‡•–‡†‹ language testingǤŠ‡‡š–“—ƒ”–‡”ǡ –‘‘ƒ ‘—”•‡‹ –‡•–‹‰ ƒ† Ž‹‡† ‹– •‘ — Š –Šƒ–  ‘–‹—‡† –ƒ‹‰ –‡•–‹‰ ƒ† ”‡•‡ƒ” Š •–ƒ–‹•–‹ • ‘—”•‡•ȋ‹–Š‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•› Š‘Ž‘‰›‡’ƒ”–‡–Ȍ‘‡‘”–™‘ƒ–ƒ –‹‡ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š›ƒ†ƒ’’Ž‹‡†Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ • ‘—”•‡•ƒŽŽ–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡”‡•– ‘ˆ›–‹‡ƒ–Ǥ ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ˆ‘”‡ǡ›ˆ‹”•––‡•–‹‰ ‘—”•‡™ƒ•–ƒ—‰Š–„› Ǥ ƒ‡•‘’Šƒǡ™Š‘—„‡‘™•––‘‡ǡ™ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›ˆƒ–Š‡”•‘ˆ ”‹–‡”‹‘Ǧ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡† –‡•–‹‰ ȋǡ™Š‹ Š ‹• ‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ› ‰‘‘† •‘Ž‹† Žƒ••”‘‘ –‡•–‹‰ –Šƒ– ˆ‘ —•‡• ‘ –‡•–‹‰ ™Šƒ– •–—†‡–• Šƒ˜‡ Ž‡ƒ”‡† ƒ† ‹‰‘”‡• –Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ƒ†”‡Žƒ–‡†•–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡’–•ȌǤ ‹‘’Šƒ™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘ƒ ˜‡”›‡–‡”–ƒ‹‹‰’”‘ˆ‡••‘”ǡ™Š‘–‘Ž†Ž‘–•‘ˆ”‡ƒŽǦ™‘”Ž†•–‘”‹‡•„ƒ•‡†‘Š‹• ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•‹–Š‡–‡•–‹‰™‘”Ž†Ǥ ‹•„‘‘•ƒ†ƒ”–‹ Ž‡• ‘ –‡•–‹‰ǡ —””‹ —Ž—ǡƒ†’”‘‰”ƒ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘™‡”‡•‹‹Žƒ”Ž›˜‡”›‡ƒ•›–‘”‡ƒ† ƒ†‡˜‡‡–‡”–ƒ‹‹‰Ǥ ™ƒ• ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†„›–Š‘•‡–”ƒ‹–•ǡƒ† ƒ†‡‹– ‘‡‘ˆ›ƒ„‹–‹‘•–‘•’”‡ƒ†–Š‡™‘”†‹‘—”ˆ‹‡Ž†‘Ǥ ‹•‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ƒ Ž‡ƒ”Ž›„‡•‡‡‹ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ›ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‹–™‘„‘‘•ǣ”‘™ ȋͳͻͻ͸ǡ ”‡˜‹•‡† ‹ ʹͲͲͷȌǡ ™Š‹ Š ‘˜‡”‡† ‘”Ǧ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡† –‡•–‹‰ ȋȌ ƒ† ǡ ƒ† ”‘™ ƒ† —†•‘ ȋʹͲͲʹȌǡ ™Š‹ Š ˆ‘ —•‡† ‡–‹”‡Ž› ‘ Ǥ › ‹–‡”‡•– ‹ –‡•–‹‰ ƒ† ƒ••‡••‡– ƒ• ‹– ‹• ƒ’’Ž‹‡† „› –‡ƒ Š‡”•‹–Š‡‹” Žƒ••”‘‘•Šƒ• ‘–‹—‡†‡˜‡”•‹ ‡Ǥ ‹ Šƒ”†Šƒ˜‡Ž•‘–ƒ—‰Š–ˆ‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‹•–‹ • ‘—”•‡• –‘‘Ǥ‘Š‡Šƒ†ƒ„‹‰ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ › ‹†‡ƒ• ƒ„‘—– –‡•–‹‰ ƒ† ”‡•‡ƒ” Š •–ƒ–‹•–‹ •Ǥ ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ Š‡ Šƒ† •–—†‹‡† ƒ† ™‘”‡† ™‹–Š ‡‡ Ǥ ”‘„ƒ Šǡ ™Š‘ ȋƒ‘‰ ƒ› ‘–Š‡” –Š‹‰•Ȍ ™ƒ• –Š‡ ˆƒ–Š‡” ‘ˆ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ„‹Ž‹–› –Š‡‘”› ȋ Ǧ–Š‡‘”›Ȍǡ ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› ‡™ ™ƒ› ‘ˆ Ž‘‘‹‰ ƒ– ”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ˆ‘”  ƒ† †‡’‡†ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ˆ‘” ǡƒ™ƒ›–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‘™•–‡•–‡”•–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡•‘—” ‡•‘ˆ‡ƒ•—”‡‡– ‡””‘” ƒ† —•‡ –Šƒ– ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ –‘ ”‡˜‹•‡ –Š‡‹” –‡•–• ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ƒ†–Š‡”‡„› ƒ‡ –Š‘•‡ –‡•–• ‘”‡ ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡Ȁ†‡’‡†ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ ‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ ‹–• —–‹Ž‹–› ‹  †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ Ǧ–Š‡‘”›ˆ‹–˜‡”›‹ ‡Ž›™‹–Š™Šƒ– Šƒ†Ž‡ƒ”‡†ˆ”‘‘’Šƒǡ ƒ† Ž‡† †‹”‡ –Ž› –‘ › †‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‘—– ƒ  ˆ‘” ‰‹‡‡”‹‰‰Ž‹•Š

Ͷ ǤǤ”‘™

”‡ƒ†‹‰ ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ƒ •–”‹‰ ‘ˆ ’ƒ’‡”• ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ›‡ƒ”• ‘  ƒ† Ǧ –Š‡‘”›Ǥ

3. Quantitative research methods • ‡–‹‘‡†‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡ–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–›‡”–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‡ǡǡƒ†Š›‡ƒ”•ƒ–ǡ •–‡ƒ†‹Ž›–ƒ—‰Š–ȋ‘•–Ž›”‡ƒ†‹‰ƒ†™”‹–‹‰Ȍˆ‘”ʹͲŠ‘—”•’‡”™‡‡‹ –Š‡ ‘”‹‰•ǡ –‘‘ › ‘—”•‡•‹ –Š‡ ƒˆ–‡”‘‘•ǡ ƒ† „‡‰ƒ –‘ ‰ƒ–Š‡” †ƒ–ƒ ƒ† ‘†— – •–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ •–—†‹‡• ȋ‘”‹‰• ƒ† ‹‰Š–•Ȍ ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡  Žƒ••‡• ™ƒ•–‡ƒ Š‹‰Ǥ ˆƒ –ǡ “—‹–‡ ‘• ‹‘—•Ž›†‡ ‹†‡†–‘•–‘’™”‹–‹‰term papers ƒŽ–‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡƒ† ‹•–‡ƒ†ǡ –‘ ™”‹–‡ publishable ”‡•‡ƒ” Š •–—†‹‡• ˆ‘” › ‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡ ‘—”•‡’”‘Œ‡ –•™Š‡‡˜‡”’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ•‡˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡–”‹‡• ‹–Š‡Ǯ‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•ǯ•‡ –‹‘„‡Ž‘™™‡”‡“—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡•–—†‹‡•–Šƒ–  ‘†— –‡† ™Š‹Ž‡ƒ•–—†‡–ƒ–ȋ”‘™ǡͳͻͺͲǡͳͻͺͳǡͳͻͺ͵ƒǡͳͻͺ͵„ǡͳͻͺͶƒǡƬͳͻͺͶ„Ǣ ”‘™Ƭƒ‹Ž‡›ǡͳͻͺͶȌǡƒ† ‡Œ‘›‡†‡˜‡”›‹—–‡‘ˆ‹–Ǥ Šƒ†–”—Ž›ˆ‘—†› ’’Ž‹‡†‹‰—‹•–‹ • ”‡ ŠŠ‘”Ǥ‘”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž›ǡ™Š‡‹– ƒ‡–‹‡ˆ‘”‡ –‘ƒ’’Ž›ˆ‘”–Š‡‡™Š’”‘‰”ƒƒ–ǡ Šƒ†ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›†‘‡•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‘•‡ •–—†‹‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡›Šƒ†ƒ––”ƒ –‡†–Š‡ƒ––‡–‹‘‘ˆ‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ†‹••‹‘• ‘‹––‡‡ǡ™Š‹ Š‘†‘—„–Š‡Ž’‡†‡‰‡–‹–‘–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒǤ •Š‘—Ž†ƒ††–Šƒ–ǡƒ•ƒ›‘—‰”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•–‡‡’‡†‹•–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ‡–Š‘†•ǡ ™ƒ• Š‘””‹ˆ‹‡†–‘ˆ‹†–Šƒ–‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹‘—”ˆ‹‡Ž†™ƒ••Š‘††›ƒ–„‡•–ˆ”‘ ƒ•–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ†‡•‹‰’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ ƒ†‡‹–‘‡‘ˆ›’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ‰‘ƒŽ•–‘Š‡Ž’”‡ –‹ˆ›–Šƒ–’”‘„Ž‡„›’”‘˜‹†‹‰•–”ƒ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”™ƒ”†‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ•–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽƒ†”‡•‡ƒ” Š†‡•‹‰‹••—‡•™‹–Š‹–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ”‘™ȋͳͻͺͺȌ™ƒ• ›ˆ‹”•–•— Š‡ˆˆ‘”–ƒ–„‘‘Ž‡‰–ŠǤͳ ƒŽ•‘’”‘†— ‡†ƒ’ƒ‹”‘ˆƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ȋ”‘™ǡ ͳͻͻͳǡͳͻͻʹȌ–Šƒ– Š‘’‡†™‘—Ž†Š‡Ž’‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡•–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ•‘’Š‹•–‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ TESOL Quarterly ”‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ† –Š‡ “—ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ •–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ •–—†‹‡• ‹ ‘—” ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ  Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ•–”‹‰‘ˆ‘”‡–ŠƒͶͲƒ”–‹ Ž‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‘Ž‹‡ ‹›–ƒ–‹•–‹ •‘”‡” ‘Ž—‹–Š‡Shiken Bulletinȋ•‡‡Š––’ǣȀȀŒƒŽ–Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ–‡•–Ȁ „”‘̴͵ͷǤŠ–ƒ†Š––’ǣȀȀ–‡˜ƒŽǤŒƒŽ–Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ•‹–‡•Ȁ–‡˜ƒŽǤŒƒŽ–Ǥ‘”‰Ȁˆ‹Ž‡•ȀȌǡ™Š‹ Š Š‘’‡ ƒ”‡ ’”‘˜‹‰ —•‡ˆ—Ž –‘ –‡•–‡”• ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ  •‡”˜‡† ‘ –Š‡ TESOL QuarterlyȋȌDz•–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ•™ƒ––‡ƒdzȋƒ•‡†‹–‘”ƒ†”ƒ‹Ž„‡”•–‡‹ ”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘‹–Ȍǡ–Šƒ–•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›‡šƒ‹‡†–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‹•–‹ •‹ƒŽŽ–Š‡ ƒ”–‹ Ž‡• ƒ ‡’–‡† ‹ –Šƒ– Œ‘—”ƒŽ ƒ† Š‡Ž’‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ™”‹–‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ •‡–•‘ˆ‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•ˆ‘”“—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š–Šƒ–TESOL QuarterlyŠƒ•’—–‘—– ‘˜‡”–Š‡›‡ƒ”•Ǥ

ͳ –‹‰Š–„‡‹–‡”‡•–‹‰–‘‘™–Šƒ– ™”‘–‡–Šƒ–ͳͻͺͺ„‘‘™‹–Šƒ’‡ ‹Žƒ†–Šƒ– ‘˜‹‰ –‡š– ƒ”‘—† ‹ › †‘ —‡– ‡ƒ– Ž‹–‡”ƒŽŽ› —––‹‰ ƒ† ’ƒ•–‹‰ ȋ‘” •–ƒ’Ž‹‰ȌǤ ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›Šƒ†•‘‡‘‡–›’‡‹–—’ȋ„‡ ƒ—•‡ †‹†ǯ–‘™Š‘™–‘–›’‡Ȍ „‡ˆ‘”‡•‡†‹‰‹–‘ˆˆ–‘ƒ„”‹†‰‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ‹‡•Šƒ˜‡†‡ˆ‹‹–‡Ž› Šƒ‰‡†Ǥ

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͳǦͳͶ ͷ

4. Curriculum and program evaluation —””‹ —Ž— †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ† ’”‘‰”ƒ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ •‹’Ž› Šƒ’’‡‡† –‘ ‡Ǥ ‡ ‡••‹–› ‹• –”—Ž› –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ‘ˆ ‹˜‡–‹‘ǡ ƒ† –Šƒ–ǯ• ’”‡ ‹•‡Ž› ™Šƒ– › ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡•ƒ† †‹††—”‹‰–Š‡•—‡”‘ˆͳͻͺͲƒ†–Š‡‹–‘–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ –™‘›‡ƒ”•Ǥ‡™‡”‡•‡––‹‰—’‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‘—–•‹†‡”Ǧ†‡•‹‰‡†’”‘‰”ƒ•ˆ‘” ‰Ž‹•Š ˆ‘” • ‹‡ ‡ ƒ† –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ȋȌ ‹ Š‹ƒ ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‡ —ƒ‰œŠ‘— ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‡–‡” ƒ– Š‘‰•Šƒ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‹ —ƒ‰œŠ‘—Ǥ ‡ ™‡”‡ ƒ„Ž‡–‘•‡–—’ƒ”‡•’‡ –ƒ„Ž‡’”‘‰”ƒ‹ƒ„‘—––™‘›‡ƒ”•Ǥ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š™‡™‡”‡ ™‘”‹‰ —†‡” ˜‡”› †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž– ‹” —•–ƒ ‡• ƒ† ™‹–Š Ž‹‹–‡† ”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡ ™‡ ™‡”‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ †‘ –Š‡ Œ‘„ ”‹‰Š– „‡ ƒ—•‡ —•• ƒ’„‡ŽŽ Šƒ† ‹•‹•–‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ „‡‰‹‹‰ –Šƒ– ™‡ –‡ƒ Š ‘ ‘”‡ –Šƒ ʹǦ͵ Š‘—”• ’‡” †ƒ›ǡ ƒ† –Šƒ– ‘—” ƒˆ–‡”‘‘•„‡ˆ”‡‡ƒˆ–‡”Ž— Š‡˜‡”›•‹‰Ž‡†ƒ›ˆ‘” —””‹ —Ž—†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ†”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤŠƒ–ǯ•Š‘™ Ž‡ƒ”‡†–Šƒ– —””‹ —Ž—†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡––ƒ‡• –‹‡ ƒ†‡‡”‰›ƒ†•Š‘—Ž†‹˜‘Ž˜‡ƒŽŽ‹•–”— –‘”•‘ƒ”‡‰—Žƒ”„ƒ•‹•Ǥ‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ ‘—” —””‹ —Ž—‹˜‘Ž˜‡†ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ•–‡’•ǣ ‘†— –‹‰‡‡†•ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡ•‡––‹‰ ‰‘ƒŽ•ƒ†‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•ǡ†‡•‹‰‹‰–‡•–•‘ˆ–Š‘•‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•ǡ ”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•–‘ –‡ƒ Š–Š‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•ǡƒ –—ƒŽŽ›–‡ƒ Š‹‰–‘–Š‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‰ ƒ†”‡˜‹•‹‰ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘’‘‡–•‘ƒ”‡‰—Žƒ”„ƒ•‹•Ǥ‡™‘”‡†–Š”‘—‰Šˆ‘” ‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‘•‡•–‡’•ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ‘ˆ‘—”ͳͷ ‘—”•‡•Ǥ Š‹Ž‡ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‰–Š‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ‹ƒ—†‹”ƒ„‹ƒˆ‘”–Š‡–‡ƒ Š‡”•‹ƒ ˜‡”›Žƒ”‰‡ ‘’ƒ›–Š‡”‡ǡ •ƒ™™Šƒ– ‘—Ž†‰‘”‹‰Š–ƒ†™Šƒ– ‘—Ž† ‰‘ Š‘””‹„Ž›™”‘‰‡˜‡™‹–Š˜‹”–—ƒŽŽ›—Ž‹‹–‡†”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ‘–Š‡–Š”‡‡›‡ƒ”•  •’‡– ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‰–Šƒ–’”‘‰”ƒ’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ‘–Š‡”—•‡ˆ—ŽŽ‡ƒ”‹‰‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ –Šƒ– Šƒ• ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡† › —””‹ —Ž— †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‹†‡ƒ•Ǥ  ƒŽ•‘ Šƒ†–Š‡‰‘‘† ˆ‘”–—‡–‘‡‡–ǡŽ‹•–‡–‘ǡƒ†”‡ƒ†–Š‡™‘”‘ˆ–™‘ ’”‘ˆ‡••‘”•ǡ‘—‹  ƒ†ƒŽ–‡”ƒ”‡›ǡ™Š‘ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡†–Š‡•›•–‡ƒ–‹ †‡•‹‰‘ˆ‹•–”— –‹‘Ǥƒ–‡” ƒ•‹”‡ –‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ– ǡ ™ƒ•‰‹˜‡ ƒ”–‡„Žƒ Š‡–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ —””‹ —Ž— „ƒ•‡†‘™Šƒ– Šƒ†Ž‡ƒ”‡†‹Š‹ƒǡƒ—†‹”ƒ„‹ƒǡƒ† Ǥ  ™ƒ• ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ƒ’’Ž›ƒŽŽ–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽŽ‡••‘•–Šƒ– Šƒ†Ž‡ƒ”‡†ƒ„‘—– —””‹ —Ž—–‘‰—‹†‡–Š‡ ‹•–”— –‘”•‹–Š‡ –Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰‡ƒ Š‘ˆ‡‹‰Š– ‘—”•‡• ‹ƒƒ‡”•‹‹Žƒ”–‘™Šƒ–™‡†‹†‹Š‹ƒǡ„—–™‹–Š‘—–ƒ‹‰–Š‡‹•–ƒ‡• Šƒ†•‡‡–Š‡”‡ƒ†‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡ǤŠ‡–”‹ ˆ”‘›’‘‹–‘ˆ˜‹‡™™ƒ•–‘ƒ‡ –‡ƒ Š‡”••‡‡ —””‹ —Ž—ƒ•ƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”Œ‘„–Šƒ–™ƒ•‡••‡–‹ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡‹” ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ‹•ǡƒ†–‘ƒŽ•‘‡Ž‹•–‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡•–—†‡–•‹‘—”’”‘‰”ƒ–‘†‘ —””‹ —Ž—’”‘Œ‡ –•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹” ‘—”•‡’”‘Œ‡ –•Ǥ•‹‰–Š‘•‡•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ ˆ‘—† –Šƒ––Š‘•‡Šƒ”†™‘”‹‰›‘—‰’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘—Ž†„‡ ‘—–‡†‘–‘†‘‰‘‘†™‘”ǡ „‹–Ǧ„›Ǧ„‹–ǡ–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†”‡•—Ž–‹‡‡†•ƒƒŽ›•‡•ǡ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡••‡––‹‰ǡ Žƒ••”‘‘ ƒ••‡••‡–ǡƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ–‡ƒ Š‹‰ǡƒ†’”‘‰”ƒ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ Ǥ ‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ › —””‹ —Ž— †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ǡ › ͳͻͻͷ —””‹ —Ž— „‘‘ǡƒ†–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•–Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡™”‹––‡ƒ„‘—––Š‘•‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ǡ 

 ǤǤ”‘™

Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ•‘ ˆ‘—† ›•‡Žˆ „‡‹‰ ‹˜‹–‡† –‘ †‘ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž ’”‘‰”ƒ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘• ‹ ƒ™ƒ‹‹ǡ ‹Œ‹ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ”‹ƒƒ• •Žƒ†•ǡ ƒ† ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǦŽ‡˜‡Ž ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘Œ‡ –• ‹ —‹•‹ƒǡ —”‡›ǡ ƒ† ›’”—•Ǥ – ‹• –Š‘•‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ‘„‹‡†™‹–Š›’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž‡ƒ”‹‰–Šƒ–Ž‡†‡–‘™”‹–‡›Žƒ–‡•–„‘‘‘ ‡‡†• ƒƒŽ›•‹• ˆ‘”  ’”‘‰”ƒ• ȋ”‘™ǡ  ’”‡••ȌǤ ŽŽ ‘ˆ ™Š‹ Š–ƒ‡ –‘‰‡–Š‡”’”‘„ƒ„Ž›”‡•—Ž–‡†ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–’ƒ”–Ž›‹›”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹–‡”‡•–••Š‹ˆ–‹‰ƒ• –‹‡™‡–„›Ǥ

5. Shifting interests in research methods ‘–Š‹•†ƒ›ǡ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ–ǡ‹•‘ˆƒ”ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡ǡ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹ƒ’’Ž‹‡†Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ • •Š‘—Ž† „‡ —•‡ˆ—Ž –‘ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‡ƒ Š‡”• ƒ† ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‘”• ȋ•‡‡ ˆ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ”‘™ǡ ʹͲͳʹƒǡ ʹͲͳ͵ƒȌǤ Šƒ– „‡Ž‹‡ˆ •›•–‡ Šƒ• Ž‡† ‡ ’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡Ž› ˆ”‘ †‘‹‰ ‡š Ž—•‹˜‡Ž› “—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š –‘ ‘„‹‹‰ „‘–Š “—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ† “—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‡–Š‘†• ƒ† –Š‡ –‘ ‡š’ƒ†‹‰ ‹–‘ ‹š‡†Ǧ‡–Š‘†• ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ †‡‡†ǡ ǯ •–‹ŽŽ ˜‡”› ‹–‡”‡•–‡† ‹ •–ƒ–‹•–‹ • ȋ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› —Ž–‹˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‡ƒƒŽ›•‡•Ȍ ƒ† “—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š †‡•‹‰ǡ ƒ• ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† „› –Š‡ ‘—”•‡•  ‘–‹—‡–‘–‡ƒ Šǡ•‘‡‘ˆ›ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡•  Š‘‘•‡ –‘ ƒ––‡†Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ Žƒ•– ›‡ƒ”  ’”‡•‡–‡† ƒ ‹˜‹–‡† ’ƒ’‡” ƒ– –Š‡ —ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡ƒ•‘‹‰ ‹ ‡ ‘† ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –—†‹‡• ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ƒ– ‡‘”‰‡–‘™ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‹ ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡ ǡ ™Š‡”‡  ‘—‡† ™‹–Š Ž‹‡Ǧ ‹†‡†“—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”†•ƒ†”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†–Šƒ–“—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ʹ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‹•ƒŽ‹˜‡ƒ†™‡ŽŽǡƒ†–Šƒ–•— Š”‡•‡ƒ” Š ƒ‡˜‡„‡†‘‡™‡ŽŽ‹‘—”ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ ͳͻͻͳǡ ™ƒ•‹”ƒœ‹Žˆ‘”ƒ•‡‡•–‡”ƒ•ƒ —Ž„”‹‰Š–•‡‹‘”• Š‘Žƒ”Ǥ –ƒ—‰Š– –‡•–‹‰ ƒ† “—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡–Š‘†•ǡ ƒ† ƒ– –Š‡ –‹‡ǡ  ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› ˆ‡Ž– –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‹˜ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡‡–Š‘†•‹–‘‘—”ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ–Š‘—‰Š‹‘”ƒ––Šƒ––‹‡ǡ™ƒ• ƒ–”‡†–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†‡‹–Š‡”†‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”‘”ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–•–ƒ›ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†Ǥ‡†ƒ›ƒ ”ƒœ‹Ž‹ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡ǡ ‡•‹ŽŽ‡”ȋ™Š‘ˆƒ˜‘”‡†“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ Žƒ••”‘‘”‡•‡ƒ” ŠȌ ™ƒ•†”‹˜‹‰‡ƒ”‘—†‹‘–‘•Š‘’ˆ‘”ƒ”‹‰ˆ‘”›™‹ˆ‡Ǥ‡™‡”‡†‹• —••‹‰ “—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Šǡ ƒ†  ™ƒ• ‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰ ‘‡Ǧ–‘‘ǦŠ—„Ž› ™Š›  –Š‘—‰Š– “—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡”‡•‡ƒ” ŠŠƒ†Ž‹––Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡ǤŠ‡•–ƒ”–Ž‡†‡„›ƒ•‹‰‡‹ˆ ™‘—Ž†ǯ– „‡ƒ‘”‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”‹ˆ  ‘—Ž††‘„‘–Š“—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ ǯ•—”‡ †‡‹‡†‹–ƒ––Š‡–‹‡ǡ„—––Šƒ––Š‘—‰Š–ƒ–‡ƒ–‡‘˜‡”–Š‡ ‘—”•‡‘ˆƒ›‡ƒ”‘”–™‘Ǥ‘—Ž†•Š‡„‡”‹‰Š–ǫ ”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ›ǡ  ƒ‡ –‘ ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡ –Šƒ–  Šƒ† „‡‡ †‘‹‰ “—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ˆ‘” ›‡ƒ”•‹› —””‹ —Ž—™‘”ƒ† ‘„‹‹‰‹–™‹–Š›“—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡‡–Š‘†•Ǥ –†‹†ǯ––ƒ‡Ž‘‰–‘ ‘• ‹‘—•Ž›—†‡”•–ƒ†–Šƒ–› —””‹ —Ž— ™‘” ™ƒ• ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž› ‡”‹ Š‡† „› –Š‡ ˆƒ – –Šƒ–  Šƒ† ƒŽ™ƒ›• ‹•–‹ –‹˜‡Ž› —•‡† “—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡†ƒ–ƒȋ‹–‡”˜‹‡™•ǡ‡‡–‹‰•ǡ Žƒ••”‘‘‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•ǡ–‡š–ƒƒŽ›•‡•ǡ †‹• ‘—”•‡ƒƒŽ›•‡•‘ˆŽ‡ –—”‡•ǡƒ†•‘ˆ‘”–ŠȌ–‘‹ˆ‘”ƒ›‘ˆ›†‡ ‹•‹‘•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰™Šƒ–“—‡•–‹‘•–‘ƒ††”‡••™‹–Š–Š‡‹‡”–‹–‡•ȋƒ†‘’‡Ǧ‡†‡† ‹–‡•Ȍ ‘ –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡•  †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† –‘ ‰ƒ–Š‡” „”‘ƒ†‡” †ƒ–ƒˆ”‘ƒŽŽ

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͳǦͳͶ ͹

•–—†‡–•ǡ –‡ƒ Š‡”•ǡ ƒ† ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‘”• ‹ ™Šƒ–‡˜‡” ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ• ™‘”‹‰‹Ǥ‹–Š‘—–— Š–Š‘—‰Š– ™‘—Ž†‡˜‡ƒƒŽ›œ‡–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ–Š‘•‡ “—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡••–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽŽ›ƒ† qualitativelyǤ ‰—‡•• Šƒ†ƒŽ™ƒ›•„‡‡ƒ„‹– ‡„ƒ””ƒ••‡†„›–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ– ”‡Ž‹‡†‘“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡†ƒ–ƒǡ„—– Šƒ†”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‹–„›‹‰‘”‹‰›“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡–‡†‡ ‹‡•ƒ†Œ—•–‹ˆ›‹‰‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰‹–Š‡‡† ™‹–Š›•–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽƒƒŽ›•‡•Ǥ ‹˜‹‰ ™‹–Š ™Šƒ– ™ƒ• Ž‡ƒ”Ž› ƒŒ‘” ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ †‹••‘ƒ ‡ǡ  ™ƒ• ”‹’‡ ˆ‘” ƒ –—”‹‰’‘‹–ǡƒ†‹– ƒ‡™Š‡‘—”ˆƒ —Ž–›ƒ– ƒ•‡†‡–‘™‘”™‹–Š ƒ–Š› ƒ˜‹• ‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ ƒ† ‘Ǧ–‡ƒ Š‹‰ ƒ ‹–”‘†— –‘”› ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‘—”•‡ ˆ‘” ‘—” ‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡ •–—†‡–• –Šƒ– ‰ƒ˜‡ ‡“—ƒŽ „‹ŽŽ‹‰ –‘ “—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ† “—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡‡–Š‘†•Ǥ  Ž‡ƒ”‡† ƒ ‰‘‘† †‡ƒŽ ˆ”‘ ƒ–Š› †—”‹‰ –Šƒ– ‘—”•‡Ǥ ‘•– ‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž›ǡ  Ž‡ƒ”‡† –Šƒ– “—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ƒ „‡ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡† ƒ† •›•–‡ƒ–‹ ȋ•‡‡ˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡƒ˜‹•ͳͻͻʹǡͳͻͻͷȌǡƒ† Ž‡ƒ”‡†–Šƒ–ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡  Šƒ†‘–”ƒ‹‹‰‹‹–ǡ Šƒ†‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›„‡‡†‘‹‰‹–’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›™‡ŽŽǤ Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•—‡”ǡ ™ƒ•™‘”‹‰ƒ–‡’Ž‡‹˜‡”•‹–›ǯ• ƒ’ƒƒ’—• ƒ†ƒ’ƒ”–‡–Ǧ•‹––‹‰ˆ‘”ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡™Š‘Ž‹˜‡†ƒ––Šƒ––‹‡‹‘›‘Ǥ•‘‡ ‹•™ƒ––‘†‘ǡ ™ƒ•’‡”—•‹‰Š‹•„‘‘•ǡƒ›‘ˆ™Š‹ Š™‡”‡‘’‘•–‘†‡” –Š‡‘”› ƒ† ™‡”‡ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘– –‡””‹„Ž› ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ –‘ ‡ǡ ™Š‡  •–—„Ž‡† ƒ ”‘••‘‡„›‡™ƒƒ†‡œȋͳͻͻͺȌ–Šƒ– ˆ‘—†”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž›‹–‡”‡•–‹‰Ǥ – ‡š’Ž‘”‡† ™ƒ›• –‘ —•‡ „‘–Š “—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ† “—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡–Š‘†• ‹ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‹™Šƒ––Š‡› ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ“—ƒŽȀ“—ƒ– ‘–‹——ǤŠ‹•‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡Ž‡† ‡–‘’”‘†— ‡ƒ„‘‘ƒ†ƒƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹™Š‹ Š ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡†•–”‹‹‰ƒ„ƒŽƒ ‡ „‡–™‡‡ “—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ† “—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‡–Š‘†• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ”‘™ǡ ʹͲͲͳǡ ʹͲͲͶǡ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ȌǤ  ˆ‡™ ›‡ƒ”• Žƒ–‡”ǡ  ™ƒ• •‹––‹‰ ‹ ƒ •–—†‡–ǯ• †‘ –‘”ƒŽ †‡ˆ‡•‡ǡ ™Š‡ ƒ‘–Š‡” ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡ ȋ ‘Š ‘””‹•Ȍ‡–‹‘‡† •‘‡–Š‹‰ ƒŽŽ‡† mixed-method researchǤ Šƒ– ‘‡–Ž‡†‡ –‘ƒ ‡–‹”‡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ –Š‡ –‘’‹ ȋ‹ Ž—†‹‰‹–•‘™Œ‘—”ƒŽȌ–Šƒ– ™ƒ•–‘–ƒŽŽ›—ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆǤ‹ ‡‘•–‘ˆ –Šƒ–Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡™ƒ•’”‘†— ‡†‹–Š‡ʹͳ•– ‡–—”›ǡ ™ƒ•ƒ„Ž‡–‘†‡˜‘—”‹–‹ƒ ˆƒ‹”Ž›•Š‘”––‹‡Ǥ• ™ƒ•”‡ƒ†‹‰ǡ ˆ‘—†›•‡ŽˆŽ‘‘‹‰‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘”™ƒ›• –Šƒ– “—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ† “—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡–Š‘†• ‘—Ž† „‡—•‡† –‘ Dz ”‘••Ǧ ˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡dz ‡ƒ Š ‘–Š‡”Ǥ Šƒ–  †‹• ‘˜‡”‡† ™ƒ• –Šƒ– ”‘••Ǧ˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ• ‘Ž› ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡•–‘”›™‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”†–‘Š‘™‹š‡†Ǧ‡–Š‘†•”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡Šƒ ‡•ƒ† ƒ’Ž‹ˆ‹‡• –Š‡ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ “—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ† “—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‡–Š‘†• •— Š–Šƒ–“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡’Ž—•“—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡„‡ ‘‡•— Š‘”‡‹‹š‡†Ǧ‡–Š‘† ”‡•‡ƒ” Š –Šƒ •‹’Ž› –Š‡ •— ‘ˆ –Š‘•‡ –™‘ ’ƒ”–•ǡ ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ ™Š‹ Š ‡š’Žƒ‹‹ ”‘™ȋʹͲͳͶƒȌǤ  •Š‘”–ǡ †—”‹‰ › ͶͲ ›‡ƒ”• ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ  Šƒ˜‡ ™ƒ– Š‡† –Š‡ ˜‡”› ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹ƒ’’Ž‹‡†Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ •‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹“—ƒ–‹–›ǡ“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡƒ†”‡•’‡ –ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘•‡‡‡š’ƒ•‹‘‹–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†–‘‹ Ž—†‡“—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ǡƒ† –Š‡ ‹š‡†Ǧ‡–Š‘†• ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ – •‡‡• Ž‹‡Ž› –Šƒ–’’Ž‹‡† ‹‰—‹•–‹ • ™‹ŽŽ ‘–‹—‡ –‘ ‹’”‘˜‡ ‘ ƒ† ‡š’ƒ† ‡š‹•–‹‰ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š

ͺ ǤǤ”‘™

‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ†’‡”•‹•–‹‘’‡‹‰—’‡™”‡•‡ƒ” Š†‹”‡ –‹‘•ƒ†‘’–‹‘• ˆ‘”›‘—‰”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•Ǥ •‘ˆƒ”ƒ•  ƒ ‘–‹—‡–‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ƒ•ƒ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡” ‘”ƒ•ƒ‡–‘”–‘›‘—‰”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•ǡ ˆ‹†–Š‘•‡’”‘•’‡ –•‡š ‹–‹‰Ǥ

6. Expanding research topics ‡•–‹‰ ”‡•‡ƒ” Šǡ “—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡Ȁ“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡Ȁ‹š‡†Ǧ‡–Š‘†• ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‡–Š‘†Ǧ ‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ —””‹ —Ž—†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–”‡•‡ƒ” ŠƒŽŽ ‘–‹—‡–‘„‡‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•––‘‡ ƒ†ƒ”‡ƒ”‡ƒ•–Šƒ– ™‘”‹Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ  ƒ‘–Š‡Ž’„‡ ‘‹‰‹–‡”‡•–‡†ƒ† ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ ‡™ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ –™‘ •–—†‡–• ƒ•‡† ‡ “—‡•–‹‘•„ƒ ‹ͳͻͺͳ–Šƒ–Ž‡†–‘ƒ‡–‹”‡•–”ƒ†‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ” Šǣ‘‡•–—†‡– ƒ•‡† ™Š› Š‡ ‘—Ž† —†‡”•–ƒ†‡ ‹ Žƒ•• ™Š‡  •’‘‡ –‘ –Š‡ǡ„—–‘– ™Š‡ •’‘‡™‹–Š–Š‡‘–Š‡”‡”‹ ƒ–‡ƒ Š‡”•Ǣƒ‘–Š‡”ƒ•‡†‡–‘•’‡ƒ ‘”‡ •Ž‘™Ž›ǡ –‘ ™Š‹ Š  ”‡’Ž‹‡†ǡ Dz‘ǡ ›‘— Ž‹•–‡ ‘”‡ “—‹ Ž›ǤdzŠ‘•‡–™‘ •–—†‡–•ǯ “—‡•–‹‘• Ž‡† ‡ –‘ ™”‹–‡ •–”‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ”–‹ Ž‡• ‘˜‡” –Š‡›‡ƒ”•‘ ”‡†— ‡†ˆ‘”•ƒ†connected speechǡƒ†‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›–‘‡†‹––™‘„‘‘•‘–Š‡ –‘’‹  ȋ”‘™ Ƭ ‘†‘Ǧ”‘™ǡ ʹͲͲ͸Ǣ ”‘™ǡ ʹͲͳʹƒȌǤ  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ Žƒ”‰‡Ž› „‡ ƒ—•‡ ƒ„‹ ƒ•’‡” Œ‘‹‡† ‘—” †‡’ƒ”–‡– ƒ† „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘• ™‹–ŠŠ‘ —†•‘ƒ„‘—– ‘—‹ ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘’‡–‡ ‡ȋƒ†–‡•–‹‰‹–Ȍǡ ‰‘– ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ –Š‡ testing of pragmaticsǡ ™Š‹ Š Šƒ• ”‡•—Ž–‡† ‹ ƒ ‘—’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‘ƒ—–Š‘”‡†„‘‘•ȋ —†•‘ǡ‡–‡”ǡƬ”‘™ǡͳͻͻʹǡͳͻͻͷȌƒ†ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ ƒ”–‹ Ž‡• ‘ –Š‡ –‘’‹ Ǥ ‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ™‘”‹‰ ‘ ƒ ’”‘Œ‡ – –‘ –‡•– ‘”ƒŽ ƒ™ƒ‹‹ƒ ™‹–ŠŽ‘ŠƒŽƒ‹ ‘—•ƒƒ†Š‡” ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡•ƒ–  ‹Ž‘ǡ ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›‰‘–ƒš‹ƒŽŽ› ˆ”—•–”ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–‘„‘‘‡š‹•–‡†ƒ„‘—–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ƒ†—•‹‰rubrics‹•‡ ‘† Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‡•–‹‰ǡ •‘  ‡†‹–‡† ‘‡ ȋ”‘™ǡ ʹͲͳʹ„ȌǤ ‘•– ”‡ ‡–Ž›ǡ Žƒ”‰‡Ž› „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘• ™‹–Š ƒ†›  ƒ›ǡ  Šƒ˜‡ „‡ ‘‡ ‹–‡”‡•–‡† ‹ English as an International Languageȋ Ȍǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›‹–‡”•‘ˆ  —””‹ —Ž—†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†ƒ••‡••‡–ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•”‡•—Ž–‡†‹–™‘ƒ”–‹ Ž‡• ƒ†ƒ—’ ‘‹‰„‘‘ȋ ƒ›Ƭ”‘™ǡʹͲͳͷȌǤ

7. Conclusion  ™”‹–‹‰ –Š‡•‡ ”‡‹‹• ‡ ‡•ǡ  Šƒ˜‡ ‘–‹ ‡† •‡˜‡”ƒŽ Ž‡••‘• –Šƒ–  Šƒ˜‡ Ž‡ƒ”‡† ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‹”•– Ž‡••‘ ‹• –Šƒ– ’‡‘’Ž‡ Šƒ˜‡ ’Žƒ›‡† ƒ ‡‘”‘—•Ž› ‹’‘”–ƒ– ”‘Ž‡ ƒ– ƒŽŽ •–ƒ‰‡• ‘ˆ › ƒ”‡‡”Ǥ ˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š ƒƒ †‡†‹ ƒ–‡†‹–”‘˜‡”–™Š‘‰ƒ–Š‡”•‡‡”‰›ˆ”‘•‹Ž‡ ‡™Š‹Ž‡™‘”‹‰ƒŽ‘‡ƒ– Š‘‡‘”™‹–Š›‘ˆˆ‹ ‡†‘‘” Ž‘•‡†ǡ ƒ•—”’”‹•‡†‹Ž‘‘‹‰„ƒ ǡ–Šƒ–‡˜‡”› •‹‰Ž‡–™‹•–ƒ†–—”‹›’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡Šƒ•„‡‡†—‡–‘•‘‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ™Š‘Š‡Ž’‡†‡‹‘‡™ƒ›‘”ƒ‘–Š‡”Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ‘•‹†‡”Œ—•––Š‡–—”‹‰ ’‘‹–• †‹• —••‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ȋƒ†–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘Š‡Ž’‡†‡Ȍǣ›‹‹–‹ƒŽ‹–‡”‡•– ‹ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‡•–‹‰ ȋ—•• ƒ’„‡ŽŽȌǢ ”‹–‡”‹‘Ǧ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡† –‡•–‹‰ ȋ ‹ ‘’ŠƒȌǢ Ǧ–Š‡‘”› ƒ† ”‡•‡ƒ” Š •–ƒ–‹•–‹ • ȋ‹ Šƒ”† Šƒ˜‡Ž•‘ȌǢ •›•–‡ƒ–‹  —””‹ —Ž—†‡•‹‰ȋ‘—‹ ƬƒŽ–‡”ƒ”‡›ȌǢ–Š‡‹†‡ƒ–‘ƒ’’Ž›ˆ‘”–Š‡Œ‘„ƒ–   ȋ‹‡ ‘‰ȌǢ “—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ȋƒ–Š› ƒ˜‹•ȌǢ –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ „‡‹‰ ƒ

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͳǦͳͶ ͻ

•–”‘‰‡””‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”™Š‘ ‘„‹‡•„‘–Š“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡‡–Š‘†• ȋ ‡•‹ŽŽ‡”ȌǢ”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ•ƒ“—ƒŽǦ“—ƒ– ‘–‹——ȋ‡™ƒƬ‡œǡ ͳͻͻͺȌǢ ‹š‡†Ǧ‡–Š‘†• ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ȋ ‘Š ‘””‹•ȌǢ ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹ • –‡•–‹‰ ȋ ƒ„‹ ƒ•’‡” Ƭ Š‘ —†•‘ȌǢ ‘‡ –‡†•’‡‡ Šȋ–™‘ƒ‘›‘—••–—†‡–•‹› Žƒ••‡•‹ Š‹ƒȌǢ”—„”‹ •ȋŽ‘ŠƒŽƒ‹ ‘—•ƒƬŠ‡” ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡•ƒ–  ‹Ž‘ȌǢƒ†‰Ž‹•Š ƒ•ƒ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ȋƒ†› ƒ›ȌǤƒ›‘–Š‡”’‡‘’Ž‡Šƒ˜‡Š‡Ž’‡† ‡ ‹ ™ƒ›• –Šƒ– ™‡”‡ ‘– †‹”‡ –Ž› ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ › ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ „—– ‘‡–Š‡Ž‡•• ‹’‘”–ƒ–Ǥ Š‹‡ˆ ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ ‹• ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡ ‡ƒ ‹‹ ‘†‘Ǧ ”‘™ǡ›•’‘—•‡ƒ†’ƒ”–‡”‘ˆͳͷ›‡ƒ”•ǤŠ‘—‰Šƒ„—•›’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ‹Š‡” ‘™”‹‰Š–ǡ•Š‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•ˆ‹†•–‹‡ƒ†’ƒ–‹‡ ‡–‘™‘”™‹–Š‡‘’”‘Œ‡ –•ǡ–‘ •—’’‘”–›™‘”ǡƒ†–‘„‡›•–ƒŽ™ƒ”– ‘’ƒ‹‘‹ƒŽŽ–Š‹‰•Ǥ˜‡”ƒŽŽǡ–Š‡ Ž‡••‘ Šƒ˜‡Ž‡ƒ”‡†Š‡”‡‹•–Šƒ–ǡƒ•‹‹”‡‹†•‡‘ˆ–‡ǡDz –ǯ•‘–ƒŽŽƒ„‘—– ›‘— Ǥdz †‡‡†ǡ ‘™‡ƒ‰”‡ƒ–†‡ƒŽ–‘–Š‡Š‡Ž’‘ˆ•‘ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡ǡƒ† ƒ ‰”ƒ–‡ˆ—Ž–‘‡ƒ Šƒ†‡˜‡”›‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ǤŠ‡„‘––‘Ž‹‡‹•–Šƒ– ‘‡ ‘ˆ —• ƒ Š‹‡˜‡™Šƒ–™‡†‘™‹–Š‘—––Š‡Š‡Ž’‘ˆ‘–Š‡”•Ǥ  •‡ ‘† Ž‡••‘ –Šƒ– ǯ ”‡‹†‡† ‘ˆ ‹ –Š‹• ‘–‡š– ‹• –Šƒ– ™‡ ƒŽŽ –‡† –‘ •–‡”‡‘–›’‡ ƒ† ’‹‰‡‘Š‘Ž‡ ‡ƒ Š ‘–Š‡” ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŽ›Ǥ ǯ ƒŽ™ƒ›•ƒ—•‡† ™Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘‡ —’ –‘ ‡ ƒ† ’”‘—†Ž› –‡ŽŽ ‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ ”‡ƒ† › ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‘”„‘‘Ǥ –ǯ•ƒŽ‹––Ž‡Šƒ”†–‘‘™™Šƒ––‘•ƒ›ǡ„—– —•—ƒŽŽ› ‘‡‘—– ™‹–Š•‘‡–Š‹‰Ž‹‡ǡDzŠ‹ Š‘‡ǫdz†–Šƒ–‰‹˜‡•—••‘‡’Žƒ ‡–‘‰‘™‹–Š–Š‡ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ƒ‘–“—‹–‡•‘ƒ—•‡†™Š‡‹––—”•‘—––Š‡„‘‘–Š‡›ƒ‡ ‹•Principles of Language Learning and TeachingȋʹͲͳͶǡ„› Ǥ‘—‰Žƒ•”‘™ǡ ‘™‹‹–•͸–Š‡†‹–‹‘ȌǤ—–™Šƒ– ƒ †‘ǫ Œ—•––‡ŽŽ–Š‡–Šƒ–ǡDz‹–™ƒ•™”‹––‡ „› Ǥ‘—‰Žƒ•”‘™ǡ–Š‡‰‘‘†Ž‘‘‹‰”‘™ǤdzŠƒ–—•—ƒŽŽ›‰‡–•ƒŽƒ—‰Šƒ† †‡ˆ—•‡•™Šƒ–‡˜‡”ƒ™™ƒ”†‡•• ǯˆ‡‡Ž‹‰Ǥ ˆ‹†‹–‡˜‡Ž‡••ƒ—•‹‰™Š‡  ˆ‹† –Šƒ– ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ”‡ •–‡”‡‘–›’‹‰ ‡ ƒ• ƒ Šƒ”† ‘”‡ ȋƒ† ƒ””‘™‹†‡†Ȍ •–ƒ–‹•–‹ •‰—›ǤŠ‡›—•—ƒŽŽ› ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•— Š‘”‡—’Ǧ–‘Ǧ†ƒ–‡–Šƒ ‡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ›‘—‰ ƒ† ‘™ –Š‡ –”—–Šǡ ƒ† –Šƒ–ǯ• ƒ Ž‹––Ž‡ Šƒ”† –‘ •™ƒŽŽ‘™Ǥ ‘” •‘‡ ”‡ƒ•‘ǡ –Š‡•‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ƒŽ™ƒ›• ”‡‹† ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‹‡  ™‡––‘•‡‡‘„‡”–ƒ†‘•’‡ƒƒ–ƒ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡‹–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›ͳͻͺͲ•Ǥ ‡™‘ˆ Š‹ƒ•ƒ†‹• ”‡–‡Ǧ’‘‹–ǡ—Ž–‹’Ž‡Ǧ Š‘‹ ‡ǡ‰”ƒƒ”–‡•–‹‰‰—›Ǥ ™ƒ••–—‡† ƒ–Š‘™— ŠŠ‡Šƒ†Ž‡ƒ”‡†•‹ ‡Š‡™”‘–‡Š‹•‹ˆŽ—‡–‹ƒŽ„‘‘‘Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‡•–‹‰ȋƒ†‘ǡͳͻ͸ͳȌǤ ‹•–‘’‹ ǫ ‡™ƒ•–ƒŽ‹‰ƒ„‘—– Ž‘œ‡–‡•–•Ǥ ‘™†‹†Š‡ ˆ‹†‘—–ƒ„‘—––Š‡ǫ‘ǡ–Š‡Ž‡••‘Ž‡ƒ”‡†‹•–Šƒ–™‡ƒŽŽŠƒ˜‡ƒ–‡†‡ ›–‘ •–‡”‡‘–›’‡ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›™Š‡™‡ƒ”‡›‘—‰ƒ†ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰Ǥ‡”Šƒ’•‹–™‘—Ž† „‡™‹•‡”–‘”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡–Šƒ–ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡‹‘—”ˆ‹‡Ž†ƒ”‡—Ž–‹†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽƒ† ˆ—ŽŽ› ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ˆ —Ž–‹’Ž‡ ˆ‘ ‹ǡ ‘” ‘–‹—‹‰ –‘ ‰”‘™ǡ ƒ† ‘ˆ Šƒ‰‹‰ –Š”‘—‰Š‘—– –Š‡‹” ƒ”‡‡”•Ǥ ƒ›„‡ ™‡ •Š‘—Ž† ‡˜‡ ˆ‡‡Ž •‘””› ˆ‘” ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™Š‘ †‘ǯ–†‘–Šƒ–ǡ™Š‘‹•–‡ƒ†‰‡–•–— ‹ƒ”—–™Š‡”‡–Š‡›ˆŽ‘‰–Š‡•ƒ‡Dz‰‘‘†dz ‹†‡ƒ‘˜‡”ƒ†‘˜‡”ˆ‘”›‡ƒ”•Ǥ ‡Žƒ•–ƒŽŽǦ‡ ‘’ƒ••‹‰Ž‡••‘ Šƒ˜‡Ž‡ƒ”‡†‹•–Šƒ––Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†‹• ‘•–ƒ–Ž› •Š‹ˆ–‹‰ǡ Šƒ‰‹‰ǡƒ†‰”‘™‹‰Ǥ †‡‡†ǡ Šƒ‰‡‹•‹‡˜‹–ƒ„Ž‡ǡƒ†ˆŽ‘™‹‰™‹–Š

ͳͲ ǤǤ”‘™

‹– ƒ„‡ƒ‡š–”ƒ‘”†‹ƒ”› ”‹†‡Ǥ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡”‹†‡–Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡Šƒ†ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ ™ƒ›‹›ƒ›”‘Ž‡•ˆ”‘›‘—‰ ”‡ ŠŠ‘”’Žƒ›‡”ǡ–‘•‘Ž†‹‡”ǡ–‘”‡•–ƒ—”ƒ– ƒƒ‰‡”‹’ƒ‹ǡ–‘—†‡”‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡•–—†‡–‹ ”‡ Šƒ†‰Ž‹•ŠŽ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡•ǡ –‘‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡•–—†‡–ƒ–‹ƒ†’’Ž‹‡†‹‰—‹•–‹ •ǡ–‘•‡‹‘”• Š‘Žƒ” ‹–Š‡Š‹ƒš Šƒ‰‡”‘‰”ƒǡ–‘ƒ†Œ— –ƒ••‹•–ƒ–’”‘ˆ‡••‘”ƒ– ǡ ƒ† –‘ ƒ••‹•–ƒ–ǡ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡ǡ ƒ† ˆ—ŽŽ ’”‘ˆ‡••‘” ƒ–  Ǥ † ‘”‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‹ ƒ„‘—– Š‘™ Šƒ˜‡ ‹‰”ƒ–‡† ˆ”‘ Šƒ”† ‘”‡ –‡•–‹‰ ƒ† •–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š –‘ ‘„‹‹‰ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡† “—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ™‹–Š “—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ†–Š‡†‹• ‘˜‡”‹‰–Š‡ƒ††‡†˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ ‘„‹‹‰„‘–Š –”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ‹–‘ ™Šƒ– ‹• ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž› ƒ –Š‹”† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ƒŽŽ‡† ‹š‡†Ǧ‡–Š‘†• ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ •—’’‘•‡–Š‡Ž‡••‘•ƒ”‡–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‘ˆ—•‡‡†–‘„‡‘’‡–‘ Šƒ‰‡ǡ–‘ ˆŽ‘™™‹–Š‹–ǡƒ†–‘‡Œ‘›–Š‡”‹†‡–Š‡„‡•–™ƒ›™‡‘™Š‘™Ǥ •  ‘‡–‘–Š‹•’‘‹–‹›”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘ǡ‹–•—††‡Ž›ˆ‡‡Ž•Ž‹‡–Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡†Ǥ ‘”‡ ƒ† ‘”‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ”‡ ƒ•‹‰ ™Š‡  ™‹ŽŽ ”‡–‹”‡Ǥ –Š‡”• ƒ”‡ ƒ•‹‰‡–‘™”‹–‡–Š‹‰•Ž‹‡–Š‹•”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘‘› ƒ”‡‡”‘”–‘†‘‹–‡”˜‹‡™• ƒ„‘—– › ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•Ǥ  ‰—‡•• ƒ– –Š‡ ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ͸ͻ ‹– ‹• ƒ–—”ƒŽ –‘Ž‘‘„ƒ Ǥ †‡‡†ǡ™‹–Š‘—–‡˜‡–Š‹‹‰ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ Šƒ˜‡‹‰”ƒ–‡†‹› ™”‹–‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ †‹”‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ”–‹ Ž‡• –Šƒ– ƒ•–‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‘Ž†Ǧ‰—›ǦŽ‘‘‹‰Ǧ„ƒ  ”‘Ž‡ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰‹–‡”˜‹‡™•Ž‹‡–Š‡‘‡ †‹†ˆ‘”IJLS‹–Š‡Žƒ•–‹••—‡ȋ”‘™ ™‹–ŠƒŽƒ‹‘†‘—•ŠƒǡʹͲͳͷȌǡ–Š”‡‡ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰‘‹•–ƒ‡• Šƒ˜‡ ƒ†‡ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ›‡ƒ”• ‹ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‡•–‹‰ǡ —””‹ —Ž— †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ ƒ† ”‡•‡ƒ” Šȋ”‘™ǡʹͲͳͲǡʹͲͳʹ ǡʹͲͳͶ„ǡ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ȍǡƒ†ƒƒ”–‹ Ž‡”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰ ‘ ™Šƒ–  Šƒ˜‡ Ž‡ƒ”‡† ‹ †‘‹‰ ʹͷ ›‡ƒ”•‘ˆ Ž‘œ‡ –‡•–‹‰ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ȋ”‘™ǡ ʹͲͳ͵„ȌǤ ‘‡•ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‹•‡ƒ ƒ‰‡––‹‰”‡ƒ†›–‘’—–ƒ’‡”‹‘†‘› ƒ”‡‡”ǡ‘”‹•–Š‹• Œ—•– ƒ •‡‹ ‘Ž‘ ™‹–Š — Š –‘ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ǫ Š‘ ‘™• ™Šƒ– ƒ› ‘ˆ —• ™‹ŽŽ „‡ †‘‹‰„›–Š‡–‹‡›‘—”‡ƒ†–Š‹•ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ǡ„—– am™‹ŽŽ‹‰–‘„‡–‘‘‡–Š‹‰ˆ‘” •—”‡ǣ”‡–‹”‡†‘”‘–ǡ ™‹ŽŽ’”‘„ƒ„Ž›„‡‡š’Ž‘”‹‰‡™‹†‡ƒ•ƒ†ƒ†ƒ’–‹‰ƒ† ‰”‘™‹‰ȋ™‹–ŠŠ‡Ž’‘ˆ‘–Š‡”•ȌȄƒ†‡Œ‘›‹‰‡˜‡”›‹—–‡‘ˆ‹–Ǥ •ǯ––Šƒ––Š‡ ’‘‹–ǫ

The Author ƒ‡•‡ƒȋ̶ ̶Ȍ”‘™ȋƒ‹Žǣ„”‘™Œ̷ ƒ™ƒ‹‹Ǥ‡†—Ȍ‹•”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆ‡ ‘† ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ƒ™ƒ‹Ǯ‹ƒ–ƒlj‘ƒǤ ‡Šƒ••’‘‡ƒ† –ƒ—‰Š– ‹ ƒ› ’Žƒ ‡• ”ƒ‰‹‰ ˆ”‘ ”ƒœ‹Ž –‘ ‡‡œ—‡ŽƒǤ ‡ Šƒ• ’—„Ž‹•Š‡† —‡”‘—•ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ƒ†„‘‘•‘Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–‡•–‹‰ǡ —””‹ —Ž—†‡•‹‰ǡ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‡–Š‘†•ǡƒ† ‘‡ –‡†•’‡‡ ŠǤ ‹•‘•–”‡ ‡–„‘‘•ƒ”‡ǣDeveloping, using, and analyzing rubrics in language assessment with case studies in Asian and Pacific languagesȋʹͲͳʹˆ”‘ ȌǢNew ways in teaching connected speech ȋʹͲͳʹ ˆ”‘ ȌǢ New ways of classroom assessment, revised ȋʹͲͳ͵ ˆ”‘ ȌǢPractical assessment tools for college JapaneseȋʹͲͳ͵™‹–ŠǤ‘†‘Ǧ

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͳǦͳͶ ͳͳ

”‘™ ˆ”‘  ȌǢ Mixed methods research for TESOL ȋʹͲͳͶ ˆ”‘ †‹„—”‰Š ‹˜‡”•‹–› ”‡••ȌǢ Cambridge guide to research in language teaching and learning ȋʹͲͳͷ ™‹–Š Ǥ ‘‘„‡ ˆ”‘ ƒ„”‹†‰‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ”‡••ȌǢ Teaching and assessing EIL in local contexts around the worldȋʹͲͳͷ ™‹–ŠǤǤ ƒ›ˆ”‘‘—–Ž‡†‰‡ȌǢIntroducing needs analysis and English for specific purposesȋ‹’”‡••ʹͲͳ͸ˆ”‘‘—–Ž‡†‰‡Ȍǡƒ†–™‘‘–Š‡”•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ —””‡–Ž›‹–Š‡™‘”•Ǥ

References

”‘™ǡ ǤǤȋʹͲͳͶȌǤ Principles of language learning and teachingȋ͸–Š‡†ǤȌǤ ‘•–‘ǣ‡ƒ”•‘†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

”‘™ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋͳͻͺͲȌǤ ‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ ‡”‹–• ‘ˆˆ‘—”‡–Š‘†• ˆ‘” • ‘”‹‰ Ž‘œ‡ –‡•–•Ǥ ModernLanguageJournal,64ȋ͵Ȍǡ͵ͳͳǦ͵ͳ͹Ǥ

”‘™ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋͳͻͺͳȌǤ ‡™Ž› ’Žƒ ‡† ˜‡”•—• ‘–‹—‹‰ •–—†‡–•ǣ ‘’ƒ”‹‰ ’”‘ˆ‹ ‹‡ ›Ǥ  Ǥ Ǥ ‹•Š‡”ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Žƒ”‡ Ƭ Ǥ  Šƒ Š–‡” ȋ†•ǤȌǡ On TESOL 1980 Building Bridges: Research and Practice in Teaching English as a Second Language. ‡Ž‡ –‡† ’ƒ’‡”• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ͳͶ–Š —ƒŽ  ‘˜‡–‹‘ǡƒ ”ƒ ‹• ‘ǡȋ’’ǤͳͳͳǦͳͳ͹ȌǤƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǣǤ

”‘™ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋͳͻͺ͵ƒȌǤ  Ž‘•‡” Ž‘‘ ƒ– Ž‘œ‡ǣ ƒŽ‹†‹–› ƒ† ”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ  Ǥ Ǥ ŽŽ‡”ǡ ”Ǥȋ†ǤȌǡIssuesinLanguageTestingResearch,ȋ’’Ǥʹ͵͹ǦʹͷͲȌǤ‘™Ž‡›ǡ ǣ‡™„—”› ‘—•‡ȋƒŽ•‘ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ˆ”‘ ǣʹʹ͹͸ͻͷȌǤ

”‘™ǡ ǤǤȋͳͻͺ͵„ȌǤ‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘”’Š‡‡Ǧ‰”‘—’‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘•Ǥ ǤǤ ƒ‹Ž‡›ǡǤ Ǥ‘‰ƬǤ‡ ȋ†•ǤȌǡSecondLanguageAcquisitionStudies, ȋ’’ǤʹͷǦͶͲȌǤ‘™Ž‡›ǡǣ‡™„—”› ‘—•‡Ǥ

”‘™ǡ ǤǤȋͳͻͺͶƒȌǤ Ž‘œ‡‹•ƒ Ž‘œ‡‹•ƒ Ž‘œ‡ǫ  Ǥ ƒ†• ‘„‡ǡǤ”‡Ƭ Ǥ ƒ›Ž‘” ȋ†•ǤȌǡ On TESOL '83: The Question of Control.‡Ž‡ –‡†’ƒ’‡”• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ͳ͹–Š —ƒŽ  ‘˜‡–‹‘ǡ ‘”‘–‘ǡ ȋ’’Ǥ ͳͲͻǦͳͳͻȌǤ ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǣȋƒŽ•‘ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ˆ”‘ ǣʹ͹ͷͳͶͷȌǤ

”‘™ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋͳͻͺͶ„ȌǤ  ‘”Ǧ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡† ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ ”‡ƒ†‹‰ –‡•–Ǥ  Ǥ Ǥ —‰ŠƬ ǤǤŽ‹Œȋ†•ǤȌǡReadingforProfessionalPurposesinNativeand ForeignLanguages,ȋ’’Ǥʹͳ͵ǦʹʹʹȌǤ‘†‘ǣ ‡‹‡ƒ†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǤ

”‘™ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋͳͻͺͺȌǤ Understanding research in second language learning: A teacher’s guide to statistics and research design. ƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣ ƒ„”‹†‰‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ

ͳʹ ǤǤ”‘™

”‘™ǡ ǤǤȋͳͻͻͳȌǤ–ƒ–‹•–‹ •ƒ•ƒˆ‘”‡‹‰Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǦǦƒ”–ͳǣŠƒ––‘Ž‘‘ˆ‘”‹ ”‡ƒ†‹‰•–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•–—†‹‡•ǤTESOL Quarterly, 25ȋͶȌǡͷ͸ͻǦͷͺ͸Ǥ

”‘™ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋͳͻͻʹȌǤ –ƒ–‹•–‹ • ƒ• ƒ ˆ‘”‡‹‰ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǦǦƒ”– ʹǣ ‘”‡ –Š‹‰• –‘ Ž‘‘ ˆ‘” ‹ ”‡ƒ†‹‰ •–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ •–—†‹‡•Ǥ TESOL Quarterly, 26ȋͶȌǡ ͸ʹͻǦ͸͸ͶǤ

”‘™ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋͳͻͻͷȌǤ The elements of language curriculum: A systematic approach to program developmentǤ‡™‘”ǣ ‡‹Ž‡Ƭ ‡‹Ž‡Ǥ

”‘™ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋͳͻͻ͸ȌǤ Testing in language programsǤ ’’‡” ƒ††Ž‡ ‹˜‡”ǡ  ǣ ”‡–‹ ‡ ƒŽŽ‡‰‡–•Ǥ

”‘™ǡ ǤǤȋʹͲͲͳȌǤUsing surveys in language programsǤ ƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣ ƒ„”‹†‰‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ

”‘™ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋʹͲͲͶȌǤ ‡•‡ƒ” Š ‡–Š‘†• ˆ‘” ’’Ž‹‡† ‹‰—‹•–‹ •ǣ  ‘’‡ǡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ǡ ƒ† •–ƒ†ƒ”†•Ǥ  Ǥ ƒ˜‹‡• Ƭ Ǥ Ž†‡” ȋ†•ǤȌǡ The Handbook of Applied Linguistics,ȋ’’ǤͶ͹͸ǦͷͲͲȌǤšˆ‘”†ǣŽƒ ™‡ŽŽǤ

”‘™ǡ ǤǤȋʹͲͲͷȌǤTesting in language programs: A comprehensive guide to English language assessment ȋ‡™‡†‹–‹‘ȌǤ‡™‘”ǣ ”ƒ™Ǧ ‹ŽŽǤ

”‘™ǡ ǤǤȋʹͲͳͲȌǤ†˜‡–—”‡•‹Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–‡•–‹‰ǣ ‘™ Ž‡ƒ”‡†ˆ”‘› ‹•–ƒ‡•‘˜‡”͵ͷ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ English Language Testing: Issues and Prospects: Proceedings of the 2010 Annual GETA International Conference, ȋ’’Ǥ ͳͺǦ ʹͺȌǤ ™ƒ‰Œ—ǡ‘”‡ƒǣ Ž‘„ƒŽ‰Ž‹•Š‡ƒ Š‡”•ǯ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

”‘™ǡ ǤǤȋ†ǤȌǤȋʹͲͳʹƒȌǤNew ways of teaching connected speech. Ž‡šƒ†”‹ƒǡ ǣ‡ƒ Š‡”•‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Š–‘’‡ƒ‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•Ǥ

”‘™ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋ†ǤȌǤ ȋʹͲͳʹ„ȌǤ Developing, using, and analyzing rubrics in language assessment with case studies in Asian and Pacific languages. ‘‘Ž—Ž—ǡ ǣƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘”‡‹‰ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‡•‘—” ‡‡–‡”Ǥ

”‘™ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋʹͲͳʹ ȌǤ Š‡ ’‡”‹Ž• ‘ˆ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ —””‹ —Ž— †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǣ ‹•–ƒ‡•™‡”‡ƒ†‡ǡ’”‘„Ž‡•ˆƒ ‡†ǡƒ†Ž‡••‘•Ž‡ƒ”‡†Ǥ  Ǥ‹ŽŽƒ›Ƭ Ǥ ‡‘ ȋ†•ǤȌǡ Teaching Language to Learners of Different Age Groupsǣ Anthology Series 53, ȋ’’Ǥ ͳ͹Ͷ Ǧ ͳͻ͵ȌǤ ‹‰ƒ’‘”‡ǣ  ‡‰‹‘ƒŽ ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‡–”‡Ǥ ȏŽ•‘ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ƒ• ”‘™ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋʹͲͲͻȌǤ ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ —””‹ —Ž— †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǣ ‹•–ƒ‡• ™‡”‡ ƒ†‡ǡ ’”‘„Ž‡• ˆƒ ‡†ǡ ƒ† Ž‡••‘• Ž‡ƒ”‡†. Second Language Studies, 28ȋͳȌǡ ͺͷǦͳͲͷǤ ‡–”‹‡˜‡† ‡ ‡„‡” ͷǡ ʹͲͳͶ ˆ”‘ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™ǤŠƒ™ƒ‹‹Ǥ‡†—Ȁ•Ž•Ȁ•Ž•Ȁ™’Ǧ ‘–‡–Ȁ

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͳǦͳͶ ͳ͵

—’Ž‘ƒ†•Ȁ͵Ǧ”‘™Ǥ’†ˆȐ

”‘™ǡ ǤǤȋ†ǤȌǤȋʹͲͳ͵ƒȌ. New ways of classroom assessment, revised. Ž‡šƒ†”‹ƒǡǣ‡ƒ Š‡”•‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Š–‘’‡ƒ‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•Ǥ

”‘™ǡ ǤǤȋʹͲͳ͵„ȌǤ›–™‡–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡›‡ƒ”•‘ˆ Ž‘œ‡–‡•–‹‰”‡•‡ƒ” Šǣ‘™Šƒ–ǫ International Journal of Language Studies, 7ȋͳȌǡͳǦ͵ʹǤ

”‘™ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋʹͲͳͶƒȌǤ Mixed methods research for TESOL. †‹„—”‰Šǣ †‹„—”‰Š‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ

”‘™ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋʹͲͳͶ„ȌǤ †˜‡–—”‡• ‹ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Šǣ ‘™ Ž‡ƒ”‡† ˆ”‘ ›‹•–ƒ‡•‘˜‡”͵ͷ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ  Ǥ‡––‹‹‡”‹ǡǤ‡‹”ƒ›ƒǡǤ ‡Ž†‡‹‡”ǡǤ —Dž Ž–‡‹Ǧƒ”ƒ‘­ƬǤ‹‡‡”ȋ†•ǤȌǡEmpirische Forschungsmethoden für Deutsch als Fremd- und Zweitsprache: Eine Enführung (Empirical Research Methods for German as a Foreign and Second Language: An Introduction) ȋ’’Ǥʹ͸ͻǦʹ͹ͻȌǤƒ†‡”„‘”ǡ ‡”ƒ›ǣ ‡”†‹ƒ† Š‘Dž‹‰ŠǤ

”‘™ǡ ǤǤȋ ’”‡••ȌǤIntroducing needs analysis and English for specific purposes. ‡™‘”ǣ‘—–Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ

”‘™ǡ Ǥ Ǥǡ Ƭ ƒ‹Ž‡›ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋͳͻͺͶȌǤ  ƒ–‡‰‘”‹ ƒŽ ‹•–”—‡– ˆ‘” • ‘”‹‰ •‡ ‘†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡™”‹–‹‰•‹ŽŽ•ǤLanguageLearning,34ȋͶȌǡʹͳǦͶʹǤ

”‘™ǡ Ǥ Ǥǡ Ƭ —†•‘ǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲͲʹȌǤ Criterion-referenced language testing. ƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣƒ„”‹†‰‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ

”‘™ǡ Ǥ Ǥǡ Ƭ ‘†‘Ǧ”‘™ǡ Ǥ ȋ†•ǤȌǤ ȋʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ Perspectives on teaching connected speech to second language speakersǤ ‘‘Ž—Ž—ǡ ǣ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘”‡‹‰ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‡•‘—” ‡‡–‡”Ǥ

”‘™ǡ Ǥ Ǥǡ ™‹–Š ƒŽƒ‹ ‘†‘—•Šƒǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋʹͲͳͷȌǤ ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‡•–‹‰ǣ Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”– ȋ ‘Ž‹‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™ ™‹–Š ƒ‡• ‡ƒ ”‘™ȌǤ International Journal of Language Studies, 9ȋͶȌǡͳ͵͵ǦͳͶ͵Ǥ

ƒ˜‹•ǡǤǤȋͳͻͻʹȌǤƒŽ‹†‹–›ƒ†”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‘•‡ ‘† Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ “—‹•‹–‹‘ ƒ† –‡ƒ Š‹‰ǣ ƒ‘–Š‡” ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡” ‘‡–• Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ TESOL Quarterly, 26ǡ͸ͲͷǦ͸ͲͺǤ

ƒ˜‹•ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋͳͻͻͷȌǤ —ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ –Š‡‘”› ƒ† ‡–Š‘†• ‹ ƒ’’Ž‹‡† Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ • ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤTESOL Quarterly, 29ǡͶʹ͹ǦͶͷ͵Ǥ

—†•‘ǡǤǡ‡–‡”ǡǤǡƬ”‘™ǡ ǤǤȋͳͻͻʹȌǤA framework for testing cross-

ͳͶ ǤǤ”‘™

cultural pragmaticsǤ ‘‘Ž—Ž—ǡ ǣ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘”‡‹‰ ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡• ‡•‘—” ‡ ‡–‡”Ǥ

—†•‘ǡǤǡ‡–‡”ǡǤǡƬ”‘™ǡ ǤǤȋͳͻͻͷȌǤDeveloping prototypic measures of cross-cultural pragmaticsǤ ‘‘Ž—Ž—ǡ ǣ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘”‡‹‰ ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡• ‡•‘—” ‡‡–‡”Ǥ

ƒ†‘ǡ Ǥ ȋͳͻ͸ͳȌǤ Language testing: The construction and use of foreign language tests.‘†‘ǣ‘‰ƒǤ

 ƒ›ǡ Ǥǡ Ƭ ”‘™ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋʹͲͳͷȌǤ Teaching and assessing locally defined EILǤ ‡™‘”ǣ‘—–Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ

‡™ƒǡ Ǥǡ Ƭ ‡œǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋͳͻͻͺȌǤ Qualitative-quantitative research methodology: Exploring the interactive continuumǤ ƒ”„‘†ƒŽ‡ǡ ǣ ‘—–Š‡” ŽŽ‹‘‹•‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ

International Journal of Language Studies ‘Ž—‡ͳͲǡ—„‡”ͳǡ ƒ—ƒ”›ʹͲͳ͸ǡ’’ǤͳͷǦ͵Ͳ 

Factors affecting multiple-choice cloze test score variance: A perspective from generalizability theory ƒƒƒ‹ǡƒ–‘ ƒ—‹‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ ƒ’ƒ

 Žƒ”‰‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ •–—†‹‡• ™‡”‡ †‘‡ ‘ Ž‘œ‡ –‡•–• ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‹‡Ž†‘ˆ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‡•–‹‰Ǥ ‘‡ •–—†‹‡• ‹˜‡•–‡† Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  ƒ† –‡š–—ƒŽ ˆƒ –‘”• ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‰ Ž‘œ‡‹–‡†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–›Ǥ  ƒ’ƒǡ—Ž–‹’Ž‡Ǧ Š‘‹ ‡ȋȌ Ž‘œ‡‹–‡• ƒ”‡ƒ™‹†‡Ž›—•‡†‹–‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‡–”ƒ ‡‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘•ƒ† Žƒ••”‘‘ –‡•–•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡŽ‹‰—‹•–‹ ƒ†–‡š–—ƒŽˆƒ –‘”•ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‰ Ž‘œ‡ ‹–‡• Šƒ˜‡ ‘– „‡‡ ˆ—ŽŽ› ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†Ǥ Š—•ǡ –Š‹• •–—†› ™ƒ• †‡•‹‰‡†–‘ ‡šƒ‹‡Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ ƒ†–‡š–—ƒŽˆƒ –‘”•–Šƒ–ƒˆˆ‡ –ƒ Ž‘œ‡–‡•–• ‘”‡Ǥ ™‘ ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡• ™‡”‡ •‡Ž‡ –‡† ƒ† ͷͲ  Ž‘œ‡ ‹–‡• ȋkαͷͲȌ™‡”‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‡†‹–‘ˆ‹˜‡‰”‘—’•ǣȋƒȌ ‘–‡–™‘”†•ǡȋ„Ȍˆ— –‹‘™‘”†•ǡȋ Ȍ Ž‘™ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ™‘”†•ǡ ȋ†Ȍ ™‘”†• Š‹‰ŠŽ› —•‡† ‹ ƒ ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡ǡ ƒ† ȋ‡Ȍ ’Š”ƒ•ƒŽ™‘”†•ǤŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š“—‡•–‹‘•™‡”‡ǣȋƒȌ–‘™Šƒ–‡š–‡–†‘–Š‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”› ƒ† –‡š– ˆƒ –‘”• ‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘ –Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ  Ž‘œ‡ –‡•–• ‘”‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ ‡ǡ ƒ† ȋ„Ȍ –‘ ™Šƒ– ‡š–‡– ‹• –Š‡  Ž‘œ‡ –‡•– ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ† †‡’‡†ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ƒ‹‰ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ† ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡ †‡ ‹•‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ ƒ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ„‹Ž‹–› •–—†› ™ƒ• ‘†— –‡†ǡ –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡•– ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ ‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ • ‘”‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ ‡ ™ƒ• ƒ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ‡ˆˆ‡ – „‡–™‡‡‹–‡•ƒ†–‡š–•ˆƒ ‡–•Ǥ‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ††‡’‡†ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡–‡•– ™‡”‡•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‘”›Ǥ ’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•†”ƒ™ˆ”‘–Š‹••–—†›™‡”‡†‹• —••‡†Ǥ

Keywords:—Ž–‹’Ž‡Š‘‹ ‡ –‡•ǢŽ‘œ‡‡•–•Ǣ ‡‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ„‹Ž‹–›Š‡‘”›

1. Introduction Š‡Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆ Ž‘œ‡–‡•–‹‰”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹•ˆƒ‹”Ž›Ž‘‰ƒ††ƒ–‡•„ƒ –‘ͳͻͷ͸ǤŠ‡ Ž‘œ‡–‡•–™ƒ•‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ›—•‡†–‘ƒ••‡••ͳ”‡ƒ†‡”•ǯ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹‘Ǥ—„‡” ‘ˆ•–—†‹‡•™‡”‡†‘‡‘ʹŽ‡ƒ”‡”•ˆ”‘–Š‡ͳͻͺͲ•ƒ†ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ–‘’‹ • ™‡”‡ ‘˜‡”‡† ˆ”‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ’”‘ ‡†—”‡• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ƒ Šƒǡ ͳͻͺͷǢ ”‘™ǡ ͳͻͺͺȌ –‘ • ‘”‹‰ ’”‘ ‡†—”‡• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ”‘™ǡ ͳͻͺͲǢ ‘„ƒ›ƒ•Š‹ǡ ʹͲͲʹȌǤ ‘‡ •–—†‹‡•™‡”‡†‘‡‘ˆƒ –‘”•ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‰‹–‡ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–›ȋ Ȍ˜ƒŽ—‡•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ„”ƒŠƒ ƬŠƒ’‡ŽŽ‡ǡͳͻͻʹȌǤ ‘”†‹‰–‘‘„ƒ›ƒ•Š‹ȋʹͲͲʹȌǡ–‡š–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡŽ‹‰—‹•–‹  ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡••— Šƒ• ‘–‡–ƒ†ˆ— –‹‘™‘”†•ǡƒ†Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ǯ’”‘ˆ‹ ‹‡ ›Ž‡˜‡Ž• ƒ”‡–Š‡ƒŒ‘”ˆƒ –‘”•ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‰–Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡•Ǥ

ǣʹͳͷ͹ǦͶͺͻͺǢ ǣʹͳͷ͹ǦͶͻͲͳ ̹ʹͲͳ͸ Ǣ”‹–‡†‹–Š‡„›—Ž—”‡••  Ǥ

ͳ͸ Ǥ—ƒœƒ™ƒ

—Ž–‹’Ž‡Ǧ Š‘‹ ‡ ȋȌ Ž‘œ‡ ˆ‘”ƒ– ‹• ™‹†‡Ž› —•‡† ‹ ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ ƒ’ƒ‡•‡ –‡•–‹‰ ‘–‡š–• ˆ”‘ Š‹‰ŠǦ•–ƒ‡• –‡•–• •— Š ƒ• –Š‡ ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ ‡–”ƒ ‡ ‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† –Š‡   –‘ Ž‘™Ǧ•–ƒ‡• –‡•–• •— Š ƒ• Žƒ••”‘‘ –‡•–•Ǥ Ž–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡ Ž‘œ‡‹–‡ˆ‘”ƒ–Šƒ•„‡‡—•‡†ˆ‘”Š‹‰ŠǦ•–ƒ‡•–‡•–•ǡ‘Ž›ƒ ˆ‡™•–—†‹‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡†‘‡–‘‡šƒ‹‡‹–•–‡•–• ‘”‡”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†˜ƒŽ‹†‹–› ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ƒŽ‡ǡ –ƒ•ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ ‘ ǡ ‹ •ǡ —–Ž‡” Ƭ ŽŽ‡”ǡ ͳͻͺͻȌǤ –—†‹‡• ‘ ™Šƒ– ƒ‡• Ž‘œ‡‹–‡•‡ƒ•›‘”†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›†‘‡ǡ„—–‘•–—†›Šƒ• „‡‡ †‘‡ ‘ –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‰  Ž‘œ‡ ‹–‡ †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–›Ǥ ˆ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‰‹–‡ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ Ž‘œ‡‹–‡•™‡”‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ǡ–‡•–Ǧ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡”• ‘—Ž† ƒ†Œ—•– –‡•– †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–›Ǥ Š—•ǡ –Š‡ ’—”’‘•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹• •–—†› ‹• –‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ› ˆƒ –‘”• ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‰ Ž‘œ‡‹–‡†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–›ƒ† ‘–”‹„—–‹‰–‘–Š‡ Ž‘œ‡–‡•–• ‘”‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡‘ˆ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ„‹Ž‹–›–Š‡‘”›Ǥ

2. Cloze test, C-test, and multiple-choice cloze test items ƒ”‹‘—• ‹–‡ ˆ‘”ƒ–• „ƒ•‡† ‘ ”‡†— ‡† ”‡†—†ƒ › –Š‡‘”› Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† •— Š ƒ• Ž‘œ‡ ȋ›Ž‘”ǡ ͳͻͷ͵Ȍǡ Ǧ–‡•– ȋŽ‡‹Ǧ”ƒŽ‡›ǡ ͳͻͺͷȌǡ ƒ†  Ž‘œ‡ȋ ‘œǡͳͻ͹͸ȌǤŠ‹•–Š‡‘”›’‘•‹–•–Šƒ– ‘’‡–‡–Ž‡ƒ”‡”••Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ„Ž‡ –‘”‡’”‘†— ‡ƒ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•†‹•–‘”–‡†„›–ƒ‹‰‘—–™‘”†•‹–Š‡’ƒ••ƒ‰‡Ǥ Ž‘œ‡–‡•–‹–‡•ƒ”‡ƒ‹–‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹™Š‹ Š–‡•–Ǧ–ƒ‡”•ˆ‹ŽŽ‹ „Žƒ• ‹ ƒ ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡ ȋ”‘™ǡ ʹͲͲͷȌǤ – ‹• •ƒ‹† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‹–‡• ƒ”‡ ƒ••‡••‹‰ –‡•–Ǧ–ƒ‡”•ǯ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ ’”‘†— –‹˜‡ •‹ŽŽ• –Šƒ– ”‡“—‹”‡• –‡•–Ǧ–ƒ‡”• –‘ •— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ› ‘’”‡Š‡† ƒ –‡š– ƒ† –‘ ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› •’‡ŽŽ ‘—– ƒ ™‘”† ‘” ™‘”†• ‹ ƒ „Žƒ ‘””‡ –Ž›Ǥ‡•–Ǧ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡”•Šƒ˜‡–‘•‡Ž‡ –ƒ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡ƒ††‡Ž‡–‡•‘‡™‘”†•–‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ ƒ Ž‘œ‡ –‡•–Ǥ Š‡ –‡•–• ƒ”‡ ‘– ƒ Š‹‡Ǧ• ‘”ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ† ”ƒ–‡”• Šƒ˜‡ –‘ ƒ”–Š‡ƒ•™‡”•ˆ‘”• ‘”‹‰Ǥ Ž‘œ‡ –‡•–• ™‡”‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ› †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ˆ‘” ‡•–‹ƒ–‹‰ –‡š– ”‡ƒ†ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ˆ‘” ͳ ”‡ƒ†‡”•Ǥ‡•–Ǧ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡”•„‡‰ƒ–‘’ƒ›ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘–Š‡–‡•–•ˆ‘”–Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ ƒ••‡••‹‰ ʹ Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ǯ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ’”‘ˆ‹ ‹‡ ›Ǥ ‘‡ •–—†‹‡• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ”‘™ǡ ʹͲͳ͵Ȍ ”‡’‘”–‡†–Šƒ– Ž‘œ‡–‡•–”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†˜ƒŽ‹†‹–›˜ƒ”‹‡†‰”‡ƒ–Ž›ǡƒ†ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ ˆƒ –‘”•–Šƒ– ‘—Ž†ƒˆˆ‡ ––Š‡”‡•—Ž–•™‡”‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†Ǥ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹‹••—‡• ™‡”‡ †‡Ž‡–‹‘ ’ƒ––‡”• ȋˆ‹šǦ”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ȋƒ Šƒǡ ͳͻͺͷȌǡƒ–—”ƒŽ ȋ”‘™ǡͳͻͻ͵Ȍǡƒ†–ƒ‹Ž‘”‡†ȋ”‘™ǡͳͻͺͺȌȌǡ•‹ŽŽ•–‡•–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‹–‡•ȋŽ‘™Ǧ ‘”†‡” •‡–‡–‹ƒŽ ƒ† Š‹‰ŠǦ‘”†‡” ‹–‡”•‡–‡–‹ƒŽ ”‡ƒ†‹‰ •‹ŽŽ• ȋ„”ƒŠƒ Ƭ Šƒ’‡ŽŽ‡ǡ ͳͻͻʹǢ ƒ Šƒǡ ͳͻͺʹǢ ƒƒ•Š‹–ƒǡ ʹͲͲ͵ȌȌǡ • ‘”‹‰ ’”‘ ‡†—”‡• ȋ‡šƒ –Ǧƒ•™‡”ǡƒ†ƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡Ǧƒ•™‡”ȋ”‘™ǡͳͻͺͲǢ‘„ƒ›ƒ•Š‹ǡʹͲͲʹȌȌǡƒ† –‡•–Ǧ–ƒ‡”•ǯ’”‘ˆ‹ ‹‡ ›Ž‡˜‡Ž•ȋƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†‘Ǧƒ–‹˜‡ȋƒ ŠƒǡͳͻͺͷȌǢŠ‹‰Š ƒ†Ž‘™’”‘ˆ‹ ‹‡ ›ȋ”‘™ǡʹͲͳ͵ȌȌǤ ‡‹–‡ˆ‘”ƒ–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†–‘‘˜‡” ‘‡–Š‡•Š‘”– ‘‹‰•‘ˆ Ž‘œ‡–‡•–•‹•Ǧ –‡•–•ǤǦ–‡•–•Šƒ˜‡ƒ„‘—–ͳͲͲ™‘”†•‹••‹‰‹•‡˜‡”ƒŽ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡•ǡƒ†ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ –Š‡Ž‡––‡”•ƒ”‡‹••‹‰ƒ•ƒ„ŽƒǤ‡•–Ǧ–ƒ‡”•Šƒ˜‡–‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‹Ž‡––‡”•–‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡ ‡ƒ Š ™‘”† ‹ –Š‡ ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡•Ǥ ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ Ž‘œ‡ –‡•–•ǡ Ǧ–‡•– ƒ”‡ •ƒ‹† –‘ „‡

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͳͷǦ͵Ͳ ͳ͹

•—’‡”‹‘” ‹ –Šƒ– ‘”‡ †‡Ž‡–‹‘• ƒ „‡ ƒ†‡ ™‹–Š •Š‘”–‡” ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡•ǡ ƒ† • ‘”‹‰ ƒ „‡ ‡ƒ•‹Ž› †‘‡ ™‹–Š ‡šƒ – ƒ•™‡” • ‘”‹‰ ȋŽ‡‹Ǧ”ƒŽ‡›ǡ ͳͻͺͷȌǤ –—†‹‡• ‘ Ǧ–‡•–• •Š‘™‡† ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‘” Š‹‰Š‡” ”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ”ƒ‰‹‰ ˆ”‘Ǥ͹Ͳ–‘Ǥͺ͸ȋŽ‡‹Ǧ”ƒŽ‡›ǡͳͻͻ͹ǢŠƒ’‡ŽŽ‡Ƭ„”ƒŠƒǡͳͻͻͲȌǤ•–—†›†‘‡ ‘–Š‡–‡•–˜ƒŽ‹†‹–›•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ––Š‡–‡•–• ‘—Ž†„‡—•‡†ƒ•ƒ˜ƒŽ‹†‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‰Ž‹•Š’”‘ˆ‹ ‹‡ ›ȋ ‡•Ƭ ”‘–ŒƒŠǡʹͲͲ͸ȌǤǦ–‡•–•™‡”‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ‹ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡• ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‘”‡ƒ ȋ‡‡ǦŽŽ‹•ǡ ʹͲͲͻȌǡ ‡„”‡™ ȋ‘Š‡ǡ ‡‰ƒŽ Ƭ ƒ”Ǧ‹ƒǦ‘ǡ ͳͻͺͶȌǡ ƒ† —‰ƒ”‹ƒ ȋ‘Dž”›‡‹ Ƭ ƒ–‘ƒǡ ͳͻͻʹȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘–Š‡”•–—†‹‡•”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–Šƒ––Š‡–‡•–‹–‡• ‘—Ž†‘–„‡ ‹’”‘˜‡† ™‹–Š‹–‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•ȋ ƒˆƒ”’—”ǡͳͻͻͺȌǡƒ††‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–›‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡•™ƒ•ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†„› –‡š–”‡ƒ†ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†™‹–ŠǦ‘”™‹–Š‘—–Ǧ Ž—‡•ǡ•Š‘™‹‰–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆŽ‡––‡”•–‘ „‡ ˆ‹ŽŽ‡† ȋƒ„ƒ‹‹ Ƭ ‘‰Šƒ††ƒǡ ʹͲͲ͸ȌǢ ƒ† ‘–‡– ƒ† ˆ— –‹‘ ™‘”†• ȋ‘Dž”›‡‹Ƭƒ–‘ƒǡͳͻͻʹȌǤ  Ž‘œ‡‹–‡•ƒ”‡ƒ‹–‡ˆ‘”ƒ–™Š‹ Š–‡•–Ǧ–ƒ‡”•Šƒ˜‡–‘•‡Ž‡ –ƒ Š‘‹ ‡ –Šƒ–„‡•–•—‹–•‹ƒ„Žƒ‹ƒ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡Ǥ ‘”†‡”–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ Ž‘œ‡–‡•–ǡƒ ’‹Ž‘– ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ Šƒ• –‘ „‡ †‘‡Ǥ  –Š‡ ’‹Ž‘– ’Šƒ•‡ǡ ƒ Ž‘œ‡ –‡•– –Šƒ– ‡’Ž‘›• –Š‡ ˆ‹š‡†Ǧ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘” ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ †‡Ž‡–‹‘ ’ƒ––‡” ‹• ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡†Ǥ ‹•–”ƒ –‘”•ƒ”‡ƒ†‡„›–ƒ‹‰–‡•–Ǧ–ƒ‡”•ǯ™”‘‰ƒ•™‡”•–‘ˆ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡–Š‡–‡•–Ǥ ‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‡•– †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ  Ž‘œ‡ –‡•–• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ”‹–‹ ‹œ‡†Ǥ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ‘–Š‡” ”‹–‹ ‹•• ‡–‡”‡†‘†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–›‘ˆ–Š‡–‡•–•„‡‹‰ ‡ƒ•›ǡƒ†–Š‡–‡•–”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†˜ƒŽ‹†‹–› ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•„‡‹‰Ž‘™ȋŽ‡‹Ǧ”ƒŽ‡›ǡ ͳͻͻ͹ȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘–Š‡”•–—†‹‡•‹†‹ ƒ–‡†–Šƒ– Ž‘œ‡–‡•–•™‡”‡ƒ•”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ• Ž‘œ‡ƒ†Ǧ–‡•–•ȋŠƒ’‡ŽŽ‡Ƭ„”ƒŠƒǡͳͻͻͲȌǤ ƒŽ‡‡–ƒŽǤȋͳͻͺ͸Ȍ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‡†  Ž‘œ‡ ‹–‡• ‹–‘ ˆ‘—” •—„–‡•–•ǣ ȋƒȌ ”‡ƒ†‹‰ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹‘ ȋȌȀ‰”ƒƒ”ȋk αͻȌǡȋ„ȌȀ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›ȋkαͳͶȌǡȋ Ȍ‰”ƒƒ”ȀȋkαͳͷȌǡ ƒ† ȋ†Ȍ ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›Ȁ ȋk α ͳʹȌǤ Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ „‡–™‡‡ Ȁ‰”ƒƒ” ƒ† ‰”ƒƒ”Ȁ ™ƒ• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ˆ‘”‡” ‹–‡• ”‡“—‹”‡† ‰”‡ƒ–‡” ”‡ƒ†‹‰ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹‘ˆ”‘–‡•–Ǧ–ƒ‡”•‹‘”†‡”–‘„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘‰‡––Š‡ ‘””‡ –Ǥ ŽŽ –Š‡ •—„–‡•–• ™‡”‡ ‘†‡”ƒ–‡Ž› ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ƒ’ƒ‡•‡ –‡•–Ǧ–ƒ‡”• ”ƒ‰‹‰ ˆ”‘Ǥ͸Ͷ–‘Ǥ͸͹™Š‡–Š‡’‡ƒ”ƒǦ”‘™ˆ‘”—Žƒ™ƒ•—•‡†–‘‡•–‹ƒ–‡–Š‡ ͳͷǦ‹–‡–‡•–”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡƒŽŽ–Š‡•—„–‡•–• ‘””‡Žƒ–‡†‘†‡”ƒ–‡Ž›–‘ –Š‡   •—„–‡•–• ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘‡• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ ‰”ƒƒ”ǡ ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›ǡ ƒ† ”‡ƒ†‹‰Ǥ Š—•ǡ ƒŽ‡ ‡– ƒŽǤ ȋͳͻͺ͸Ȍ ‘ Ž—†‡† –Šƒ–  Ž‘œ‡ –‡•–• ™‡”‡ ƒ ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡ –Šƒ– ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡† –‘ ƒ••‡•• ƒ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –‡•–Ǧ–ƒ‡”•ǯ ‰”ƒƒ”ƒ†˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡƒ†”‡ƒ†‹‰ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹‘Ǥ

3. Research questions –—†‹‡• ‘ Ž‘œ‡ –‡•– ƒ† Ǧ–‡•– ‹–‡• ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‹••—‡• ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‹‰ –Š‡ ‹–‡ †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–›Ǥ Š‡ ˆƒ –‘”• †‡ƒŽ– ™‹–Š ™‡”‡ ‘–‡–Ȁˆ— –‹‘™‘”†•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ„”ƒŠƒƬŠƒ’‡ŽŽ‡ǡͳͻͻʹǢ‘Dž”›‡‹Ƭƒ–‘ƒǡ ͳͻͻʹȌǡƒ†–‡š–”‡ƒ†ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ȋƒ„ƒ‹‹Ƭ‘‰Šƒ††ƒǡ ʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ ƒŽ‡‡–ƒŽǤǯ••–—†› ȋͳͻͺ͸Ȍ‘ Ž‘œ‡–‡•–‹–‡•‹†‹ ƒ–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡–‡•–• ‘—Ž†„‡ƒ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†

ͳͺ Ǥ—ƒœƒ™ƒ

˜ƒŽ‹† ‡ƒ•—”‡ ˆ‘” ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ”‡ƒ†‹‰Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡† ‘’”‡Š‡•‹‘ǡ „—– ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡ ‹–‡•™‡”‡”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘”‡ƒ†‹‰ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹‘ǡ‰”ƒƒ”ǡ‘”˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›™‡”‡ ‘– Ž‡ƒ”Ž›”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†Ǥ‡ ƒ—•‡ Ž‘œ‡–‡•–‹–‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡™‹†‡Ž›—•‡†ˆ”‘ Š‹‰ŠǦ•–ƒ‡•–‘Ž‘™Ǧ•–ƒ‡•–‡•–‹‰’—”’‘•‡•‹ ƒ’ƒǡˆƒ –‘”•ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‰–Š‡–‡•– ‹–‡••— Šƒ•–‡š–•ƒ”‡™‘”–Š‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‰Ǥ›†‘‹‰•‘ǡ–‡•–Ǧ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡”• ƒ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ˜ƒŽ‹†–‡•––Šƒ–‹••—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”–‡•–Ǧ–ƒ‡”•ǤŠ—•ǡ‹–Š‹••–—†›ǡƒ  Ž‘œ‡ –‡•– ™ƒ• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ƒ† ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡† –‘ ƒ’ƒ‡•‡ —‹˜‡”•‹–› •–—†‡–•Ǥ ‡‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ„‹Ž‹–› –Š‡‘”› ‹• —•‡† –‘ ƒƒŽ›œ‡ –Š‡ ‡š–‡– –‘ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ƒ–‡‰‘”›ƒ†–‡š–ˆƒ –‘”•ƒˆˆ‡ ––Š‡–‡•–Ǧ–ƒ‡”•ǯ–‘–ƒŽ• ‘”‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ ‡ǣ ȋƒȌ ‘–‡– ™‘”†•ǡ ȋ„Ȍ ˆ— –‹‘ ™‘”†•ǡ ȋ Ȍ Ž‘™ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ™‘”†•ǡȋ†Ȍ™‘”†• Š‹‰ŠŽ› —•‡† ‹ ƒ ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡ǡ ƒ† ȋ‡Ȍ ’Š”ƒ•ƒŽ ™‘”†•Ǥ ‘ –Š‹• ‡†ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š “—‡•–‹‘•ƒ”‡ǣ ȋͳȌ ‘ ™Šƒ– ‡š–‡– †‘ –Š‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”› ƒ† –‡š– ˆƒ –‘”• ‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘ –Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ Ž‘œ‡–‡•–• ‘”‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ ‡ǫ ȋʹȌ ‘ ™Šƒ– ‡š–‡– ‹• –Š‡  Ž‘œ‡ –‡•– ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ† †‡’‡†ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘” ƒ‹‰”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡†‡ ‹•‹‘•ǫ

4. Method

4.1. Participants ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•™‡”‡ͳͳ͹ ƒ’ƒ‡•‡—‹˜‡”•‹–›•–—†‡–•„‡Ž‘‰‹‰–‘–Š”‡‡’”‹˜ƒ–‡ —‹˜‡”•‹–‹‡•‹–Š‡‘›‘ƒ”‡ƒǤ‹‰Š– ƒ•‡•Šƒ†–‘„‡‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡†„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡› Ž‡ˆ– ƒ› ‹–‡• —ƒ•™‡”‡†Ǥ ŽŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• Ž‡ƒ”‡† ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ• ƒ •‡ ‘† Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ˆ‘” •‹š ›‡ƒ”• ‹ ƒ’ƒ‡•‡ •‡ ‘†ƒ”› • Š‘‘Ž• ƒ†ˆ‘”‘”‡ –Šƒƒ›‡ƒ”‹ ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡Ǥƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǯƒ‰‡•”ƒ‰‡†ˆ”‘ͳͺ–‘ʹʹ›‡ƒ”•‘Ž†Ǥ

4.2. Procedures —”‹‰–Š‡ˆƒŽŽ•‡‡•–‡”‹ʹͲͳ͵ǡƒ Ž‘œ‡–‡•–™ƒ•‰‹˜‡‹ͳͷ‹—–‡•ǡ ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š ƒ •—”˜‡› ƒ•‹‰ –Š‡‹” Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ „ƒ ‰”‘—† ƒ† ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‰Ž‹•Š‹ͳͲ‹—–‡•‹ Žƒ••Ǥ •–”— –‘”•‰‹˜‹‰–Š‡–‡•–ƒ†•—”˜‡› ”‡ƒ† ƒŽ‘—† –Š‡ ‹•–”— –‹‘• ƒ† ’—”’‘•‡• ‘ˆ –Š‹• ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ –‡•–Ǧ –ƒ‡”•ǯ • ‘”‡ ™ƒ• ‘– ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‰”ƒ†‡ ƒ† ™ƒ• ‘Ž› —•‡† ˆ‘””‡•‡ƒ” Š ’—”’‘•‡•Ǥ

4.3. MC cloze test items ™‘’ƒ••ƒ‰‡•™‡”‡•‡Ž‡ –‡†ǤŠ‡—„‡”‘ˆ™‘”†•‹’ƒ••ƒ‰‡•ƒ†™ƒ• –Š‡•ƒ‡ǡ„‘–Š ‘•‹•–‹‰‘ˆʹ͸͸™‘”†•‡ƒ ŠǤŠ‡–‡š–”‡ƒ†ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹†‡š‡•‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‡• ŠǦ‹ ƒ‹† ”ƒ†‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž ™‡”‡ ͹Ǥ͵ ƒ† ͻǤͺǡ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ ƒ•‡† ‘ ƒ ‘”’—• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ˆ‘” ƒ’ƒ‡•‡ Ž‡ƒ”‡”• ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‡  Ž‹•– ‘ˆ ͺͲͲͲ „ƒ•‹  ™‘”†•ȋ ƒ•‹ ‘”†‡˜‹•‹‘‘‹––‡‡ǡʹͲͲ͵Ȍǡ–Š‡˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͳͷǦ͵Ͳ ͳͻ

–Š‡ ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡• ”ƒ‰‡† ˆ”‘ ͳͲͲͲ –‘ ͸ͲͲͲ ˆ”‡“—‡ › Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‹ ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡  ƒ† ˆ”‘ͳͲͲͲ–‘ͺͲͲͲŽ‡˜‡Ž•‹’ƒ••ƒ‰‡Ǥ‘†‡Ž‡–‹‘™ƒ•ƒ†‡ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆ‹”•– –™‘ •‡–‡ ‡• ƒ† ‘‡ •‡–‡ ‡ ‘ –Š‡ ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡•Ǥ Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ’ƒ––‡” ™ƒ• —•‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ †‡Ž‡–‹‘ ‡–Š‘† „—– ‘”‡ –Šƒ •‹š ™‘”†• ™‡”‡ ‡’– ƒ’ƒ”– „‡–™‡‡ „Žƒ•Ǥ  ‡ƒ Š ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡ǡ –Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡ ˆ‹˜‡ „Žƒ• ‡ƒ Š ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ ‘–‡– ™‘”†•ǡ ˆ— –‹‘ ™‘”†•ǡ Ž‘™‡” ˆ”‡“—‡ › ™‘”†•ǡ ™‘”†• Š‹‰ŠŽ› —•‡†ǡ ƒ†’Š”ƒ•ƒŽ™‘”†•ȋkαͷͲȌǤ‘’‹Ž‘––‡•–™ƒ• ‘†— –‡†ƒ††‹•–”ƒ –‘”•™‡”‡ ƒ†‡„›ƒ–‡•–Ǧ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡”Ǥ ‘”†• †‡Ž‡–‡† ˆ‘” ‘–‡–Ǧ™‘”† ‹–‡• ™‡”‡ǣ informationǡ importantǡ usefulǡ teamǡƒ†think‹’ƒ••ƒ‰‡Ǣalmostǡheadǡfeetǡnightǡƒ†poor‹’ƒ••ƒ‰‡Ǥ š ‡’–—•‡ˆ—Žǡ–Š‡”‡•–™‡”‡‹ Ž—†‡†‹–Š‡ͳͲͲͲ™‘”†Ž‡˜‡ŽǤŠ‡ƒ†‡Ž‡–‡† ™‘”†™ƒ•ƒ‘—ǡ–Š‡–Š”‡‡†‹•–”ƒ –‘”•™‡”‡‡’–ƒ•–Š‡•ƒ‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ•’‡‡ ŠǤ  •ƒ’Ž‡ ‹–‡ ™ƒ•ǣ ‘Ž‘”• ƒ”‡ ȋ͹Ǥ ƒǤ ˆ—ŽŽ „Ǥ ‡’–› Ǥ —•‡ˆ—Ž †Ǥ „‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—ŽȌ ‹ ‘–Š‡”™ƒ›•ǡ–‘‘ǤŠ‘‹ ‡ ™ƒ•ƒ ‘””‡ –ƒ•™‡”ǡƒ†„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡™‘”†ǡ—•‡ˆ—Žǡ ™ƒ•ƒƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡ǡ–Š‡†‹•–”ƒ –‘”•™‡”‡ƒŽŽƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡•Ǥ — –‹‘™‘”†•†‡Ž‡–‡†™‡”‡ǣduringǡorǡthemselvesǡoneǡƒ†and‹’ƒ••ƒ‰‡ Ǣinǡofǡandǡtheǡƒ†the‹’ƒ••ƒ‰‡Ǥ –Š‡‡˜‡–ƒ’”‘‘—™ƒ•†‡Ž‡–‡†ǡ–Š‡ †‹•–”ƒ –‘”•™‡”‡ƒŽŽ’”‘‘—•Ǥ•ƒ’Ž‡‹–‡™ƒ•ǣ„—–„Žƒ ƒ†™Š‹–‡ƒ”‡ ȋͳͺǤ ƒǤ‹–•‡Žˆ „Ǥ ‘‡•‡Žˆ Ǥ–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• †Ǥ ‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•Ȍ˜‡”› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ”‘ ‘–Š‡” ‘Ž‘”•ǤŠ‡ ‘””‡ –ƒ•™‡”ǡŠ‘‹ ‡ ™ƒ•ƒ’”‘‘—ƒ†–Š‡”‡•–™‡”‡‹–Š‡ •ƒ‡‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽˆ‘”Ǥ ‘™ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ™‘”†• †‡Ž‡–‡† ™‡”‡ǣ licenseȋͷȌǡsubwaysȋǫȌǡsurrenderȋͷȌǡ funeralȋ͵Ȍǡƒ†primaryȋͶȌ‹’ƒ••ƒ‰‡ǢhumorousȋͺȌǡgratifyingȋǫȌǡrecesses ȋͺȌǡitchȋǫȌǡƒ†converseȋǫȌ‹’ƒ••ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡—„‡”•‹–Š‡’ƒ”‡–Š‡•‡• •Š‘™‡† –Š‡ ™‘”† ˆ”‡“—‡ › Ž‡˜‡Ž•Ǥ  –‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘”† ˆ”‡“—‡ › Ž‡˜‡Ž•ǡ funeral™ƒ•‹–Š‡ ͵ͲͲͲ™‘”†Ž‡˜‡Ž™Š‡”‡ƒ•humorousƒ†recesses™‡”‡‹ –Š‡ ͺͲͲͲ ™‘”† Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ Š‡ ™‘”†•ǡ subwaysǡ gratifyingǡ ƒ† itch™‡”‡ —‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡•‡ ™‡”‡ –‘‘ Ž‘™ ˆ”‡“—‡– –‘ „‡ ‘ –Š‡ ™‘”† Ž‹•–Ǥ  •ƒ’Ž‡‹–‡™ƒ•ǣ™Š‹–‡ˆŽƒ‰ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ†‘‡•‘–•Š‘™ƒ› ‘—–”›ǡ„—–‹– ‡ƒ• ’‡ƒ ‡ ‘” ȋͳ͵Ǥ ƒǤ •—””‡†‡” „Ǥ –‘Ž‡”ƒ ‡ Ǥ ‘–‡–‹‘ †Ǥ ’—”‹–›ȌǤ Š‡ ‘””‡ – Š‘‹ ‡ǡsurrender™ƒ•‹–Š‡ͷͲͲͲ™‘”†Ž‡˜‡Žǡ•‘–Š‡†‹•–”ƒ –‘”•™‡”‡ •‡Ž‡ –‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡•ƒ‡Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ ‘”†•–Šƒ–ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†‹–Š‡–‡š–•‘”‡ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›™‡”‡ǣcolorsȋͳ͸Ȍǡdifferent ȋ͸Ȍǡmeanȋ͵Ȍǡblackȋ͹Ȍǡƒ†whiteȋͷȌ‹’ƒ••ƒ‰‡ǢlightȋʹȌǡbloodȋ͵Ȍǡhuman ȋͷȌǡ mosquitoesȋͶȌǡƒ†essay ȋ͵Ȍ ‹ ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡ Ǥ Š‡ —„‡”• ‹ –Š‡ ’ƒ”‡–Š‡•‡• ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ –‹‡• –Š‡ ™‘”†• ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡† ‹–Š‡ ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡Ǥ Š‹Ž‡ light ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡† –™‘ –‹‡• ‹ ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡ ǡ colorsƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†ͳ͸ –‹‡• ‹ ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡ Ǥ ‘””‡ – Š‘‹ ‡• ƒ† †‹•–”ƒ –‘”• ™‡”‡ ‡’– ‹ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽˆ‘”Ǥ•ƒ’Ž‡‹–‡™ƒ•ǣ‡Ž‡’Š‘‡•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘ƒ†‡‹ƒ›ȋ͸Ǥ ƒǤ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–„Ǥ„”‹‰Š– Ǥ†ƒ”†Ǥ‹ ‡Ȍ ‘Ž‘”•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”—•‡•Ǥ

ʹͲ Ǥ—ƒœƒ™ƒ

Š”ƒ•ƒŽ ™‘”†• †‡Ž‡–‡† ™‡”‡ǣ for exampleǡ national colorsǡ particular thingsǡ good and badǡ ƒ† the same‹’ƒ••ƒ‰‡Ǣto begin withǡ ™ƒ‹–‹‰ ˆ‘”ǡ flies aroundǡis likeaǡƒ†are the highest‹’ƒ••ƒ‰‡Ǥ•ƒ’Ž‡‹–‡™ƒ•ǣȋ͵ͲǤƒǤ‘ •Š‘™ ƒ ‡šƒ’Ž‡ „Ǥ  –Š‡ ‘–”ƒ”› Ǥ ‘ ‘ Ž—†‡ †Ǥ ‘ „‡‰‹ ™‹–ŠȌǡ –Š‡ ‘•“—‹–‘‹•ƒ˜‡”›Š—„Ž‡‹•‡ –Ǥ‹•–”ƒ –‘”•™‡”‡ƒ†‡•‹‹Žƒ”‹ˆ‘”„—– †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹‡ƒ‹‰Ǥ

5. Analysis ‹”•–ǡ ‹–‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ™ƒ• ‘†— –‡† ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ‘„–ƒ‹ ‹–‡ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–›ƒ†‹–‡ †‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘˜ƒŽ—‡•Ǥ‡ ‘†ǡ‹–‡•™‡”‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‡†‹–‘ȋƒȌ ‘–‡–™‘”†•ǡ ȋ„Ȍ ˆ— –‹‘ ™‘”†•ǡ ȋ Ȍ Ž‘™ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ™‘”†•ǡ ȋ†Ȍ ™‘”†• Š‹‰ŠŽ› —•‡† ‹ ƒ ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡ǡ ȋ‡Ȍ ’Š”ƒ•ƒŽ ™‘”†•ǡ ƒ† ȋˆȌ –‡š–• ƒ† †‡• ”‹’–‹˜‡ •–ƒ–‹•–‹ • ™‡”‡ ‘’—–‡†Ǥ ƒ•–Ž›ǡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ„‹Ž‹–› –Š‡‘”› ȋ”‡ƒǡ ʹͲͲͳȌ ™ƒ• ƒ’’Ž‹‡† –‘ ‡•–‹ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‡š–‡– –‘ ™Š‹ Š –‡•–Ǧ–ƒ‡”•ǯ ‰Ž‹•Š ’”‘ˆ‹ ‹‡ ›ǡ ‹–‡ †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–›ǡ ˆ‹˜‡‹–‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ǡ–‡š–•ǡƒ†–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘•ƒˆˆ‡ ––Š‡–‘–ƒŽ• ‘”‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ ‡Ǥ Š—•ǡ –™‘ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ„‹Ž‹–› •–—†‹‡• ȋ  •–—†›Ȍ ™‡”‡ ‘†— –‡† —•‹‰ –™‘ „ƒŽƒ ‡†‡•‹‰•‘ˆ’ȋ‹ǣ Ȍƒ†’–šȋ‹ǣ Ȍǡ‹‘”†‡”–‘ ‘’ƒ”‡–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‹–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•™Š‡ƒ–‡š–ˆƒ ‡–™ƒ•ƒ††‡†–‘–Š‡ˆ‘”‡”†‡•‹‰Ǥ†‡ ‹•‹‘ •–—†› ȋ •–—†›Ȍ ™ƒ• ‘†— –‡† –‘ ‡•–‹ƒ–‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–• ƒ† †‡’‡†ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‹†‡š‡• ˆ‘” ƒ‹‰ „‘–Š ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ† ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡ †‡ ‹•‹‘•Ǥ  ȋ”‹  Ƭ ”‡ƒǡ ͳͻͺ͵Ȍ ™ƒ• —•‡† –‘ ‘†— – „‘–Š –Š‡  ƒ†  •–—†‹‡•Ǥ

6. Results ƒ„Ž‡ͳ•Š‘™•–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ‹–‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ –‡ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–›˜ƒŽ—‡•”ƒ‰‡†ˆ”‘Ǥͳ͸ –‘Ǥͺ͹Ǥ –‡Ͷͻ™ƒ•–Š‡‘•–†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–‹–‡‘•–Ž›†—‡–‘–Š‡™‘”†converse „‡‹‰ †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž– ˆ‘” –Š‡ –‡•–Ǧ–ƒ‡”•Ǥ –‡ ͷ ™ƒ• –Š‡ ‡ƒ•‹‡•– ‹–‡ ’”‘„ƒ„Ž› „‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡™‘”†colors™ƒ•ƒŠ‹‰Šˆ”‡“—‡ ›™‘”†–Šƒ–™ƒ•Š‹‰ŠŽ›—•‡†‹ ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡Ǥ –‡†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘˜ƒŽ—‡•”ƒ‰‡†ˆ”‘ǦǤͳͷ–‘ǤͷͻǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡ ™‘”†poor™ƒ•ƒŠ‹‰Šˆ”‡“—‡ ›™‘”†ǡ‹––—”‡†‘—––‘„‡†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–ƒ††‹†‘– †‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‡–‡•–Ǧ–ƒ‡”•ǯ’”‘ˆ‹ ‹‡ ›Ǥ –™ƒ•’”‘„ƒ„Ž›„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† –Š‡ ‡ƒ‹‰ ™‹–Š ƒ Žƒ  ‘ˆ ‘‡› ƒ† †‹† ‘– ‘™ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ‡ƒ‹‰ ƒ• ’‹–‹ˆ—ŽǤ—–‘ˆͷͲ‹–‡•ǡ͵ͺ‹–‡•Šƒ†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘˜‡”ǤʹͲƒ†™‡”‡™‘”‹‰‘ –Š‡–‡•–Ǧ–ƒ‡”•Ǥ ‹˜‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡• ™‡”‡ ˆ‘—† †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž– ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‘”†‡” „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ•ǣŽ‘™ˆ”‡“—‡ ›™‘”†•ǡ’Š”ƒ•ƒŽ™‘”†•ǡˆ— –‹‘™‘”†•ǡ ‘–‡–™‘”†•ǡ ƒ†™‘”†•Š‹‰ŠŽ›—•‡†‹–Š‡’ƒ••ƒ‰‡•ȋMαͶǤͳͲǡͶǤʹͷǡͶǤͷ͹ǡͶǤͻͲǡƒ†ͷǤ͵ͳȌǤ –ƒ†ƒ”† †‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘ ˜ƒŽ—‡• ˆ‘” ˆ— –‹‘ ™‘”†•ǡ ƒ† ™‘”†• Š‹‰ŠŽ› —•‡† ™‡”‡ Žƒ”‰‡”–Šƒ–Š‡‘–Š‡”˜ƒŽ—‡•Ǥ

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͳͷǦ͵Ͳ ʹͳ

 —‡ ›™‘”†•ǡ™‘”†•Š‹‰ŠŽ›—•‡†ǡƒ†’Š”ƒ•ƒŽ™‘”†•Ǥ  Facility and Item Discrimination Values

ƒ„Ž‡ͳ Item  ‘–‡ǣƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ͳ̱ͷα ‘–‡–™‘”†•ǡˆ— –‹‘•™‘”†•ǡŽ‘™ˆ”‡“

ʹʹ Ǥ—ƒœƒ™ƒ

— –‹‘™‘”†••— Šƒ• ‘Œ— –‹‘•ƒ†ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•™‡”‡„‘–Š‡ƒ•›ƒ††‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž– ˆ‘”–Š‡–‡•–Ǧ–ƒ‡”•Ǥ•–Š‡‹–‡ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–›˜ƒŽ—‡•ˆ‘”‹–‡•ʹͶǡƒ†Ͷͳ•Š‘™‡†ǡƒ ‘Œ— –‹‘ǡandǡ™ƒ•”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›‡ƒ•›ƒ†ƒƒ”–‹ Ž‡ǡ theǡ™ƒ•†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–ˆ‘”–Š‡ –‡•–Ǧ–ƒ‡”•Ǥ ‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹–‡•‹ ƒ–‡‰‘”›Ͷ™‡”‡‡ƒ•›ǡ„—––Š‘—‰Š™‘”†••— Šƒ• humanǡmosquitoesǡƒ†essay™‡”‡—•‡†͵–‘ͷ–‹‡•‹’ƒ••ƒ‰‡ǡ‹–‡•Ͷ͹ǡ Ͷͺǡ ƒ† ͷͲ ™‡”‡ †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž– ˆ‘” –Š‡ –‡•–Ǧ–ƒ‡”•Ǥ ‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ‹–‡ †‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘ ˜ƒŽ—‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡ͷ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•™‡”‡ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›‹–Š‡•ƒ‡”ƒ‰‡Ǥ‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ˆ‘” ƒ–‡‰‘”› ͷ ™ƒ• Ž‘™ǡ „—– –Š‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ˆ‘” ƒ–‡‰‘”› Ͷ ™ƒ• ‘†‡”ƒ–‡Ǥƒ••ƒ‰‡™ƒ•‡ƒ•‹‡”ƒ†•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡–‡•–Ǧ–ƒ‡”•„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆƒ •ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‘”›‹–‡†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ†”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ǥ˜‡”ƒŽŽǡ–Š‡  Ž‘œ‡ –‡•– Šƒ† ƒ ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ ‹–‡ †‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ƒ† ”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ǥ

ƒ„Ž‡ʹ Descriptive statistics for five categories and two passages ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡• k M SD Mȋ Ȍ Mȋ Ȍ Ƚ ‘–‡–™‘”†• ͳͲ ͶǤͻͲ ͳǤͻͻ ǤͶͻ Ǥ͵͵ ǤͷͲ — –‹‘™‘”†• ͳͲ ͶǤͷ͹ ʹǤͲ͵ ǤͶ͸ Ǥ͵Ͷ ǤͷͲ ‘™ ”‡“—‡ ›™‘”†• ͳͲ ͶǤͳͲ ͳǤ͹͸ ǤͶͳ Ǥ͵ͷ ǤͶͶ ‘”†•Š‹‰ŠŽ›—•‡† ͳͲ ͷǤ͵ͳ ʹǤͳͲ Ǥͷ͵ Ǥ͵͸ Ǥ͸ͳ Š”ƒ•ƒŽ™‘”†• ͳͲ ͶǤʹͷ ͳǤͷ͸ ǤͶʹ Ǥ͵Ͷ ǤͳͶ ƒ••ƒ‰‡ ʹͷ ͳͶǤʹ͹ ͶǤ͹Ͳ Ǥͷ͹ Ǥ͵ͷ ǤͺͲ ƒ••ƒ‰‡ ʹͷ ͺǤͺ͸ ͵Ǥʹʹ ǤͶͳ Ǥʹ͹ Ǥͷͳ ‘–ƒŽ ͷͲ ʹ͵Ǥͳ͵ ͹ǤͳͲ ǤͶ͸ Ǥ͵ͳ Ǥͺͳ

ƒ„Ž‡͵ Results of Two Generalizability Studies  ȋ’ȋ‹ǣ ȌȌ Ψ  ȋ’–ȋ‹ǣ ȌȌ Ψ ’ ͲǤͲͲͷͷͲͳʹ ͵Ψ  ͲǤͲͲ͸͹ͳ͹Ͷ ʹΨ –    Ͳ ͲΨ  Ͳ ͲΨ  Ͳ ͲΨ ‹ǣ  ͲǤͲͺ͵͵ͳ͸Ͳ Ͷ͵Ψ  Ͳ ͲΨ ’–    Ͳ ͲΨ ’  Ͳ ͲΨ  Ͳ ͲΨ ’‹ǣ  ͲǤͳͲ͵Ͷͻ͵Ͷ ͷͶΨ  Ͳ ͲΨ –     Ͳ ͲΨ –‹ǣ     ͲǤʹͳͺ͵͹ͻʹ ͸͸Ψ ’–     Ͳ ͲΨ ’–‹ǣ     ͲǤͳͲͷͳͲ͹ ͵ʹΨ ‘–‡ǣα˜ƒ”‹ƒ ‡ ‘’‘‡–Ǥ

ƒ„Ž‡͵•Š‘™•–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ–™‘‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ„‹Ž‹–›•–—†‹‡•™‹–Š–Š‡†‡•‹‰•‘ˆ’ ȋ‹ǣ Ȍƒ†’–ȋ‹ǣ ȌǤŠ‡’‡” ‡–‘ˆ–Š‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ ‡ ‘’‘‡–•ˆ‘”’‡”•‘•

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͳͷǦ͵Ͳ ʹ͵

ȋ’Ȍǡ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ȋ Ȍǡ‹–‡•ȋ‹ǣ Ȍǡ’‡”•‘•ƒ† ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ȋ’ Ȍǡƒ†’‹ǣ  ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ™‡”‡ ͵Ψǡ ͲΨǡ Ͷ͵Ψǡ ͲΨǡ ƒ† ͷͶΨǡ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡•– ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ ‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ • ‘”‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ ‡ ™ƒ•–Š‡ —†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‡† ‡””‘”ǤŠ‡  Ž‘œ‡ –‡•– ‹–‡• †‹ˆˆ‡”‡† ‰”‡ƒ–Ž› ‹ †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–› ƒ†–Š‡‹–‡•ˆƒ ‡–ƒ ‘—–‡†Ͷ͵Ψ‘ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ• ‘”‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ ‡ǤŠ‡–‘–ƒŽ• ‘”‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ ‡ ™ƒ• •Ž‹‰Š–Ž› ƒ—•‡† „› –Š‡ ’‡”•‘• ‡ˆˆ‡ –Ǥ ‘ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ ‡ †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ˆƒ ‡–™ƒ•‘„•‡”˜‡†ǤŠ‡ƒ–‡š–•ˆƒ ‡–ȋ–Ȍ™ƒ•ƒ††‡†–‘–Š‡ˆ‘”‡” †‡•‹‰ǡ ƒ ƒŒ‘” †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ ™ƒ• ‹ –Š‡ ‹–‡• ˆƒ ‡– ˜ƒ”‹ƒ ‡ ‘’‘‡–Ǣ ‘ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ ‡ †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‹–‡• ˆƒ ‡– ™ƒ• ‘„•‡”˜‡†Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡ –Š‡ –‡š–• ƒ† ‹–‡• ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘‡ˆˆ‡ –ƒ ‘—–‡†ˆ‘”͸͸Ψ‘ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ• ‘”‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ ‡ǤŽ›͵ʹΨ™ƒ• †—‡–‘–Š‡—†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‡†‡””‘”Ǥ ‹‰—”‡ͳ•Š‘™• Šƒ‰‡•‹‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•ȋɏȌƒ††‡’‡†ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‹†‡š‡•ȋȰȌ™‹–Šƒ†‡ ‹•‹‘•–—†›†‡•‹‰‘ˆ’ȋ ǣȌǤŠ‡–Š‡”‡™‡”‡ –™‘ –‡š–• ƒ† ͷ‹–‡• ’‡” ƒ–‡‰‘”› ȋkα ͷͲȌǡ –Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ƒ††‡’‡†ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹†‡š™‡”‡Ǥ͹͸ƒ†Ǥͷͳǡ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǤŠ‡”‘„ƒ ŠƒŽ’Šƒ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ –‡•– ȋk α ͷͲȌ ™ƒ• Ǥͺͳǡ •‘ –Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–™ƒ••Ž‹‰Š–Ž›Ž‘™‡”–Šƒ–Š‡ƒŽ’Šƒ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ǤŠ‡–Š‡”‡™‡”‡ Ͷ –‡š–•–Šƒ– ‘–ƒ‹‡†ͳͲ‹–‡•’‡” ƒ–‡‰‘”›ȋkαʹͲͲȌǡ–Š‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ƒ†‹†‡š ™‡”‡Ǥͻ͵ƒ†Ǥͺͳǡ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ• ƒ„‡•‡‡ǡ–Š‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•™‡”‡ ‘•–ƒ–Ž› Š‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡‹†‡š‡•Ǥ 

Figure 1. ‡‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•ƒ††‡’‡†ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹†‡š‡•Ǥ

7. Discussions –Š‹••‡ –‹‘ǡ–™‘”‡•‡ƒ” Š“—‡•–‹‘•’‘•‡†‹–Š‹••–—†›™‡”‡†‹• —••‡†‹ ‘‡ –‹‘–‘–Š‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ Ž‘œ‡–‡•–‹‰Ǥ‡•‡ƒ” Š“—‡•–‹‘ͳ™ƒ•ǣȋƒȌ–‘ ™Šƒ–‡š–‡–†‘–Š‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”›ƒ†–‡š–ˆƒ –‘”• ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ Ž‘œ‡ –‡•–• ‘”‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ ‡Ǥ Ž‘œ‡–‡•–‹–‡•™‡”‡™‘”‹‰‘–Š‡–‡•–Ǧ–ƒ‡”•ˆ‘”

ʹͶ Ǥ—ƒœƒ™ƒ

‘”Ǧ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡† ’—”’‘•‡• „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‹–‡ †‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘ ˜ƒŽ—‡• •Š‘™‡† –Šƒ– ͵ͺ‹–‡•™‡”‡†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‰™‡ŽŽ‡‘—‰ŠǤŠ‡–Š‡‹–‡•™‡”‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‡† ƒ†ƒƒŽ›œ‡†•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ‹–‡•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘’Š”ƒ•ƒŽ™‘”†•™‡”‡‘–™‘”‹‰†—‡ –‘–Š‡Ž‘™”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ȋȽαǤͳͶȌǤ˜‡™‹–Š‘—–’‹Ž‘–‹‰–Š‡‹–‡•‘ –‡•–Ǧ–ƒ‡”•ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž– ™ƒ• •ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‘”› †—‡ –‘ –Š‡—„‡” ‘ˆ‹–‡• ™‘”‹‰ ƒ†–Š‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ–‡•–”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ȋȽαǤͺͳȌǤ‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–›‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡• „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ• ™‡”‡ǣ Ž‘™ ˆ”‡“—‡ ›ǡ ’Š”ƒ•ƒŽ ™‘”†•ǡ ˆ— –‹‘™‘”†•ǡ ‘–‡– ™‘”†•ǡ ƒ† ™‘”†• Š‹‰ŠŽ› —•‡† ‹ –Š‡ ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡ ȋMαͶǤͳͲǡͶǤʹͷǡͶǤͷ͹ǡ ͶǤͻͲǡƒ†ͷǤ͵ͳȌǤ Ž–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡ˆ‹˜‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•™‡”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–›ǡ„‘–Š‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ„‹Ž‹–› •–—†‹‡•™‹–Š–Š‡†‡•‹‰•‘ˆ’ȋ‹ǣ Ȍƒ†’–ȋ‹ǣ Ȍ•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ˆƒ ‡–†‹†‘– ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ• ‘”‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ ‡ǤŠ—•ǡŠ‘™ Ž‘œ‡‹–‡•™‡”‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‡††‹†‘–Ž‡ƒ†–‘–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ• ‘”‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ ‡Ǥ –Š‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘”‡”†‡•‹‰ǡ Ž‘œ‡‹–‡•™‡”‡–”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ•‹†‡’‡†‡–ˆ”‘ƒ –‡š–ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‹–‡• ˆƒ ‡– ƒ ‘—–‡† ˆ‘” Ͷ͵Ψ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ • ‘”‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ ‡Ǥ ‡” ‡–‘ˆ—†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‡†‡””‘”™ƒ•Žƒ”‰‡ƒ–ͷͶΨǡƒ†–Š‹••–—†›†‡•‹‰†‹† ‘– ”‡˜‡ƒŽ ™Šƒ– –Š‡ •‘—” ‡ ‘ˆ ‡””‘” ™ƒ•Ǥ Š‡ ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ –™‘ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ„‹Ž‹–›•–—†›†‡•‹‰•ǡ–Š‡Žƒ––‡”†‡•‹‰™ƒ••—’‡”‹‘”„‡ ƒ—•‡ƒ–‡š–• ˆƒ ‡– ™ƒ• ‹ Ž—†‡† ƒ† ™ƒ• ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ› Š‘™ –Š‡ ˆƒ ‡– ‹–‡”ƒ –‡† ™‹–Š ‘–Š‡”•ƒ†Š‘™— Š–Š‡› ‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ–‡•–• ‘”‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ ‡Ǥ‹–Š –Š‡ Žƒ––‡” †‡•‹‰ǡ ‹–‡• ™‡”‡ –”‡ƒ–‡† ƒ• †‡’‡†‡– ‹ ƒ –‡š–Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•—Ž– ‹†‹ ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–‘––Š‡‹–‡•ˆƒ ‡–ǡ„—––Š‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘‡ˆˆ‡ –„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–‡š–• ƒ†‹–‡•ˆƒ ‡–• ‘–”‹„—–‡† ͸͸Ψ‘ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ• ‘”‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ ‡Ǥ‘ –‡š–•ˆƒ ‡– ˜ƒ”‹ƒ ‡™ƒ•‘„•‡”˜‡†’‘••‹„Ž›„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡–™‘–‡š–•™‡”‡‘–ˆƒ”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–›Ǥ —‡ –‘ –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡ ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ ‡ǡ –Š‡ ’‡” ‡– ‘ˆ–Š‡ —†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‡†‡””‘”™ƒ••ƒŽŽǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ”‡‰ƒ”†Ž‡••‘ˆ™Šƒ– ƒ–‡‰‘”›‹–‡• ™‡”‡ ‹ǡ ™Š‹ Š –‡š–ǡ ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡•  ‘” ǡ ™‘”†• ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡† ƒ• ƒ ‹–‡Šƒ†ƒ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘–Š‡–‡•–• ‘”‡Ǥ ƒ –‘”• ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‰ Ž‘œ‡ ‹–‡ †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–› Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ †‹• —••‡† ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ „”ƒŠƒ ƒ† Šƒ’‡ŽŽ‡ ȋͳͻͻʹȌǡ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ˆ‹š‡† ”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‘œ‡–‡•–•ǡ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ–‹‡•™‘”†•ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†‹ƒ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡ƒ†–Š‡ ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ ‘–‡š– ‰‹˜‡ ƒ• ƒ Ž—‡ Šƒ† ƒ ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‘ Ž‘œ‡ ‹–‡ †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–›Ǥ ‘„ƒ›ƒ•Š‹ȋʹͲͲʹȌƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ–‹ ƒ•‡‘ˆ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‘œ‡ˆ— –‹‘™‘”†•™‡”‡ ‡ƒ•‹‡” –Šƒ ‘–‡– ™‘”†•ǡ Š‹‰ŠǦˆ”‡“—‡ › ™‘”†• ™‡”‡ ‡ƒ•‹‡” –Šƒ Ž‘™ ˆ”‡“—‡ ›™‘”†•ǡƒ†–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ–‹‡•™‘”†•ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†‹ƒ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡ƒ†‡ Ž‘œ‡‹–‡•‡ƒ•›ǤŽ‡‹Ǧ”ƒŽ‡›ȋͳͻͺͷȌˆ‘—†–Šƒ–ˆ— –‹‘™‘”†•™‡”‡‡ƒ•‹‡” –Šƒ ‘–‡–™‘”†•ƒ•†‡Ž‡–‹‘•ˆ‘”Ǧ–‡•–•ǤŠ‹••–—†›ˆ‘—†–Šƒ–™Š‹Ž‡Ž‘™ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ™‘”†• ƒ†‡  Ž‘œ‡ ‹–‡• †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–›ǡ ™‘”†• Š‹‰ŠŽ› —•‡† ‹ ƒ ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡ƒ†‡–Š‡‡ƒ•›Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡˆ”‘ƒ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ„‹Ž‹–›–Š‡‘”›’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ǡ ™Š‹ Š‡˜‡” Ž‘œ‡‹–‡•™‡”‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‡††‹†‘– ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‡ Ž‘œ‡ –‡•–• ‘”‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ ‡ǤŠ‹ Š–‡š–‹–‡•™‡”‡‹™ƒ•–Š‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆƒ –‘”Ǥ Š—•ǡ –‡•–Ǧ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡”• Šƒ˜‡ –‘ ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ› •‡Ž‡ – ƒ ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡ ˆ‘” ƒ  Ž‘œ‡ –‡•–

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͳͷǦ͵Ͳ ʹͷ

–Šƒ–‹•„‡•–•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”–‡•–Ǧ–ƒ‡”•ǯ’”‘ˆ‹ ‹‡ ›Ǥ ‡•‡ƒ” Š “—‡•–‹‘ ʹ ™ƒ•ǣ –‘ ™Šƒ– ‡š–‡– ‹• –Š‡  Ž‘œ‡ –‡•– ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ† †‡’‡†ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ‹‰”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡†‡ ‹•‹‘•Ǥ –Š‹••–—†›ǡ™‹–Š‘—– ’‹Ž‘–‹‰  Ž‘œ‡ ‹–‡•ǡ ”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ† †‡’‡†ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ™‡”‡ •ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‘”› ȋȽ αǤͺͳǡɏαǤ͹͸ǡƒ†ȰαǤͷͳȌǤŠ‡ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘’ƒ•–•–—†‹‡•ȋ‡Ǥ‰ǤǡŠƒ’‡ŽŽ‡Ƭ „”ƒŠƒǡͳͻͻͲǢ ƒŽ‡‡–ƒŽǤǡͳͻͺͻȌǡƒ Ž‘œ‡–‡•–‹–Š‹••–—†›™ƒ•ƒ•”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ’ƒ•–•–—†‹‡••Š‘™‡†–Šƒ– Ž‘œ‡–‡•–•™‡”‡‡ƒ•‹‡”–Šƒ Ž‘œ‡ –‡•–• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ „”ƒŠƒ Ƭ Šƒ’‡ŽŽ‡ ͳͻͻʹǢ Šƒ’‡ŽŽ‡ Ƭ „”ƒŠƒǡ ͳͻͻͲȌǤ ”‘™ ȋʹͲͳ͵Ȍ ƒ”‰—‡† –Šƒ– Ž‘œ‡ –‡•–• ™‘—Ž† „‡ †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž– ˆ‘” ƒ’ƒ‡•‡ Ž‡ƒ”‡”•Ǥ  ‘”†‹‰Ž›ǡ Ž‘œ‡‹–‡ˆ‘”ƒ–™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ˆ‘” ƒ’ƒ‡•‡Ž‡ƒ”‡”•‹ –‡”•‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–›Ǥ”‘™ȋʹͲͳ͵ȌƒŽ•‘ Žƒ‹‡†–Šƒ–‹ˆŽ‘™‡”ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž –‡•–Ǧ–ƒ‡”• ™‡”‡ ‰‹˜‡ Ž‘œ‡ ‹–‡•ǡ Ž‘™Ǧ‘”†‡” •‡–‡–‹ƒŽ ‹–‡• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ ‰”ƒƒ” ƒ† ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›™‘—Ž†„‡––‡”†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‡–Š‡‹”’”‘ˆ‹ ‹‡ ›Ǥ‡ ƒ—•‡‹–‡•”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘’Š”ƒ•ƒŽ™‘”†•Šƒ†ƒŽ‘™”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ƒ†–Š‡•‡‹–‡• ‹‰Š– „‡ ‘”‡ Ž‘•‡Ž› ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ Š‹‰ŠǦ‘”†‡” ‹–‡”•‡–‡–‹ƒŽ •‹ŽŽ• •— Š ƒ• ‘Š‡•‹‘ǡ –Š‡•‡‹–‡•‹‰Š–‘–„‡•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘” ƒ’ƒ‡•‡Ž‘™‡”ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž–‡•–Ǧ–ƒ‡”•Ǥ˜‡”ƒŽŽǡ  Ž‘œ‡–‡•–•ƒ”‡ƒ Š‹‡Ǧ• ‘”ƒ„Ž‡ǡƒ†ǡƒ• ƒŽ‡‡–ƒŽǤƒ”‰—‡†ǡ ƒ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž› ‡ƒ•—”‡ ƒ’ƒ‡•‡–‡•–Ǧ–ƒ‡”•ǯ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ”‡ƒ†‹‰ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹‘Ǥ

8. Conclusion Š‹• •–—†› •Š‘™‡† –Šƒ– ‹–‡• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ ˆ‹˜‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡• ™‡”‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‹ †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–›Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–™‘‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ„‹Ž‹–›•–—†‹‡•‹†‹ ƒ–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡• ˆƒ ‡– †‹† ‘– ‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘ –Š‡  Ž‘œ‡ –‡•– • ‘”‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ ‡Ǥ Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡•– ’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ ‡™ƒ•†—‡–‘ƒ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘‡ˆˆ‡ –„‡–™‡‡‹–‡•ƒ† –‡š–•Ǥ ’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ– ƒ„‡†”ƒ™ˆ”‘–Š‹••–—†›™‡”‡ǣȋƒȌ Ž‘œ‡–‡•–• ƒ•ƒ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡‡ƒ•—”‡ǡƒ†ȋ„Ȍƒ‡‡†ˆ‘” ƒ”‡ˆ—Ž•‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–‡š–•Ǥ Ž‘œ‡ –‡•–• ƒ „‡ ƒ ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡ ‘ˆ ƒ’ƒ‡•‡ –‡•–Ǧ–ƒ‡”•ǯ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ”‡ƒ†‹‰ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹‘ǤŠ‡‹–‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹••—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘” ƒ’ƒ‡•‡Ž‡ƒ”‡”•‹–‡”•‘ˆ †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–›Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ–‡•–Ǧ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡”• ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ Ž‘œ‡–‡•–‹ˆ ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ› †‡•‹‰‡†Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ™Š‡ •‡Ž‡ –‹‰ –‡š–• ˆ‘” –Š‡ –‡•–ǡƒ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ ƒ––‡–‹‘ Šƒ† –‘ „‡ ’ƒ‹† •‘ ƒ• –‘ ƒ†‘’– ‘‡ –Šƒ– ‹• •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” –‡•–Ǧ–ƒ‡”•ǯ ’”‘ˆ‹ ‹‡ ›Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ ‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•‹Š‡”‡–‹–Š‹••–—†›™‡”‡ǣȋƒȌ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•ǡƒ† ȋ„Ȍ ˜ƒŽ‹†‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‡•– • ‘”‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† —•‡•Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ ‹ –Š‹• •–—†›ǡƒ •ƒ’Ž‡™ƒ•–ƒ‡ˆ”‘–Š”‡‡—‹˜‡”•‹–‹‡•‹ ƒ’ƒǤ ‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‹‰–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•–‘ ‘–Š‡” ƒ’ƒ‡•‡ •ƒ’Ž‡• •Š‘—Ž† ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ› „‡ †‘‡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ •ƒ’Ž‡ ™ƒ• ”ƒ–Š‡”•ƒŽŽƒ††‹†‘–”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ‡–‹”‡ ƒ’ƒ‡•‡—‹˜‡”•‹–›’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡ ‘†ǡ ‹ –Š‹• •–—†›ǡ –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ‹†‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡  Ž‘œ‡–‡•– • ‘”‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘• ƒ†—•‡•™ƒ•‘–ˆ—ŽŽ›‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†Ǥ Ž‘œ‡–‡•–•ƒ”‡•ƒ‹†–‘‡ƒ•—”‡–‡•–Ǧ –ƒ‡”•ǯ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ”‡ƒ†‹‰ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹‘ ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ƒŽ‡ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ͳͻͺͻȌǡ „—– ˆ—”–Š‡” •–—†‹‡• •Š‘—Ž† ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ ™Šƒ–  Ž‘œ‡ ‹–‡• ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› ‡ƒ•—”‡ƒ†™Šƒ–

ʹ͸ Ǥ—ƒœƒ™ƒ

‹†•‘ˆ™ƒ•Š„ƒ ‡ˆˆ‡ –•ƒ”‡‡š’‡ –‡†™Š‡–Š‡–‡•–‹•—•‡†ƒ•ƒ‡–”ƒ ‡ ‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ’Žƒ ‡‡––‡•–ǡƒ†ƒ Žƒ••”‘‘–‡•–Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ”‡’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ •–—†‹‡•Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡†‘‡–‘•‡‡‹ˆ‘–Š‡” Ž‘œ‡–‡•–• ƒƒ‹–ƒ‹–Š‡•ƒ‡ ƒ‰‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ ”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ —”–Š‡” •–—†‹‡• •Š‘—Ž† ƒŽ•‘ —•‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ„‹Ž‹–› –Š‡‘”› –‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ –Š‡ †‡‰”‡‡ –‘ ™Š‹ Š ‹–‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡• ƒˆˆ‡ – –‡•–Ǧ–ƒ‡”•ǯ ‘–Š‡” Ž‘œ‡–‡•–ǡǦ–‡•–ǡƒ† Ž‘œ‡–‡•–’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡Ǥ

The Author ƒƒƒ‹ —ƒœƒ™ƒ ȋƒ‹Žǣ –ƒƒƒ‹̷ƒ–‘Ǧ‰ƒ—‹Ǥƒ ǤŒ’Ȍ ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† ‘ –‘”‘ˆ †— ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘‡’Ž‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‹ʹͲͳͳǤƒƒƒ‹‹•‹–‡”‡•–‡†‹Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‡•–‹‰ƒ†’”‘‰”ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ

References

„”ƒŠƒǡǤ ǤǡƬŠƒ’‡ŽŽ‡ǡǤǤȋͳͻͻʹȌǤŠ‡‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ Ž‘œ‡–‡•–• ‘”‡•ǣ ‹–‡ †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–› ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡Ǥ Modern Language Journal, 76ǡ Ͷ͸ͺȂͶ͹ͻǤ †‘‹Ǥ‘”‰ȀͳͲǤͳͳͳͳȀŒǤͳͷͶͲǦͶ͹ͺͳǤͳͻͻʹǤ–„Ͳͷ͵ͻͶǤš

ƒ„ƒ‹‹ǡ Ǥǡ Ƭ ‘‰Šƒ††ƒǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ  –Š‡ ‹–‡”’Žƒ› „‡–™‡‡ –‡•– –ƒ• †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–›ƒ†ƒ ”‘ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž’”‘ ‡••‹‰‹–Š‡Ǧ–‡•–ǤSystem, 34ȋͶȌǡͷͺ͸Ȃ ͸ͲͲǤ†‘‹ǣͳͲǤͳͲͳ͸ȀŒǤ•›•–‡ǤʹͲͲ͸ǤͲͻǤͲͲʹ

ƒ Šƒǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋͳͻͺʹȌǤ Š‡ –”ƒ‹– •–”— –—”‡ ‘ˆ Ž‘œ‡ –‡•– • ‘”‡•Ǥ TESOL Quarterly, 16ǡ͸ͳǦ͹ͲǤ†‘‹ǣͳͲǤʹ͵Ͳ͹Ȁ͵ͷͺ͸ͷ͸͵

ƒ Šƒǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋͳͻͺͷȌǤ ‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ‘ Ž‘œ‡ –‡•–• ™‹–Š ˆ‹š‡†Ǧ”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†‡Ž‡–‹‘•ǤTESOL Quarterly, 19ǡͷ͵ͷǦͷͷ͸Ǥ†‘‹ǣͳͲǤʹ͵Ͳ͹Ȁ͵ͷͺ͸ʹ͹͹

”‡ƒǡǤȋʹͲͲͳȌǤGeneralizability theoryǤ‡™‘”ǣ’”‹‰‡”Ǥ

”‘™ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋͳͻͺͲȌǤ ‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ ‡”‹–• ‘ˆˆ‘—”‡–Š‘†• ˆ‘” • ‘”‹‰ Ž‘œ‡ –‡•–•Ǥ Modern Language Journal, 64ǡ ͵ͳͳǦ͵ͳ͹Ǥ †‘‹ǣ ͳͲǤͳͳͳͳȀŒǤͳͷͶͲǦ Ͷ͹ͺͳǤͳͻͺͲǤ–„ͲͷͳͻͺǤš

”‘™ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋͳͻͺͺȌǤ ƒ‹Ž‘”‡† Ž‘œ‡ǣ ’”‘˜‡† ™‹–Š Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ ‹–‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹• –‡ Š‹“—‡•Ǥ Language Testing, 5ǡ ͳͻȂ͵ͳǤ †‘‹ǣͳͲǤͳͳ͹͹ȀͲʹ͸ͷͷ͵ʹʹͺͺͲͲͷ ͲͲͳͲʹ

”‘™ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋͳͻͻ͵ȌǤ Šƒ– ƒ”‡ –Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ • ‘ˆ ƒ–—”ƒŽ Ž‘œ‡ –‡•–•ǫ Language Testing, 10ǡͻ͵Ǧͳͳ͸Ǥ

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͳͷǦ͵Ͳ ʹ͹

”‘™ǡ ǤǤȋʹͲͲͷȌǤTesting in language programsǤ‡™‘”ǣ ”ƒ™ ‹ŽŽǤ

”‘™ǡ ǤǤȋʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ›–™‡–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡›‡ƒ”•‘ˆ Ž‘œ‡–‡•–‹‰”‡•‡ƒ” Šǣ‘™Šƒ–ǫ International Journal of Language Studies, 7ǡͳȂ͵ʹǤ

Šƒ’‡ŽŽ‡ǡǤǤǡƬ„”ƒŠƒǡǤ ǤȋͳͻͻͲȌǤŽ‘œ‡‡–Š‘†ǣŠƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡†‘‡• ‹–ƒ‡ǫLanguage Testing, 7ǡͳʹͳȂͳͶ͸Ǥ†‘‹ǣͳͲǤͳͳ͹͹ȀͲʹ͸ͷͷ͵ʹʹͻͲͲͲ͹Ͳ ͲʹͲͳ

‘Š‡ǡ Ǥ Ǥǡ ‡‰ƒŽǡ Ǥǡ Ƭ ƒ”Ǧ‹ƒǦ‘ǡ Ǥ ȋͳͻͺͶȌǤ Š‡ Ǧ–‡•– ‹ ‡„”‡™Ǥ Language Testing, 1ǡʹʹͳȂʹʹͷǤ†‘‹ǣͳͲǤͳͳ͹͹ȀͲʹ͸ͷͷ͵ʹʹͺͶͲͲͳͲͲʹͲ͸

”‹ ǡ Ǥ Ǥǡ Ƭ ”‡ƒǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋͳͻͺ͵ȌǤ GENOVA ȋ˜‡”•‹‘ ʹǤͳȌ ȏ ‘’—–‡” •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ȐǤ ‘™ƒ‹–›ǡ ǣŠ‡‡”‹ ƒ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡‡•–‹‰”‘‰”ƒǤ

‘Dž”›‡‹ǡǤǡƬƒ–‘ƒǡǤȋͳͻͻʹȌǤƒŽ‹†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Ǧ–‡•–ƒ‘‰•– —‰ƒ”‹ƒ  Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ǤLanguage Testing, 9ǡͳͺ͹ȂʹͲ͸Ǥ†‘‹ǣͳͲǤͳͳ͹͹ȀͲʹ͸ͷͷ͵ʹʹͻʹͲ ͲͻͲͲʹͲ͸

 ‡•ǡǤǡƬ ”‘–ŒƒŠǡǤȋʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ Ž‘•‡”Ž‘‘ƒ––Š‡ ‘•–”— –˜ƒŽ‹†‹–›‘ˆǦ –‡•–•ǤLanguage Testing, 23ǡʹͻͲȂ͵ʹͷǤ†‘‹ǣͳͲǤͳͳͻͳȀͲʹ͸ͷͷ͵ʹʹͲ͸Ž–͵͵Ͳ‘ƒ

ƒŽ‡ǡ ǤǤǡ–ƒ•ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡǤǤǡ‘ ǡǤǤǡ ‹ •ǡǤǤǡ—–Ž‡”ǡ ǤǤǡƬŽŽ‡”ǡ ǤǤ ȋͳͻͺͻȌǤŠ‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ—Ž–‹’Ž‡Ǧ Š‘‹ ‡ Ž‘œ‡‹–‡•–‘–Š‡‡•–‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ•ƒ ‘”‡‹‰ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǤLanguage Testing, 6ǡͶ͹Ȃ͹͸Ǥ†‘‹ǣͳͲǤͳͳ͹͹ȀͲʹ͸ͷͷ ͵ʹʹͺͻͲͲ͸ͲͲͳͲ͸

ƒ•‹ ‘”†‡˜‹•‹‘‘‹––‡‡ǤȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤJACET list of 8000 basic wordsǤ ‘›‘ǣ ƒ’ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡‰Ž‹•Š‡ƒ Š‡”•Ǥ

ƒˆƒ”’—”ǡǤȋͳͻͻͻȌǤƒ–Š‡Ǧ–‡•–„‡‹’”‘˜‡†™‹–Š Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ‹–‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǫ System, 27ȋͳȌǡ͹ͻȂͺͻǤ†‘‹ǣͳͲǤͳͲͳ͸ȀͲ͵Ͷ͸ǦʹͷͳȋͻͺȌͲͲͲͶ͵Ǧͺ

‘œǡ Ǥȋͳͻ͹͸ȌǤ ’”‘˜‹‰‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹ ‡‰‰ǣŠ‡Ǧ Ž‘œ‡ǤLanguage Learning, 26ǡʹͷͷǦʹ͸ͷǤ†‘‹ǣͳͲǤͳͳͳͳȀŒǤͳͶ͸͹Ǧͳ͹͹ͲǤͳͻ͹͸Ǥ–„ͲͲʹ͹͸Ǥš

Ž‡‹Ǧ”ƒŽ‡›ǡ Ǥ ȋͳͻͺͷȌǤ  Ž‘œ‡Ǧ—’ ‘ –Š‡ Ǧ‡•–ǣ  •–—†› ‹ –Š‡ ‘•–”— – ˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ—–Š‡–‹ –‡•–•ǤLanguage Testing, 2ǡ͹͸ȂͳͲͶǤ†‘‹ǣͳͲǤͳͳ͹͹Ȁ Ͳʹ͸ͷͷ͵ʹʹͺͷͲͲʹͲͲͳͲͺ

Ž‡‹Ǧ”ƒŽ‡›ǡǤȋͳͻͻ͹ȌǤǦ–‡•–•‹–Š‡ ‘–‡š–‘ˆ”‡†— ‡†”‡†—†ƒ ›–‡•–‹‰ǣ ƒ’’”ƒ‹•ƒŽǤLanguage Testing, 14ǡͶ͹ȂͺͶǤ†‘‹ǣͳͲǤͳͳ͹͹ȀͲʹ͸ͷͷ͵ʹʹͻ͹Ͳ ͳͶͲͲͳͲͶ

ʹͺ Ǥ—ƒœƒ™ƒ

‘„ƒ›ƒ•Š‹ǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲͲʹȌǤ ‡–Š‘† ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ ”‡ƒ†‹‰ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹‘ –‡•– ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ǣ‡š–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ†”‡•’‘•‡ˆ‘”ƒ–ǤLanguage Testing, 19ǡͳͻ͵ǦʹʹͲǤ†‘‹ǣͳͲǤͳͳͻͳȀͲʹ͸ͷͷ͵ʹʹͲʹŽ–ʹʹ͹‘ƒ

‡‡ǦŽŽ‹•ǡǤȋʹͲͲͻȌǤŠ‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‘”‡ƒǦ–‡•–—•‹‰ ƒ• ŠƒƒŽ›•‹•ǤLanguage Testing, 26ǡʹͶͷȂʹ͹ͶǤ†‘‹ǣͳͲǤͳͳ͹͹ȀͲʹ͸ͷͷ͵ʹʹ ͲͺͳͲͳͲͲ͹

›Ž‘”ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋͳͻͷ͵ȌǤ Ž‘œ‡ ’”‘ ‡†—”‡ǣ  ‡™ –‘‘Ž ˆ‘” ‡ƒ•—”‹‰ ”‡ƒ†ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ Journalism Quarterly, 20ǡͶͳͶǦͶ͵ͺǤ

ƒƒ•Š‹–ƒǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ ”‘ ‡••‡• ‘ˆ –ƒ‹‰ ƒ ‰ƒ’Ǧˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰ –‡•–ǣ ‘’ƒ”‹•‘ ‘ˆ •‹ŽŽ‡† ƒ† Ž‡•• •‹ŽŽ‡†   ”‡ƒ†‡”•Ǥ Language Testing, 20ǡ ʹ͸͹Ȃʹͻ͵Ǥ †‘‹ǣͳͲǤͳͳͻͳȀͲʹ͸ͷͷ͵ʹʹͲ͵Ž–ʹͷ͹‘ƒ

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͳͷǦ͵Ͳ ʹͻ

Appendix A  Ž‘œ‡‹–‡•‹’ƒ••ƒ‰‡ ƒ†”‹˜‹‰Ž‹ ‡•‡‹ƒ‡•–‡” ‘—–”›–Š‡›—•—ƒŽŽ›™”‹–‡–Š‡Šƒ‹” ‘Ž‘”ƒ† ‡›‡ ‘Ž‘”‘ˆ–Š‡†”‹˜‡”ǡƒ†•‘‡–‹‡•ƒŽ•‘–Š‡•‹ ‘Ž‘”ǤŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡™”‹––‡ ‘‹––‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›–Š‡†”‹˜‡”ǤŠ‘—‰Šƒ†”‹˜‹‰ȋͳǤƒǤƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‡–„ǤŽ‹ ‡•‡ Ǥ‘–‘”™ƒ›†Ǥˆƒ”‡Ȍ‹ ƒ’ƒ†‘‡•‘–Šƒ˜‡–Š‹•ȋʹǤƒǤŠ‘’‡„Ǥ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ Ǥ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘†Ǥ Šƒ‰‡Ȍǡ’‡‘’Ž‡‹‘–Š‡”’Žƒ ‡•–Š‹ ‘Ž‘”‹•ȋ͵ǤƒǤ‡ƒ•›„ǤŠƒ”† Ǥ‰‘‘††Ǥ‹’‘”–ƒ–Ȍ —– ‘Ž‘”•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡—•‡†ˆ‘” ‘†‹‰‹ ƒ’ƒǤ  ‹–‹‡•ǡ–Š‡–”ƒ‹•ƒ†ȋͶǤƒǤ ’ƒ–Š™ƒ›• „Ǥ • ‡‡”‹‡• Ǥ ’Žƒ›‰”‘—†• †Ǥ •—„™ƒ›•Ȍ ƒ”‡ ’ƒ‹–‡† ‹ƒ› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ȋͷǤ ƒǤ „Ž—‡• „Ǥ „”‘™• Ǥ ”‡†• †Ǥ ‘Ž‘”•Ȍ –‘ •Š‘™ –Šƒ– ‘‡ Ž‹‡ ‹• †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ”‘ƒ‘–Š‡”Ǥ‡Ž‡’Š‘‡•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘ƒ†‡‹ƒ›ȋ͸ǤƒǤ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–„Ǥ „”‹‰Š– Ǥ†ƒ”†Ǥ‹ ‡Ȍ ‘Ž‘”•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”—•‡•Ǥ ‘Ž‘”•ƒ”‡ȋ͹ǤƒǤˆ—ŽŽ„Ǥ‡’–› Ǥ—•‡ˆ—Ž†Ǥ„‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—ŽȌ‹‘–Š‡” ™ƒ›•ǡ –‘‘Ǥ  ƒ •’‘”–‹‰‰ƒ‡ǡȋͺǤƒǤŠ‘™‡˜‡”„Ǥ‹ ‘–”ƒ•– Ǥˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡†Ǥ–‘‘Ȍǡ–Š‡›Š‡Ž’—• –‘–‡ŽŽ–Šƒ–‘‡ȋͻǤƒǤ–‡ƒ„Ǥ•™‹‡” Ǥ„ƒŽŽ†Ǥ•–ƒ†‹—Ȍ‹•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ”‘ ƒ‘–Š‡”Ǥ‘‹–„‡ ‘‡•‡ƒ•‹‡”–‘•‡‡™Šƒ–‹•Šƒ’’‡‹‰ȋͳͲǤƒǤ‹„Ǥƒ– Ǥ†—”‹‰ †Ǥˆ‘”Ȍ–Š‡‰ƒ‡Ǥ‘Ž‘”•‘ˆˆŽƒ‰•ǡ ƒŽŽ‡†ǮȋͳͳǤƒǤƒ–‹‘ ‘Ž‘”„Ǥƒ–‹‘ ‘Ž‘”• Ǥ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘Ž‘” †Ǥ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘Ž‘”•Ȍǡǯ ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ —•‡ˆ—Ž –‘ –‡ŽŽ ‘‡ ƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘ ƒ‘–Š‡”Ǥ ‘‡–‹‡• ‘Ž‘”•‡ƒȋͳʹǤƒǤ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ƒ –•„Ǥ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ƒ•‡• Ǥ”‡ ‡––Š‹‰•†Ǥ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”–Š‹‰•ȌǤ™Š‹–‡ˆŽƒ‰ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ†‘‡•‘–•Š‘™ƒ› ‘—–”›ǡ„—–‹– ‡ƒ•’‡ƒ ‡‘”ȋͳ͵ǤƒǤ•—””‡†‡”„Ǥ–‘Ž‡”ƒ ‡ Ǥ ‘–‡–‹‘ Ǥ’—”‹–›ȌǤ†™‡ —•–™‡ƒ”„Žƒ  Ž‘–Š‡•ǡȋͳͶǤƒǤƒ†„Ǥ„—– Ǥ•‘†Ǥƒ†Ȍƒ–Ž‡ƒ•– ƒ „Žƒ  ƒ”„ƒ†ƒ–ƒȋͳͷǤƒǤ ‘˜‡–‹‘„Ǥˆ—‡”ƒŽ Ǥ‘’‡‹‰†Ǥ™‘”•Š‘’Ȍ„‡ ƒ—•‡ „Žƒ —•—ƒŽŽ›‡ƒ•†‡ƒ–ŠǤŠ‡•‡–™‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘Ž‘”•ǡŽ‹‡‹‰Š–ȋͳ͸ǤƒǤ‘”„Ǥ •‘ Ǥƒ††Ǥ„›Ȍ†ƒ›ǡƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡—•‡†ƒ••›„‘Ž•‘ˆȋͳ͹ǤƒǤ‰‘‘†ƒ†„ƒ†„Ǥ„ƒ† ƒ†‰‘‘† Ǥ„ƒ†‘”‰‘‘††Ǥ‰‘‘†„—–„ƒ†ȌǤ —–„Žƒ ƒ†™Š‹–‡ƒ”‡ȋͳͺǤƒǤ‹–•‡Žˆ„Ǥ‘‡•‡Žˆ Ǥ–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•†Ǥ‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•Ȍ˜‡”› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ”‘‘–Š‡” ‘Ž‘”•ǤȋͳͻǤƒǤ‰”ƒ›„Ǥ™Š‹–‡ Ǥ„Žƒ †Ǥ”‡†Ȍƒ†™Š‹–‡ –‡Ž‡˜‹•‹‘‹•ȋʹͲǤƒǤ–Š‹•„Ǥ‘‡ Ǥ–Šƒ–†Ǥ‘‡•Ȍǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•‘ ‘Ž‘”ǡƒ†™‡ ƒ •ƒ›ȋʹͳǤƒǤ–Š‡•ƒ‡„Ǥƒ•ƒ‡ Ǥƒ••ƒ‡†Ǥ–Š‹••ƒ‡Ȍ–Š‹‰ƒ„‘—–ƒ’‹ –—”‡Ǥ‡ ƒŽ‘•– ȋʹʹǤƒǤ ƒ”‡ „Ǥ •’‡† Ǥ –Š‹ †Ǥ •’‡ƒȌ –Šƒ– „Žƒ  ƒ† ™Š‹–‡ ƒ”‡ ‘– ‘Ž‘”•Ǥ‡ •ƒ› –Šƒ– –Š‡ ȋʹ͵ǤƒǤ ƒ†Œƒ ‡– „Ǥ ’”‘ˆ‘—† Ǥ ‹””‡Ž‡˜ƒ– †Ǥ ’”‹ƒ”›Ȍ ‘Ž‘”•ƒ”‡”‡†ǡ›‡ŽŽ‘™ǡȋʹͶǤƒǤ‘”„Ǥƒ† Ǥ„—–†Ǥ•‘Ȍ„Ž—‡ǡƒ††‘‘–‹ Ž—†‡ „Žƒ ƒ†ȋʹͷǤƒǤ„Žƒ „Ǥ™Š‹–‡ Ǥ‰”ƒ›†Ǥ”‡†ȌǤ

͵Ͳ Ǥ—ƒœƒ™ƒ

Appendix B  Ž‘œ‡‹–‡•‹’ƒ••ƒ‰‡ ‘‡‘ ƒ•‹‘ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–‡ƒ Š‹‰‰Ž‹•Š–‘ƒ‰”‘—’‘ˆ›‘—‰’ƒ‹ƒ”†•ǡ ‰‘– –Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ•‡––‹‰–Š‡–Š‡–ƒ•‘ˆ™”‹–‹‰ƒ‰Ž‹•Š‡••ƒ›‘–Š‡˜‹”–—‡•‘ˆ –Š‡‘•“—‹–‘Ǥ— Š•—„Œ‡ –•ƒ”‡‡š ‡ŽŽ‡–™ƒ›•–‘–”ƒ‹–Š‡‹†ȋʹ͸ǤƒǤƒ–„Ǥ‹ Ǥ ˆ‘” †Ǥ ‡š ‡’–Ȍ ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ –Š‘—‰Š– ƒ† ‡š’”‡••‹‘ ƒ† ƒŽ•‘ ‹ ƒȋʹ͹ǤƒǤ ‹””‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡„ǤŠ›•–‡”‹ ƒŽ ǤŠ‹†‡‘—•†ǤŠ—‘”‘—•Ȍƒ––‹–—†‡ƒ†ƒ™‹†‡˜‹‡™‘ˆ Ž‹ˆ‡ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–•™‡”‡Š‹‰ŠŽ›ȋʹͺǤƒǤ‰”ƒ–‹ˆ›‹‰„Ǥ‹’‡”ˆ‡ – Ǥ”‡ ‡’–‹˜‡†Ǥˆƒ–ƒŽȌ –Š‘—‰Š  ‘ˆ‡•••‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡••ƒ›•Šƒ˜‡ȋʹͻǤƒǤƒŽ‘•–„Ǥ‘•– Ǥƒ›†Ǥ‘‡Ȍ ‡–‹”‡Ž›†‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†ˆ”‘›‡‘”›Ǥ ȋ͵ͲǤƒǤ‘•Š‘™ƒ‡šƒ’Ž‡„Ǥ–Š‡ ‘–”ƒ”› Ǥ‘ ‘ Ž—†‡†Ǥ‘„‡‰‹™‹–ŠȌǡ –Š‡‘•“—‹–‘‹•ƒ˜‡”›Š—„Ž‡‹•‡ –Ǥ –•’”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡‹•‘––Š‡Š—ƒȋ͵ͳǤƒǤ Š‡ƒ†„Ǥ‰‹”Ž ǤŠƒ††Ǥˆƒ ‡Ȍ™Š‹ Š‹•–Š‡•—’‡”‹‘”’ƒ”–ǡ„—––Š‡Ž‡‰•ƒ†ȋ͵ʹǤƒǤ ‘•‡•„Ǥˆ‡‡– Ǥ‡ƒ”•†Ǥ‡›‡•Ȍǡ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡–Š‡‘•–‹ˆ‡”‹‘”’ƒ”–•ȋ͵͵ǤƒǤ‹„Ǥ‘ˆ Ǥ ƒ–†Ǥˆ‘”ȌƒǤ ‘”–Š‹•”‡ƒ•‘ǡ‹–Š‹†‡•‹†ƒ”ȋ͵ͶǤƒǤƒ”‡–’Žƒ ‡•„Ǥ”‡ ‡••‡• Ǥ ‘—–†‘‘”• †Ǥ †‘™–‘™•Ȍ „‡‡ƒ–Š Šƒ‹”• ƒ† –ƒ„Ž‡• ȋ͵ͷǤƒǤ ™ƒ‹–‹‰ —’ „Ǥ ™ƒ‹–‹‰‹ Ǥ™ƒ‹–‹‰ˆ‘”†Ǥ™ƒ‹–‹‰‘Ȍƒ‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘ƒ––ƒ Ǥ Š‡‘•“—‹–‘‹•ƒ‹Šƒ„‹–ƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡ȋ͵͸ǤƒǤ†ƒ›„Ǥ‘”‹‰ Ǥ‹‰Š–†Ǥ‘‘Ȍǡ ™Š‡ –Š‡ •‘ˆ– Ž‹‰Š– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘‘ ȋ͵͹ǤƒǤ ‘” „Ǥ ƒ† Ǥ „—– †Ǥ •‘Ȍ –Š‡ •–ƒ”• Šƒ• ”‡’Žƒ ‡†–Š‡„”‹ŽŽ‹ƒ–ȋ͵ͺǤƒǤŽ‹‰Š–„Ǥ•Š‹‡ Ǥ”‹‰Š–†Ǥ‘‘Ȍ‘ˆ–Š‡•—ǤŠ‹Ž‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ •Ž‡‡’ ‹ –Š‡‹” „‡†•ǡ ‹– ȋ͵ͻǤƒǤ ˆŽ‹‡• Š‹‰Š „Ǥ ˆŽ‹‡• ‹ ǤˆŽ‹‡•‘—–†ǤˆŽ‹‡• ƒ”‘—†Ȍ‹–Š‡†ƒ”‡••ǡ†‹•–—”„‹‰–Š‡™‹–Š–Šƒ––‡””‹„Ž‡„—œœ‹‰•‘—†Ǥ – ȋͶͲǤƒǤ‹•Ž‹‡ƒ„ǤŽ‹‡•ƒ Ǥ‹•ƒ†ǤŽ‘‘•Ž‹‡ƒȌ˜ƒ’‹”‡ǡ‘”ƒ†ƒ”†‹˜‹‡„‡‹‰ǡ •‡‡‹‰ȋͶͳǤƒǤƒ„Ǥ–Š‡ Ǥ–Š‹•†Ǥ–Šƒ–Ȍ–ƒ•–‡‘ˆŠ—ƒ„Ž‘‘†Ǥ –†‹•–—”„•‡˜‡ ȋͶʹǤƒǤ ”‹ Š „Ǥ ’‘‘” Ǥ ‰‘‘† †Ǥ „ƒ†Ȍ ’”‹‡•–• ‹ ‡†‹–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†ǡ ‘– ‘–‡– –‘ †”‹–Š‡‹”ȋͶ͵ǤƒǤŒ—‹ ‡„Ǥ•‘—’ Ǥ„Ž‘‘††Ǥ™ƒ–‡”Ȍǡ‹–Ž‡ƒ˜‡•ƒƒ‘›‹‰ȋͶͶǤƒǤ ‹– Š „Ǥ ’‹–ˆƒŽŽ Ǥ ˆ‘‘–’”‹– †Ǥ ‡–ƒŽ‹–›ȌǤ – •‡‡• –‘ ”‡ˆŽ‡ – –Šƒ– Š—ƒ• ƒ”‡ ȋͶͷǤƒǤŠ‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ„Ǥ–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–‘ˆ Ǥƒ•Š‹‰Šƒ•†Ǥ‘”‡–ŠƒȌƒŽŽ‘”–ƒŽ•ƒ† –Šƒ–Š—ƒ„Ž‘‘†‹•ȋͶ͸ǤƒǤƒ„Ǥ–Š‡ Ǥ–Š‹•†Ǥ–Šƒ–Ȍ‘•–‡••‡–‹ƒŽ•—„•–ƒ ‡‹ –Š‡ȋͶ͹ǤƒǤ‘•“—‹–‘‡•„Ǥ„Ž‘‘† Ǥ‘™Ž‡†‰‡†ǤŠ—ƒȌˆ”ƒ‡ǤŠ‡‘Ž›‰‘‘† –Š‹‰  ƒ •ƒ› ƒ„‘—– ȋͶͺǤƒǤ‘•“—‹–‘‡• „Ǥ „Ž‘‘† Ǥ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ †ǤŠ—ƒȌ ‹• –Šƒ–™‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘ȋͶͻǤƒǤƒ˜ƒ‹Ž„Ǥ•‹—Žƒ–‡ Ǥ ‡”–‹ˆ›†Ǥ ‘˜‡”•‡Ȍƒ† •Šƒ”‡‘—”‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‡˜‹Ž™‘”‹–Š‹••Š‘”–ȋͷͲǤƒǤ”‡•‘—” ‡„Ǥ•–—†› Ǥ –‘’†Ǥ‡••ƒ›ȌǤ

International Journal of Language Studies ‘Ž—‡ͳͲǡ—„‡”ͳǡ ƒ—ƒ”›ʹͲͳ͸ǡ’’Ǥ͵ͳǦͶͺ 

Modern Standard Arabic in Algeria: Problems and challenges

ƒ–‹ƒ‘”ŽǦ ‘—†ƒ ǡ—•–ƒ’Šƒ–ƒ„‘—Ž‹‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡƒ• ƒ”ƒǡŽ‰‡”‹ƒ

Š‡ ™‘” –ƒ Ž‡• –Š‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘†‡” –ƒ†ƒ”† ”ƒ„‹  ȋȌǡ–Š‡ ‘†‡” ˜‡”•‹‘ ‘ˆ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ ”ƒ„‹ ǡ ‹ ’”‡•‡– †ƒ› Ž‰‡”‹ƒ •‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ ‘†ƒ›ǡ”‡’”‡•‡–•–Š‡ ‘”‡‘ˆ”ƒ„Ž‰‡”‹ƒ•̵‹†‡–‹–›ƒ†–Š‡’”‹†‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‰Ž‘”‹‘—•‘”‹‰‹ƒ†Š‹•–‘”›ǡƒŽŽ”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡‰‘Ž†‡‡”ƒ‘ˆ”ƒ„Ǧ —•Ž‹• ȋ–Š‡ ƒ•‡ ˆ‘” ƒŽŽ ƒ‰Š”‹„‹• ƒ† ”ƒ„•ȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‹• •ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘Ž‹‰‡”•—†‡”‹‡†„›ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ’”‘„Ž‡•–Šƒ– ‘’‹Ž‡ •‡”‹‘—• ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• –‘ –Š‡ ’‘™‡” ƒ† ‡š‹•–‡ ‡ ‘ˆ  ‹ •‘ ‹‡–›ƒ† ‘—–”›Ǥ ƒ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹œ‡†™‘”Ž†‘ˆ•’‡‡†‹Ž›•Š‹ˆ–‹‰‘–‹‘•ǡ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹‡•ǡ —Ž–—”‡• ƒ† ‹˜‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ Ž‰‡”‹ƒ• ȋŽ‹‡ ”ƒ„•Ȍ ƒ† –Š‡‹” Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ •—ˆˆ‡” ˆ”‘ —Ž–—”ƒŽǡ –‡ Š‹ ƒŽ ƒ† • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  †‡’‡†‡ ‡ ‘ –Š‡ ‘•– ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ǡ ƒ‡Ž› ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ† ”‡ ŠǤ ‡•‹†‡•ǡ ƒ† ‘”‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž›ǡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ ̵• †‹‰Ž‘••‹  •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š Ž‰‡”‹ƒ ”ƒ„‹ ǡ ‹ ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ‘’‡–‹‰ ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”‡ Šǡ ’Žƒ ‡ –Š‡ •‘ ‹‡–› ‹ ‹ ‡••ƒ– ’”‘„Ž‡• ‘ˆ ‹†‡–‹–› ƒ† Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  ‹•‡ —”‹–›Ǥ  ”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‡–‹‘‡†‹†‡ƒ•ǡ–Š‡™‘”’”‡•‡–•ƒ•–—†›‘ –Š‡”‡ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹Ž‰‡”‹ƒƒ†–ƒ”‰‡–•’”‘„Ž‡•ƒ† ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ‹–ˆƒ ‡•ǤŠ‡•–—†›•—‰‰‡•–•ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ•‘Ž—–‹‘••‡‡„‡‡ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ–‘–Š‡ ’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ†‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ

Keywords: Ǣ ”‡ ŠǢ Ž‰‡”‹ƒ ”ƒ„‹ Ǣ †‡–‹–›Ǣ ‹‰—‹•–‹  •‡ —”‹–›Ǣ ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‘Ž‹ ›Ǣ‹‰Ž‘••‹ƒǢ Ž‘„ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘

1. Introduction Šƒ–”‡ƒŽŽ› ƒ‘–‰‘—‘–‹ ‡†‹ƒ›•–—†›ƒ„‘—–”ƒ„‹ ǡ–Š‡‘”ǡƒ”‡–Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Žƒ„‡Ž•ǡƒ––”‹„—–‡†–‘‹–„›• Š‘Žƒ”•†‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Š‹–Ǥ ƒ–‡‰‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒŽŽ ‹– ǮŽƒ••‹ ƒŽ ”ƒ„‹ ǯǢ‡˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š ‹–‹• –Š‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –‘†ƒ›ǡ ‹–‹• ‘’‡Ž› †‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•ƒ‘Ž†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ–Š‡‘‡™Š‹ Š•–‹ŽŽ”‡Žƒ–‡•–‘–Š‡ƒ ‹‡–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ ”ƒ„•ǤŠ‹•Ǯ†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ǯ‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‘–‹ ‡ƒ„Ž›’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž•‹–Š‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ •‘‡ Ž‰‡”‹ƒ ˆ”ƒ ‘’Š‘‡ • Š‘Žƒ”•Ǥ Š‡ •‘ ‹‘Ž‹‰—‹•– Šƒˆ‹ƒ ƒ‹ƒ ‡ƒ›‘—ˆ™‡–‡˜‡ˆ—”–Š‡”‹Š‡”„‘‘ La question linguistique en Algerie (the linguistic question in AlgeriaȌ ȋʹͲͲͻȌǤ Š‡ „‘‘”‡’‡ƒ–‡†Ž›”‡’Žƒ ‡• –Š‡ Žƒ„‡Ž  „› l’arabe classique classique ȋŽƒ••‹ ƒŽ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ ”ƒ„‹ Ȍǡ ™‹–Š ƒ ”‡’‡–‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”†Dz Žƒ••‹ ƒŽdz–‘•–”‡••ƒ‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆƒ” Šƒ‹• ƒ† ‹ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡‡•• –‘ ‘†‡” Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ ‡••ƒ‰‡† –‘ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ǡ Š‹‡ˆŽ› –‘ Ž‰‡”‹ƒ•Ǥ ‡‡’‡‡† ‘ˆ—•‹‰ ƒ† †‹•‹‰‡—‘—• ƒ––‹–—†‡• ƒ„‘—– –Š‡

ǣʹͳͷ͹ǦͶͺͻͺǢ ǣʹͳͷ͹ǦͶͻͲͳ ̹ʹͲͳ͸ Ǣ”‹–‡†‹–Š‡„›—Ž—”‡••  Ǥ

͵ʹ ǤǤǤǦ ǤƒŠ‘—

Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ –Š‡ •›„‘Ž ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‰‡”‹ƒ ‹†‡–‹–›ǡ ƒ”‡ —ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž› •’”‡ƒ† „› •— Šƒ—–Š‘”•Ǥ •–Š‹•˜‹‡™†‡•–ƒ„‹Ž‹œ‹‰ǯ•’‘•‹–‹‘‹Ž‰‡”‹ƒǫŠ‡•‡ ‘† ƒ–‡‰‘”›ǡ„ƒ•‹ ƒŽŽ›”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›Ž‰‡”‹ƒƒ”ƒ„‘’Š‘‡• Š‘Žƒ”•ǡƒ†–Š‡› ƒ”‡ƒ›ǡ Š‹‡ˆƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ”‡‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹‰Š‡”‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ„‹  ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ Ž‹‡ ‘—‹”‡–ǡ ‘”–ƒ†ǡ ‡Žƒ‹† ƒ† ‹Žƒǡ ƒŽŽ •‘ ‹‘Ž‹‰—‹•–• ƒ† ’”‘ˆ‡••‘”•ƒ––Š‡Ž‰‡”‹ƒ—‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ –Š‡‹”Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ȋ•‡‡–Š‡„‹„Ž‹‘‰”ƒ’Š› ƒ•ƒ•ƒ’Ž‡Ȍǡ–Š‡Žƒ„‡Ž•ellugha elfusha (the correct language)ƒ†El-Arabia El-Muᢺaseraȋ‘†‡””ƒ„‹ Ȍ’”‡˜ƒ‹ŽǤ –Š‡‹” ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒŽ™ƒ›•ƒ •–”‡••‘–Š‡Š‹‰Š•–ƒ–—•‘ˆ‹Ž‰‡”‹ƒƒ†‘–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ’”‘–‡ –‹‰ ƒ† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ ‹–Ǥ • ‹– ƒ ’—”‡Ž› Ž‘›ƒŽ ƒ––‹–—†‡ —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡† „› ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•’‹”‹–•˜•Ǥƒƒ–ƒ‰‘‹•–‘‡ǡ‘—”‹•Š‡†„›–Š‡ ”‡ Š ‘Ž‘‹œ‹‰ ”‡•‹†—‡•ǫ ”ǡ ƒ”‡ –Š‡› ƒ„‹˜ƒŽ‡– ƒ† Š‡•‹–ƒ– ƒ––‹–—†‡• ”‡•‹†‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ Ž‰‡”‹ƒ–Š‘—‰Š–ƒ„‘—– ”‡ Šƒ†ǫ ‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡•ƒ‡–‘’‹ ‹•–Š‡Ž‰‡”‹ƒ†‹ƒŽ‡ –‘”–Š‡Ž‰‡”‹ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ ”ƒ„‹ Ǥ ’‡ƒ‹‰ ƒ„‘—–  ‹ Ž‰‡”‹ƒ ƒ ‡˜‡” „‡ ‡šŠƒ—•–‹˜‡ ™‹–Š‘—– ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘–Š‹•˜ƒ”‹‡–›™Š‹ Šǡ‹‹–•–—”ǡŠƒ•–™‘ ‘–”ƒ†‹ –‘”›Žƒ„‡Ž•Ǥ –‹• ‘™ƒ•Ž‰‡”‹ƒ”ƒ„‹ ǡ–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‘ˆŽ‰‡”‹ƒ•ǡ–›’‹ ƒŽ–‘–Š‡ƒ†’ƒ”– ‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‹†‡–‹–›ǤŽ‰‡”‹ƒ”ƒ„‹ ‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ‘”‡–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽƒ‡–‘„‡—•‡†‹ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š™‘”•ƒ„‘—–‹–ƒ•ƒ’”‡ ‹•‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ”ƒ„‹ Ǥ—–‹–‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ‡†el- લamia ȋ ‘ŽŽ‘“—‹ƒŽ ‘” ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ”ƒ„‹ Ȍǡ lughat echariલ ȋ–Š‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–”‡‡–ȌǢ ‹– ‹• ‡˜‡ ‘™ ƒ• ‡ŽǦŽ—‰Šƒ ‡Ž—˥ƒ”‹ˆƒ ȋ–Š‡ †‹˜‡”‰‡– Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ȌǤ Š‹•˜ƒ”‹‡–›Šƒ••’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ˆ— –‹‘•‹–Š‡Ž‰‡”‹ƒ•‘ ‹‡–›ǡƒ•ƒ‘–Š‡”–‘‰—‡ ƒ†ƒ•ƒ ‘’‘‡–‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‰‡”‹ƒ‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ—–‹–‹•ǡ‹ƒ›”‡•’‡ –•ǡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ”‘Ǥƒ–Š‹•†‹˜‡”‰‡ ‡„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ–Š”‡ƒ––‘ –Š‡ ‘””‡ –‡••ƒ†•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ‹Ž‰‡”‹ƒǫ” ƒ–Š‡–™‘˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡• ‘Ǧ‡š‹•– ƒ† ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‡ ˆ—”–Š‡” –‘ –Š‡ ’”‘‘–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”ƒ„‹  ‹ •‘ ‹‡–› ƒ†‘†‡” ™‘”Ž†ǫ ‘ ƒ•™‡” –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘• ’‘‹–‡† ‘—– ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ –Š‡ •—‰‰‡•–‡† •–—†› ‘ˆ  ‹ Ž‰‡”‹ƒ –ƒ”‰‡–• –Š”‡‡ ƒ‹ ’‘Ž‡•ǣ –Š‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ”‡ Šǡ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ ƒ”ƒ„‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒ†‹–• ‘—– ‘‡• ‹ †‘ƒ‹• Ž‹‡ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† •‘ ‹ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡ǡƒ†–Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ†‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆŽ‰‡”‹ƒ”ƒ„‹ Ǥ

2. Linguistic and Cultural Influence of French Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹Ž‰‡”‹ƒ‹•”ƒ–Š‡”ƒ†‡Ž‹ ƒ–‡‘‡ǡŽƒ”‰‡Ž›„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ‹–• ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ™‹–Š ”‡ ŠǤ ‘†ƒ›ǡ ƒˆ–‡” ‘”‡ –Šƒ ͷʹ ›‡ƒ”• ‘ˆ ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ǡ Ž‰‡”‹ƒ‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ˆ”ƒ ‘’Š‘‡ ‘—–”‹‡•‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†‹ •’‹–‡‘ˆ‹–•”‡ˆ—•ƒŽ–‘Œ‘‹–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ”ƒ ‘’Š‘‹ƒǤ•ƒ ƒ‰Š”‡„‹ ‘—–”›ǡ Ž‰‡”‹ƒ ‡†—”‡† –Š‡ Ž‘‰‡•– ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ ”‡ Š ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ ȋͳͺ͵ͲǦͳͻ͸ʹȌƒ†“harboured the greatest number of colons”ȋ‡”•–‡‡‰ŠǡʹͲͳͳǡ ’Ǥ ʹͲͲȌǤ —”‹‰ –Šƒ– ’‡”‹‘†ǡ Ž‰‡”‹ƒ• †™‡ŽŽ‡† ‹ ƒ ‘•–‘’ ‘–ƒ – ™‹–Š ”‡ ŠǤ›‘‡ǡ‘ˆ™Šƒ–‡˜‡”Ž‹–‡”ƒ ›†‡‰”‡‡ǡ•Š‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡‡‡†‡†–Š‡—•‡–Š‡

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡ͵ͳǦͶͺ ͵͵

‘Ž‘‹•–•ǯŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡—†‡”ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹ ‘–‡š–Ǥ –™ƒ•ƒ“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ‡ ‡••‹–›–‘ ‘—‹ ƒ–‡ ™Š‹ Š Š‡Ž’‡† –Š‡ •’”‡ƒ† ‘ˆ ”‡ Š ‹ –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– Ž‰‡”‹ƒ ”‡‰‹‘•ǤŠ—•ǡ’”‘ˆ‹ ‹‡ ›ƒ†Dzdegree of knowledge of French depended on the amount of exposure and the nature of the contacts with the French authorities and colonistsdz ȋ‡”•–‡‡‰Šǡ ʹͲͳͳǡ ’Ǥ ʹͲ͵ȌǤ ‘‘ Ž‰‡”‹ƒ ”ƒ„‹ Ǧ ”‡ Š „‹Ž‹‰—ƒŽ‹•™ƒ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†Ǥ†‘—„–‡†Ž›ǡ–Š‡•’”‡ƒ†‘ˆ ”‡ Š™ƒ•‡Šƒ ‡† „—– Ž‹–‡”ƒ › ™ƒ•‡š–‹‰—‹•Š‡†Ǥ Š‡ ’‘Ž‹ › ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ž‘‹œ‡”ǯ•‰‘˜‡”‡–™ƒ• Ž‡ƒ”ǣ–‘†‡˜‹•‡ƒ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•—„‘”†‹ƒ–‡–‘–Š‡ ”‡ Š —Ž–—”‡ǡ–Š‡‘‡–Šƒ– •Š‹ˆ–•ˆ”‘”ƒ„‹ ǡ–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‘ˆ •Žƒǡ–‘ ”‡ Šǡ„—–™‹–Šƒ ˜‹‰‹Žƒ– ‡†‡ƒ˜‘”–‘‡‡’‹–‹ŽŽ‹–‡”ƒ–‡ƒ†ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†Ǥ ͳͺͶ͹ǡŽ‡š‹•‡‘“—‡˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ ƒ• “—‘–‡† „› ƒ••‹‘—‡›ǡ •—ƒ”‹œ‡† –Š‡ †‹Ž‡ƒ ƒ—•‡† „› –Š‡ ”‡ Š ‘Ž‘‹œ‡”•–Šƒ––‹‡ǣ

”‘—†—•ǡ‘™Ž‡†‰‡Šƒ•„‡‡‡š–‹‰—‹•Š‡†ǡƒ†”‡ ”—‹–‡–‘ˆ‡ ‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ†‡‘ˆŽƒ™Šƒ• ‡ƒ•‡†ǤŠƒ–‹•–‘•ƒ›™‡Šƒ˜‡ƒ†‡ —•Ž‹ •‘ ‹‡–› — Š ‘”‡ ‹•‡”ƒ„Ž‡ǡ ‘”‡ †‹•‘”‰ƒ‹•‡†ǡ ‘”‡ ‹‰‘”ƒ–ǡ ƒ† ‘”‡ „ƒ”„ƒ”‘—• –Šƒ ‹– Šƒ† „‡‡ „‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘™‹‰ —•.ȋʹͲͲͻǡ’ǤʹͳͷȌ

ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘‹ŽŽ‹–‡”ƒ ›ǡ–Š‡–ƒ”‰‡–™ƒ• •ŽƒǢƒ†•‹ ‡”ƒ„‹ ‹•–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ–Š‹•”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ‘”‡’”‡••—”‡™ƒ•‡š‡” ‹•‡†‘‹–ǤŽŽ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• • Š‘‘Ž• (zaouiaȌǡ–Š‡‘Ž›–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ• Š‘‘Ž•™‡”‡ Ž‘•‡†‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ›ǡ—–‹Ž–Š‡‡†‹ –‘ˆ –Š‡ͳͻ͵Ͳǯ•ǡ†‡ Žƒ”‡†”ƒ„‹ ƒˆ‘”‡‹‰Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡‡šƒ –›‡ƒ”‘ˆ–Šƒ–‡˜‡–‹• ‘– —ƒ‹‘—• ‹ –Š‡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡” ‹ ‹‰œ‹ǯ•ȋʹͲͲͶȌǡ‹– ‹• ‹ ͳͻ͵ͺǤ  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡƒ›‡ˆˆ‘”–™Š‹ Š ‘—Ž†‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡–Š‡ƒ‹™ƒ•‡’Ž‘›‡†Ǥ‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”›ƒ†‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽǡ™ƒ•’—–—†‡” ‘–”‘Žƒ†”‡’—–‡†ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡• ™‡”‡ ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒ†„”‘‡—’Ǥ˜‡”ƒ ‹ƒŽ•–”—‰‰Ž‡ǡ„‡–™‡‡‡”„‡”•ƒ†”ƒ„•ǡ ™ƒ•‡Šƒ ‡†–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ—”‡•–ƒ††‹•‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ  –Š‡ ͳͻͷͲǯ•ǡ –Š‡ ’‘Ž‹ › Šƒ• Šƒ‰‡†Ǥ Š‡ ”‡ Š ‰‘˜‡”‡– „‡ ƒ‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡† ‹–‘ ƒ ‰”ƒ†—ƒŽ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ƒ† Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ‘ˆ ”ƒ„‹  ȋ„ƒ¢ǡ ʹͲͲʹǡ ’’Ǥ ͵ͳǦ͵ͶȌǤ   ͳͻͷͲǡ –Š‡› ”‡ƒ–‡† ƒ†‡”•ƒ•ǡ †‹”‡ –‡† –‘ –Š‡ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–‡ƒ Š‡”•‘ˆ”ƒ„‹ ǡ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡•‹Œ—•–‹ ‡ȋcadi‘”adelȌƒ† —Ž–• ȋimam ƒ† muftiȌǤ  ͳͻͷͳǡ ƒ†‡”•ƒ• ™‡”‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡† –‘ DzLycées de l’enseignement Franco-musulman” (Secondary School of French- Muslim teaching).  ͳͻ͸ͳǡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ”ƒ„‹  „‡ ƒ‡ ‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‘”› ‹ –Š‡ Ž‰‡”‹ƒ ’”‹ƒ”› • Š‘‘Ž• ȋécoles du premier degree)Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹– ™ƒ• –‘‘ Žƒ–‡ ˆ‘” Ž‰‡”‹ƒ• –‘ Š‡ƒŽ –Š‡‹” Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  •‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ”‡ Š ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡• Ž‡˜‡”Ž› ‡†‡ƒ˜‘—”‡† –‘ ‡‡’ ‹– ‹ ”‡‘–‡‡•• ˆ”‘ ‘’‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ™‹†‡Ǧ”‡ƒ Š‹‰ —Ž–—”ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ –™ƒ•–ƒ—‰Š–ƒ•ƒ• Š‘‘Ž•—„Œ‡ –’‡”•‡Ǥ Š‡ ‘–Š‡” •—„Œ‡ –•™‡”‡•–”‹ –Ž›‹•–”— –‡†‹ ”‡ ŠǤ ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡŽ‹–‡”ƒŽ”ƒ„‹ ™ƒ• ”‡–ƒ‹‡†ƒ’ƒ••‹˜‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ ‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ǡ ˜‡”› ˆ‡™ ‡ˆˆ‘”–• ™‡”‡ †‡˜‘–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒ†

͵Ͷ ǤǤǤǦ ǤƒŠ‘—

’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ”‡ Š–Š”‘—‰Š• Š‘‘Ž•ǤŽ›͵Ψ‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‰‡”‹ƒ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ•’”‘˜‹†‡†™‹–Š• Š‘‘Ž‹‰‹ͳͺͻͲƒ†‹– ‘—Ž†Šƒ”†Ž›”‡ƒ ŠʹͲΨ–Š‡†ƒ›‘ˆ ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ ȋ„ƒ¢ǡ ʹͲͲʹǡ ’Ǥ ʹͺȌǢ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ •‘ ‹‘Ǧ‡ ‘‘‹  ‡ ‡••‹–‹‡•ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› –Š‡ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‡“—‹”‡‡–• Ž‡† –Š‡ Ž‰‡”‹ƒ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‡‡’ ‹ –‘— Š ™‹–Š –Š‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ ”‡ Š ™ƒ• ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‹ ƒŽŽ –Š‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ •‡ –‘”•Ǥ Š‹• ”‡ƒŽ‹–› ’”‘‘–‡† ‘– ‘Ž› ‹–• ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”‹–› –‘ –Š‡ Ž‰‡”‹ƒ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘„—–ƒŽ•‘‡Šƒ ‡†–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆŽ‡š‹ ƒŽ„‘””‘™‹‰ˆ”‘ ”‡ Š–‘ –Š‡Ž‰‡”‹ƒ†‹ƒŽ‡ –ȋ•ȌǤ Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘‰Žƒ•–‹‰ ”‡ Š ‘Ž‘‹œ‹‰’‘Ž‹ ›‹•ƒ’‘•–Ǧ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘™Š‹ ŠŽ‹–‡”ƒ–‡‡„‡”•ƒ••‡„Ž‡†ƒ•–‡”›ƒ†ˆŽ—‡ ›‹ ”‡ Š ƒ†’‘••‡••‹‘‘ˆ ”‡ Š —Ž–—”ƒŽƒ•’‡ –•™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‹‰‡‡”ƒŽ™ƒ• „‹Ž‹‰—ƒŽ–‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‡š–‡–•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡•—’”‡‡’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ ”‡ Š ‰‘– ™‡ƒ‡‡†ƒ•‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ•–Š‡ͳͻ͹Ͳǯ•™‹–Š–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡†”ƒ„‹œ‹‰’‘Ž‹ ›–ƒ‡ ‘ „› ‹†‡’‡†‡– Ž‰‡”‹ƒǤ Š‡ ‡š– ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘• Ž‘•– ’”‘ˆ‹ ‹‡ › ‹ ”‡ Š •‘‘ ‘•‹†‡”‡† „› ‰‘˜‡”‡– ƒ ˆ‘”‡‹‰ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǣ „—– ”ƒ„‹ Ǧ ”‡ Š „‹Ž‹‰—ƒŽ‹•”‡‹‰•–‹ŽŽ–‘†ƒ›ǤŠ‡Ž‘•–’”‘ˆ‹ ‹‡ ›‹•ˆ—”–Š‡”‹–‡”’”‡–‡†„›–Š‡ Ž‰‡”‹ƒ Ž‹‰—‹•– „†‡””ƒœƒ ‘—”ƒ”‹ ‹ ƒ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™ ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡† „› ”ƒŽ ±„‹”‹Žƒ–ƒ‡™•’ƒ’‡”ǣ

Š‡”‡ ‡š‹•– Ž‡•• ƒ† Ž‡•• ”‡ ŠǦŽ‰‡”‹ƒ „‹Ž‹‰—ƒŽ• ’‡”ˆ‡ – ‘”‡˜‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ‹š‹‰”ƒ”‡Ž›”‡ˆŽ‡ –•–Š‡‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽ Š‘‹ ‡•‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘ —–‘”•Ǥ – ˆ—”–Š‡””‡ˆŽ‡ –•ƒŽƒ ‘ˆŽ‹‰—‹•–‹ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ‘•’”‹Ž‡‘‡ǯ•Ž‰‡”‹ƒ ‡š’”‡••‹‘• ™‹–Š ”‡ Š •Š‘™• ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’‡”•‘ ‘™• •‘‡–Š‹‰ „—– ȏǤǤǤȐ Š‹• ‹š‹‰ ƒŽ•‘ •Š‘™• –Š‡ ƒ„•‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ‘Š‡”‡– –Š‹‹‰‹ƒŽŽ‹••—‡•ǤŠ‹•‹•–Š‡‰”ƒ˜‡•––Š‹‰ǤͳȋʹͲͳͶǡ’Ǥͳ͹Ȍ

„•‘Ž—–‡Ž›ǡ –Š‡ ‹†‡’‡†‡– Ž‰‡”‹ƒ ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽ ‡ˆˆ‘”–• –‘ ƒ•–‘—––Š‡ ”‡ Š Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ† —Ž–—”‡ ”‡ƒ‹ ‹’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ Š‡ ™ƒ– –‘ ‡”ƒ†‹ ƒ–‡ –Šƒ– Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ Ž‰‡”‹ƒ –Š‘—‰Š–• ƒ† Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ —•ƒ‰‡ Šƒ• ˆ‹‹•Š‡† ‹ ƒ ‘–”ƒ†‹ –‘”›•‹–—ƒ–‹‘™Š‹ Š ‘˜‡”•ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰”ƒ–‡‘ˆ‹‰‘”ƒ ‡‹ ”‡ Š ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡†™‹–Šƒ‡‡†–‘—•‡‹–‘–‹†ƒ‹Ž›•’‡‡ Šƒ•— Šƒ•‹†‘ƒ‹• ‘ˆ • ‹‡ ‡ ƒ† —”„ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ”‡ Š ‹• ƒ ˆ‘”‡‹‰ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ „—– †‡ ˆƒ –‘ǡ ‹– ‹• ƒ ‘Ǧ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –Šƒ– •–‹ŽŽ ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡•  ‹ ƒ› ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡†‘ —‡–•ƒ†–Šƒ–•–‹ŽŽ‰‘˜‡”•ƒ•ƒŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‘ˆ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ† –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŠ‹‰Š‡•–‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ†”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹–Š‡ ‘—–”›ǡ†‡•’‹–‡–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ – ‘ˆ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹œ‹‰‰Ž‹•Š‘–Š‡™‘”Ž†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•Ǥ •—ǡ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡ ŠŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‘–Š‡Ž‰‡”‹ƒ•‘ ‹‘Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ ”‡ƒŽ‹–›‹•ǡ–‘ ƒ Žƒ”‰‡ ‡š–‡–ǡ ƒ ’—”‡ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ’‘Ž‹ › ‘ˆ ”ƒ„‹œƒ–‹‘ ™Š‹ Š Š‹•–‘”›–—”•„ƒ –‘ͳͻ͸ʹǡ–Š‡†ƒ›‘ˆ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ

3. The policy of arabization in Algeria —”‹‰–Š‡’”‡Ǧ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ’‡”‹‘†ǡŽƒ••‹ ƒŽ”ƒ„‹ ™ƒ•–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‘ˆŽ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡ͵ͳǦͶͺ ͵ͷ

ƒ† —Ž–—”‡Ǥ – ‘—Ž† ‘Ž› „‡ ƒ ‡••‡† –‘ ‹ • Š‘‘Ž•Ǥ ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ™ƒ•Ž‹‹–‡†–‘‘•“—‡•ƒ†ƒ‘—‹ƒ•Ǥ‡•‹†‡•ǡ• Š‘‘Ž’”‘‰”ƒ•™‡”‡’‘‘”Ž› „ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡–‡ƒ Š‹‰‘ˆ‰”ƒƒ”ǡŽ‡ƒ”‹‰‘”ƒƒ† ‘‡–ƒ”‹‡•ƒ„‘—–‹– ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡•—’‡”‹‘”•–—†‹‡•™‡”‡ ‘ˆ‹‡†–‘Žƒ™ǡ–Š‡‘Ž‘‰›ƒ† ƒ†‹–ŠǤ •‘‡ ƒ•‡•ǡ–Š‡›‡š ‡‡†‡†–‘‹ Ž—†‡•‘‡’”‹ƒ”›‘–‹‘•ƒ„‘—–‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š› ƒ† Š‹•–‘”›ǤŠ‡•‡’”‡––›ˆ‡‡„Ž‡ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘•–‘–Š‡–‡ƒ Š‹‰‘ˆ”ƒ„‹  ƒ—•‡† ‡ƒ•‹‡•• ‹ –Š‡ ”‡ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘Ž‘‹•–•ǯ ’”‘Œ‡ –•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ Ž‰‡”‹ƒ•ǯ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•– •‡–‹‡– ™ƒ• •–‹—Žƒ–‡†‹ –Š‡ ͳͻ͵Ͳǯ•™‹–Š –Š‡ ˆ‘—†‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‰‡”‹ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ—•Ž‹ ‹‡–‹•–•ǤŠ‡’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ••–”—‰‰Ž‡–‘”‡•–‘”‡–Š‡ ’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ •Žƒƒ†”ƒ„‹ Šƒ†ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‡š‹•–‡†„‡ˆ‘”‡‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ  ͳͻ͵ͳǡŠ‡†ƒ™ˆ‹“ŽǦƒ†ƒ‹’—„Ž‹•Š‡†Š‹•„‘‘Kitab el-jazair (–Š‡‘‘ ‘ˆŽ‰‡”‹ƒȌ‹™Š‹ ŠŠ‡™”‘–‡ǣ“Islam is our religion, Arabic our language and Algeria our fatherland” ȋƒ••‹‘—‡›ǡ ʹͲͲͻǡ ’Ǥ ʹͳͷȌǤ Š—• –Š‡ †ƒ› ‘ˆ ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ǡ–Š‡Ž‰‡”‹ƒ‰‘˜‡”‡–’”‘ ‡‡†‡†ƒ–‘—‰Š’‘Ž‹ ›–‘”‡•–‘”‡ –Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆƒ•ƒ”‡•’‘•‡–‘–Š‡—”‰‡–‡‡†–‘Œ‘‹–Š‡”ƒ„™‘”Ž† ƒ† „—‹Ž† ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹†‡–‹–›ǡ –Š‡ ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ ƒ‰Š”‡„ ‹†‡’‡†‡– ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡’‘Ž‹ ›Šƒ•ˆƒ ‡†ǡ—’–‘–Š‡’”‡•‡–ǡ— ŠŠ‹†”ƒ ‡ƒ†ƒ› –”‘—„Ž‡•ƒ†”‡•—Ž–‡†‹ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–†‡ˆ‹ ‹‡ ›ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž‡˜‡Ž•Ǥ Š‡•’”‡ƒ†‘ˆŠƒ•‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ•ƒˆ‹”•––ƒ”‰‡–ǡ„—–ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‹• „”‘ƒ†Ž›‡••‡–‹ƒŽ–‘–Š‡’ŽƒǤ ͳͻ͸͵ǡ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ••‡„Ž›ǡ™Š‹ Š‡„‡”• ‘—Ž†Šƒ”†Ž›‡š’”‡••–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•‹”ƒ„‹ ǡ‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Šƒ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ “to translate the proceedings of the meetings in Arabic”ȋ‡”•–‡‡‰ŠǡʹͲͳͳǡ’ǤʹͲͲȌǤ –‹ŽŽǡ –Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡ ‘ ‘’‡–‡– ƒ† ™‡ŽŽǦ–”ƒ‹‡† –”ƒ•Žƒ–‘”• ƒ† ”‡ Š ”‡ƒ‹‡† –Š‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ –‹ŽŽ ͳͻ͸ͺǡ ™Š‡ –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ’ƒ••‡†ƒŽƒ™•–ƒ–‹‰–Šƒ– ‹˜‹Ž•‡”˜ƒ–•Šƒ†–‘•–—†›”ƒ„‹ ˆ‘”–Š”‡‡›‡ƒ”•ƒ† “demonstrate ability in SA”‹ƒˆ‹ƒŽ‡šƒȋƒ••‹‘—‡›ǡʹͲͲͻǡ’’Ǥʹͳ͸Ǧʹͳ͹ȌǤ‡– –Š‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡ ”‡ƒ‹‡† —ˆ”—‹–ˆ—ŽǤ  ͳͻͺͲǡ –Š‡ Žƒ™ ™ƒ• ”‡•–ƒ–‡† ƒ† —†‡”Ž‹‡†•‡”‹‘—•Ž›–Šƒ––Š‡”‡•—Ž–ƒ––ƒ‹‡†–Š‡•’”‡ƒ†‘ˆŽ‹–‡”ƒ ›‹”ƒ„‹  ƒ‘‰•–ƒ–‡‡’Ž‘›‡‡•„›Žƒ–‡ͳͻͺͲǯ•‹ƒ”‡ ‘”†Œ—†‰‡†–‘„‡–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‹–Š‡ ƒ‰Š”‡„Ǥ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ–Š‡•’”‡ƒ†‘ˆ‹ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•‘–’”‘†— ‡† Š‹‰Š ‰”ƒ†‡† ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‘”• ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› ‘’‡–‡– ‹ –Š‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ ‹–ƒŽ ‡šƒ’Ž‡•ƒ”‡–Š‡‹”†‹• ‘—”•‡•ǡ–”ƒ•‹––‡†–Š”‘—‰Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‡†‹ƒ’”‘‰”ƒ• ȋ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›”ƒ†‹‘ƒ†–‡Ž‡˜‹•‹‘Ȍ™Š‹ Š’”‘˜‡‹ ‘’‡–‡ ›‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡–‹‡Ǥ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘™ƒ•Š‘™–‘‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ”ƒ„‹ ƒ‘‰–Š‡ ‡™‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǢŠ‘™–‘“—‹ Ž›ˆ‹š‹–Š‡ǡƒ•ƒˆ‘” ‡‘ˆ•‘˜‡”‡‹‰–›ǡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ „‡Ž‘‰‹‰ ƒ† ”ƒ„Ǧ—•Ž‹ ‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ – ˆ‹”•–ǡ –Š‡ –ƒ•™ƒ•†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž– ™‹–Š –Š‡ Žƒ  ‘ˆ ’‡†ƒ‰‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‡Ž‡‡–• ƒ† –‡ƒ Š‡”• ‘ˆ ”ƒ„‹ ǡ •‹ ‡ ‹ Ž‹‡ ™‹–Š ‡””ƒ„ƒŠǯ• ‡•–‹ƒ–‡•ǡ –Š‡ †ƒ› ‘ˆ ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ǡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ › ‹ ‘—Ž† ‘Ž› ‘˜‡”͵ͲͲǡͲͲͲ‘—–‘ˆͳͲ‹ŽŽ‹‘Ž‰‡”‹ƒ•ȋʹͲͲ͹ǡ’Ǥʹ͵ͲȌǤ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ ƒ ƒ‰‡†ƒ ‘ˆ ‘’Ž‡–‡ ƒ”ƒ„‹œƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ• —”‰‡†Ǥ † –‘ ”‡†— ‡ –Š‡ ‰ƒ’ ‘ˆ –‡ƒ Š‡”•ǯ• ƒ” ‹–›ǡƒ„‘—–ͳǡͲͲͲ‰›’–‹ƒƒ†‘–Š‡”‹††Ž‡ƒ•––‡ƒ Š‡”•™‡”‡ ‡’Ž‘›‡†Ǥ  Š‘Žƒ”• ƒ‰”‡‡ —’‘ –Š‡ ˆƒ – –Šƒ– –Š‡•‡ –‡ƒ Š‡”• Š‡Ž’‡†–‘‰‹˜‡ƒ

͵͸ ǤǤǤǦ ǤƒŠ‘—

ˆ‹”•–’—•Š–‘ǡ„—–‹ƒ™ƒ›–Šƒ–‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†ƒƒ––‹–—†‡‘ˆ‡š–‡”‹‘”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–‘–Š‘—‰Š–•ƒ†—•‡‘ˆ„‘–Š’—’‹Ž•ƒ†’ƒ”‡–•Ǣ•‹ ‡–Š‡•‡–‡ƒ Š‡”•ǡ ƒ––ƒ Š‡† –‘ –Š‡‹” ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ǡ –ƒ—‰Š– ”ƒ„‹  ‹ –Š‡‹” Ž‘ ƒŽ ƒ ‡–• ƒ† ’”‘’‘•‡† –‡š–• ‡š–‡”ƒŽ –‘ Ž‰‡”‹ƒ ”‡ƒŽ‹–› ƒ† —•‡† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‡–Š‘†• ‘ˆ –‡ƒ Š‹‰ȋ‡””ƒ„‡ŠǡʹͲͲ͹ǡ’Ǥʹ͵ͲȌǤ ˆƒ –ǡ–Š‹•‡˜‹†‡ ‡”‡’”‡•‡–•ƒ‹‹–‹ƒŽ ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ ‹ ǯ• ”‡‹–”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ ›Š‘™ǡ ’”‘‰”‡•• ’”‘ ‡‡†‡† ƒ† ‘–‹—‡† –‘ ‰ƒ‹ ‰”‘—† ‘ –Š‡ Ž‰‡”‹ƒ •‘ ‹‘Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  • ‡‡ǡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ •—’’‘”–ƒ†‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽ‡†‹ –•ƒ†‡†‹ƒ‘„‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ  –Š‹•”‡•’‡ –ǡ‹–‹•™‘”–Š‡–‹‘‹‰–Šƒ–•‹ ‡ͳͻ͸ʹǡȋ–Š‡Ž‰‡”‹ƒ”ƒ†‹‘ ƒ†–‡Ž‡˜‹•‹‘Ȍƒ†”ƒ„‹ ’”‡••Šƒ˜‡’Žƒ›‡†ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡•’”‡ƒ† ‘ˆǡ‹ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ”ƒ„‹œ‡†‡†— ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ’‘’—Žƒ” ƒ•• ȋ‡ƒ›‘—ˆǡ ʹͲͲͻǡ ’Ǥ ͸ͷȌǤ ”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ›ǡ ”‡ Š Ž‘•– ‰”‘—† ‹ • Š‘‘Ž•Ǥ–ƒ”–‹‰ˆ”‘ͳͻ͹ͻǡƒŽŽ•—„Œ‡ –•ǡˆ”‘’”‹ƒ”›‡†— ƒ–‹‘ –‘ •‡ ‘†ƒ”› • Š‘‘Ž• ™‡”‡ ƒ”ƒ„‹œ‡†Ǥ  „‡ ƒ‡ ‡˜‡”›™Š‡”‡ǣ ‹ ’—„Ž‹  •‹‰„‘ƒ”†•ǡ‹‡†‹ƒ„”‘ƒ† ƒ•–ƒ†‹™”‹––‡’”‡••Ǥ –™ƒ•‡˜‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‹Žƒ™ƒ†‹–Š‡–‡ƒ Š‹‰‘ˆŠ—ƒ‹–‹‡•ƒ–—‹˜‡”•‹–‹‡•ȋƒ•‹‘—‡›ǡʹͲͲͻǡ’Ǥ ʹͳ͹ȌǤ  ‘”†‹‰Ž›ǡ ”‡ Š ™‹–Š†”‡™ ‘”‡ ƒ† ‘”‡ –‹ŽŽ ͳͻͺͺǡ –Š‡›‡ƒ”‘ˆ ‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ•–„‹Ž‹‰—ƒŽ’”‘‘–‹‘‹‹††Ž‡• Š‘‘Žȋƒ••‹‘—‡›ǡ ʹͲͲͻǡ’Ǥ͸ʹȌǤ ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ”ƒ„‹ ‹•–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–‡ƒ Š‹‰‹• Š‘‘Ž•ƒ–ƒŽŽŽ‡˜‡Ž•ǡƒ†‘Ž›ƒ ’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆƒˆ‘”‡‹‰Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹•”‡•‡”˜‡†–‘ ”‡ Š–ƒ—‰Š–•–ƒ”–‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‹”† ›‡ƒ”’”‹ƒ”›• Š‘‘ŽǤŠ‡”‡ƒ•–Š‡Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡‹ Žƒ••‡•†‹ˆˆ‡”•ǣ

Š‡Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ ‡Ž‡‡–˜ƒ”‹‡•‹–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”‘ˆ• Š‘‘Žǡ‹ Žƒ••‡•ƒ†‹ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ ƒ‘‰ •–—†‡–•Ǥ Š‡ •Šƒ”‡ ‘ˆ ‡ƒ Š ‘†‡ ȋ ”‡ Šǡ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ ”ƒ„‹ ǡ †‹ƒŽ‡ –ƒŽ ȋ”ƒ„‹ Ȍ ‹• ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ™Šƒ– ‘ ‡”•ƒ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ †‹• ‹’Ž‹‡‘”ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›†‹• ‹’Ž‹‡Ǥʹ ȋƒ••‹‘—‡›ǡ ʹͲͲͻǡ’Ǥ͸͵Ȍ

‡”› ”‹–‹ ƒŽ‹•–Šƒ–‹ƒ‰‡™Š‹ Šƒ›ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—” ‹ ƒ —Ž–‹Ž‹‰—ƒŽ•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ‡–ǡ–Š‹•†‡–ƒ‹Ž’‘•‡•‹’‘”–ƒ–’”‘„Ž‡•†—‡–‘–Š‡Žƒ  ‘ˆ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–›‹–Š‡•’”‡ƒ†ƒ†’”‘‘–‹‘‘ˆ–Š”‘—‰Š• Š‘‘Ž•ǣ ‹”•–ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ‡š’”‡••‹‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‡‡™‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘• ȋ‹–‹•–Š‡ ƒ•‡‹–Š‡‡–‹”‡”ƒ„™‘”Ž†ȌǤ˜‹†‡ ‡–Šƒ–‘‘‡ ƒ†‡›‹•–Šƒ– Ž‰‡”‹ƒ• ƒ Šƒ”†Ž› ‡š’”‡•• –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡Ž› ‹  ȋ–Š‡ •ƒ‡ ƒ•‡ ˆ‘” ”‡ ŠȌǤ–ƒ›‘‡–ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‡‡†–‘ ‘†‡•™‹– Šǡ–Š‹•‹ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘ ‡””‘”•‹ǯ•†‹• ‘—”•‡•ǡƒ––Š‡‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽǡ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ†‡˜‡Ž‡š‹ ƒŽ Ž‡˜‡Ž•Ǥ  –Š‡ ‘‡ Šƒ†ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ •–”‘‰ “—‡•– ‘ˆ ’—”‹ˆ›‹‰  ƒ† ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‰–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ ”‡ Šƒ•ƒŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‹•–”— –‹‘Ǥ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ –Š‡”‡‹•ƒ•‡”‹‘—••‡–„ƒ ‹–Š‡‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ”‡ƒŽŽ›Dz‘†‡”dzǡƒ –Šƒ– ‘—Ž† ƒ•™‡” –Š‡ ‡‡†• ‘ˆ • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  –”ƒ•‹••‹‘Ǥ ”ƒ„‹  ‹ • Š‘‘Ž• ƒ””‹‡• –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ ‘ˆ †‡ˆ‹ ‹‡– –‡”‹‘Ž‘‰› ƒ† ‹ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ –‡ƒ Š‹‰

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡ͵ͳǦͶͺ ͵͹

’”‘‰”ƒ•ǤŠ‡Œ‘—”ƒŽ‹•–ƒ‹†ƒ„‹ƒ—†‡”Ž‹‡•–Š‡ˆƒ –„›“—‘–‹‰”Š‡† Œ‡„ƒ”ǡƒ‡šǦ‹‹•–‡”‘ˆ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǣ

Š‡ ‰”ƒ˜‡•– ‹• ‘– –Š‡ ˆƒ – ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡ˆ‘” ‹–•‡Žˆ ‘” –Š‡ ƒ’’Ž‹ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ”ƒ„‹•ƒ–‹‘ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡ȏǤǤǤȐȋ „—–Ȍ –Š‡ ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ–‡ƒ Š‹‰ ‘–‡–•ǡ‘ˆ–Š‡‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ’‡†ƒ‰‘‰›–‘™ƒ”†•’ƒ••‹˜‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹•ƒ–‹‘‘”–Š‡‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹•ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‘‡ǡ•— Šƒ• Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†Š‹•–‘”›Ǥ͵ȋŽƒ–ƒǡʹͲͳͶǡ —Ž›ͳͻǡ’ǤͷȌ

Š‡ ”‡•—Ž– ‹• –Š‡ ™‘”•‡‹‰ ‘ˆ „‘–Š • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  ƒ† Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  Ž‡˜‡Ž †—‡ –‘ Dzƒ ƒ‹ˆ‡•– ‘–”ƒ†‹ –‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ Ž‹‡ †‡ˆ‹‡† ‹ –Š‡ ”‡ˆ‘”ǯ• –‡š– ‹–•‡ŽˆdzͶ ƒ• •‡‡ „› ”Ǥ Œ‡„ƒ” ȋŽ ƒ–ƒǣ ʹͲͳͶǡ —Ž›ͳͻǡ ’Ǥ ͷȌǤ ”‘ˆ‡••‘”„†ŽǦ ƒŽ‹Ž‘”–ƒ†Œ‘‹•–Š‡•ƒ‡‹†‡ƒ™Š‡–ƒ Ž‹‰–Š‡Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  ’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‰‡”‹ƒ Š‹Ž†ǣ“but the problem is that the child soon feels the strangeness of use, the linguistic ill-treatment and the educational abuse” ȋʹͲͲͷǡ’Ǥ͵ͷȌǤ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡†‡–Š‘†•‘ˆ–‡ƒ Š‹‰„ƒ•‡†‘‡‘”‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ† ‹†‡ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’‡†ƒ‰‘‰‹ ƒŽ–‘’‹ •ƒ”‡ƒ––Š‡Š‡ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡Ǥ ‰ƒ‹ǡ –Š‡†”ƒ™„ƒ • ƒ„‡•—ƒ”‹œ‡†‹–Š”‡‡’‘‹–•ǣ

x —’‹Ž•Ž‘•‡‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ x ƒ•–‡”›ǡˆŽ—‡ ›ƒ† ‘””‡ –—•‡‘ˆ‹•”‡†— ‡†‘–‘Ž›‹’—’‹Ž• „—– ”‘—‰ŠŽ› ‹ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘• ™Š‘ Šƒ˜‡ ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ x •–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‡˜‡–‘— Š‡•‘–Š‡”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ȋ•‡‡ƒ•ˆ‘”‡‹‰Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•Ȍǡ –Š—• ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• Ž‘•‡ ’”‘ˆ‹ ‹‡ › ‹ ”‡ Šǡ –Š‡ ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‘Ž‘‹œ‡”•ǯŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ

‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡•ƒ‡•–ƒ†’‘‹–‹•Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ†• ‹‡ ‡‹Ž‰‡”‹ƒǤŠ‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ȋ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› ƒ”ƒ„‹œ‡†Ȍ ’—’‹Ž• ”‡ƒ Š –Š‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ Š‹‰Š ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ƒ† • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  ‘–”‹„—–‹‘–‘–Š‡ ‘—–”›ǤŠ‡’”‘„Ž‡ȋ–Š‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡–‹”‡”ƒ„™‘”Ž†Ȍǡ ‹•–Šƒ–‡š ‡’–Žƒ™ǡ–”ƒ†‡ƒ†Š—ƒ‹–‹‡•ǡƒŽŽ ‘—”•‡•ƒ†”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•‹• ‹‡ ‡ ƒ†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ”‡‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘–”‘Ž‘ˆ”ƒ„‹ ǡƒ‘—– ‘‡‘ˆƒ Žƒ  ‘ˆ • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ –‡”‹‘Ž‘‰›‹Ǥ Ž‰‡”‹ƒǡ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š”‡Ž‹‡•‘ˆ‘”‡‹‰ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ǡ’”‡†‘‹ƒ–Ž› ”‡ Š–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‰Ž‹•Š–Šƒ–‹•‰ƒ‹‹‰”‘‘‹ –Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†ǤŠ‡ Š‹‡ˆ–”‘—„Ž‡†‘‡•‘–•–‘’‹”‡ƒ•‘•–Šƒ–’‘•‹–‹•— Šƒ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ „—– ‹ –Š‡ ‘•‡“—‡– ’‘‘” ƒ “—‹•‹–‹‘ ƒ† ™‘””›‹‰ Žƒ–‡‡•• ‹ • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  ‘–”‹„—–‹‘Ǥ  ‡šŠ‹„‹–‹‰ –Š‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ Œ‘—”ƒŽ‹•– ”ƒ ŽǦ ±„‹”•—ƒ”‹œ‡•–Š‡‘’‹‹‘‘ˆ”Ǥ‘—‹ƒǣ

 ‘”†‹‰–‘Š‡”ǡ•–—†‡–•ƒ”‡‹–Š‡‹’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‰ ™‹–Š’”‘ˆ‡••‘”•Ǥ‘”•–ǡ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Šƒ˜‡ƒŽŽ–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǯ•’ƒ‹•–‘–ƒ‡ ‘–‡•™Š‡–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‘”’”‡•‡–•–Š‡Ž‡ –—”‡ǡ‘”ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•––‘–ƒ‡‘–‡• ‹”ƒ„‹ ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‘”•’‡ƒ•‹ ”‡ Šǡ–Š‹• ƒ—•‡••–‘’’ƒ‰‡‘ˆ

͵ͺ ǤǤǤǦ ǤƒŠ‘—

–Š‡ƒ ‡••–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‹–Š‡•–—†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ •–”‡ƒǤͷȋŽ ƒ–ƒǡʹͲͳͶǡ‡ ‡„‡”ʹͷǡ’Ǥͳ͹Ȍ Š‡ • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  †‡’‡†‡ ‡ –‘ Dz†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–dz ”‡ Š Šƒ• ‘–”‹„—–‡† –‘ –Š‡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽǡ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ †‡’‡†‡ ‡–‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”•Ǥ‹••ƒƒ†”‹ǡ ƒ’”‘ˆ‡••‘”‹ƒ”‹•ͺ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ†‡’‹ –•–Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‹ƒ‹–‡”˜‹‡™ ™‹–Š ƒ••ƒƒ‘Ž‹ǣ

Š‡”‡•—Ž–‹•–Šƒ–ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡–Š‡—Ž–‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•™Š‘™‘”‹Ž‰‡”‹ƒǤ —–‘‘„‹Ž‡ ‹• ‡ƒ—Ž–ǡ ™ƒ–‡”‹• —‡œǡ ƒ‹”’‘”– ƒ† ‡–”‘ƒƒ‰‡‡– ƒ”‡ƒ†Ž•–‘ǡ‹–‡Ž‡’Š‘‡ȋ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ȍ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ˆ‘”‡‹‰‡”•ǡ‹ ˆ”‡‡™ƒ› ƒ† ‹˜‹Ž ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ Š‹‡•‡Ǥ͸ ȋŽ ƒ–ƒǡ ʹͲͳͶǡ ‘˜‡„‡”ʹͻǡ’ǤʹȌ

Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ‹ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡‡–‹‘‡†‹••—‡•ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ„‹‰’”‘„Ž‡ ‘ˆ‹†‡–‹–›ƒ†Žƒ ‘ˆ•‡ŽˆǦ ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡ǡ’”‘’‡”Ž›Žƒ ‘ˆ ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡‹ǡ •Šƒ”‡†„›–Š‡Ž‰‡”‹ƒ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ –•Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡Šƒ•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›Ž‡†–‘ ƒ ƒ„‹˜ƒŽ‡– ƒ––‹–—†‡ –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ‘ ƒ †‡‰”‡‡ǡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡‹ –Š‡‹”•‘˜‡”‡‹‰–›ǡƒ”ƒ„‡••ȋલoro:baȌƒ††‹•–‹ –‹˜‡‡••ǤŠ‡›ƒŽ•‘•Šƒ”‡–Š‡ ’”‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰Ž‘”‹‘—•’ƒ•–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ȋ–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‘ˆ •ŽƒȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ ‹•‡ —”‹–›Šƒ•‘—”‹•Š‡†‹–Š‡–Š‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹–Š‡•—’‡”‹‘”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘–Š‡”ǡ ƒ‡Ž› –Š‡ ”‡ Š Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ Šƒ– ‹• ™Š› –Š‡ ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ Ž‰‡”‹ƒ ‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽ• ȋƒ”ƒ„‘’Š‘‡• ‘” ‘–Ȍ ‡†‡ƒ˜‘” –‘ ƒ”˜‡ ƒ ‹ Š‡ˆ‘” –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ƒ‘‰ ‡Ž‘“—‡– ˆ”ƒ ‘’Š‘‡•Ǥ Š‹• Dzsemi-adoption and semi-rejection” ȋ‡ƒ›‘—ˆǡʹͲͲͻǡ’ǤͶͷȌ‘ˆŠƒ•’Žƒ ‡†Ž‰‡”‹ƒ•‹ƒ‡˜‡”ǦŽƒ•–‹‰“—‡•– ‘ˆ‹†‡–‹–›ǤŠ‡“—‡•–‹‘‘™‹•Š‘™–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡ƒ† ”‡ ‘ ‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡Ž‰‡”‹ƒ•ǡ–Š‡‹”‹†‡–‹–›ǡƒ†Ǥ ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡŠ‘™ –‘’‡”•‘‹ˆ›–Š‹•†‡ Žƒ”‡†’”‹†‡‘ˆ”ƒ„‹ ‹–Š‡‹”ƒ –—ƒŽ•’‡‡ Š„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒ† Š‘™–‘’Žƒ ‡‹•— Šƒ•‘ ‹‡–›ǡƒ•‘ ‹‡–›”‡“—‹”‡†–‘™‡Ž ‘‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ †‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ‘’‡‡••–‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘„—–‘–ƒ––Š‡‡š’‡•‡‘ˆ ƒ‹’Ž‹ ‹–—†‡”‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘‡ǯ•Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ

4. The case of Algerian Arabic ƒ’Ž‡‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆǯ••‘ ‹‘Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘‹Ž‰‡”‹ƒ™‹ŽŽ‘–„‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡ ™‹–Š‘—– –Š‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹‰Ž‘••‹  •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ‹– ˆ‘”• ™‹–Š Ž‰‡”‹ƒ”ƒ„‹ Ǥ‹‰Ž‘••‹ƒ‡š‹•–‡†ˆƒ”–Š‡”„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡ ”‡ Šƒ””‹˜ƒŽ–‘–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒǤ ƒ”­ƒ‹•†‡• ”‹„‡•–Š‡•‘ ‹‘Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ ‡˜‹”‘‡–‹Ž‰‡”‹ƒ„‡ˆ‘”‡ͳͺ͵ʹǣ

Š‡”ƒ„‹ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹•’”‡•‡–‡†–‘—•—†‡”–™‘•‡•‹–‹˜‡Ž›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ƒ•’‡ –•ǣƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ‘™ƒ•™”‹––‡”ƒ„‹ ǡ–Š‡‘Ž›‹™Š‹ Š —–‹Ž –‘†ƒ›ǡ –Š‡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› ƒ† • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  „‘‘• ƒ”‡ ™”‹––‡ǡ –Š‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ™Š‹ Šƒ•’”‡•‡–‡†–‘—•ǡ ‘—Ž†‡˜‡”„‡•’‘‡ƒ›™Š‡”‡‹Ž‰‡”‹ƒǤ͹ ȋƒ”­ƒ‹•ǡͳͻ͵Ͳǡ’ǤͶͲͳȌ

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡ͵ͳǦͶͺ ͵ͻ

ƒ”­ƒ‹•ǯ•‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ••‡”–•–Š‡†‹˜‹†‡†ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘”ƒ„‹ ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡• ‹’”‡Ǧ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽŽ‰‡”‹ƒǤ ‡†‡• ”‹„‡•Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ”ƒ„‹ ȋȌǡ–Š‡‘Ž†˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ ǡ ƒ• ƒ Ž‹–‡”ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ™Š‹ Š —•‡ ™ƒ• ”‡•–”‹ –‡† –‘ –Š‡ ™”‹––‡ ˆ— –‹‘ ƒ‹‡†ƒ–”‡ ‘”†‹‰Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›ƒ†• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ™‘”•Ǥ –•”‘Ž‡™ƒ•–Š—• „ƒ•‹ ƒŽŽ› ™”‹––‡ǡ —Ž–—”ƒŽƒ†‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǤ ƒ”­ƒ‹• ‘–‹—‡•ǣ

†‹†‹‘•™Š‹ Š‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Šƒ•‡˜‡”„‡‡™”‹––‡ǡ„—–™Š‹ Šǡ ‡˜‡”›™Š‡”‡ƒ†ƒ›„‡•‹ ‡ƒŽ‘‰–‹‡ǡ ‘•–‹–—–‡–Š‡‘Ž›Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡–•ǡ ’‘’—Žƒ” ‘” ‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽǤͺ ȋƒ”­ƒ‹•ǡͳͻ͵Ͳǡ’ǤͶͲͳȌ

‘–”ƒ”‹™‹•‡ǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ƒ”­ƒ‹•ǡ–Š‡Ž‰‡”‹ƒ”ƒ„‹ ˜ƒ”‹‡–›ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰‹–• †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ†‹ƒŽ‡ –•–Šƒ–Š‡ ƒŽŽ•Ǯidiomsǯǡ™ƒ•–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‡˜‡”›†ƒ› ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘• ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ ™Š‘Ž‡ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡” –Š‡‹” ‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽ Ž‡˜‡Ž ™ƒ•Ǥ Ž‰‡”‹ƒ”ƒ„‹  ‘—Ž†”‡•‹•––Š‡ ”‡ ŠŽ‹‰—‹•–‹  ‘Ž‘‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ ”ƒ ‡ ‘—Ž† •’”‡ƒ†‹‰‘”ƒ ‡ƒ† ‘—Ž†™‹’‡‘—–Ž‹–‡”ƒ ›‹ˆ”‘–Š‡Ž‰‡”‹ƒ• ‡‡ „—–‹–Š‡Ž’‡†–Š‡’”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ‹–ǣDzA society which continues to express itself naturally in Algerian Arabic, the Arabic of the daily life, of the sensitiveness, of pains and of the emotionalism”ͻȋ„ƒ¢ǡʹͲͲʹǡ’ǤͶ͵ȌǤŽ‰‡”‹ƒ ”ƒ„‹ ǡ–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡’”‘†— –ƒ†ƒ”‡”‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‰‡”‹ƒ —Ž–—”‡‹•‡Ž‘“—‡–ǡ ȋfasihȌ‹‡••‡ ‡Ǥ Š‘Žƒ”•ƒ‰”‡‡–Šƒ–ͻͲ’‡” ‡–‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‰‡”‹ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•‘ˆ ”ƒ„‹ ‹•’—”‡ȋ‘—‹”ƒ–ǡʹͲͲͷǡ’ǤͷȌǡ›‡–‹–•˜‹–ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†‡š’‘•—”‡–‘Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘–ƒ –ȋ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›™‹–Š–Š‡Ž‘ƒ†•‘ˆ„‘””‘™‡† ”‡ Š™‘”†•‹– ‘–ƒ‹•ȌŠƒ• Ž‡†–‘‹–•†‡ˆ‘”‹–›ǡƒ•‡š’Žƒ‹‡†„›‘”–ƒ†ǣ “and purity is found in the root, whereas the deformity is noticed in prefixes and suffixes, grammar rules and phonology”ͳͲ ȋ ‘”–ƒ†ǡ ʹͲͲͷǡ ’Ǥ ͵͹Ȍ Š‹• †‡ˆ‘”‹–› ȋ–ƒᖮƒ™—ŠȌ Šƒ• ”‡†— ‡† –”—•–‹™ƒ›•Ž‰‡”‹ƒ”ƒ„‹  ‘—Ž†•‡”˜‡–Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆǤŠ—•ǡ ‘‘ ƒ––‹–—†‡• ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ™‡ƒ‡••ǡ ‹ƒ†‡“—ƒ › ƒ† ‹ ‘””‡ –‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ”‡†‡”‹–ƒDzunorganised code, an impure idiom”ͳͳ ȋ‡ƒ›‘—ˆǡʹͲͲͻǡ’ǤʹʹȌǡ ˜—Ž‰ƒ”ǡ’‘’—Žƒ”ǡ™‹–Š‘‡šƒ –‰”ƒƒ”ƒ†‘™”‹––‡ˆ‘”ǡƒŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡™Š‹ Š ƒ„‡‡‹–Š‡”Ž‹–‡”ƒ”›‘”• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ Ǥ –‹•ˆ—”–Š‡”˜‹‡™‡†„›•‘‡–Š‹‡”•ƒ† Ž‹‰—‹•–•ǡ †‡• ”‹„‡† „› ‡ƒ›‘—ˆ ȋʹͲͲͻȌ ƒ• extrémistes ȋ‡š–”‡‹•–•Ȍ ƒ† arabisants (†‡ˆ‡†‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ Ȍǡ  ƒ• ƒ Š‹†”ƒ ‡ –‘ –Š‡ Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  —‹–›„‘–Š‹Ž‰‡”‹ƒƒ†–Š‡”ƒ„™‘”Ž†ǤŠ‹•˜‹‡™‹••–”‘‰Ž› ‘’’‘•‡† „› ‘–Š‡”• ™Š‘ Šƒ˜‡ ‡„ƒ”‡† ‘ ƒ –‘—‰Š †‡ˆ‡•‡ ‘ˆ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ƒ† ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ Ǥ ™‘ƒŒ‘”’‹‘‡‡”•‘ˆ–Š‹•–”‡†ƒ”‡ƒ‡”‹ƒ†ƒ–‡„ƒ ‹‡™Š‘•Šƒ”‡ –Š‡ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ‹ –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ”‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‰ ƒ† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡• ‘ˆ ‡˜‡”›†ƒ› •’‡‡ Šǡ Dzthe languages that have served humans”ͳʹȋ‡ƒ›‘—ˆǡ ʹͲͲͻǡ’Ǥʹ͵ȌǤ„ƒ¢Œ‘‹•–Š‡•ƒ‡‹†‡ƒƒ†‡š’Žƒ‹•ǣ

ͶͲ ǤǤǤǦ ǤƒŠ‘—

Š‡Ž‰‡”‹ƒ•‘ ‹‡–›ˆ‡‡Ž•ƒ†–Š‹•‹–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”‘ˆ‘”•‡š–‡”‹‘”–‘ –Š‡•—”‘”Ǥ –‡ƒ•‡š–‡”‹‘”–‘‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ”ƒ„‹ ǡ–Šƒ–•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ •‹†‡• ‘ˆ ‹–• ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡ ‹ƒ‰‹ƒ”› ƒ”‡ †‡’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡† ƒ† ‘˜‡”•Šƒ†‘™‡†Ǥdzͳ͵ȋ„ƒ¢ǡʹͲͲʹǡ’ǤͻͲȌ

„ƒ¢˜‹‡™•ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠ‡ ƒŽŽ•Ǯconventional Arabic’ ‘”Ǯsurnormǯƒ•‡š–‡”‹‘” –‘ –Š‡ Ž‰‡”‹ƒ•ǯ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š–• ƒ† ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•ǡ ƒŽŽ †‡–‡”‹‡† „› –Š‡‹” ‘–Š‡”–‘‰—‡ǡŽ‰‡”‹ƒ”ƒ„‹ Ǥ ‘”Š‹ǡ’”‘˜‡•‹–•”‡‘–‡‡••ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‘—‹–›ǯ• ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡‹ƒ‰‹ƒ”›ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹” ‘–Š‡” –‘‰—‡ƒ•ƒŽ‘™˜ƒ”‹‡–›‹•–‘„‡ˆ‹”•–Ž›–Š‘—‰Š–‘ˆƒ•ƒ”‡†— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ –Š‡‹”–Š‘—‰Š–•ƒ†„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•Ǥ ”‡‡†‘—•†‡„ƒ–‡•ƒ”‹•‡™Š‡‹– ‘‡•–‘ ‘•‹†‡”•‘‡• Š‘Žƒ”•ǯ ƒŽŽˆ‘” –Š‡”‡Ǧ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–—•‘ˆŽ‰‡”‹ƒ”ƒ„‹ ǤŠ‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‹•‡˜‡‘”‡ †”ƒƒ–‹œ‡† ™Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ • Š‘‘Ž•ǡ –Š‡ ”ƒ†Ž‡ ‘ˆ ˆ—–—”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ  —„‡”‘ˆŽ‰‡”‹ƒŽ‹‰—‹•–••’‡ƒƒ„‘—––Š‡•Š‘ ‘”‡˜‡–”ƒ—ƒ–‹•‘ˆ–Š‡ ”ƒ„Ž‰‡”‹ƒ Š‹Ž†‘Š‹•ˆ‹”•–†ƒ›ƒ–• Š‘‘ŽǤŠ‡Œ‘—”ƒŽ‹•–‡Ž Ž‹†‹ǡ •Šƒ”‹‰–Š‡˜‹‡™‘ˆ•‘‡• Š‘Žƒ”•™”‹–‡•ǣ

‹ ‡–Š‡ƒ‰‡‘ˆ•‹šǡ–Š‡Ž‰‡”‹ƒ Š‹Ž†‹••‘ƒ‡†‹ƒŽ‹‰—‹•–‹ „ƒ–Š–Šƒ– ƒ•–•‘—–Š‹•‘–Š‡”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•Ǥ–ƒ‰Žƒ ‡ǡŠ‡ˆ‹†•Š‹•‡Žˆ‘„Ž‹‰‡†–‘ ‡˜‡” ’”‘‘— ‡ –Š‡ DzŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–”‡‡–dzǡ –Šƒ– ‘ˆ Dz–Š‡ ƒ”‡–dzǡ ‘” Dz‡ŽǦŸƒ›ƒdzǤŠ‘—‰Š‹–‹•‹–Š‹•Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–Šƒ–Š‡Šƒ•„‡‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰Š‹• ‹ƒ‰‹ƒ”›ǤͳͶȋŽƒ–ƒ͵ǡʹͷ‡ ‡„‡”ʹͲͳͶǡ’Ǥͳ͸Ȍ

Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”’‘‹–•ƒ–ǡ–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‰‡”‹ƒ• Š‘‘Žǡƒ††‡• ”‹„‡• ‹– ƒ• ƒ Š‹†”ƒ ‡ –‘ –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǯ Dz‹ƒ‰‹ƒ”›dzǡ –Š—• –Š‹‹‰ ƒ† ‘ ‡’–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†Ǥ ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ –Š‹• ˜‹‡™ Žƒ • ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–›Ǣ‹–Šƒ•ƒ†‡ Žƒ”‡††‡•–”— –‹˜‡ƒ‹–‘„‘–Š–Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ†˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ ‡ŽǦˆ—•Šƒ‹–Š‡–Š‘—‰Š–•ƒ†ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•‘ˆŽ‰‡”‹ƒ•Ǥ‡•Š‘—Ž†”‡‡„‡”–Š‡ ˆƒ ––Šƒ–Ž‰‡”‹ƒ”ƒ„‹ ǡ‹•’‹–‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‡Œ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ‡•ƒ• ”‹„‡† –‘ ‹–ǡ ‹• ‹–”‹•‹ ƒŽŽ›ƒ˜‹–ƒŽ„—–†‹˜‡”‰‡–•’‘‡ˆ‘”‘ˆǤ†‹ˆ–Š‡ Š‹Ž†Šƒ•–‘ ƒ†ƒ’–Š‹••’‡‡ Š–‘–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽǡ‹–Š‡ Žƒ••”‘‘ǡŠ‡Šƒ•Œ—•––‘”‡ƒ†Œ—•–•‘‡ ’”‘— ‹ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽˆ‘”•™Š‹Ž‡—•‹‰Š‹•‘–Š‡”–‘‰—‡Ǣ•‹ ‡ Ž‰‡”‹ƒ”ƒ„‹ ‹•‘–‘Ž›‡ƒ”–‘ǡ„—–‹–‹•‹–•’”‘˜‹†‡ ‡ƒ†ˆ‘”–—‡ ȋ‘”–ƒ†ǡʹͲͲͷǡ’Ǥ͵͹Ȍƒ†–Š‡ Š‹Ž† ‘‡•–‘• Š‘‘Ž™‹–Šƒ•–‘ ‘ˆ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”› ƒ†•–”— –—”‡•ȋ‘—‹”‡–ǡʹͲͲͷǡ’ǤͳʹȌ–Šƒ–Š‡Šƒ•–Š‡Šƒ„‹––‘—•‡ƒ–Š‘‡ǡ‹ Dz–Š‡ •–”‡‡–dz ƒ† ƒ– Dz–Š‡ ƒ”‡–dzǤ  –—ƒŽŽ› –Š‡ Š‹Ž† ‡–‡”• • Š‘‘Ž ™‹–Š Dzan overwhelming linguistic account”ͳͷ ȋ‘”–ƒ†ǡ ʹͲͲͷǡ ’Ǥ ͵ͷȌ –Šƒ– ‹ˆ ‹˜‡•–‡† ’”‘’‡”Ž› ™‹ŽŽ Š‡Ž’ ’”‘†— ‡ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘• ’”‘ˆ‹ ‹‡– ‹ Ǥ  ‡ ƒ‰ƒ‹ǡ –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ†‡ˆ‹ ‹‡–’”‘‰”ƒ•‘ˆƒ”ƒ„‹œƒ–‹‘‹•‡˜‘‡†ǤŠ‡’”‘„Ž‡Ž‹‡•‘ Š‘™‹•–ƒ—‰Š–ǤŠƒ”‡†˜‹‡™•‘ˆŽ‹‰—‹•–• ‘ˆ‹”–Šƒ– “the language of teaching is artificial and has nothing to do with the Algerian locutor’s

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡ͵ͳǦͶͺ Ͷͳ

sociolinguistic reality,”ͳ͸ ‡š’Žƒ‹• –Š‡ •‘ ‹‘Ž‹‰—‹•– ‘—Ž‹Šƒ ‡””ƒ† ‹ Ž ƒ–ƒ ‡™•’ƒ’‡” ȋʹͲͳͶǡ ‡ ‡„‡” ʹͷǡ ’Ǥ ͳ͸ȌǤ ƒ‹ˆ‡•–Ž›ǡ –Š‡ “artificial” Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹•’”‡•‡–‹• Š‘‘Ž’”‘‰”ƒ•™Š‹ Š•—‰‰‡•––‡š–•ǡ‘•–Ž›•–”ƒ‰‡–‘ –Š‡ Ž‰‡”‹ƒ ”‡ƒŽǡ —””‡– Ž‹ˆ‡Ǣ –Š—• –‡š–• ™Š‹ Š ƒ‘– –”ƒ•‹– –Š‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ž›Ǥ Š‡Ž‹‰—‹•–Š‡”‹ˆƒ ‡––ƒ•™‡–ˆ—”–Š‡”‹Š‡”‘’’‘•‹–‹‘–‘–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ ‹–Š‡—’Ǧ„”‹‰‹‰‘ˆ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡‡š’Žƒ‹•ǣ

Š‡ Žƒ••”‘‘™Š‹ Š‹•–Š‡’Žƒ ‡‘ˆ†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ƒ†‘ˆ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ „‡ ‘‡•–Š‡’Žƒ ‡‘ˆ ‡•‘”•Š‹’ǤŠ‹••—ˆˆ‘ ƒ–‹‰ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•‡† „›’”‘Š‹„‹–‹‘•ƒ†•ƒ –‹‘•ǡŠ‘•–‹Ž‡–‘–Š‡ Š‹Ž†ǯ•ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ ™‹ŽŽ†‹‰ƒŠ‘Ž‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ Š‹Ž†•’‘‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ†–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‘ˆ • Š‘‘ŽǤͳ͹ȋŽƒ–ƒǡʹͲͳͶǡ‡ ‡„‡”ʹͷǡ’Ǥͳ͸Ȍ

Š‡’ƒ••ƒ‰‡ǡƒ‘†‡Ž–‘ƒ™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†‡””‘‡‘—•˜‹‡™ǡ”‡’”‡•‡–•‹•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‡š’”‡••‡† –Š”‘—‰Š Šƒ”•Š ™‘”†•Ǥ Suffocating, prohibitions, sanctions ƒ†hostilityƒ”‡‹ˆƒ –‹’”‘’‡”–‘†‡• ”‹„‡‡‹–Š‡”–Š‡ Žƒ••”‘‘ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡‘”ƒ›‘–Š‡” ‘–‡š–‘ˆ—•‡ƒ‘‰”ƒ„Ž‰‡”‹ƒ•Ǥ‹–Šƒ ‘†‡•–‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆ‘”‡–Šƒ͵ͳ›‡ƒ”•Ž‹ˆ‡‹Ž‰‡”‹ƒǡƒ†‘”‡–Šƒʹ͸ ›‡ƒ”•ƒ•ƒŽ‡ƒ”‡”‹–Š‡Ž‰‡”‹ƒ• Š‘‘Žƒ†—‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡƒ†‘”‡ –Šƒ ͳͲ ›‡ƒ”•ƒ•ƒ–‡ƒ Š‡”ǡ‘–Š‹‰‘ˆ•— Šƒ ”—‡Ž–›Šƒ•„‡‡‘–‹ ‡†Ǥ–Š‡ ‘–”ƒ”›ǡ ”ƒ„‹  ‘—”•‡‹•–Š‡‘•–’”‡ˆ‡”ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†–Š‡‘•–„‡Ž‘˜‡† ‘—”•‡–‘–Š‡‡›‡• ‘ˆ Š‹Ž†”‡Ǥ†ǡ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡–‹‡ǡ’—’‹Ž•ǯŠ‹‰Š‡•–• ‘”‡•ƒ”‡–Š‘•‡‘ˆ”ƒ„‹  Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ† ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ  ‘„˜‹‘—• ”‡ƒ•‘ ‹• –Šƒ–  ‹• –Š‡‹” Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ–Š‡‘”‹‰‹‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‘–Š‡”–‘‰—‡ǡƒ†–Š‡˜‡Š‹ Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”–Š‘—‰Š– ƒ†ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•Ǥ†ƒ„‘˜‡ƒŽŽǡ’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ•ƒ––ƒ Š‡––‘‹•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ‹–•„‡‹‰ –Š‡ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘Ž›‘”ƒǯ•Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡhostility ƒ† prohibition–‘™ƒ”†•Ž‰‡”‹ƒ”ƒ„‹ ǡ ‘‘Ž›‘™ƒ•Derijaǡ ƒ”‡ ‡˜‡” ’”‡•‡– ‹ –Š‡ Ž‰‡”‹ƒ Žƒ••”‘‘ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ‹ ”‡ ‡– –‹‡•Ǥ ‘†‡ •™‹– Š‹‰”‡‹‰•ƒ†–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ•‹’Ž‡ƒ†Ž‰‡”‹ƒ”ƒ„‹ ’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž• ‘ –Š‡ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ „‘–Š –‡ƒ Š‡”• ƒ† Ž‡ƒ”‡”•Ǥ Š‡ ‘Ž› ’”‘„Ž‡ǡ ›‡– ƒ‰ƒ‹ǡ‹•–Šƒ– –Š‡•‡• “high scores”ƒ”‡‘—– ‘‡•‘ˆ’ƒ••‹˜‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ‘—–‘ˆ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ƒ† „ƒ•‡† ‘ ‡‘”‹•‹‰Ǥ Š‹• ‹• –Š‡ †‡ ‡‹–ˆ—Ž †‡ˆ‡ – ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ† ‹ ”ƒ„‹  ‹ Ž‰‡”‹ƒ ƒ† –Š‡ ”ƒ„ ™‘”Ž†Ǥ ”‘‰”ƒ• ƒ”‡ ‹ ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‘•–”— – ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘• ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‡š’”‡•• –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ‘””‡ –Ž› ƒ† ˆŽ—‡–Ž› ‹  ȋ‹ ™Šƒ–‡˜‡” ‘–‡š–ȌǤ ‘—Ž‹Šƒ ‡””ƒ† Œ‘‹• –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ —‡––ƒ• ƒ† ‘ Ž—†‡• –Šƒ– –Š‹• ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ “has finished by consuming what remained from the Algerian identity”ͳͺ ȋŽ ƒ–ƒǡ ʹͲͳͶǡ ‡ ‡„‡” ʹͷǡ ’Ǥͳ͸ȌǤ ‘™ ‹• –Š‹• ‹†‡–‹–› ‘•—‡†ǫ  Š‡ •‘ ‹‘Ž‹‰—‹•– „–‹••ƒ Šƒ Š‘— ‡š’Žƒ‹• ‹ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‡™•’ƒ’‡” ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ǣ “Complexes result, like the feeling of culpability, linguistic insecurity and the self-hatred which is manifested in the ipilinguistic discourse

Ͷʹ ǤǤǤǦ ǤƒŠ‘—

of the Algerian locutor”ͳͻ ȋŽƒ–ƒǡʹͲͳͶǡ‡ ‡„‡”ʹͷǡ’Ǥͳ͸Ȍ ‘™ ƒ ‹†‡–‹–› „‡ †‡•–”‘›‡† „› ‹–• ’‹ŽŽƒ”ǫ  ‹• –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  ‘’‘‡–‘ˆ”ƒ„•ǯ‹ Ž—†‹‰Ž‰‡”‹ƒ•ǯ‹†‡–‹–›ǤŠƒ–‹•‘Ž›‡‡†‡†‹•–‘ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘™‹–Š–Š‹•‡š‹•–‹‰‹†‡–‹–›Ǥˆ ‘—”•‡ǡŽ‹‰—‹•–‹  ‹•‡ —”‹–›ǡ †‹•ƒ’’‘‹–‡– ƒ„‘—– ‘‡ǯ• ‹†‡–‹–› ƒ† ‡˜‡ •‡ŽˆǦŠƒ–”‡† ƒ”‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ‹ –Š‡ ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ Ž‰‡”‹ƒ• —†‡” –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‡˜‹”‘‡– ™Š‹ Š Šƒ• •’”‡ƒ† –Š‡ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ‹ ‘–Š‡”•ǯ ȋ–Š‡ ‘•– †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† •‘ ‹‡–‹‡•ǯȌ•—’‡”‹‘”‹–›Ǥ‘‡• Š‘Žƒ”•ǡ•—’’‘”–‡”•‘ˆ†‹ƒŽ‡ –ƒŽ”ƒ„‹ ȋƒ•ƒǣ” ‡Žᢻƒ‹›ƒȌǡ ƒŽŽˆ‘”‹–•”‡Ǧ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ƒ†”‡Šƒ„‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‘‹‘”†‡”–‘”‡ ‘ ‹Ž‹ƒ–‡ „‡–™‡‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ† –Š‡‹” ‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ Š‡› ‡˜‡ •—‰‰‡•– ‹–”‘†— ‹‰ ‹– ƒ• ƒ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–‡ƒ Š‹‰‹• Š‘‘Ž•Ǥ–Š‡”••—‰‰‡•–ƒ‹††Ž‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡™Š‹ ŠŽ‘ƒ†• —’™‹–Š ‘ŽŽ‘“—‹ƒŽ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›Ǥ ‡”‡‹•ƒ“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ–‡ƒ”‹‰ †‘™ ƒ ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ Dzƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ ƒ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ˆ”‘ ‘††• ƒ† ‡†• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ŽŽ‘“—‹ƒŽdzʹͲ ȋƒ”‹ǡ ͳͻͻͻǡ ’Ǥ ͺͻȌǤ Š‡ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‘ŽŽ‘“—‹ƒŽ ƒ „‡ —•‡† –‘ ”‡’Žƒ ‡‘”Ǯenrich’ ǡ ‘™‹‰ –Šƒ– Ž‰‡”‹ƒ ”ƒ„‹  ƒŽ‘‡ ‘—–• Ž‘ƒ†• ‘ˆ ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•‘”†‹ƒŽ‡ –•ǡ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽȋ–Š‡ ƒ•‡ˆ‘”‘–Š‡”†‹ƒŽ‡ –•‘ˆ”ƒ„‹  ‹–Š‡”ƒ„™‘”Ž†ȌǤ –Š‹• ƒ•‡ǡ–Š‡”ƒ„‹ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡„‡ ‘‡•‘–ƒ—‹ˆ›‹‰ ˆ‘” ‡„—–ƒ†‹˜‹†‹‰ˆ‘” ‡Ǥ Š‡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘‹• –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡‹• †‹‰Ž‘••‹ƒ‹ –Š‡ ”ƒ„™‘”Ž†™Š‹ Š•Š‘—Ž†„‡ ”‡•’‡ –‡†Ǥ‘ˆ—•‹‰˜‹‡™••Š‘—Ž†™‘”–Š„‡ƒ˜‘‹†‡†•‹ ‡–Š‡”‡‹•‘Ž›‘‡ • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ†ƒ ƒ†‡‹ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹”ƒ„‹ ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•Ǥ‹ƒŽ‡ –ƒŽ”ƒ„‹ ‹• ”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘‹–ƒ†‡˜‡”‹†‡’‡†‡–ˆ”‘‹–Ǥ –‹•ƒ‹•–”—‡–‘ˆ‡š’”‡••‹‘ ‘ˆ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ –‘’‹ •Ǥ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‡‡†–‘–ƒ‡ ƒ”‡‘ˆ†‹ƒŽ‡ –ƒŽ”ƒ„‹ ‹ ‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ„—–‹–Š‡•‡•‡‘ˆƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹‰‹––‘ǡ‘–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹‰–‘‹–Ǥ ˜‡–Š‡†‹‰Ž‘••‹ ˆ— –‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•‘˜‡”Žƒ’ǤŠ‹Ž‡‹•‰ƒ‹‹‰ ‰”‘—†‹ –Š‡ Ž‰‡”‹ƒ•̵ ƒ† ”ƒ„•̵ ‡˜‡”›†ƒ› •’‡‡ Šǡ†—‡ –‘ –Š‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ Ž‹–‡”ƒ ›ƒ†–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆƒ”ƒ„‹œ‡†ƒ••‡†‹ƒǡ†‹ƒŽ‡ –ƒŽ”ƒ„‹ ‹–‡”˜‡‡• ‹ ƒ›‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ•ƒ‘”ƒŽ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡‘ˆ‹–• Ž‘•‡‡••–‘’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ• –Š‘—‰Š–Ǥ ‡ ‡‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ†Ž‡˜‡Ž‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡†‹ƒŽ‡ –ƒŽ‹•”‡ ‘‡†‡†•‹ ‡ǡ ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹–Ž‹‰‡”•ƒƒ”‡”‘ˆ”ƒ„•ǯ —Ž–—”‡ƒ†‹†‡–‹–›„‡•‹†‡•Ǥ

5. Conclusion ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›”ƒ„‹ ‘”‹•™‡ŽŽǦ’‘•‹–‹‘‡†‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‘”†‡”Ǥ –••–”‡‰–Š‹•‹•’‹”‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡Š‘Ž›‘”ƒǤ –••’”‡ƒ†‘˜‡”–Š‡™‘”Ž†ƒ†–Š‡ ‘–‹—‘—•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ‹–••’‡ƒ‡”•ǯ—„‡”‘™‡•–‘‘— Š‰”ƒ–‡ˆ—Ž‡•• –‘ –Š‡‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ •ŽƒǤ‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ”ƒ„‹ ƒ†‘”‡–Š‡‹”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ† †‡ˆ‡†‹– ƒ‹Ž›„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ‹–•„‡‹‰–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‘ˆ •ŽƒǤ ˆƒ –ǡ–Š‹•–”—–Š‹–‡”’”‡–• –Š‡—‹“—‡‡••‘ˆ”ƒ„‹ „—–ƒŽƒ•‹– ƒ‘–ƒ˜‘‹†–”‘—„Ž‡• ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰‹–Ǥ –Š‡ ™Š‘Ž‡ǡ ’”‘„Ž‡• ‘ˆ  ‹ Ž‰‡”‹ƒǡ –Š‡ ƒ‰Š”‡„ ƒ† –Š‡ ”ƒ„™‘”Ž†ƒ• •— Šƒ”‡–Š‡•ƒ‡™‹–Š”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–†‡‰”‡‡•‘ˆ•‡”‹‘—•‡••ǣ ”ƒ„• ‡†—”‡’”‘„Ž‡•‘ˆ‹†‡–‹–›ǡŽ‹‰—‹•–‹ ‹•‡ —”‹–›ƒ†’‘‘”• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ 

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡ͵ͳǦͶͺ Ͷ͵

–‡”‹‘Ž‘‰›ǡ ‹ ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ ’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰ ‡””‘”• ƒ† Žƒ  ‘ˆ ’”‘ˆ‹ ‹‡ › ‹ –Š‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ Ž‰‡”‹ƒ•ǡ ƒ• ”ƒ„•ǡ Š‡”‹•Š  ™Š‹ Š ”‡’”‡•‡–• –Š‡ ’”‹†‡ ‘ˆ ‰Ž‘”‹‘—• •Žƒ‹ ’ƒ•–Ǥ—–‹‹–•‡Žˆǡ–Š‹•‘•–ƒŽ‰‹ ’”‹†‡—†‡”‹‡•ˆ—–—”‡Š‘”‹œ‘•‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡”ƒ ‘ˆ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ ‹ ‘–Š‡”•ǯ ȋ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ› ƒ†˜ƒ ‡† ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† –Š‡‹” Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•Ȍ •—’‡”‹‘”‹–› „—– †‘ ‘–Š‹‰ ‘ ”‡–‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ‘™ ƒ†˜ƒ ‡Ǣ ™Š‡”‡ƒ• „‡‡ˆ‹–‹‰ ˆ”‘ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ •Š‘—Ž† ‘– ‡ƒ•‡ ƒ– –Š‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ ‘•—‹‰ ‘–Š‡”•ǯ Žƒ–‡•– –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ’”‘†— –•Ǥ  –Š‹• ‡”ƒǡ ”ƒ„• ƒ”‡ ™”‘‰Ž› ˆƒ• ‹ƒ–‡† „› –Š‡ ‘ ‹†‡–ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ƒ†‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ›†‡–ƒ Š‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”‘™ —Ž–—”‡ƒ†‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡” ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ†‘’–‡† –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ƒ†–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ –‡”‹‘Ž‘‰›‹–Š‡•ƒ‡ ™ƒ›ƒ•”ƒ„•ƒ ‡•–‘”•†‹†‹–Š‡‹”‰‘Ž†‡‡”ƒǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ‘†‡” ƒ†˜ƒ ‡† ‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–Šƒ– ƒ‹’‘•‡‹–•‡Žˆ™‹–Š‹–Š‡ ”ƒ‹‰ ‘ˆ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ǡƒ‹Ž›‰Ž‹•Šƒ† ”‡ Š™Š‹ Šƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘”‡” ‘Ž‘‹œ‡”•Ǥ  ‘†‡” ƒ†˜ƒ ‡† Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‡ƒ• ƒ ‘†‡” –Š”‹˜‹‰ •‘ ‹‡–› ™‹–Š‡„‡”•™Š‘ •Šƒ”‡ ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡‹ –Š‡‹” ‘™‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ–Š‹• ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡”‡ƒ‹•Ž‘‘•‡™‹–Š–Š‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  ‹•‡ —”‹–›Ǥ ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• ‘ˆ ƒ”ƒ„‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ‡Ž› ‹ Ž‰‡”‹ƒǡ Šƒ˜‡ Š‡Ž’‡† –Š‡„”‘ƒ†‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‹•’Š‡‘‡‘ǡ•‹ ‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡‡”‡ –‡†ƒ”‘—†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•– ‹†‡ƒŽ•‘ˆ”ƒ„‹ ”‡•–‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Dzˆ‘”‡‹‰dzŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‡š Ž—•‹‘Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”–Šƒ– Šƒ’’‡‡†ƒ––Š‡‡š’‡•‡‘ˆƒ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†ƒ†™‡ŽŽǦ•–—†‹‡†”‡Ǧ‹–”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–‹•’”‡•‡–Ǧ†ƒ›Š‡•‹–ƒ ›ƒ†Žƒ ‘ˆ’”‘ˆ‹ ‹‡ ›‹„‘–Š ƒ† ”‡ Šǡ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡”‡™‘—Ž† „‡ ‘ Šƒ”‹ˆ ”‡ Š™‡”‡ ƒ ‡’–‡† ƒ• ’ƒ”– ƒ†’ƒ” ‡Ž‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‰‡”‹ƒ‹†‡–‹–›ǡƒ†‡˜‡ƒ„‡‡ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ™‡ƒŽ–Š•‡‹œ‡†ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ˆ‘”‡” ‘Ž‘‹œ‡” –Šƒ– ƒ •‡”˜‡ ”ƒ„‹  ’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ  ””‘”•ǡƒ•‡†™‹–Š ‘†‡•™‹– Š‹‰ƒ†–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ†‹ƒŽ‡ –ƒŽ”ƒ„‹ ǡ’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ǯ•’‡‡ Š ƒ† ™”‹–‹‰•Ǥ Š‡ ˆƒ – ™Š‹ Š Šƒ• ’”‡••‡† ƒŠ‡ƒ† •‘‡ • Š‘Žƒ”• Žƒ‹ –‘ ”‡Ǧ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡–Š‡ ‘ŽŽ‘“—‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•ƒ†™‘”•‡–Š‡ƒ––‹–—†‡•ƒ„‘—–Ǥ Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ ™Šƒ– ‹• ”‡ƒŽŽ› ”‡“—‹”‡† ˆ‘”  ‹ –Š‡ Ž‰‡”‹ƒ •‘ ‹‡–› ‹• –‘ „‡ ‘””‡ –Ž› ƒ† ˆŽ—‡–Ž› —•‡† „› ‹–• ‡„‡”•Ǥ ‡‘’Ž‡ •Š‘—Ž† †‹• ƒ”† †‡’‡†‡ ›–‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”•ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹• ‹‡ ‡ƒ†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǤŠ‡›•Š‘—Ž† ƒŽ•‘‰‡–”‹†‘ˆ„‡‹‰‘„•‡••‡†„›‘–Š‡”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡••—’‡”‹‘”‹–›ǤŠ‡ •—‰‰‡•–‹‰ •‘Ž—–‹‘• –‘ ’”‘„Ž‡• ‘ˆ  ‹ Ž‰‡”‹ƒǡ –Š‹• ’ƒ’‡” †‘‡• ‘– ƒ••—‡ƒ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘‹Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡’‘Ž‹ ›‘”ƒƒ••‡••‡–‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹‰Š‡•–‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ„‹ ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ†‘—„–‡†Ž›ǡ–Š‡Žƒ––‡”Šƒ•’Žƒ›‡†ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡†‡ˆ‡•‡ǡƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡ƒ†‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ”ƒ„‹  „‘–Š ƒ– –Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Ž•Ǥ‡•‹†‡•ǡ‹–• ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•‹–Š‡ ‘‹‹‰ ƒ†—‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‡ ‡––‡ Š‹ ƒŽ–‡”‹‘Ž‘‰›Šƒ˜‡’”‘’–‡†–Š‡‡š’‡ –ƒ › ‘ˆ„‡––‡”ˆ—–—”‡–‘Ǥ‡–ǡ„‘‘•–‹‰–Š‡ƒ†˜ƒ ‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹•‘– –Š‡ –ƒ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘— ‹Ž ‘” Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹ƒ• —ƒ‹†‡†Ǥ ‡†‹ƒ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‘‘ Šƒ•ƒ ”— ‹ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹—’Ž‹ˆ–‹‰–Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”ƒ„‹ ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›™Š‡Ž‰‡”‹ƒ•

ͶͶ ǤǤǤǦ ǤƒŠ‘—

•’‡†–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ˆ”‡‡–‹‡™ƒ– Š‹‰”ƒ„ Šƒ‡Ž•ǡŽ‹•–‡‹‰–‘ Ž‰‡”‹ƒ ”ƒ†‹‘ ’”‘‰”ƒ• ‘” ”‡ƒ†‹‰ ƒ ‡™•’ƒ’‡”Ǥ Š‡ ‡™•’ƒ’‡” ƒŽ‘‡ǡ ˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ǡŠƒ•ƒ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†’ƒ”–‹–Š‡•’”‡ƒ†‘ˆƒƒ†˜ƒ ‡† ‘””‡ –Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‹ ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”‡ƒ†‡”•ǯ ƒ––‹–—†‡• ƒ† ‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ ‡ ‡ǡ ”ƒ„‹ ‡™•’ƒ’‡”‹••‡‡ƒ•ƒ‡›ˆƒ –‘”–‘–Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘‹‰‘ˆ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›™‹–Š–Š‡”‡ ‡–‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ”ƒ„‹ Ž‹–‡”ƒ ›ƒ†–Š‡ƒ—‰‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ”‡ƒ†‡”•ǯ—„‡”Ǥ

Notes: ͳǤǼ Ž‡š‹•–‡†‡‘‹•‡‘‹•†‡„‹Ž‹‰—‡•ˆ”ƒ­ƒ‹•ǦƒŽ‰±”‹‡• ’ƒ”ˆƒ‹–• ‘— ²‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹ˆ•ǥ‡ ‹šƒ‰‡ ”‡ˆŽ°–‡ ”ƒ”‡‡– †‡• Š‘‹š ‹–‡–‹‘‡Ž• †‡•Ž‘ —–‡—”•Ǥ Ž ”‡ˆŽ°–‡’Ž—•—ƒ“—‡†‡ ‘ƒ‹••ƒ ‡•Ž‹‰—‹•–‹“—‡•Ǥƒ”•‡‡”•‘‡š’”‡••‹‘ ƒŽ‰±”‹‡‡•†‡‘–•ˆ”ƒ­ƒ‹•‘–”‡ƒ—’Ž—•“—‡Žƒ’‡”•‘‡•ƒ‹–“—‡Ž“—‡ Š‘•‡ ȏǥȐ‡‹šƒ‰‡‘–”‡ƒ—••‹Žǯƒ„•‡ ‡†ǯ—‡’‡•±• ‘Š±”‡–‡‡–‘—–‡ƒ–‹°”‡ǡ ‡ “—‹‡•–’Ž—•‰”ƒ˜‡ǽǤȋʹͲͳͶǡ‡ ‡„‡”ʹͷǡ’Ǥͳ͹Ȍ

ʹǤ Ǽǯ±Ž±‡– Ž‹‰—‹•–‹“—‡ ˜ƒ”‹‡  Žǯ‹–±”‹‡—” †‡ Žǯ± ‘Ž‡ǡ †ƒ• Ž‡• Žƒ••‡• ‡– †ƒ• Žƒ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘‡–”‡±Ž°˜‡•Ǥ ƒ’ƒ”– †‡ Šƒ“—‡ ‘†‡ȋˆ”ƒ­ƒ‹•ǡƒ”ƒ„‡ Žƒ••‹“—‡ǡ †‹ƒŽ‡ –ƒŽȌ‡•–˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ǡ•‡Ž‘“—ǯ‹Ž•ǯƒ‰‹••‡†ǯ—‡†‹• ‹’Ž‹‡• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹“—‡ ‘— †ǯ—‡ †‹• ‹’Ž‹‡Ž‹––±”ƒ‹”‡ǽǤȋ‡ƒ›‘—ˆǡʹͲͲͻǡ’Ǥ͸͵Ȍ

͵ǤǼŽ—•‰”ƒ˜‡ǯ‡•–’ƒ•Ž‡ˆƒ‹–†‡Žƒ”±ˆ‘”‡‡ŽŽ‡²‡‹†‡Žǯƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘†—’”‹ ‹’‡ †‡Žǯƒ”ƒ„‹•ƒ–‹‘ȏǥȐŽǯƒ ±Ž±”ƒ–‹‘†‡Žƒ„ƒ‹••‡†—‹˜‡ƒ—†‡• ‘–‡—• †‡• ‡•‡‹‰‡‡–•ǡ†‡Žǯ±˜‘Ž—–‹‘†‡Žƒ’±†ƒ‰‘‰‹‡˜‡”•Žǯƒ’’”‡–‹••ƒ‰‡’ƒ••‹ˆ‡–†‡Žƒ ’‘Ž‹–‹•ƒ–‹‘‘—Žǯ‹†±‘Ž‘‰‹•ƒ–‹‘†‡ ‡”–ƒ‹‡•ǡ ‘‡ŽƒŽ‹––±”ƒ–—”‡‡–ŽǯŠ‹•–‘‹”‡ǽǤȋŽ ƒ–ƒǣʹͲͳͶǡ —Ž›ͳͻǡ’ǤͷȌ

ͶǤǼǤǤǤ—‡ˆŽƒ‰”ƒ–‡ ‘–”ƒ†‹ –‹‘ƒ˜‡ ŽƒŽ‹‰‡‹†±‘Ž‘‰‹“—‡‡– —Ž–—”‡ŽŽ‡†±ˆ‹‹‡†ƒ• Ž‡–‡š–‡†‡Žƒ”±ˆ‘”‡Ž—‹Ǧ²‡ǽǤȋŽƒ–ƒǣʹͲͳͶǡ —Ž›ͳͻǡ’ǤͷȌ

ͷǤ Ǽ‡Ž‘ ‡ŽŽ‡ǡ †‡ ‘• Œ‘—”•ǡ Ž‡• ±–—†‹ƒ–• •‡ ”‡–”‘—˜‡– †ƒ• Žǯ‹’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–± †‡ ‘—‹“—‡”ƒ˜‡ Ž‡•’”‘ˆ‡••‡—”•Ǥ‹”‡ǡ ‡”–ƒ‹•±’”‘—˜‡––‘—–‡•Ž‡•’‡‹‡•†— ‘†‡Ǽ’”‡†”‡†‡•‘–‡•ǽ“—ƒ†Ž‡’”‘ˆ‡••‡—”†‹•’‡•‡Ž‡ ‘—”•ǡ‘—–‘—–ƒ— ‘†‡’”‡†”‡†‡•‘–‡•‡ƒ”ƒ„‡ǡ“—ƒ†Ž‡”’ƒ”Ž‡‡ˆ”ƒ­ƒ‹•ǡ ‡“—‹ƒ’‘—” ‡ˆˆ‡– †‡ ˆ”‡‹‡” Žǯƒ °•  Žƒ ‘’”±Š‡•‹‘ Š‡œ Žǯ±–—†‹ƒ– †‡ Žƒ ˆ‹Ž‹°”‡ • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹“—‡ǽǤȋŽƒ–ƒǡʹͲͳͶǡ‡ ‡„‡”ʹͷǡ’Ǥͳ͹Ȍ

͸ǤǼ‡”±•—Ž–ƒ–‡‡•–“—‡ ‡•‘–Ž‡•—Ž–‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡•“—‹–”ƒ˜ƒ‹ŽŽ‡– ‡ Ž‰±”‹‡ ǯƒ—–‘‘„‹Ž‡ ǯ‡•–‡ƒ—Ž–ǡŽǯ‡ƒ— ǯ‡•–—‡œǡŽƒ‰‡•–‹‘†‡Žǯƒ±”‘’‘”–‡–†—±–”‘ ‡ •‘–ƒ†Ž•–‘ǡŽƒ–±Ž±’Š‘‹‡ ‡•‘–†‡•±–”ƒ‰‡”•ǡŽǯƒ—–‘”‘—–‡‡–Ž‡•–”ƒ˜ƒ—š ’—„Ž‹ • ‡•‘–Ž‡•Š‹‘‹•ǽǤȋŽƒ–ƒǡʹͲͳͶǡ‘˜‡„‡”ʹͻǡ’ǤʹȌ

͹Ǥ Ǽƒ Žƒ‰—‡ ”ƒ„‡ •‡ ’”±•‡–‡ ‘—• •‘—• †‡—šƒ•’‡ –• •‡•‹„Ž‡‡–†‹ˆˆ±”‡–•ǣ —‡Žƒ‰—‡Ž‹––±”ƒ‹”‡†‹–‡ƒ”ƒ„‡± ”‹–‡ǡ†ƒ•Žƒ“—‡ŽŽ‡•‡—Ž‡ƒ—Œ‘—”†ǯŠ—‹‡ ‘”‡ǡ•‘– ”±†‹‰±• Ž‡• ‘—˜”ƒ‰‡• Ž‹––±”ƒ‹”‡• ‘—• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹“—‡•ǡ“—‹‡šƒ –‡‡––‡ŽŽ‡“—ǯ‡ŽŽ‡•‡ ’”±•‡–‡‘—•ǡǯƒ’‡—–Ǧ²–”‡Œƒƒ‹•±–±’ƒ”Ž±‡—ŽŽ‡’ƒ”–‡Ž‰±”‹‡ǽǤȋƒ”­ƒ‹•ǡ

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡ͵ͳǦͶͺ Ͷͷ

ͳͻ͵Ͳǡ’ǤͶͲͳȌ

ͺǤ Ǽ–†‡• ‹†‹‘‡• †‘– ƒ— — ǯƒ Œƒƒ‹• ±–± ± ”‹–ǡ ƒ‹• “—‹ ’ƒ”–‘—–‡–’‡—–²–”‡ †‡’—‹• Ž‘‰–‡’•ǡ ‘•–‹–—‡– Žƒ •‡—Ž‡ Žƒ‰—‡ †‡ Žƒ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ †ƒ• –‘—– Ž‡• ‹Ž‹‡—š’‘’—Žƒ‹”‡•‘— —Ž–‹˜±•ǽǤȋƒ”­ƒ‹•ǡͳͻ͵Ͳǡ’ǤͶͲͳȌ

ͻǤǼ‡•‘ ‹±–±“—‹ ‘–‹—‡•ǯ‡š’”‹‡”ƒ–—”‡ŽŽ‡‡–‡ƒ”ƒ„‡Ž‰±”‹‡ǡǯƒ”ƒ„‡†‡ Žƒ“—‘–‹†‹‡‡–±‡–†‡Žƒ•‡•‹„‹Ž‹–±†‡•’‡‹‡•‡–†‡Žǯ±‘–‹˜‹–±ǽǤȋ„ƒ¢ǡʹͲͲʹǡ’Ǥ Ͷ͵Ȍ

ͳͲǤ«ƒ ‡ŽǦƒ“ƒ™ƒ ƒŒ‹†‘—Šƒ ˆ‹ ‡ŽǦ„‘—‹ƒ– ‡ŽǦ‹ˆ”ƒ†‹ƒ Ž‹ŽƒŽ‹ƒ–ǡ ƒƒ ‡ŽǦ–ƒᖮƒ™—Š ˆƒ›‘—Žƒ˥ƒᓇˆ‹‡ŽŽƒ™ƒ˥‹“™ƒ‡ŽǦ•ƒ™ƒ„‹“™ƒ‡ŽǦ“ƒ™ƒᢻ‹†‡ŽǦƒŠ™‹›ƒ™ƒ‡ŽǦ–ƒ˥“‹“‡ŽǦ •ƒ™–‹»Ǥȋ‘”–ƒ†ǡʹͲͲͷǡ’Ǥ͵͹Ȍ

ͳͳǤ « ‘†‡‘‘”‰ƒ‹•±ǡ—‹†‹‘‡‹’—”»Ǥȋ‡ƒ›‘—ˆǡʹͲͲͻǡ’ǤʹʹȌ

ͳʹǤ «Ž‡•Žƒ‰—‡•†‘–Ž‡•Š‘‡••‡•‡”˜‡–‘—•‡•‘–•‡”˜‹•»Ǥȋ‡ƒ›‘—ˆǡʹͲͲͻǡ’Ǥ ʹ͵Ȍ

ͳ͵Ǥ Ǽ±• Žǯƒ‰‡ †‡ •‹š ƒ•ǡ Žǯ‡ˆƒ– ƒŽ‰‡”‹‡ ‡•– ‹‡”‰‡ †ƒ• — „ƒ‹ Ž‹‰—‹•–‹“—‡ ± ƒ”–ƒ– •‡• Žƒ‰—‡• ƒ–‡”‡ŽŽ‡•Ǥ ǯ— ‘—’ ‹Ž •ǯ‡–‡† ‘”†‘‡” †‡ ‡ ’Ž—• ’”‘‘ ‡”ǽŽƒŽƒ‰—‡†‡Žƒ”—‡ǽǡ ‡ŽŽ‡Ǽ†—•‘—ǽ‘—Ǽ‡ŽŸƒ›ƒǽǤǯ‡•– ’‘—”–ƒ– †ƒ• ‡––‡ Žƒ‰—‡ “—ǯ‹Ž ƒ ƒ’’”‹•  †±˜‡Ž‘’’‡” •‘ ‹ƒ‰‹ƒ‹”‡ǽǤȋŽƒ–ƒ ͵ǡ ʹͷ ‡ ‡„‡”ʹͲͳͶǡ’Ǥͳ͸Ȍ

ͳͶǤ Ǽƒ •‘ ‹±–± ƒŽ‰±”‹‡‡ •‡– ‡– ’‡•‡  Žǯ‹–±”‹‡—” †‡• ‘”‡• ‡š–±”‹‡—”‡•  Žƒ •—”‘”‡Ǥǯ‡•–ǦǦ†‹”‡‡š–±”‹‡—”‡•Žǯƒ”ƒ„‡ ‘˜‡–‹‘‡Žǡ“—‡ ‡”–ƒ‹•†‡•’ƒ• ‡–‹‡”•†‡•‘‹ƒ‰‹ƒ‹”‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹ˆ•‡–”‘—˜‡–†±˜ƒŽ‘”‹•±•˜‘‹”‡‘ —Ž–±•ǽǤȋ„ƒ¢ǡ ʹͲͲʹǡ’ǤͻͲȌ

ͳͷǤ«„‹”ƒæ‹†Ž—‰Šƒ™‹Šƒᢺ‹Ž»Ǥȋ‘”–ƒ†ǡʹͲͲͷǡ’Ǥ͵ͷȌ

ͳ͸ǤǼƒŽƒ‰—‡†ǯ‡•‡‹‰‡‡–‡•–ƒ”–‹ˆ‹ ‹‡ŽŽ‡‡–ǯƒ”‹‡˜‘‹”ƒ˜‡ Žƒ”±ƒŽ‹–±•‘ ‹‘Ǧ Ž‹‰—‹•–‹“—‡†—Ž‘ —–‡—”ƒŽ‰±”‹‡ǽǤȋŽƒ–ƒǡʹͲͳͶǡ‡ ‡„‡”ʹͷǡ’Ǥͳ͸Ȍ

ͳ͹ǤǼƒ Žƒ••‡“—‹‡•–Ž‡Ž‹‡—†—†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡‡–†‡Žƒ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ†‡˜‹‡–Ž‡Ž‹‡—†‡Žƒ ‡•—”‡Ǥ‡ Ž‹ƒ–±–‘—ˆˆƒ– ƒ”ƒ –±”‹•±’ƒ”Ž‡•‹–‡”†‹–•‡–Ž‡••ƒ –‹‘•ǡŠ‘•–‹Ž‡ ŽƒŽƒ‰—‡ˆƒ‹Ž‹°”‡†‡Žǯ‡ˆƒ–ǡ˜ƒ ”‡—•‡”†ǯƒ˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡Ž‡ˆ‘••±‡–”‡Ž‡’ƒ”Ž‡”†‡ Žǯ‡ˆƒ–‡–ŽƒŽƒ‰—‡†‡Žǯ± ‘Ž‡ǽǤȋŽƒ–ƒǡʹͲͳͶ‡ ‡„‡”ʹͷǡ’Ǥͳ͸Ȍ

ͳͺǤǼƒˆ‹‹’ƒ” ‘•‘‡” ‡“—‹”‡•–ƒ‹–†‡Žǯ‹†‡–‹–±ƒŽ‰±”‹‡‡ǽǤ‘—Ž‹Šƒ‡””ƒ†ȋŽ ƒ–ƒǡʹͲͳͶǡ‡ ‡„‡”ʹͷǡ’Ǥͳ͸Ȍ

ͳͻǤ Ǽ Ž ‡ ”°•—Ž–‡ †‡• ‘’Ž‡š‡•ǡ –‡Ž “—‡ Ž‡ •‡–‹‡– †‡ —Ž’ƒ„‹Ž‹–±ǡ Žǯ‹•± —”‹–± Ž‹‰—‹•–‹“—‡‡–ŽƒŠƒ‹‡†‡•‘‹“—‹•‡ƒ‹ˆ‡•–‡†ƒ•Ž‡†‹• ‘—”•±’‹Ž‹‰—‹•–‹“—‡†— Ž‘ —–‡—”ƒŽ‰±”‹‡ǽǤ „–‹••ƒŠƒ Š‘—ȋŽƒ–ƒǡʹͲͳͶǡ‡ ‡„‡”ʹͷǡ’Ǥͳ͸Ȍ

ʹͲǤ«•—ᢻŽ—‰Šƒ‹ƒᖮ–ƒ–‡ŽǦƒŽ‹ƒ–‡ŽǦᢻƒ‹ƒ».ȋƒ”‹ǡͳͻͻͻǡ’ǤͺͻȌ

Ͷ͸ ǤǤǤǦ ǤƒŠ‘—

The Author ƒ–‹ƒ‘”ŽǦ ‘—†ƒƒŠ‘—ȋƒ‹ŽǣŠ‘—†Š‘—†–ƒ‹ʹ̷›ƒŠ‘‘Ǥˆ”Ȍ‹•ƒ–‡ƒ Š‡”‘ˆ •‘ ‹‘Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ •ƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ—•–ƒ’Šƒ–ƒ„‘—Ž‹‹ƒ• ƒ”ƒǦŽ‰‡”‹ƒǤ Š‡ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ƒ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡” ‹ •‘ ‹‘Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ •ǡ —Ž–‹Ž‹‰—ƒŽ‹• ƒ† ‡†‹ƒ †‹• ‘—”•‡Ǥ”‡•‡–Ž›ǡ•Š‡‹•’”‡’ƒ”‹‰Š‡”†‘ –‘”ƒ–‡‹–Š‡•‘ ‹‘Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ •‘ˆ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›”ƒ„‹ ‹Ž‰‡”‹ƒǤŠ‡Šƒ•’”‘†— ‡†ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ• Š‘Žƒ”Ž› ‘–”‹„—–‹‘• –Šƒ– ‘ ‡” –‘’‹ • ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ”ƒ„‹  Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡”ƒ ‘ˆ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

References:

ƒ••‹‘—‡›ǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲͲͻȌǤ Arabic sociolinguisticsǤ  †‹„—”‰Šǣ †‹„—”‰Š ‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ

‡ƒ›‘—ˆǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋʹͲͲͻȌǡ La Question Linguistique en Algérie, Enjeux et Perspectives. ƒ”‹•ǣ‡”‰—‹‡”Ǥ

‡”ƒ„ƒŠǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǧ‹Ǧ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ’Žƒ‹‰ ‹ Ž‰‡”‹ƒǣ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ† —””‡–‹••—‡•ǤLanguage Policy, 6ǡʹʹͷǦͷʹǤ

‡•ƒˆ‹ǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲͲʹȌǤ  ‹Ž‹‰—ƒŽ‹• ‹ Ž‰‡”‹ƒ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Actas/Proceedings II Simposio Internacional Bilinguismoǡ ͺ͵ͳǦͺͶͲǤ ‡–”‹‡˜‡†ˆ”‘ǣ••ŽǤ™‡„•Ǥ—˜‹‰‘Ǥ‡•ȀǤǤǤȀͲʹǤΨʹͲ‘—Ž‹ŠƒΨʹͲ‡•ƒˆ‹Ǥ’†ˆ

ƒŽ˜‡–ǡǤ Ǥȋͳͻ͹ͶȌǤLinguistique et colonialismeǤƒ”‹•ǣƒ›‘–Ǥ

ƒ‹“ǡǤȋͳͻͻͻȌǤThe status of Berber: A permanent challenge to language policy in MoroccoǤ Ǥ—Ž‡‹ƒȋ†ǤȌǡLanguage and Society in the Middle East and North Africa: Studies in Variation and Identity, (’’Ǥ ͵͹Ǧͷ͵Ȍ. ‹ Š‘†ǣ—”œ‘Ǥ

‘”†‘ǡǤǤȋͳͻ͹ͺȌǡThe French language and national identity. Š‡ ƒ‰—‡ǣ ‘—–‘Ǥ

ƒ”‘—••‹ǡ Ǥ ȋͳͻͻ͹ȌǤ Plurilinguism et identité culturelle au Maghreb: En quel termes les dire? ƒ”‘—••‹ ‘—ƒ† ȋ†ǤȌǡ Plurilinguism et Identité Culturelle au Maghreb,ȋ’’ǤʹͳǦ͵ʹȌǤ ƒ”‹•ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–±†‡‘—‡Ǥ

ƒ”­ƒ‹•ǡǤȋͳͻ͵ͲȌǤLa diglossie ArabeǤL’ e n s e i g n e m e n t Publique, 12ǡͶͲͳǦͶͲͻǤ

‡‹ǡǤȋͳͻ͹͵ȌǤPortrait du coloniséǤƒ”‹•ǣƒ›‘–Ǥ

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡ͵ͳǦͶͺ Ͷ͹

‘””‘™ǡ ǤǤǡƬƒ•–Ž‡–‘ǡǤ (ʹͲͲ͹ȌǤŠ‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘–Š‡”ƒ„‹  ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡. Intercultural Communication Studies, XVIȋʹȌǡʹͲʹǦʹͳͳǤ

„ƒ¢ǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲͲʹȌǤ L’Algérie et la langue française : L’altérité partagéeǤ Ž‰‹‡”•ǣ ƒ”Ž Šƒ”„Ǥ

‡”•–‡‡‰ŠǡǤȋʹͲͳͳȌǤThe Arabic LanguageǤ†‹„—”‰Šǣ†‹„—”‰Š‹˜‡”•‹–› ”‡••Ǥ

‡”•–‡‡‰ŠǡǤȋʹͲͲͳȌǤLinguistic contacts between Arabic and other languages. Arabica, Linguistique arabe: sociolinguistique et histoire de la Langue, 48ȋͶȌǡͶ͹ͲǦͷͲͺǤ

‹‰”‹œ‹ǡǤȋʹͲͲͶȌǤ ‡• Žƒ‰—‡• †ƒ• Ž‡• ‘•–‹–—–‹‘•ƒŽ‰‡”‹‡‡•ǤCahiers de l'ILSL, 17ǡʹͺͻǦͻͻǤ

References in Arabic:

-il elڢ our jadi:d litadલi:m wa taѹwi:r El-Arabia fiڢǡǤȋͳͻͻͻȌ. Nahwa man‹”ƒ લawlama ȋTowards a new perspective to strengthen and develop the Arab in a globalizing worldȌǡŽǦŽ—‰ŠƒŽǦ ᢻƒ”ƒ„‹ƒ  ȋŠ‡ ”ƒ„‹  Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ȍǡ ʹǡ ͺͷǦͻͶǤ

‡Žƒ‹†ǡǤȋ—‡”ʹͲͲ͵ȌǡEl-lugha El- લarabia wa el-taલrib el- લilmi: ara઱ wa ˥ouloul ȋThe Arabic language and the scientific arabization : opinions and solutionsȌǡŽǦŽ—‰ŠƒŽǦᢻƒ”ƒ„‹ƒȋŠ‡”ƒ„‹ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ȌǡͺǡͻͷǦͳͳͷǤ

ra lughawiaڢǡǤȋ’”‹ŽʹͲͲͷȌǤલawamil taqrib el- લamia mina el-fus˥a ( naƒŽ‹ ijtimaલiyaȌ ȋFactors of approximation between the Vernacular and the eloquentȋA sociolinguistic PerspectiveȌȌǡ‡ŽǦᢻƒŽƒ“ƒ„ƒ›ƒ‡ŽǦˆ—•˥ƒ™ƒ‡ŽǦ ᢻƒ‹›ƒǦ ƒˆƒ–‹” ‡ŽǦƒŒŽ‹• ȋŠ‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡–™‡‡ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ˜‡”ƒ —Žƒ”ǦŠ‡‘— ‹Ž„‘‘•ȌǡʹǡͳͷǦ͵ʹǤ

‘”–ƒ†ǡǤ ȋ’”‹Ž ʹͲͲͷȌǤ El- લammi wa el-fasi˥ fi ®aw઱ el-lugha el-oumȋThe colloquial and the eloquent in the light of the mother tongueȌǤŽǦᢻƒŽƒ“ƒ „ƒ›ƒ ‡ŽǦˆ—•˥ƒ ™ƒ ‡ŽǦᢻƒ‹›ƒǦ ƒˆƒ–‹” ‡ŽǦƒŒŽ‹• ȋŠ‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡–™‡‡ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽƒ†˜‡”ƒ —Žƒ”ǦŠ‡‘— ‹Ž„‘‘•Ȍǡʹǡ͵͵ǦͶͶǤ

‘—‹”‡–ǡǤȋ’”‹ŽʹͲͲͷȌǤbayna el-fus˥a wa el-લamiya ȋBetween classical and vernacularȌǤŽǦᢻƒŽƒ“ƒ„ƒ›ƒ‡ŽǦˆ—•˥ƒ™ƒ‡ŽǦᢻƒ‹›ƒǦƒˆƒ–‹”‡ŽǦƒŒŽ‹• ȋŠ‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽƒ†˜‡”ƒ —Žƒ”ǦŠ‡‘— ‹Ž„‘‘•Ȍǡ ʹǡ͵ǦͳͶǤ

Ͷͺ ǤǤǤǦ ǤƒŠ‘—

Algerian newspaper articles:

Ž‹†‹ǡ Ǥ Lorsque les politiques linguistiques créent des complexes dans la société. Parlez-vous l’algérien?ȋʹͲͳͶǡ‡ ‡„‡”ʹͷȌǤŽƒ–ƒǡ’Ǥͳ͸Ǥ

Ž‹†‹ǡǤLa Derja est minée par la politique linguistique qui l’infériorise et la CombatǤȋʹͲͳͶǡ‡ ‡„‡”ʹͷȌǤŽƒ–ƒǡ’Ǥͳ͹Ǥ

Ž ±„‹”ǡ Ǥ Quelle Langue pour les étudiants des filières scientifiquesǤ ȋʹͲͳͶǡ ‡ ‡„‡”ʹͷȌǤŽƒ–ƒǡ’Ǥͳ͹Ǥ

ƒ‘Ž‹ǡ ǤL’Algérie est dans un statut quo mortifiéreǤȋʹͲͳͶǡ‘˜‡„‡”ʹͻȌǤŽ ƒ–ƒǡ’Ǥʹ

ƒ„‹ƒǡ Ǥ Réformes de l’école de Taleb Ibrahimi à Nouria BenghebritǤ ȋʹͲͳͶǡ —Ž›ͳͻȌǤŽƒ–ƒǡ’ǤʹǤ

International Journal of Language Studies ‘Ž—‡ͳͲǡ—„‡”ͳǡ ƒ—ƒ”›ʹͲͳ͸ǡ’’ǤͶͻǦ͹Ͳ 

Two approaches to the teaching of grammar and their implications

ƒ‹ŽŽƒǡœ‡”„ƒ‹Œƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•Ƭ‹˜‡”•‹–› ƒ–‹ƒ‰‘†‡‘’‘•–‡Žƒ

Š‹••–—†›‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š™‘” ‘†— –‡†ƒ–œ‡”„ƒ‹Œƒ ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ȋȌǡƒ†‹–•’—”’‘•‡™ƒ•–‘ˆ‹†‘—–™Š‹ Š‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰”ƒƒ” –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ‡–Š‘†• ‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ’’Ž‹‡† ™Š‡ –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ‹– –‘ —‹˜‡”•‹–› •–—†‡–•Ǥ ‘” –Š‹•ǡ –Š‡ ‰”ƒƒ” –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• ™‡”‡ ”‘—‰ŠŽ› †‹˜‹†‡† ‹–‘ ‡š’Ž‹ ‹– ‰”ƒƒ” ’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ „ƒ•‡† ‘ ‘Ž† ‡–Š‘†••— Šƒ•‰”ƒƒ”–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘ǡ”—Ž‡•ǦŽ‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ‡””‘” ‘””‡ –‹‘ ‡–Š‘†•ǡ ‡– Ǥǡ ƒ† ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ ‹’Ž‹ ‹– ‘‡• ‘ˆ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ ƒ‹–ƒ”‰‡– ™ƒ•–‘”ƒ‹•‡•–—†‡–̵• ‘• ‹‘—•‡••ƒ†–Š‡‹”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘•–—†›Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ†‹–•‰”ƒƒ”‹ƒ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹˜‡™ƒ›ǤŠ‡ƒƒŽ›•‡•‘ˆ†ƒ–ƒ‘„–ƒ‹‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡• •Š‘™‡† –Šƒ– •–—†‡–• •‡‡ ‘”‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‹ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‰”ƒƒ” ’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‹ ˆƒ˜‘” ‘ˆ •— Š ‘Ǧ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒ• ‰ƒ‡•ǡ ‰”ƒƒ” –Š”‘—‰Š Œ‘‡• ‡š‡” ‹•‡•ǡ ƒ†‘–Š‡”ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ•™‡ŽŽǢŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ –‡•– ƒ””‹‡† ƒˆ–‡” ƒ •‹š ™‡‡ Žƒ••”‘‘ ‰”ƒƒ” –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡† ‹ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡‡•• ‘ˆ —•‹‰ ’—”‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‘” ’—”‡ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‰”ƒƒ”–‡ƒ Š‹‰‡–Š‘†•ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡’ƒ’‡” ‘ Ž—†‡•„›•—‰‰‡•–‹‰ƒ ‘„‹‡† ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š –‘ ‰”ƒƒ” –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ‡š Ž—†‹‰ ’—”‡ ‡š’Ž‹ ‹– ƒ† ‹’Ž‹ ‹–‡–Š‘†•ƒ†–‡ Š‹“—‡•‹ Žƒ••”‘‘‰”ƒƒ”’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

Keywords: Ž–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ’’”‘ƒ ŠǢ š’Ž‹ ‹– ‡ƒ Š‹‰Ǣ ’Ž‹ ‹– ‡ƒ Š‹‰Ǣ ‘• ‹‘—•‡••Ǧƒ‹•‹‰Ǣ ”ƒƒ”‡ƒ Š‹‰

1. Introduction Š‹• ’ƒ’‡” ‹• –Š‡ ‘—– ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ™‘” ”‡ ‡–Ž› ‘†— –‡† ƒ– œ‡”„ƒ‹Œƒ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡• ȋȌ ƒ• ƒ ƒ––‡’– –‘ ƒ’’Ž›ƒ‡™ ‰”ƒƒ” –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š –‘ ƒ ˆ‹”•– ›‡ƒ” ‹˜‡”•‹–› •–—†‡–• ‘–™‹–Š•–ƒ†‹‰ –Š‡ ‘Ž† ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• –Šƒ– Šƒ† „‡‡ ƒ’’Ž‹‡† ˆ‘” ƒ› ›‡ƒ”• ƒ†™Š‹ ŠŠƒ˜‡„‡‡‘—–†ƒ–‡†„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‘„•‘Ž‡–‡‡••ƒ†‹•ƒ– Š‡• –‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‡™–”‡†•‹‘†‡”‰Ž‹•Š‰”ƒƒ”’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ”ƒƒ”‹•‘†‘—„–ƒ‹–‡‰”ƒŽ’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ›Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ‡ ƒŠƒ”†Ž›ƒ•–‡” ƒ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ —”ƒ–‡Ž› ™‹–Š‘—– Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ‹–• ‰”ƒƒ”Ǥ ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‹•”—Ž‡Ǧ

ǣʹͳͷ͹ǦͶͺͻͺǢ ǣʹͳͷ͹ǦͶͻͲͳ ̹ʹͲͳ͸ Ǣ”‹–‡†‹–Š‡„›—Ž—”‡••  Ǥ

ͷͲ Ǥƒƒ†‘˜ƒ

‰‘˜‡”‡† „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ȋ—–Š‡”ˆ‘”†ǡ ͳͻͺͺǡ ’Ǥ ͳȌǡ •‘ ™‹–Š‘—– ‰”ƒƒ” Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ™‘—Ž† ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›„‡ Šƒ‘–‹ ȋƒ–•–‘‡ǡͳͻͻͶǡ’ǤͶȌǤŠ‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ‰”ƒƒ” ‹ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‡ƒ Š‹‰ Šƒ• ƒŽ•‘ „‡‡ ‡–‹‘‡† „› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– • Š‘Žƒ”• ȋŽ‡›Ǧ ”‘ƒͳͻͺͺǢ ƒ”‡” ͳͻͻͳǢŠ‡’Š‡”†‡–ǤƒŽ ͳͻͺͶǢ–”ƒ• ʹͲͲ͵ǡ‡– ǤȌ ™Š‘ ˆ‹† –Šƒ– ‰”ƒƒ” ‹• ƒ ‹‡•‡Ž› ’‡”˜ƒ•‹˜‡ ’Š‡‘‡‘ǡ ƒ† –Šƒ– –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽ ‘’‡–‡ ‡Šƒ•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘Ž‡‹•‡ ‘†‘” ˆ‘”‡‹‰ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ “—‹•‹–‹‘Ǥ Š—•ǡ ™‡ †‘ ‘– ‘Ž› Šƒ˜‡ –‘ •Š‘™•–—†‡–• ™Šƒ–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‡ƒ•ǡ™‡ƒŽ•‘Šƒ˜‡–‘•Š‘™–Š‡Š‘™‹–‹•—•‡†Ǥ ȋ ƒ”‡”ǡ ͳͻͻͳǡ’Ǥͷ͸Ȍ ’‡ƒ‹‰ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ‰”ƒƒ”Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ–Š‡™ƒ›•‘ˆ‹–•–‡ƒ Š‹‰ •Š‘—Ž† ƒŽ•‘ „‡ †‡ˆ‹‡† Ž‡ƒ”Ž›Ǥ Š‡’Š‡”† ‡– ƒŽǤ ȋͳͻͺͶȌǡ ˆ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ƒ”‡ ‘ ‡”‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡š–‡– ‘ˆ ‰”ƒƒ” ‡Ž‡‡–• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ Ž‡ƒ”–ƒ†–ƒ—‰Š–‘˜‡”–Ž›ƒ†‹†‡’‡†‡–Ž›‘ˆ–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•‘–Š‡”ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•‘ˆƒ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ–‹ŽŽǡ™‡†‘‘–‘™‡šƒ –Ž›‹ˆ‰”ƒƒ”•Š‘—Ž†„‡–ƒ—‰Š– ‹†‡’‡†‡–Ž›‘”–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡•‘‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•–‘‹–•–‡ƒ Š‹‰–Šƒ– ƒ ’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ‰‘‘†ƒ•–‡”‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ ‘™ƒ†ƒ›•ǡ™Š‡‰”ƒƒ”–‡ƒ Š‹‰‡–Š‘†•Šƒ˜‡’ƒ••‡†•— Šƒ‰”‡ƒ– ™ƒ› ƒ†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡•—„•–‹–—–‡†‘‡„›ƒ‘–Š‡”ǡ™‡ ƒŠƒ”†Ž›•–‹ –‘–Š‡‡–Š‘†• ƒ’’Ž‹‡†ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡–™‡–‹‡–Š ‡–—”›™‹–Š‘—––ƒ‹‰‹–‘ƒ ‘—–ƒ›‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘‰”‡•• –Šƒ– –‘‘ ’Žƒ ‡ ‹ ƒŽŽ •’Š‡”‡• ‘ˆ Ž‹ˆ‡ ƒ†ǡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›ǡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘•›•–‡ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤ‘†ƒ›ǡ™Š‡™‡†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•–—†‡–•‹ ‘—” Žƒ••‡•ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ †‘—„– –Šƒ– ™‡ ƒ‘– —•‡ •— Š ‘—–†ƒ–‡†‰”ƒƒ” –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ‡–Š‘† ƒ• ‰”ƒƒ” –”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘ ™Š‹ Š ’”‡•—‡• –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡”–‘‰—‡‹–Š‡ Žƒ••ǤŠ—•ǡ™‡•Š‘—Ž†–Š‹ ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ›™Š‹ Š‰”ƒƒ” –‡ƒ Š‹‰‡–Š‘†•–‘ƒ’’Ž›‹‘”†‡”–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡’”‘†— –‹˜‡”‡•—Ž–•Ǥ Š‡ –ƒŽ‹‰ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• –‘ ‰”ƒƒ” –‡ƒ Š‹‰ –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹†— –‹˜‡‘”†‡†— –‹˜‡‰”ƒƒ”–‡ƒ Š‹‰‡–Š‘†•„‡ ‘‡•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•– ”— ‹ƒŽ ‘‡•Ǥ Š‡ –‡”• ‡š’Ž‹ ‹– ƒ† ‹’Ž‹ ‹– ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ–‡ •—„•–‹–—–‡† „› –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘” †‡†— –‹˜‡ ƒ† ‹†— –‹˜‡ ‰”ƒƒ” –‡ƒ Š‹‰ǡ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ ˆ‘”‡” †‡‘–‡• ƒ ‘• ‹‘—• ƒƒŽ›–‹  ƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘”ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒ”‰‡–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•‹’Ž‹ ‹–‡ƒ•ƒ‹–—‹–‹˜‡ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰ ˆ‘”™Šƒ–‹• ‘””‡ –ƒ†ƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡Ǥȋ‹ƒŽ›•–‘ǡͳͻ͹ͺǡ’Ǥ͹ͲȌ ‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘†— –‹‰–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ” Š™‘” Šƒ˜‡•‡–•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‹’‘”–ƒ–“—‡•–‹‘• ™Š‹ Š„‡ ƒ‡–Š‡ƒ‹‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –Ǥ ‹”•–‘ˆƒŽŽǡ ™ƒ–‡†–‘Ž‡ƒ” –Š‡•–—†‡–•ǯ‘’‹‹‘‘–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ‰”ƒƒ”ƒ†–Š‡™ƒ›•‹–•Š‘—Ž† „‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹ Žƒ••Ǥ‡ ‘†Ž›ǡ ™ƒ–‡†–‘‘™™Š‹ Š™ƒ›‘ˆ‰”ƒƒ” –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ‹‰Š– ‰‹˜‡ ˆ”—‹–ˆ—Ž ”‡•—Ž–•ǡ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ ’—”‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ȋ‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ȍ‡–Š‘† ‘ˆ ‰”ƒƒ”–‡ƒ Š‹‰ǡ‘”ƒƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ȋ‹’Ž‹ ‹–Ȍ‘‡Ǥ –™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆ‘” ‡ –‘ •‡‡ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ –‹‘ ‘ˆ •–—†‡–• ‘ „‘–Š ‡–Š‘†• ƒ† ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ –‘ ƒƒŽ›œ‡ –Š‡‹””‡•—Ž–•‘„–ƒ‹‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ–‡•–•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›†‡•‹‰‡†–‘‰‡–ƒ•™‡”•–‘ ›“—‡•–‹‘•Ǥ

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͶͻǦ͹Ͳ ͷͳ

Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‹• ™‘” •–ƒ”–• ™‹–Š ƒ „”‹‡ˆ †‡• ”‹’–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ‰”ƒƒ”–‡ƒ Š‹‰‹  Žƒ••‡•ˆ‘”ƒ†—Ž–•™Š‹ ŠŽƒ–‡”‘’’‘•‡• –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‰”ƒƒ”–‡ƒ Š‹‰ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‘”—‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽ‘‡Ǥ – –Š‡ ‰‹˜‡• ƒ ƒ ‘—– ‘ˆ ƒ •—”˜‡› ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• ‘†— –‡† ƒ– œ‡”„ƒ‹Œƒ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡• ™‹–Š •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‰”‘—’• ‘ˆ ˆ‹”•– ›‡ƒ” •–—†‡–• ‘ ‰”ƒƒ” –‡ƒ Š‹‰Ǥ Š‡ ’ƒ’‡” ‘ Ž—†‡• ™‹–Š ƒ †‹• —••‹‘ ‘ –Š‡ ‘•– ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡‡–Š‘†–‘„‡—•‡†‹–Š‡’”‡•‡–†ƒ›‰Ž‹•Š‰”ƒƒ” Žƒ••‡•Ǥ

2. Importance of, and approaches to, teaching EFL grammar Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ‰”ƒƒ”–‡ƒ Š‹‰–ƒ‡•ƒ’”‹ƒ”›”‘Ž‡‘–‘Ž› ‹‰‡‡”ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–‡ƒ Š‹‰’”‘ ‡••„—–‹–‹•ƒŽ•‘’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†‹ —””‹ —Žƒ ƒ†–‡š–„‘‘•—•‡†‹ƒŽŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•™Š‡”‡‰Ž‹•ŠŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹•–ƒ—‰Š–Ǥ‹ ‡ ‰”ƒƒ” ƒ‘– „‡ †‹˜‘” ‡† ˆ”‘ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ƒ† ‹– ‘ —’‹‡• ƒ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡’ƒ”–‹‹–ǡ™‡•Š‘—Ž†‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡–Š‡‹†‹•’—–ƒ„Ž‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ ‰”ƒƒ”–‡ƒ Š‹‰‹’”‡•‡–†ƒ›‰Ž‹•ŠŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ Žƒ••‡•Ǥ Ž‘‰•‹†‡™‹–Š–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰”ƒƒ”‹–•‡Žˆǡ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•– ”— ‹ƒŽ “—‡•–‹‘• ‹• –Š‡ ™ƒ›• ƒ† ‡–Š‘†• ‘ˆ ‹–• –‡ƒ Š‹‰Ǥ —”‹‰ –Š‡ Žƒ•– –™‘ ‡–—”‹‡• †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‡–Š‘†• ‘ˆ ‰”ƒƒ” –‡ƒ Š‹‰ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ƒ’’Ž‹‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‰Ž‹•ŠŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ȋ Ȍ Žƒ••‡•™Š‹ Š™‡”‡†‹•’Žƒ ‹‰‘‡ƒ‘–Š‡”ˆ”‘–‹‡ –‘–‹‡ǤŠ—•ǡ–‘†ƒ›ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ™‡ ƒ•’‡ƒƒ„‘—– ‘—‹ ƒ–‹˜‡‘”–ƒ• „ƒ•‡†ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•–‘‰”ƒƒ”ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•ǡ‘–Ž‘‰ƒ‰‘–‡ƒ Š‡”•‘•–Ž›ˆ‘ —•‡† ‘ ƒ ‰”ƒƒ”Ǧ–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘ ‡–Š‘†Ǥ — Š ƒ —Ž–‹’Ž‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š –‘ ‰”ƒƒ” –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ƒ› ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ—•‹‘ „‘–Š ˆ‘” –‡ƒ Š‡”• ƒ† –‡š–„‘‘ ™”‹–‡”•ǡ ™Š‘ ‘ˆ–‡‰‡–Ž‘•–™Š‹Ž‡ Š‘‘•‹‰–Š‡ ‘””‡ –‡–Š‘†‘ˆ‰”ƒƒ”’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–Š‹•™‘”ǡ ™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–‘•’‡ƒƒ„‘—––™‘ƒ‹ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• –‘ ‰”ƒƒ”–‡ƒ Š‹‰ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ†‡†— –‹˜‡ƒ†‹†— –‹˜‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡ˆ‘”‡” ‘‡ ƒ› „‡ •—„•–‹–—–‡† „› •— Š –‡”• ƒ• ‡š’Ž‹ ‹– ‘” –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‰”ƒƒ” –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ‡–Š‘†ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ Žƒ––‡” ‹• •‘‡–‹‡• ƒŽŽ‡† ‹’Ž‹ ‹– ‘”ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘‰”ƒƒ”–‡ƒ Š‹‰ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡•‡–™‘‡–Š‘†•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆ ‘ˆ—•‹‘ˆ‘”–‡ƒ Š‡”•ƒ•–Š‡›†‘‘–‘™ˆ‘”•—”‡™Š‡–Š‡”–‘ƒ‡•–—†‡–• Ž‡ƒ” ‰”ƒƒ” ”—Ž‡• „› Š‡ƒ”– ™Š‹ Š ‹• •‹’Ž› –‘ Ž‹‡ ‹– –‘ ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ ƒŽ ˆ‘”—Žƒ•ǡ‘”–‘–‘–ƒŽŽ›ƒ˜‘‹†‰”ƒƒ”–‡ƒ Š‹‰„›ƒ‹‰•–—†‡–•‹ˆ‡”–Š‡ ‰”ƒƒ” ˆ”‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ™‹–Š‘—– ’‘‹–‹‰ ‘—– ‘ ‰”ƒƒ” –‡”• ƒ†”—Ž‡•Ǥ‘ ‡”‹‰–Š‹•ǡƒ”•‡Ǧ ”‡‡ƒȋʹͲͳʹǡ’Ǥʹ͸ͶȌǡ‘–Š‡‘‡Šƒ†ǡ •’‡ƒ• ƒ„‘—– ‰”ƒƒ”‹‰ ƒ• ƒ ’”‘’‡” ‰‘ƒŽ ‘ˆ ‰”ƒƒ” ‹•–”— –‹‘–Šƒ– ’”‘˜‹†‡• ƒ ƒ —”ƒ–‡ǡ ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž ƒ† ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ ‰”ƒƒ” ‘•–”— –‹‘ǡ ™Š‡”‡ƒ•ǡ ”ƒ•Š‡ ȋͳͻͻʹǡ ’Ǥ ͶͲͻȌǡ ˆ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ‘•‹†‡”• Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–‘„‡–‘‘ ‘’Ž‡š–‘„‡†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡Ž›–ƒ—‰Š–ƒ†Ž‡ƒ”‡†’‘‹–‹‰‘—– –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‘ˆ ‰”ƒƒ” –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ‹• ’‡”‹’Š‡”ƒŽ ƒ† ˆ”ƒ‰‹Ž‡Ǥ ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ •— Šƒ†—ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘‰”ƒƒ”–‡ƒ Š‹‰•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ‹‘”†‡”–‘†‡ˆ‹‡™Š‹ Š‘ˆ–Š‡‡–Š‘†•™‹ŽŽ„‡‘”‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡‹’”‡•‡–

ͷʹ Ǥƒƒ†‘˜ƒ

†ƒ› ‰”ƒƒ” –‡ƒ Š‹‰ǡ ƒ† ˆ‘” –Š‹• ™‡ ‡‡† –‘ ”‡˜‡ƒŽ ™Šƒ– ‡ƒ Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–Š‘†•†‡‘–‡•Ǥ Š—•ǡ™Šƒ–†‘™‡‡ƒ„›–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‰”ƒƒ”–‡ƒ Š‹‰ǫ ˆ™‡‰‘„ƒ –‘–Š‡ ‹‡–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›ǡ™‡ƒ›”‡‡„‡”–Šƒ– ‡”›™‡‡–™ƒ•–Š‡•—’’‘”–‡”‘ˆ Dz ‘’Ž‡–‡ ‰”ƒƒ” ƒ••‹‹Žƒ–‹‘dz ƒ† DzŽ‡ƒ”‹‰ ‰”ƒƒ” „› Š‡ƒ”–dzǤ ‡ •—‰‰‡•–‡†Ž‡ƒ”‹‰’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰•ƒ†•›–ƒ –‹ ”—Ž‡•™Š‹ Šƒ”‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‰”ƒƒ”–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘‡–Š‘†Ǥƒ–‡”‹–Š‡–™‡–‹‡–Š ‡–—”›ǡŠƒ”™‘‘†Ǧ‹–Š ȋͳͻͺͺȌŽ‹•–•ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ–‡ Š‹“—‡•—•‡†„›–‡ƒ Š‡”•ƒ†–‡š–„‘‘™”‹–‡”•Ǥ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ –‡ Š‹“—‡• Šƒ• ƒŽ™ƒ›• „‡‡ —•‡† ‹ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‰”ƒƒ” –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ™Š‹ Š ’‘‹–• ‘—– ƒ† ‡š’Žƒ‹• –Š‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘ „› –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ ‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽ–‡”‹‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–‘†ƒ›ǡƒŽ‘–‘ˆ–‡ƒ Š‡”•Šƒ˜‡ˆƒ ‡†–Š‡ˆƒ – –Šƒ–ƒ‰”‡ƒ–’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡ƒ”–‰”ƒƒ””—Ž‡•Šƒ’’‡•–‘„‡Ž‡ƒ”–‹ ˜ƒ‹ƒ••–—†‡–•‘™–Š‡”—Ž‡•„—–†‘‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›ƒ’’Ž›–Š‡ ™Š‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‰Ǥ ˆ ™‡ ”‡‡„‡” –Š‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘ ‘—” ‘™ –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡ ƒ› –‡ƒ Š‡”• ™‹ŽŽ ƒ‰”‡‡ –Šƒ– ™Š‹Ž‡ –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ‰Ž‹•Š Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‡•‡ˆ‘”••–—†‡–•—•—ƒŽŽ›ƒ “—‹”‡‘Ž›–Š‘•‡–Šƒ–‘”‡‘”Ž‡•• ‘””‡•’‘† –‘–Š‡ˆ‘”•‡š‹•–‹‰‹–Š‡‹”‘–Š‡”–‘‰—‡Ǣƒ•‹–—•—ƒŽŽ›ƒ›Šƒ’’‡™‹–Š –Š‡’ƒ•–•‹’Ž‡–‡•‡ˆ‘”ƒ†–Š‡’”‡•‡–’‡”ˆ‡ ––‡•‡ˆ‘”™Š‡”‡–Š‡Žƒ–‡” Šƒ• ‘ ‘””‡•’‘†‡ ‡ –‘ •— Š Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ǡ ˆ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ƒ• œ‡”„ƒ‹Œƒ‹ ‘” —••‹ƒǤ ‘–Š –Š‡ ’ƒ•– •‹’Ž‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ’”‡•‡– ’‡”ˆ‡ – –‡•‡ ˆ‘”• ƒ”‡ –”ƒ•Žƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡•‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡• ‹ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ™ƒ›ǡ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ „› ‡ƒ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ˜‡”„ƒŽ ‘•–”— –‹‘™Š‹ Š‹•—•‡†–‘‡š’”‡••–Š‡ƒ –‹‘‹–Š‡’ƒ•–ǤŠ—•ǡ˜‡”› ‘ˆ–‡ǡ•–—†‡–•‹‰‘”‡–Š‡’”‡•‡–’‡”ˆ‡ –•‹ ‡–Š‡›‘ˆ–‡ˆ‹†‘ ‘‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ–Š‹•ˆ‘”™‹–Š–Šƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‘–Š‡”–‘‰—‡ƒ†ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡–Š‡’‡”ˆ‡ – ‘•–”— –‹‘ •‡‡• –‘ „‡ — Š Šƒ”†‡” –Šƒ –Š‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ•– •‹’Ž‡ –‡•‡Ǥ ‡ ‡ǡ ‹ –Š‹• ƒ•‡ǡ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡– ’‡”ˆ‡ – –‡•‡ ”‡ƒ‹• ‹ –Š‡ •–—†‡–•ǯ ‹† ƒ• ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ ƒŽ ˆ‘”—Žƒǡ ‘” •‹’Ž› †‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”• ˆ”‘ –Š‡‹” ‹†„‡ ƒ—•‡ǡ™Š‡‡ ‡••ƒ”›ǡ–Š‡› ƒ‘–—•‡‹–ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡Ž›Ǥ—‡–‘–Š‹•ǡ ™‡•Š‘—Ž†–Š‹†‡‡’Ž›‘–Š‡†‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡–Š‘†•–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž›™‘”‹ ‘”†‡”‘–‘Ž›–‘„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘•— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›–‡ƒ Š•‹’Ž‡’”‡•‡–‘”•‹’Ž‡’ƒ•– ™Š‹ Šƒ› ‘””‡•’‘†–‘ƒ›‘ˆ•–—†‡–•ƒ–‹˜‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘–‘–‡ƒ Š •— Š Ǯ ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡†ǯ –‡•‡• ƒ• ’‡”ˆ‡ –ǡ ’‡”ˆ‡ – ‘–‹—‘—•ǡ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” —•‡ˆ—Ž ‰”ƒƒ”’Š‡‘‡ƒƒ•™‡ŽŽǤŠ‡•‡‰”ƒƒ”’”‘ ‡••‡•ƒ›‘–„‡ˆ‘—†ǡˆ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‹ƒ›Žƒ˜‹ ǡ—”‹•Šǡƒ†‡˜‡•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡—”‘’‡ƒƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ǡ „—– ƒ”‡ ˜‡”› ‹’‘”–ƒ– ˆ‘” ”‡’”‘†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆŽ—‡– ‰Ž‹•ŠǤ ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ ƒ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š –‘ ‰”ƒƒ” –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ‘ˆ–‡ ’”‘˜‹†‡• ƒ ”‘„‘–ǦŽ‹‡ ”—Ž‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ™Š‹ Š Žƒ–‡” ƒ‘– „‡ ’”‘’‡”Ž› —•‡† ‹ ”‡ƒŽ Ž‹ˆ‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ ƒŽ‘‰•‹†‡™‹–Š—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘”‡‘”‹œ‹‰ǡ–Š‡Ž‡ƒ”‡”•Š‘—Ž†—•‡Š‹•ȀŠ‡” ‹–—‹–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘‹ˆ‡”–Š‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ—•ǡ™Š›•Š‘—Ž†™‡•’‡† –‹‡‘–‡ƒ Š‹‰•‘‡–Š‹‰–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ‘–„‡—•‡†‹”‡ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡’”‘†— –‹‘ǫ –Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ‹–‹•ƒ‘™”‡ƒŽ‹–›–Šƒ––Š‡—•‡‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡–Š‘†• •‡‡• ‡ƒ•› ˆ‘” •‘‡   –‡ƒ Š‡”• •‹ ‡ –Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ƒ ‡•• –‘ ”‡ƒ†›ƒ†‡

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͶͻǦ͹Ͳ ͷ͵

•›ŽŽƒ„‹ǡ –‡š–„‘‘•ǡ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ •–‹ŽŽ †‡•‹‰‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡‘–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‰”ƒƒ”–‡ƒ Š‹‰‡–Š‘†Ǥ ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ–‘†ƒ›ǡƒ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡–Š‘†‘ˆ‰”ƒƒ”–‡ƒ Š‹‰ǡ ™‡ ƒƒŽ•‘”‡ˆ‡”–‘ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡™ƒ›•Ǥƒ”•‡Ǧ ”‡‡ƒȋʹͲͳʹȌ•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ– ‰”ƒƒ” ‹•–”— –‹‘ ‡‡†• ‘– ‘Ž› –‘ ’”‘‘–‡ ƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• ‹ •–—†‡–• „—– ƒŽ•‘–‘‡‰ƒ‰‡–Š‡‹‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž’”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ‘ǡ–Š‡”‡Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ–‡†‡ › –‘Žƒ›•–”‡••‘–Š‡ƒ–—”ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–Šƒ–‡˜‡”›Š—ƒ„‡‹‰ Šƒ•ǡ ‹””‡•’‡ –‹˜‡ ‘ˆ ‘Ž‘” ‘” Žƒ••Ǥ ȋŠƒ”™‘‘†Ǧ‹–Šǡ ͳͻͺͺǡ ’Ǥ ͷͷȌ — Š –‡†‡ ›‹•˜ƒ•–Ž›•’”‡ƒ†‹‰›‡ƒ”ƒˆ–‡”›‡ƒ”‹–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†‘ˆŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ƒ†‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹‰Ž‹•Š‰”ƒƒ”Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ǤŠ‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆƒ˜‘‹†‹‰–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‰”ƒƒ” ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‹’‘•‹‰ ‘ –‡ƒ Š‡”• –Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹•—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ƒ† ‘ˆ–‡ ™”‘‰ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• –‘ –Š‡ ™Š‘Ž‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ ‰”ƒƒ” –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ‹–•‡ŽˆǤ — Š ‡™ –”‡† ‹ ’”‡•‡–Ǧ†ƒ› ‰”ƒƒ” –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ’‡”ˆ‘”•—†‡”–Š‡Š‡ƒ†‹‰Ǯ ‘• ‹‘—•Ǧ”ƒ‹•‹‰ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šǯǡƒ†’”‡•—‡• –Š‡ ”‡•’‘•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–—†‡–• –‘ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ „› ‘–‹ ‹‰ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ‘ˆ ‰”ƒƒ”ƒ†„› ‘‹‰–‘–Š‡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘–Šƒ– ƒŠ‡Ž’–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡–Š‡‹” ’‡” ‡’–‹‘‘ˆŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ȋƒŽƒ ‹‘• ʹͲͲ͹ǡ’ǤͶȌǤŠ—•ǡ ‘”†‹‰–‘—–Š‡”ˆ‘”† ȋͳͻͺͺǡ’ǤͳͲ͹ȌǡǮ„› ‘• ‹‘—•‡••”ƒ‹•‹‰™‡‡ƒ–Š‡†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡ƒ––‡’––‘ †”ƒ™ –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ”‡”ǯ• ƒ––‡–‹‘ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ› –‘ –Š‡ ˆ‘”ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ǯǤŠ‹•• Š‘Žƒ”ƒŽ•‘’‘‹–•‘—––Šƒ–‹–Š‹• ƒ•‡ˆ‘”ƒŽ‰”ƒƒ”Šƒ•ƒ ‹‹ƒŽ‘”‡˜‡‘Ǧ‡š‹•–‡–”‘Ž‡–‘’Žƒ›‹Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡’‡†ƒ‰‘‰›Ǥ ‘”†‡”–‘•’‡ƒƒ„‘—––Š‡ ‘• ‹‘—•Ǧ”ƒ‹•‹‰ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆƒƒ†—Ž–Ž‡ƒ”‡”ǡ‹–‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ––‘ ‘’ƒ”‡–Š‡–‘ƒ Š‹Ž†Ž‡ƒ”‡”ǤŠ‡”‡™‡”‡ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ™‘”• ‘ ‡”‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ „‘–Š ƒ†—Ž–• ƒ† Š‹Ž†”‡ –‘ Ž‡ƒ” ‰”ƒƒ” ƒ† ˆ‘”‡‹‰ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡• ‹ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ™Š‹ Š ‘ Ž—†‡† –Šƒ– „‘–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ Šƒ˜‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• –‘ ‹–Ǥ Š‡ ˆƒ – –Šƒ– ƒ ›‘—‰ Š‹Ž† ƒ› ‘–Šƒ˜‡ƒ Š›’‘–Š‡–‹ ƒŽ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› –‘ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ †‡‰”‡‡ǡ –Šƒ– ‹•ǡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ˜‹ƒ ‡š’Ž‹ ‹– ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡ’—–•Š‹ȀŠ‡”ƒ–ƒ†‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡™Š‡ ‘’ƒ”‡†™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ–—”‡ Ž‡ƒ”‡” ȋŠƒ”™‘‘†Ǧ‹–Šǡ ͳͻͺͺǡ ’Ǥ ͷʹȌǡ ™Š‡”‡ƒ• ƒ†—Ž– ˆ‘”‡‹‰ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‹•— Š‘”‡Ž‹‡‰‡‡”ƒŽƒ†—Ž–Ž‡ƒ”‹‰–Šƒ‹–‹•Ž‹‡ Š‹Ž†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ȋŽ‡›Ǧ”‘ƒǡ ͳͻͺͺǡ ’Ǥ ͳͻȌǤ Š—•ǡ ‹– ‹• “—‹–‡ Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–ƒ–ƒ †‡ˆ‹‹–‡ƒ‰‡–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆƒ “—‹”‹‰ƒ›•‘”–‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ˆƒ†‡•ƒ™ƒ›‰‹˜‹‰ ™ƒ› –‘ •— Š ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ƒ• Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ ‘’ƒ”‹‰ǡ ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰ǡ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ǡ ‘–”ƒ•–‹‰ǡ ‡– Ǥ ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› ‹’‘”–ƒ– ˆ‘” ˆ‘”‡‹‰ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ Ž‡ƒ”‡”•‹ƒƒ†—Ž–ƒ‰‡Ǥ ŠƒŽ‡” ȋͳͻͺͶǡ ’Ǥ ͹Ȍ •ƒ›• –Šƒ– ”—Ž‡• ƒ”‡ •‘‡™Š‡”‡ –Š‡”‡ ‹ –Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘”‡‘”Ž‡••”‡ƒ†›ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡†ǡ™ƒ‹–‹‰–‘„‡†—‰—’ǡƒ†‹–ƒ›„‡“—‹–‡ ƒ–—”ƒŽ–‘Ž‡ƒ”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‹ƒ’—”‡Ž›‹–—‹–‹˜‡ƒ‡”Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ Š‘™ Ž‘‰ ™‹ŽŽ ‹– –ƒ‡ –‘ ƒƒ•• ƒ •—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ ‹’Ž‹ ‹– ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡•‹ŽŽ•ˆ‘”—•‹‰‹–ǫȋŠƒ”™‘‘†Ǧ‹–Šǡͳͻͺͺǡ’ǤͷʹȌ‡ƒ›ƒ‰”‡‡ –Šƒ–™Š‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ƒˆ‘”‡‹‰Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹ƒƒ†—Ž–ƒ‰‡ǡ‹–‹‰Š–„‡–‘‘Šƒ”†–‘

ͷͶ Ǥƒƒ†‘˜ƒ

ƒ “—‹”‡ –Š‡ ™Š‘Ž‡ Ǯ ‘—”•‡ ‘ˆ ‰”ƒƒ”ǯ ™‹–Š‘—– ƒ› ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ „› Œ—•– ƒ‹‰ •‘‡ ‹ˆ‡”‡ ‡• ‘” —•‹‰ ‹–—‹–‹‘Ǥ Š—•ǡ –Š‡ †ƒ‰‡” ‘ˆ ’—”‡ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡–Š‘† ‹• –Šƒ– ‰”ƒƒ” ƒ› „‡ ’”‡•‡–‡† ƒ• ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆ”ƒ‰‡–•ȋŠƒŽ‡”ǡͳͻͺͶǡ’Ǥ͹Ȍǡƒ†‘–ƒ•ƒ™Š‘Ž‡ ‘—”•‡Ǥ ‡ ‡ǡ–™‘ƒ‹ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•Ǯ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ†ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ǯ•‡‡–‘„‡‘’’‘•‹‰‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”ǡ„‘–Š ‘ˆ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ˜‹‰–Š‡‹”’”‘•ƒ† ‘•Ǥ

3. Research goals and questions Š‡ ’”‡•‡– ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ™‘” Šƒ• –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ’—”’‘•‡•ǣ ˆ‹”•– ‘ˆ ƒŽŽǡ ‹– ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡• –Š‡ ‹’ƒ – ‘ˆ ‰”ƒƒ” –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ‡–Š‘†• ‘ –Š‡ ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ •–—†‡–• –‘ ƒ “—‹”‡ –Š‡ ’”‘’‘•‡† ‰”ƒƒ” ’ƒ––‡”• ‡‹–Š‡” ‹ ‹’Ž‹ ‹– ‘” ‡š’Ž‹ ‹– ™ƒ› ‘” –Š‡ „‘–ŠǤ ‡ ‘†Ž›ǡ‹– •‡‡• ‡š–”‡‡Ž› ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ ƒƒŽ›œ‡ •–—†‡–•ǯ ”‡•’‘•‡• ‘ ‡”‹‰ –Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ‰”ƒƒ” ƒ† ‹–• –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ‹   Žƒ••‡•Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡ —Ž–‹ƒ–‡ ‰‘ƒŽ ˆ‘” –Š‹• ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‹• –‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ‹•‹‰Š–• ƒ† ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘” –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ „‘–Š ‹’Ž‹ ‹– ƒ† ‡š’Ž‹ ‹– ‰”ƒƒ”–‡ƒ Š‹‰ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•™Š‹ ŠŽƒ–‡”™‹ŽŽ‰‹˜‡—•‰”‘—†–‘„—‹Ž†‘”‡ ˆ‡ƒ•‹„Ž‡—‹˜‡”•‹–› —””‹ —Žƒˆ‘”  Žƒ••‡•ǤŠ‡ƒ„‘˜‡’—”’‘•‡•‰‹˜‡”‹•‡–‘ –Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰”‡•‡ƒ” Š“—‡•–‹‘•ǣ ͳǤ Šƒ– ™‹ŽŽ „‡ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ –‹‘ ‘ˆ •–—†‡–• ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ Žƒ••”‘‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ‰”‘—’• –ƒ—‰Š– ‹’Ž‹ ‹–Ž› ƒ† ‹ ‰”‘—’• –ƒ—‰Š– ‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›ǫ ʹǤ  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ˆ‹ƒŽ –‡•–ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰”‘—’• ™‹ŽŽ ‘„–ƒ‹ „‡––‡” ”‡•—Ž–•ǣ–Š‘•‡–ƒ—‰Š–’—”‡‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›‘”–Š‘•‡–ƒ—‰Š–’—”‡‹’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›ǫ ͵Ǥ ‘™†‘•–—†‡–•ˆ‡‡Žƒ„‘—–‰‡‡”ƒŽ‰”ƒƒ”–‡ƒ Š‹‰ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ‹’ƒ”–•‘ˆ –‡ƒ Š‹‰ǫ

4. Method 4.1. Participants ‡˜‡–› –™‘ •–—†‡–• ƒ– –Š‡ ƒ —Ž–› ‘ˆ ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ Š‹Ž‘Ž‘‰› ƒ– œ‡”„ƒ‹Œƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡•–—†›ǤŠ‡ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡ •–—†‡–•”ƒ‰‡†ˆ”‘ ͳͺ–‘ʹͲ›‡ƒ”•Ǣͺͷ’‡” ‡–‘ˆ–Š‡™‡”‡ˆ‡ƒŽ‡ǤŠ‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†‡–•˜ƒ”‹‡†„‡–™‡‡ͳƒ†ʹƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ ȋCommon European framework of references 2001ȌǤŠ‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•™‡”‡“—‹–‡ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ „‡‹‰—†‡”–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒ†™‡”‡˜‡”› ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†‡–Š—•‹ƒ•–‹ –‘ Šƒ˜‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‰”ƒƒ” Žƒ••‡•™Š‹ Š™‡”‡‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡‹” —””‹ —Ž—ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š –Š‡ •‡Ž‡ –‡† ‰”ƒƒ” ™ƒ• –ƒ‡ ˆ”‘ Ž‡˜‡Ž ʹ –‡š–„‘‘•ǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡  —””‹ —Ž—–Š‡•‡Ž‡ –‡†‰”ƒƒ”–Š‡‡•™‡”‡•—’’‘•‡†–‘„‡–ƒ—‰Š–‹ –Š‡ –Š‹”† –‡” ƒ† ™‡”‡ ‘– ‹ Ž—†‡† ‹–‘ –Š‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡ ‘† •‡‡•–‡”Ǥ–‹ŽŽǡ–Š‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ–Š‡•‡Ž‡ –‡†‰”ƒƒ”™ƒ•‘––Šƒ–Š‹‰Šƒ† ‘—Ž† „‡‡ƒ•‹Ž›‰”ƒ•’‡†„›•–—†‡–•ǤŠ‡‰”ƒƒ”•ƒ’Ž‡•™‡”‡•‡Ž‡ –‡†ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘–Š‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ‹–••‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡‹‰Ž‹•ŠŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‰”ƒƒ”ƒ† ƒ•™‡ŽŽǡ

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͶͻǦ͹Ͳ ͷͷ

ƒ†Žƒ–‡”‘ ‘—Ž†„‡•—„•–‹–—–‡†„›ƒ›‘–Š‡”‰”ƒƒ”’ƒ––‡”••‹ ‡–Š‡ ƒ‹ –ƒ”‰‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘” ™ƒ• †‹”‡ –Ž› –Š‡ †‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–—†‡–•̵ ”‡ƒ –‹‘ ‘ ‡ƒ Š ‡–Š‘† ‘ˆ ‰”ƒƒ” –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ƒ† ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› –Š‡ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‹ƒŽ ”‡•—Ž–• –Šƒ– ‘—Ž† •Š‘™ ™Š‹ Š ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ™‘”‡† „‡––‡”Ǥ

4.2. Materials ‡˜‡”ƒŽ‹•–”—‡–•™‡”‡—•‡†‹–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡–ǣͳȌƒ‰‡‡”ƒŽ’”‡Ǧ–‡•––Šƒ– ‘˜‡”‡†–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘•‘ˆ‹˜‡ƒŒ‘”‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽ–Š‡‡•ȋ–Š‡’”‡•‡–’‡”ˆ‡ – ˜‡”•—• ’”‡•‡– ’‡”ˆ‡ – ‘–‹—‘—•ǡ –Š‡ ’ƒ••‹˜‡ǡ –Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•ǡ –Š‡ ˆ—–—”‡ ’‡”ˆ‡ – ˜‡”•—• ˆ—–—”‡ ’‡”ˆ‡ – ‘–‹—‘—• ƒ† †‹”‡ – ˜‡”•—• ‹†‹”‡ – •’‡‡ ŠȌ ™ƒ•‰‹˜‡ƒ––Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –ǤʹȌ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡–‡•–”‡•—Ž–•–™‘ ‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽ–‘’‹ •ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ ‘†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•ƒ†–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡’‡”ˆ‡ – ‘–‹—‘—•™‡”‡ •‡Ž‡ –‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡–•‹ ‡–Š‡•‡™‡”‡–Š‡‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽ–‘’‹ •–Šƒ––Š‡ •–—†‡–•™‡”‡‘–ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆǤ ‡ ‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ™ƒ•†‡•‹‰‡†‹–™‘™ƒ›•ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ ‹’Ž‹ ‹–Ž› ƒ† ‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›Ǥ ͵Ȍ  ˆ‹ƒŽ –‡•– –ƒ”‰‡–‡† ƒ– ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‹‰ –Š‡ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹‘ ‘ˆ „‘–Š ‘†‹–‹‘ƒŽ• ƒ† –Š‡ ˆ—–—”‡ ’‡”ˆ‡ – –‡•‡„›–™‘ ‰”‘—’•„‘–Š–ƒ—‰Š–‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›ƒ†‹’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›ǤͶȌ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ•–—†‡–ǯ•“—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡ ȋ•‡‡ ƒ’’‡†‹š ͳȌ ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡† –Š‡ •–—†‡–ǯ• ƒ––‹–—†‡ –‘™ƒ”†• ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‰”ƒƒ” Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ†–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ‰”ƒƒ”‹  Žƒ••”‘‘•Ǥ Š‡ ’”‡Ǧ–‡•– ‘•‹•–‡† ‘ˆ ˆ‹ˆ–› “—‡•–‹‘• ƒ† ‹ Ž—†‡† ͷ ƒ‹ ‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽ –‘’‹ •ȋ–‡“—‡•–‹‘•’‡”‡ƒ Š–‘’‹ ȌǤƒ Š“—‡•–‹‘Šƒ†ˆ‘—”’‘••‹„Ž‡‘’–‹‘• ™‹–Š‘Ž›‘‡ ‘””‡ –ƒ•™‡”ǤŠ‡“—‡•–‹‘•‹–Š‡–‡•–™‡”‡†‡•‹‰‡†‹–Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ™ƒ›ǣ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– •‹š “—‡•–‹‘• ™‡”‡ ‘ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡– ’‡”ˆ‡ – ˜‡”•—• ’”‡•‡–’‡”ˆ‡ – ‘–‹—‘—•–‡•‡ǡ–Š‹•™ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›“—‡•–‹‘•‘’ƒ••‹˜‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ ‡š– •‹š “—‡•–‹‘• ™‡”‡ ‘ ‘†‹–‹‘ƒŽ• ƒ† –Š‡ •‹š “—‡•–‹‘• ‘ ˆ—–—”‡ ’‡”ˆ‡ – ˜•Ǥ ˆ—–—”‡ ’‡”ˆ‡ – ‘–‹—‡•Ǣ ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›•‹š‘”‡ “—‡•–‹‘• ‘˜‡”‡††‹”‡ –•’‡‡ Š˜•”‡’‘”–‡†•’‡‡ ŠǤ Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ™‡”‡ †‡•‹‰‡† ‘ –™‘ ‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽ •—„Œ‡ –•ǡ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ –Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•ȋˆ‹”•–ǡ•‡ ‘†ƒ†–Š‹”†Ȍƒ†–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡’‡”ˆ‡ – ‘–‹—‘—•Ǥ‡ ƒ† –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽ –‘’‹  ™ƒ• ˆ‘”‡† ‹ –™‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– †‹”‡ –‹‘•ǣ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‰”ƒƒ” –‡ƒ Š‹‰ –Šƒ– ’”‡•—‡† ‰”ƒƒ” ’ƒ––‡”• ˜‹ƒ‘™‡” ‘‹–’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ‡š‡” ‹•‡•ǡŽ‹•–‡‹‰ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ‡– Ǥǡƒ†–Š‡ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡™ƒ› ™Š‹ Š ‘’”‹•‡† ‰ƒ‡•ǡ ‡š‡” ‹•‡• ƒ† ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ ˜‹†‡‘ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ‡– Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‹ƒŽ –‡•– ‘•‹•–‡† ‘ˆ –™‘ ‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽ –Š‡‡• ™Š‹ Š ™‡”‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› –ƒ—‰Š–‹ Žƒ••ƒ†‹ Ž—†‡†ˆ‘”–›“—‡•–‹‘•–Šƒ– ‘˜‡”‡†–Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•ƒ† –Š‡ˆ—–—”‡’‡”ˆ‡ – ‘–‹—‘—•ǤŠ‡“—‡•–‹‘•™‡”‡†‡•‹‰‡†‹†‹”‡ –‘”†‡”ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ –™‡–› ˆ‹˜‡ “—‡•–‹‘• ȋˆ”‘ ‘‡ –‘ –™‡–› ˆ‹˜‡Ȍ ‘ ‘†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•ǡ ˆ‹ˆ–‡‡ “—‡•–‹‘• ȋˆ”‘ –™‡–›•‹š –‘ ˆ‘”–›Ȍ ‘ –Š‡ˆ—–—”‡ ’‡”ˆ‡ – ‘–‹—‘—• –‡•‡ ˆ‘”ǤŠ‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘•™ƒ•—Ž–‹’Ž‡ Š‘‹ ‡ǡ–Šƒ–‹•ǡ‡ƒ Š“—‡•–‹‘

ͷ͸ Ǥƒƒ†‘˜ƒ

Šƒ†–Š”‡‡ƒ•™‡” Š‘‹ ‡•™‹–Š‘Ž›‘‡ ‘””‡ –ƒ•™‡”Ǥ Š‡•–—†‡–•ǯ“—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡™ƒ•‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ˆ‘—”ƒ‹•‡ –‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ˆ‹”•–‘‡ ‘–ƒ‹‡†–Š”‡‡“—‡•–‹‘•‘–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ‰”ƒƒ”Ǣ –Š‡ ‡š–•‹š™‡”‡ ‘ ‡”‡†™‹–Š–Š‡•–—†‡–•ǯ‘’‹‹‘•‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡• –‘ƒ˜‘‹†•–”‹ –‰”ƒƒ””—Ž‡•Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ǥ—‡•–‹‘•ˆ”‘–‡–‘–™‡Ž˜‡”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‡†— –‹˜‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǢƒ†–Š‡Žƒ•––Š”‡‡‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡† –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹†— –‹˜‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǤ  ‰‡‡”ƒŽ –Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡ˆ‹ˆ–‡‡ “—‡•–‹‘•–‘„‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡†ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ƒˆ‹˜‡’‘‹–• ƒŽ‡™Š‡”‡ͷ‡ƒ–ƒˆ—ŽŽ ƒ‰”‡‡‡–‘–Š‡ƒ––‡”ƒ†ͳ‡ƒ–ˆ—ŽŽ†‹•ƒ‰”‡‡‡–‘‹–Ǥ

4.3. Procedures Š‡‹†‡ƒ–‘ ‘†— ––Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ” Š’”‘Œ‡ –•–”— ‡™Š‹Ž‡ ™ƒ•™‘”‹‰‘ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡”‡˜‹‡™ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡ ‘†’ƒ”–‘ˆ›Š–Š‡•‹•ǤŠ‡‘”‡ ™ƒ•‰‡––‹‰ ‹–‘–Š‡‰”ƒƒ”–‡ƒ Š‹‰ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•ǡ–Š‡‘”‡ „‡ ƒ‡‹–‡”‡•–‡†‹–Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–•–Šƒ– ‘—Ž†„‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†ƒˆ–‡”–‡ƒ Š‹‰‘‡ƒ†–Š‡•ƒ‡‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽ ’ƒ––‡”•–‘–Š‡•–—†‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ‡Ž‡˜‡Ž„—–‹–™‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–™ƒ›•ǤŠ‡†ƒ–ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘™ƒ• ƒ””‹‡†‘—–ƒ–œ‡”„ƒ‹Œƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡•‡ ‘† –‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ ƒ†‡‹ ›‡ƒ”ʹͲͳ͵ǦʹͲͳͶƒ†Žƒ•–‡†ˆ‘”•‹š™‡‡•ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡‘•– ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ‰”‘—’• –‘ „‡ •‡Ž‡ –‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡– ™‡”‡ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ›‡ƒ” —‹˜‡”•‹–› •–—†‡–• •‹ ‡ –Š‡› ™‡”‡ ‹ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ ƒ “—‹”‹‰‰”ƒƒ”Ǥ ‡˜‡–›–™‘•–—†‡–•™‡”‡†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘•‹š‰”‘—’•‘ˆ–™‡Ž˜‡•–—†‡–•‹‡ƒ ŠǤ ƒ–‡”‘–Š‡•‹š‰”‘—’•™‡”‡†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘–™‘•—„‰”‘—’•ǣ–Š‘•‡–Š”‡‡‰”‘—’• –‘ „‡ –ƒ—‰Š– ‹’Ž‹ ‹–Ž› ƒ† ‘–Š‡” –Š”‡‡ –‘ „‡ –ƒ—‰Š– –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‰”ƒƒ” ’ƒ––‡”•„—–‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›Ǥ Š‡ˆ‹”•–•–‡’‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š’”‘Œ‡ –™ƒ•–Š‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‰”ƒƒ”–‡•– –Šƒ– ‘—Ž†”‡˜‡ƒŽ–Š‡‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽ–‘’‹ •–Šƒ–Šƒ†‘–„‡‡’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›–ƒ—‰Š– –‘ –Š‘•‡ •–—†‡–•Ǥ –—†‡–• ™‡”‡ ‰‹˜‡ ƒ Š‘—” –‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡ ˆ‹ˆ–› “—‡•–‹‘• ™‹–Š—Ž–‹’Ž‡ƒ•™‡”•Ǥ ƒ˜‹‰ƒƒŽ›œ‡†–Š‡•–—†‡–•ǯƒ•™‡”•ǡ–Š‡‡™–‘’‹ • Šƒ’’‡‡† –‘ „‡ –Š‡ conditionals ƒ† –Š‡ future perfect continuousǤ ‡•–‹‰ —’‘–Š‹•ǡˆ‘—”‡š–”ƒȋ‘—–Ǧ‘ˆǦ —””‹ —Ž—Ȍ Žƒ••‡•™‡”‡•‡–ˆ‘”‡ƒ Š‰”‘—’Ǥ™‘ Žƒ••‡•™‡”‡–‘–‡ƒ Š–Š‡conditionalsǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•‘–Š‡”–™‘–ƒ”‰‡–‡†‘–‡ƒ Š‹‰ –Š‡future perfect continuousǤ ‘”†‡”–‘•‹’Ž‹ˆ›–Š‡†‡• ”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‰”‘—’•ǡ ™‹ŽŽ’”‘˜‹•‹‘ƒŽŽ› ƒŽŽ–Š‡ explicit groups (EG)‰”‘—’•ƒ†implicit groups (IG).Š—•ǡEG™‡”‡’”‡•‡–‡† –Š‡ ‰”ƒƒ” ‹ ƒ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ™ƒ›ǡ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ ™‹–Š ‘’Ž‡–‡ ‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽ ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ‹‰‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ––‡”•„›‹–•ƒ‡ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•IGŠƒ†–‘‡Ž‹ ‹– –Š‡‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ––‡”•—•‹‰–Š‡‹” ‘• ‹‘—•‡••Ǧ”ƒ‹•‹‰ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ –•Š‘—Ž† „‡’‘‹–‡†‘—––Šƒ––Š‡†—”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡˜‡”›Ž‡••‘™ƒ•ƒŠ‘—”Ǥ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ‹ –‘–ƒŽǡ‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡•‹š‰”‘—’•Šƒ†ͶŠ‘—”•‘ˆ Žƒ••‡•Ǥ•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‡–‹‘‡†ǡ–Š‡ ƒ‹ ‘ ‡”‘ˆ–Š‹••–—†›™ƒ•–‘ ‘†— –ƒ‡š’‡”‹‡–™Š‘•‡ƒ‹ ’—”’‘•‡ ™ƒ• ‡Ž‹ ‹–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „‡•– ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š –‘ ‰”ƒƒ” –‡ƒ Š‹‰Ǥ  EG 

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͶͻǦ͹Ͳ ͷ͹

–”‹‡†–‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™–Š‡•–”‹ –†‡†— –‹˜‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š„›‰‹˜‹‰–Š‡•–—†‡–•ǡˆ‹”•–‘ˆƒŽŽǡ †‹”‡ –‰”ƒƒ””—Ž‡•’”‡ ‡†‡†„›–Š‡ƒ‡‘ˆ–Š‡–‘’‹ ™”‹––‡‘–Š‡„‘ƒ”†Ǥ Š‡”—Ž‡•™‡”‡‰‹˜‡‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ’ƒ––‡”•ƒ†•ƒ’Ž‡•ȋ•‡‡–Š‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•‹ ƒ’’‡†‹š ʹȌǤ Š‡ ”‡ƒ –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–—†‡–• –‘ •— Š ƒ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ™ƒ• ˜‡”› ’‘•‹–‹˜‡•‹ ‡‹–™ƒ•ƒ‘”†‹ƒ”›‡–Š‘†‘ˆ‰”ƒƒ”’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡Ǥ ƒ–‡”ǡ–Š‡•–—†‡–••— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ‡†–Š‡–ƒ••‡Ž‹ ‹–‹‰–Š‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›Ž‡ƒ”‡† ’ƒ––‡”•Ǥ Š‡ ‹– ƒ‡ –‘ –Š‡ –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ‘ˆ IG ‹ ‹†— –‹˜‡ ™ƒ›  Šƒ† –‘ ˆƒ ‡ — Š —‡š’‡ –‡† ƒ† ‡˜‡ —ˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž‡ ”‡ƒ –‹‘Ǥ – ˆ‹”•–ǡ  †‹† ‘– ‡–‹‘ ƒ› ‰”ƒƒ”–‘’‹ ƒ††‹†‘–‰‹˜‡‡˜‡ƒŠ‹–‘ƒ›’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›Ž‡ƒ”–‰”ƒƒ” ”—Ž‡•Ǥ ‡ •–ƒ”–‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‰ƒ‡ ‘ conditionals™Š‡”‡–Š‡•–—†‡–•Šƒ†–‘ ™ƒŽƒ”‘—†–Š‡ Žƒ••‹‘”†‡”–‘ˆ‹†–Š‡•‡ ‘†ŠƒŽ˜‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ǡ•‡ ‘† ƒ† –Š‹”† ‘†‹–‹‘ƒŽ •‡–‡ ‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡› Šƒ† ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› „‡‡ †‹•–”‹„—–‡†Ǥ •–‡ƒ†‘ˆ‡‹‰Š–‹—–‡•ˆ‘”–Š‹•ƒ –‹˜‹–›ǡ–Š‡•–—†‡–••’‡–ˆ‹ˆ–‡‡‹—–‡•ǡ „—–•–‹ŽŽ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•™‡”‡˜‡”›—•ƒ–‹•ˆ›‹‰Ǥƒ–‡”‘ǡƒˆ–‡”ƒŽŽ•‡–‡ ‡•™‡”‡ „”‘—‰Š– –‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡ –Š‡ •–—†‡–• –”‹‡† –‘ ‡Ž‹ ‹– –Š‡ ‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽ ’ƒ––‡”•ǡ „—– –Š‡› ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž› ‰‘– •–—  „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ •‡ ‘† ƒ† –Š‡ –Š‹”† ‘†‹–‹‘ƒŽǤ ‡ƒ”Ž› •‡˜‡–› ’‡” ‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰”‘—’ ™ƒ• ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› —ƒ™ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ ™Šƒ– ™ƒ• Šƒ’’‡‹‰‹–Š‡ Žƒ••ǡ‡˜‡‹ˆ–Š‡›–”‹‡†–‘„‡ƒ•— Š‹˜‘Ž˜‡†ƒ•–Š‡› ‘—Ž†Ǥ –‹ŽŽ ‹– ™ƒ• “—‹–‡ ‡˜‹†‡– –Šƒ– •— Š ƒ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ‘—Ž† ‘Ž› ‘ˆ—•‡ –Š‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‹•”‡ƒ –‹‘†‹†‘–•–‘’‡ˆ”‘‰‘‹‰–‹ŽŽ–Š‡‡†ǣƒŽŽ‰”ƒƒ” –Šƒ–™ƒ••—’’‘•‡†–‘„‡–ƒ—‰Š–Šƒ’’‡‡†–‘„‡–ƒ—‰Š–ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡•–—†‡–•ǯ ƒ•™‡”•ƒ†‡š‡” ‹•‡”‡•—Ž–•™‡”‡•–‹ŽŽ˜ƒ‰—‡ǡ—•—”‡ƒ†ƒŽ‘•–™”‘‰Ǥ‘ †‘—„– –Šƒ–  ™ƒ• ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› —•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡† ™‹–Š •— Š ”‡ƒ –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–—†‡–• ™Š‹ Š •Š‘™‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‹†— –‹˜‡ ‡–Š‘† „”‘—‰Š– ‡ ƒ† –Š‡ •–—†‡– –‘ ‘–Š‹‰’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ǥ –™ƒ•‡˜‡—•‡Ž‡••–‘™ƒ‹–ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ–‡•–‹‘”†‡”–‘•‡‡ –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• •‹ ‡ –Š‡› ™‡”‡ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› †‹•ƒ’’‘‹–‹‰Ǥ  –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Šƒ†ǡ –‘–ƒŽŽ›—†‡”•–‘‘†–Šƒ–•–—†‡–•ƒ”‡‘–ƒ —•–‘‡†–‘•— Š‰”ƒƒ” ’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –Šƒ– –Š‡› ’”‡ˆ‡””‡† ƒ ‘˜‡”– ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ‡Ž‹ ‹–‹‰•‘‡–Š‹‰–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡‘‹†‡ƒƒ„‘—–Ǥ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ  ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡† –Šƒ–‹–™ƒ•‹’‘••‹„Ž‡–Šƒ––Š‡‹†— –‹˜‡‡–Š‘††‹†‘–™‘”ƒ–ƒŽŽǤŠ—•ǡ‹ ‘”†‡”–‘„”‹‰–Š‡•‡–™‘’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•–‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡ †‡ ‹†‡†–‘‹š–Š‡‡–Š‘†• ƒ†’”‡•‡––Š‡‹ƒ‡™™ƒ›–‘–Š‡•ƒ‡‰”‘—’•‘ˆ•–—†‡–•™Š‹ Š‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”  Šƒ†–ƒ—‰Š–‹†— –‹˜‡Ž›ǤŠ—•ǡ™‡•–ƒ”–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‰ƒ‡•ƒ†‡š‡” ‹•‡•ƒ‰ƒ‹Ǣ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‹• –‹‡ǡ ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ  ‹ˆ‘”‡† –Š‡ •–—†‡–• ƒ„‘—– › ‰”ƒƒ”‹–‡–‹‘•ƒ†’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›‘ˆ–Š‘•‡‰”ƒƒ”’ƒ––‡”•–Šƒ– ™ƒ–‡† –Š‡ –‘ ƒ “—‹”‡Ǥ Š‡ •–—†‡–• ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž› •–ƒ”–‡† ‡Ž‹ ‹–‹‰ –Š‡’ƒ––‡”• ‘’ƒ”‹‰ –Š‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‰”ƒƒ” ”—Ž‡• –Š‡› ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‡™Ǥ Š‡ ’‹ –—”‡ Šƒ† –‘–ƒŽŽ› Šƒ‰‡†ǣ •–—†‡–• „‡ ƒ‡ ‘”‡ ‡–Š—•‹ƒ•–‹  ƒ† ‹•’‹”‡†Ǣ –Š‡ ƒ•™‡”• ƒ† ‡š‡” ‹•‡• Šƒ’’‡‡† –‘ „‡ — Š ‘”‡ ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž ƒ† ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ – ™ƒ• ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› ‡˜‹†‡– ™Š‹Ž‡ ™‘”‹‰ ‘ ˆ—–—”‡’‡”ˆ‡ – ‘–‹—‘—•Ǥ‘”‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡–‹‡Ž‹‡‰”ƒ’Š•ƒ†’‹ –—”‡•ȋ•‡‡–Š‡‡šƒ’Ž‡

ͷͺ Ǥƒƒ†‘˜ƒ

‹ƒ’’‡†‹šʹȌ‰ƒ˜‡–Š‡ƒ Šƒ ‡‘–‘Ž›–‘Ž‡ƒ”‡™‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽ–‡•‡ ˆ‘” „—– ƒŽ•‘ –‘ ”‡˜‹•‡ ‘–Š‡” –‡•‡• ƒ† –‘ „‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‡ –Š‡‹” •–”— –—”‡ƒ†—•ƒ‰‡‘”‡ƒŽ‡šƒ’Ž‡•Ǥ–‹ŽŽǡ‡˜‡‹ˆ–Š‡‹š‡†‡–Š‘†™‘”‡† — Š„‡––‡”–Šƒ–Š‡‹†— –‹˜‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šǡ ™ƒ•“—‹–‡•—”‡–Šƒ–EG™‘—Ž†•Š‘™ Š‹‰Š‡””‡•—Ž–•‹–Š‡‹”ˆ‹ƒŽ–‡•–Ǥ – –Š‡ ‡†ǡ ƒ ˆ‹ƒŽ –‡•– ‘ „‘–Š ‰”ƒƒ” ’ƒ––‡”• ™ƒ• ‰‹˜‡Ǥ Š‡ •–—†‡–• ™‡”‡‰‹˜‡ƒŠ‘—”–‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡ˆ‘”–›“—‡•–‹‘•‘–ƒ”‰‡–‡†‰”ƒƒ”Ǥƒ–‡” ‘ǡ–Š‡›™‡”‡ƒ•‡†–‘–‹ ˆ‹ˆ–‡‡“—‡•–‹‘•‹–™‡–›–‡‹—–‡•ǡ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ƒ•™‡”•ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ƒˆ‹˜‡’‘‹–• ƒŽ‡™Š‡”‡ˆ‹˜‡™ƒ•–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–ƒ”Ǥ

5. Data analysis Š‡ —””‡–™‘” ƒ””‹‡•‘—––Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–™‘–›’‡•‘ˆ†ƒ–ƒǤ ‹”•–‘ˆƒŽŽ™‡ ™‹ŽŽƒƒŽ›œ‡–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘„–ƒ‹‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ–‡•–ǡ•‡ ‘†Ž›ǡ–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ –Š‡•–—†‡–•ǯ“—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡ ƒ””‹‡†‘—–Ǥ Final test data Š‡ˆ‹”•–Ž‡˜‡Ž‹•–‘ Š‡ –Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ–‡•–‘ˆ‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†‡–•ƒ†–‘•‘”––Š‡ ™‘”•‘—–ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‰”‘—’•–Š‡›„‡Ž‘‰‡†–‘ȋEGƒ†IGȌǤ ‘”†‡”–‘ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡–Š‡’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹–Š‡–ƒ„Ž‡ͳǡ ƒ’’Ž‹‡†–‘–Š‡“—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šƒ†‰‘––Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ—„‡”•Ǥ

ƒ„Ž‡ͳ The Results Each Group Obtained from the Students Final Test   —–‘ˆͳͲͲΨ ‘–ƒŽ  —–‘ˆͳͲͲΨ ‘–ƒŽ ”‘—’ͳ ͷ͵  ”‘—’ͳ ͹Ͷ  ”‘—’ʹ ͷͳ  ”‘—’ʹ ͺʹ  ”‘—’͵ ͸ʹ  ”‘—’͵ ͹ͻ    ͷͷǤ͵Ψ   ͹ͺǤ͵Ψ

Š—•ǡ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ’‘‹–•‘ˆ‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†‡–•ǡˆ‹”•–‹EGƒ†–Š‡‹IG, ™‡”‡ ƒ††‡† ƒ† –Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ —„‡” ™ƒ• †‹˜‹†‡† „› –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ •–—†‡–• ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰‹‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡‰”‘—’Ǥ –Š‹•™ƒ›  ‘—Ž†•‡‡™Š‹ Š‘ˆ–Š‡‰”‘—’•ǡ ‹Ǥ‡ǤEG‘”IG• ‘”‡†‘”‡ǤŠ—•ǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡–ƒ„Ž‡ͳǡ‹– ƒ„‡ Ž‡ƒ”Ž›•‡‡ –Šƒ––Š‘•‡‰”‘—’•–Šƒ–™‡”‡–ƒ—‰Š–‹ƒ‹š‡†™ƒ›• ‘”‡†‘”‡–Šƒ –Š‘•‡ ™Š‹ Š ™‡”‡ –ƒ—‰Š– ‹ ƒ ’—”‡ ‡š’Ž‹ ‹– ȋ†‡†— –‹˜‡ ™ƒ›ȌǤ ˆ ™‡ –”› –‘ ‡Ž‹ ‹– ƒ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ—„‡”ˆ”‘‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡‰”‘—’–›’‡ǡ™‡™‹ŽŽ‰‡–ƒ–‘–ƒŽͷͷǤ͵Ψˆ‘” EG ƒ†͹ͺǤ͵Ψˆ‘”IG.Š‡—„‡”•™‡”‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†ƒˆ–‡”ƒ††‹‰–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ• ‘”‡• ‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ Š‰”‘—’ƒ††‹˜‹†‹‰‹–„›–Š”‡‡Ǥ –•Š‘—Ž†„‡’‘‹–‡†‘—––Šƒ–ƒ––Š‹• •–ƒ‰‡™‡†‘‘–†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š–Š‡ ‘’ƒ”‹•‘‘ˆ’—”‡Ž›†‡†— –‹˜‡ȋ‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ȍƒ† ’—”‡Ž›‹†— –‹˜‡ȋ‹’Ž‹ ‹–Ȍ™ƒ›•‘ˆ–‡ƒ Š‹‰‰”ƒƒ”•‹ ‡‹–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡– †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ ˆƒ – –Šƒ– –Š‡ •–—†‡–• ‘—Ž† ‘– ƒƒ‰‡ ™‹–Š ƒ ’—”‡Ž› ‹†— –‹˜‡ ‰”ƒƒ” ’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™‡ Šƒ† –‘ ‡’Ž‘› ƒ ‡™ ™ƒ› ‘ˆ

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͶͻǦ͹Ͳ ͷͻ

‰”ƒƒ” –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ™Š‹ Š ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† –Š‡ –”ƒ‹–• ‘ˆ „‘–Š ‹’Ž‹ ‹– ƒ†‡š’Ž‹ ‹– ‰”ƒƒ”–‡ƒ Š‹‰Ǥ ‡ ‡ǡ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆEG‹•‘”‡–Šƒ–™‡–›’‡” ‡–Ž‘™‡”–Šƒ–Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ ’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ IGǡ ’”‘˜‹†‡† –Šƒ– EG Šƒ˜‡ ˆƒ ‡† ‘–Š‹‰ ‡™ „—– ƒ ‘”†‹ƒ”›‡š’Ž‹ ‹–‰”ƒƒ”‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ƒ††”‹ŽŽ‹‰•Ǥ Questionnaire Data ‡ˆ‘”‡ ’”‡•‡–‹‰ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ‹– •Š‘—Ž† „‡ •–”‡••‡† ‘—– –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡ ‹ ‡ƒ Š“—‡•–‹‘–›’‡‹•‘„–ƒ‹‡†„›–Š‡—Ž–‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’‘‹–•–Š‡•–—†‡–• ‰ƒ˜‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ Š“—‡•–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡†‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ—„‡”–‘–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ •–—†‡–•Ǥ —‡•–‹‘•ͳǡʹǡ͵ǣ—‡•–‹‘•‘–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ‰”ƒƒ” ‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ‰”ƒƒ”‹–•‡Žˆǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ•Ž‹‰Š– ‘–”ƒ•– „‡–™‡‡–Š‡ƒ•™‡”•Ǥ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†‡–•ƒ†‹––Š‡‹†‹•’—–ƒ„Ž‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰”ƒƒ” ˆ‘” ‘””‡ – ‰Ž‹•ŠǤ Š‡› ‹†‡–‹ˆ› ‹– ƒ• –Š‡ „ƒ•‹• ‘ˆ ˆŽ—‡– ‰Ž‹•Šƒ†•‘‡•–—†‡–•‡˜‡ ‘•‹†‡”‹––‘„‡ –Š‡ƒ‹‹•–”—‡– –Šƒ– ‡ƒ„Ž‡• –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ”‡” Dz–‘ •‡‡ –Š‡ •–”— –—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –Šƒ– Š‡Ž’• ‹ ƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ —”ƒ ›dzǤ Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ ”‡•—Ž– •Š‘™• –Šƒ– ͹͹ ’‡” ‡–‘ˆ•–—†‡–• •—’’‘”––Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ‰”ƒƒ”‹–Š‡’”‡•‡–Ǧ†ƒ›Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–‡ƒ Š‹‰Ǥ —‡•–‹‘•Ͷǡͷǡ͸ǡ͹ǡͺǡͻǣ—‡•–‹‘•‘–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›–‘ƒ˜‘‹†•–”‹ –‰”ƒƒ” ”—Ž‡•Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ –‹•“—‹–‡‡˜‹†‡––Šƒ–‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†‡–•ƒ‰”‡‡–Šƒ–•–”‹ –‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽ”—Ž‡• Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ž‘‘•Ž‹‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ƒƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ ƒŽˆ‘”—Žƒƒ†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•‘’‘‹– ‹ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰  „› Š‡ƒ”– –Š‡ †‡–ƒ Š‡† ‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽ ”—Ž‡• ™‹–Š‘—– ƒ› —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‹”™ƒ›•‘ˆ—•ƒ‰‡ǡ•‹ ‡•‘‘‡”‘”Žƒ–‡”–Š‡•‡”—Ž‡•™‹ŽŽˆŽ› ƒ™ƒ›Ǥ –‹ŽŽǡ –Š‡ ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ •–—†‡–• ‘•‹†‡” ‰”ƒƒ” Ž‡ƒ”‹‰–‘„‡ƒ ‹•‡’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ƒ† –Š‡› ˆ—ŽŽ› ƒ‰”‡‡ –Šƒ–‰”ƒƒ” •Š‘—Ž†‘–„‡Ž‡ƒ”–•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Ž›„—–‹ƒ ‘–‡š–•‘–Šƒ–‹–‰‹˜‡•–Š‡ƒˆ‡‡Ž‹‰ ˆ‘”–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ†‹–•ˆ‘—”ƒ‹•‹ŽŽ•ǤŠ—•ǡ͹͵’‡” ‡–‘ˆ•–—†‡–•–Š‹ –Šƒ–‰”ƒƒ”•Š‘—Ž†„‡Ž‡ƒ”‡†–‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Š‘–Š‡”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‹ŽŽ••— Šƒ• ”‡ƒ†‹‰ǡ™”‹–‹‰ǡ•’‡ƒ‹‰ǡ‘”Ž‹•–‡‹‰„—–‘–ƒ•ƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ”‡ƒǤ —‡•–‹‘• ͳͲǡ ͳͳǡ ͳʹǣ —‡•–‹‘• •—‰‰‡•–‹‰ –Š‡ †‡†— –‹˜‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š –‘ ‰”ƒƒ”–‡ƒ Š‹‰ ’ƒ”– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ‰”ƒƒ” ‹ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‡ƒ Š‹‰ǡ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”— ‹ƒŽ ƒ––‡”• ™ƒ• –Š‡ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–—†‡–•ǯ ’”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡• ‘ –Š‡ ™ƒ›–Š‡›™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡‰”ƒƒ”–‘„‡–ƒ—‰Š––‘–Š‡ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ™Š‡–Š‡”‹–•Š‘—Ž†„‡ –ƒ—‰Š–‹†— –‹˜‡Ž›‘”†‡†— –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ—‡•–‹‘•ˆ”‘ͳͲ–‘ͳʹ™‡”‡ ‘•–”— –‡† ‹–Š‡™ƒ›–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹ˆ‰”ƒƒ”•Š‘—Ž†„‡–ƒ—‰Š–‹ƒ‘˜‡”–ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ†‡†— –‹˜‡ ™ƒ›Ǥ Š‡ •–”‹‹‰ ’‘‹– ™ƒ• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ•™‡”• ‘ –Š‹• ƒ––‡” ™‡”‡ ˜‡”›

Ͳ Ǥƒƒ†‘˜ƒ

†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– –‘ –Š‡ ƒ•™‡”• ‘ –Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ •–”‹ – ‰”ƒƒ” ”—Ž‡• Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ǥ Š—•ǡ ͻʹ ’‡” ‡– ‘ˆ •–—†‡–• ƒ‰”‡‡† –Šƒ– ‰”ƒƒ” •Š‘—Ž† ˆ‹”•–Ž›„‡‡š’Žƒ‹‡†„›ƒ–‡ƒ Š‡”‹ƒ‘’‡™ƒ›ƒ†‘Ž›ƒˆ–‡”–Šƒ–‹–ƒ›„‡ ’—–‹–‘’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥ —‡•–‹‘• ͳ͵ǡ ͳͶǡ ͳͷǣ —‡•–‹‘• •—‰‰‡•–‹‰ –Š‡ ‹†— –‹˜‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š –‘ ‰”ƒƒ”–‡ƒ Š‹‰  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ•™‡”• ‘„–ƒ‹‡† ˆ”‘ “—‡•–‹‘• ˆ”‘ ͳͲ –‘ ͳʹǡ–Š‡”‡‹• ‡˜‡‘‡‡†–‘‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡–Šƒ––Š‡‹†— –‹˜‡™ƒ›‘ˆ‰”ƒƒ”’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ •‡‡‡†˜‡”›†‹•–ƒ––‘•–—†‡–•Ǥ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡†‹•ƒ‰”‡‡–Šƒ––‡ƒ Š‡”••Š‘—Ž† ‘– •’‡† –‹‡ ‘ ‰”ƒƒ” ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡› ‡˜‡ †‘ ‘– ˆ‹†–Š‘•‡ ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘•–‘„‡„‘”‹‰ƒ†—•‡Ž‡••ǤŠ‡‹– ‘‡•–‘‰ƒ‡•ǡ–Š‡•–—†‡–•ǯ ‘’‹‹‘•ƒ”‡†‹˜‹†‡†ǣ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹–ƒ‹–Šƒ–‰ƒ‡•ƒ”‡ƒ‰‘‘†™ƒ›‘ˆ ’”‡•‡–‹‰‰”ƒƒ”™Š‡”‡ƒ•‘–Š‡”•ˆ‹†–Š‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›—•‡Ž‡••ƒ†‡˜‡ ‘–ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ˆ‘”ƒ†—Ž––‡ƒ Š‹‰Ǥ Š‡’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡‹–‡•‹•’”‡•‡–‡†‹–Š‡ƒ„Ž‡ʹ„‡Ž‘™ǣ

ƒ„Ž‡ʹ Importance Students Give to Grammar and Approaches to Teaching it ITEM % —‡•–‹‘•ͳǡʹǡ͵ǣ—‡•–‹‘•‘‰”ƒƒ”‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ͹͹ —‡•–‹‘•Ͷǡͷǡ͸ǡ͹ǡͺǡͻǣ—‡•–‹‘•‘’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›–‘ƒ˜‘‹†•–”‹ –‰”ƒƒ””—Ž‡• ͹͵ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ —‡•–‹‘• ͳͲǡ ͳͳǡ ͳʹǣ —‡•–‹‘• •—‰‰‡•–‹‰ †‡†— –‹˜‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š –‘ ‰”ƒƒ” ͻʹ –‡ƒ Š‹‰ —‡•–‹‘• ͳ͵ǡ ͳͶǡ ͳͷǣ —‡•–‹‘• •—‰‰‡•–‹‰ ‹†— –‹˜‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š –‘ ‰”ƒƒ” Ͷͺ –‡ƒ Š‹‰

Š—•ǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ –ƒ„Ž‡ ʹǡ ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–—†‡–• ‡‡’ –‘ –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ –Šƒ– ‰”ƒƒ”‹•‹’‘”–ƒ–ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŽ•‘–Š‹–Šƒ–•–”‹ –‰”ƒƒ” ”—Ž‡••Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ˜‘‹†‡†Ǥ –‘–ƒŽǡ–Š‡‘•–‡š’‡ –‡†ƒ•™‡”‹•–Š‡”‡Œ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ ‹†— –‹˜‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•• ‘”‡†Ͷͺ’‡” ‡–‹ƒŽŽǤ

6. Results and discussion –Š‹••‡ –‹‘ǡ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ‡ƒ Š“—‡•–‹‘ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†ƒ†ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›ƒ †‹• —••‹‘Ǥ Research Question 1: Šƒ– ™‹ŽŽ „‡ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ –‹‘ ‘ˆ •–—†‡–• ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ Žƒ••”‘‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ‰”‘—’• –ƒ—‰Š– ‹’Ž‹ ‹–Ž› ƒ† ‹ ‰”‘—’• –ƒ—‰Š– ‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›ǫ ‹–‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡‹†‡ƒ –‘ –‡ƒ Š ‰”ƒƒ” –‘ –Š‡ ‰”‘—’• ‹ –™‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–™ƒ›•ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ ‹’Ž‹ ‹–ƒ†‡š’Ž‹ ‹–ǡ†‹†‘–„‡ ‘‡–‘–ƒŽŽ›’‘••‹„Ž‡•‹ ‡–Š‡‹’Ž‹ ‹–‡–Š‘†

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͶͻǦ͹Ͳ ͸ͳ

‘ˆ ‰”ƒƒ” ’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ˆƒ‹Ž‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ˜‡”› „‡‰‹‹‰ ƒ† Šƒ† –‘ „‡ •—„•–‹–—–‡†„›ƒ‹š‡†‰”ƒƒ”–‡ƒ Š‹‰‡–Š‘†™Š‹ Š ‘„‹‡†„‘–Š–Š‡ †‡†— –‹˜‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‹†— –‹˜‡ ‰”ƒƒ” –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• ‹ ‹–•‡ŽˆǤ Š‡ ”‡ƒ –‹‘‘ˆ EG™ƒ•˜‡”›‰‘‘†•‹ ‡–Š‡‡–Š‘†™ƒ•ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡Ž›ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”ƒ† ‘”†‹ƒ”› ˆ‘” –Š‡ •–—†‡–•Ǥ Š‡ ‰”ƒƒ” ™ƒ• ’”‡•‡–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‡š’Ž‹ ‹– ™ƒ› ™Š‡–Š‡–‡ƒ Š‡”’”‡•‡–‡†–Š‡”—Ž‡ƒ†–Š‡’ƒ––‡”•ǡƒ†‡š’Žƒ‹‡†–Š‡—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”—Ž‡•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡† „› –Š‡ †”‹ŽŽ‹‰• ƒ† ‡š‡” ‹•‡• ‹ ƒ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ™ƒ›ǡ—•‹‰•— Š–‡ Š‹“—‡•ƒ•‰ƒ’ˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰‡š‡” ‹•‡•ǡ—Ž–‹’Ž‡ Š‘‹ ‡ǡ •‡–‡ ‡ ‡”‰‡ǡ “—‡•–‹‘• ƒ† ƒ•™‡”• ’”‘˜‘‹‰ •–—†‡–ǯ• ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‘ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”Ž‡ƒ”–‰”ƒƒ””—Ž‡•ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ–Š‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•™‡”‡†‡•‹‰‡†‹ƒ ‘”†ƒ ‡ ™‹–Š–Š‡ ȋʹͲͲͳǡ’ǤͳͷʹȌǤ Ž‹‡–Š‡EG,–Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‹IG™ƒ•— Š‘”‡ ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡†Ǥ ”‘–Š‡˜‡”› „‡‰‹‹‰–Š‡•–—†‡–•‰‘– ‘ˆ—•‡†ǤŽŽ–Š‡ƒ––‡’–•‘ˆ–Š‡–‡ƒ Š‡”–‘‡Ž‹ ‹– –Š‡ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –ƒ—‰Š– ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ™ƒ• ‡“—ƒŽ –‘ œ‡”‘Ǥ –—†‡–• ™‡”‡ ’”‘’‘•‡††‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡••— Šƒ•‰ƒ‡•ǡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹˜‡–ƒ••ǡ‡– Ǥǡ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡› Šƒ† –‘ †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡ –Š‡‹” ƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› •‡‡ ’ƒ––‡”•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‡˜‡”›’”‘‘— ‡†•‡–‡ ‡™ƒ•ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡†„›‹•–ƒ‡•Ǥ Š—•ǡ–Š‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡ Žƒ••‡•‹IG™ƒ•“—‹–‡‡š’‡ –‡†„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–™ƒ• ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†„›–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ––Š‡•–—†‡–•™‡”‡‘–ƒ —•–‘‡†–‘•— Šƒ‡™™ƒ› ‘ˆ„‡‹‰–ƒ—‰Š–•‹ ‡–Š‡›ƒŽ™ƒ›•‡š’‡ –‡†–Š‡–‡ƒ Š‡”–‘”‡˜‡ƒŽ–Š‡‰”ƒƒ” ‹–‡–‹‘‹‘”†‡”–‘†‘•‘‡‹†‘ˆ‰”ƒƒ”ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†˜‹•—ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ ƒ–‡” ™‹ŽŽ–”›–‘‡š’Žƒ‹–Š‡•‡‹†‡ƒ•ƒ†–Š‡‹”‡ƒ‹‰ˆ‘”Ž‡ƒ”‡”•‘ˆǤ Research question 2:  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ˆ‹ƒŽ –‡•–ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰”‘—’• ™‹ŽŽ ‘„–ƒ‹ „‡––‡” ”‡•—Ž–•ǣ –Š‘•‡ –ƒ—‰Š– ’—”‡ ‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž› ‘” –Š‘•‡ –ƒ—‰Š– ’—”‡ ‹’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›ǫ Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ–‡•–•Š‘™–Šƒ–EG•–—†‡–•‰‘––‘–ƒŽ55.3%™Š‡”‡ƒ•IG •–—†‡–•‘„–ƒ‹‡†78.3%.Š‡—‡š’‡ –‡†‡••‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–• ‘‡•‘—–ˆ”‘ –Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–†—”‹‰–Š‡ Žƒ••ǡ•–—†‡–•–ƒ—‰Š–‹†‡†— –‹˜‡™ƒ›•‡‡‡†–‘„‡ ˆ—ŽŽ›ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‘•‡‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ––‡”•–Šƒ–™‡”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹ƒ‘˜‡”–ƒ† ‡š’Žƒƒ–‘”›™ƒ›ǤŠ‡‹””‡ƒ –‹‘‘–ƒ••ƒ†ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡••‡‡‡†–‘„‡“—‹ ‡” –Šƒ‹–Š‘•‡‰”‘—’•–Šƒ–™‡”‡–ƒ—‰Š–ŠƒŽˆ‹’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›ǡŠƒŽˆ‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›Ǥ‘–Š‡” ‹’‘”–ƒ–’‘‹–™ƒ•–Šƒ–IG•–—†‡–•ƒƒ‰‡†–‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ–‡•–ͳͲ ‹—–‡• ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” –Šƒ ‰”‘—’• EG •–—†‡–• ™Š‹ Š ƒŽ•‘ ’‘‹–• ‘ –Š‡‹” „‡––‡” ƒ “—‹•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –ƒ”‰‡– ‰”ƒƒ” ‹ ƒ ‹š‡† ™ƒ› ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ‹ƒ’—”‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ™ƒ›ǤŠ‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘˜‡†‘ ‡ ƒ‰ƒ‹ –Šƒ–ƒ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘ –Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‰”ƒƒ”•— Š‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ•”‡–ƒ‹‹‰ –Š‹•‰”ƒƒ”‹–Š‡‹†’Žƒ›•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘Ž‡‹Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ǥ ‘ ‡”‹‰ •— Š –‡”• ƒ•  Šƒ’’‡‡† –‘ —•‡ „‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ associationƒ† visualization ‘ˆ‰”ƒƒ”ǡ–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆ™‘”‹‰™‹–Š—‹˜‡”•‹–›•–—†‡–• ‰‹˜‡•‡‰”‘—†–‘ƒ••—‡–Šƒ–ʹ•–—†‡–•—•—ƒŽŽ› ‘•‹†‡”‰”ƒƒ”ƒ•ƒ

ʹ Ǥƒƒ†‘˜ƒ

•‡“—‡ ‡‘ˆ”—Ž‡•„—‹Ž–‹–Š‡‹”‹†•ǤŠ‹••‡“—‡ ‡„‡‰‹•ˆ”‘–Š‡•‹’Ž‡•– ‰”ƒƒ”’ƒ––‡”•–‘–Š‡‘•–†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–‘‡•Ǥ‡ ƒ Ž‡ƒ”Ž›•‡‡–Š‹••‡“—‡ ‡ ‘ˆ‰”ƒƒ”ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰–Š‡†‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽ–Š‡‡•„›Ž‡˜‡Ž•’”‘’‘•‡† „› Ǥ ‡ ‡ǡ”‡•–‹‰—’‘–Š‹•ǡ™Š‡™‡„”‘‡–Š‹••‡“—‡ ‡‹IG Žƒ••ǡ –Š‡•–—†‡–•™‡”‡Ž‘•–‹–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘•™Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ‹‰”ƒƒ”–ƒ”‰‡–™ƒ•Ǥ ‡š–ǡ‹–•Š‘—Ž†„‡’‘‹–‡†‘—––Šƒ–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‹œ‡”„ƒ‹Œƒ•–ƒ”–•ˆ”‘ ‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”› • Š‘‘Ž ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ”‡”• ƒ”‡ ƒ —•–‘‡† –‘ ƒ ‡š’Ž‹ ‹– ™ƒ› ‘ˆ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ǤŠƒ–‹•™Š›ǡ•— Šƒ•Šƒ”’ Šƒ‰‡–‘ƒ‡™™ƒ˜‡ƒ†‡ –Š‡ ˆ‡‡Ž ‘ˆ—•‡†Ǥ — Š ‹† ‘ˆ ‡š’‡”‹‡– ƒ†‡ ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‡ƒ Š‡”•ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‰‡‡”ƒŽ‰Ž‹•ŠŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–‡ƒ Š‡”•ƒ†‰Ž‹•Š‰”ƒƒ”–‡ƒ Š‡”•‹ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ””‡ ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡‹”ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•–‘–‡ƒ Š‹‰ǤŠ‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–•–‡’ ‹ –Š‡ ™Š‘Ž‡ ’”‘Œ‡ – ™ƒ• –Š‡ ”‡ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ –‘ –‡ƒ Š •–—†‡–• ‹ ƒ ‹š‡†™ƒ›ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ–‘–”›‘—–„‘–Š‡š’Ž‹ ‹–ƒ†‹’Ž‹ ‹–‡–Š‘†•™Š‹ ŠŠƒ˜‡„‡‡ Žƒ–‡”†‹• —••‡†„›–Š‡—‹˜‡”•‹–›–‡ƒ Š‡”•ƒ†˜‹‡™‡†ƒ•ƒ‡™’‘••‹„Ž‡™ƒ› ‹–Š‡–‡ƒ Š‹‰‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ Research question 3: ‘™†‘•–—†‡–•ˆ‡‡Žƒ„‘—–‰‡‡”ƒŽ‰”ƒƒ”–‡ƒ Š‹‰ƒ• ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹’ƒ”–•‘ˆ –‡ƒ Š‹‰ǫ Ž‘‰™‹–Š–Š‡™”‹––‡“—‡•–‹‘‹‰ǡ–Š‡–‡ƒ Š‡”Šƒ†ƒ Šƒ ‡–‘Šƒ˜‡•‘‡ ‘”ƒŽ†‹• —••‹‘•™‹–Š–Š‡‰”‘—’•‘–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ‰”ƒƒ”–‡ƒ Š‹‰‹–•‡Žˆ ƒ†–Š‡™ƒ›•‘ˆ‹––‘„‡’”‡•‡–‡†ǤŠ—•ǡƒ• ‘—Ž†„‡•‡‡ˆ”‘–Š‡–ƒ„Ž‡ʹǡ–Š‡ •–—†‡–•’”‡ˆ‡”‡š’Ž‹ ‹–‰”ƒƒ”–‡ƒ Š‹‰–‘ƒ‹’Ž‹ ‹–‘‡ǤŠ‡‹– ‘‡• –‘–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘‰”ƒƒ”–‡ƒ Š‹‰ƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†‹‰•–”‹ –‰”ƒƒ” ”—Ž‡•–‡ƒ Š‹‰ǡ–Š‡•–—†‡–•ǯƒ•™‡”••‡‡–‘„‡˜‡”›˜ƒ‰—‡ǡ•‹ ‡–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ ˜‡”› •Ž‹‰Š– †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‘„–ƒ‹‡† ’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡Ǥ Š‹• —”‰‡† —• –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ‘”ƒŽ“—‡•–‹‘‹‰–Š‡ƒ‹–ƒ”‰‡–‘ˆ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•‡Ž‹ ‹–‹‰–Š‡‹†‡ƒ•‘ˆ•–—†‡–• ‘–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ‰”ƒƒ”Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ†’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›”—Ž‡•Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ǤŠ‡ ‘”ƒŽ “—‡•–‹‘‹‰ •Š‘™• –Šƒ– ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–—†‡–• ƒ”‡ ‡‡ ‘ ‰”ƒƒ” ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘Ǥ  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ•™‡”• ‹– •‡‡• ‡š–”‡‡Ž› Šƒ”† –‘ ‡Ž‹ ‹– ‰”ƒƒ” ‘—– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘–‡š– ƒ† ˆ‘” •‘‡ •–—†‡–• ‹– ‹• ‡˜‡ ‹’‘••‹„Ž‡ –‘ ‘–‹—‡–Š‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‡š‹•–‹‰•‡“—‡ ‡‘ˆ”—Ž‡•™Š‹ ŠŠƒ†„‡‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†‹ –Š‡‹”‹†•„‡ˆ‘”‡Ǥ•‹– ‘‡•–‘–Š‡–‡ƒ Š‹‰‘ˆ‰”ƒƒ””—Ž‡•ǡ•–—†‡–•ƒ”‡ ˜‡”›’‘•‹–‹˜‡ƒ„‘—–‰”ƒƒ”Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”–Š‡›†‘‘–ƒ‰”‡‡™‹–Š”—Ž‡• Ž‡ƒ”‹‰™Š‹ Š”‡‹†•–Š‡ƒ—•‡Ž‡••‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘––‘„‡—•‡†‹ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡ ‡ǡ–ƒŽ‹‰ƒ„‘—–‰”ƒƒ”Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‹–•Š‘—Ž†‘–‡“—ƒ–‡ ™‹–Š”—Ž‡•Ž‡ƒ”‹‰„—–‡™™ƒ›•ƒ†ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†ˆ‘” –Š‹•Ǥ Š—•ǡ ‘’ƒ”‹‰ ’—”‡ ‡š’Ž‹ ‹– ƒ† ’—”‡ ‹’Ž‹ ‹– ‡–Š‘†• ‘ˆ ‰”ƒƒ” ’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǡ ‹– •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ‡–‹‘‡† –Šƒ– ƒŽ‘‰•‹†‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ •–”‹ –‰”ƒƒ””—Ž‡•ƒ†‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘••–—†‡–••Š‘—Ž†„‡‰‹˜‡ƒ Šƒ ‡–‘ †‘ –Š‡‹” ‘™ ‹ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ƒ† ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘• ™Š‹ Š ™‹ŽŽ Ž‡– –Š‡ ‘–‘Ž› —†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡ ’ƒ––‡” ƒ† ”‡‡„‡” ‹– ˆ‘” ƒ •Š‘”– ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ –‹‡ǡ „—– „›

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͶͻǦ͹Ͳ ͸͵

‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ‡Ž‹ ‹–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‹ˆ‡”‡ ‡ „‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‘‡ –‘ •‘‡ †‡ˆ‹‹–‡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘• ”‡–ƒ‹‹‰ –Š‡ ‰ƒ‹‡† ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‹† ™Š‹ Š ™‹ŽŽ ‘– ˆŽ› ƒ™ƒ›‹ƒ•Š‘”–’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ–‹‡Ǥ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ‹–‹•‘– ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›’‘••‹„Ž‡ –‘Ž‡–•–—†‡–•‡Ž‹ ‹–ƒŽŽ–Š‡‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ––‡”•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡–ƒ—‰Š––‘–Š‡ǤŠ‡ ˆƒ ––Šƒ–ƒ’—”‡‹’Ž‹ ‹–ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠŠƒ†ˆƒ‹Ž‡†‹–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡–‡† Žƒ••‡•‘ ‡ ƒ‰ƒ‹’”‘˜‡•–Šƒ–•— Šƒ‡™ˆ‘”‘ˆ‰”ƒƒ”’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡˆ‹”•–‘ˆƒŽŽǡƒ› ‘ˆ—•‡•–—†‡–•ǡƒ†–Š‡›ƒ›•‹’Ž›‰‡–Ž‘•–Ǥ ‹”•–‘ˆƒŽŽǡƒ’—”‡ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ƒ‘–™‘”„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–•Š‘—Ž†„‡‹’‘•‡†–‘•–—†‡–•ˆ”‘–Š‡‹” Š‹Ž†Š‘‘†ǡ „—– ‘– ‹ –Š‡ •‡ ‘† –‡” ‘ˆ —‹˜‡”•‹–› Ž‹ˆ‡ ™Š‡ –Š‡› ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› Šƒ˜‡ƒ Ž‡ƒ”˜‹‡™‘ˆ‰”ƒƒ”ǡŠ‡ ‡‹–‹•Šƒ”†–‘ˆƒ ‡™‹–Š•‘‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘• –Šƒ–ƒ”‡‘–‡š’Žƒ‹‡†–‘–Š‡Ǥ‡ ‘†Ž›ǡ•–—†‡–••Š‘—Ž†–‘–ƒŽŽ›„‡ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ ‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽ–‘’‹ •ƒ†’ƒ––‡”•–Šƒ––Š‡–‡ƒ Š‡”™ƒ–•–Š‡–‘ƒ “—‹”‡ǤŠ‹• •Š‘—Ž†„‡†‘‡‹‘”†‡”–‘ ‘–‹—‡„—‹Ž†‹‰–Š‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‡š‹•–‹‰‹†‡ƒ•–Šƒ– ™‹ŽŽ Ž‡– •–—†‡–• —†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡ •‡“—‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •—„Œ‡ – ‘ˆ ‰”ƒƒ”Ǣ ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ǡ‰”ƒƒ”ƒ›ƒ’’‡ƒ”‹‹†‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ Š‘’’‡†ˆ”ƒ‰‡–•Ǥ

7. Conclusion Š‡ ™Š‘Ž‡ ’”‘ ‡•• Šƒ• •Š‘™ –Šƒ–ǡ ˆ‹”•– ‘ˆ ƒŽŽǡ †‡ƒŽ‹‰ ™‹–Š —‹˜‡”•‹–› •–—†‡–• ™Š‘ Šƒ˜‡ ”‡ƒ–‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹ ™ƒ› ‘ˆ ƒ “—‹”‹‰ –Š‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ – ‹• ‘ Ž‘‰‡” ƒ •—”’”‹•‡ –‘ •‡‡ –Šƒ– ƒ –‘–ƒŽŽ› ‹’Ž‹ ‹– ‡–Š‘† ‘ˆ ‰”ƒƒ”–‡ƒ Š‹‰†‹†‘–™‘”ƒ–ƒŽŽǢƒŽ•‘–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡•‘‡”‡ƒ•‘•‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰ •‘‡†‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ’—”‡‡š’Ž‹ ‹–‡–Š‘†ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤŠ—•ǡ‹‘”†‡”–‘•Š‘™ –Š‡’”‘•ƒ† ‘•‘ˆ‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡‡–Š‘†• ™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–‘‰‘‹–‘•‘‡†‡–ƒ‹Ž• „‡‰‹‹‰ˆ”‘‹†— –‹˜‡‡–Š‘†Ǥ

x ‹”•–‘ˆƒŽŽǡ–Š‡•–—†‡–••‡Ž‡ –‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡–Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•„‡‡ –ƒ—‰Š–‹ƒ†‡†— –‹˜‡™ƒ›„‡‰‹‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”’”‹ƒ”›• Š‘‘Ž—’–‘ –Š‡’”‡•‡–ǡƒ†ƒ†”ƒ•–‹  Šƒ‰‡–‘ƒ‹’Ž‹ ‹–‡–Š‘† ‘—Ž†‘–„‡ ƒ ‡’–‡†‹•— Šƒ•Š‘”––‹‡Ǥ x ‡ ‘†Ž›ǡ‹–Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ•–—†›ˆ‘”ƒŽ‘‰–‹‡–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆƒ†—Ž–•–‘‡Ž‹ ‹–‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ–ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹ƒ‰‡„‡ ‘‡•™‡ƒ‡”ǡ‰‹˜‹‰ ™ƒ›–‘•— Š•‘’Š‹•–‹ ƒ–‡†ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ•Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ǡ’ƒ”•‹‰ǡ ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰ǡ‡– Ǥǡ—Ž‹‡ƒ Š‹Ž†™Š‘ ƒ‡ƒ•‹Ž›ƒ “—‹”‡–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡„› ‡ƒ•‘ˆ‡Ž‹ ‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ x Š‹”†Ž›ǡ–Š‡‹†— –‹˜‡‡–Š‘†‘ˆ‰”ƒƒ”’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘—Ž†‡ƒ•‹Ž›„‡ ƒ’’Ž‹‡†–‘Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘—”•‡•–—†‡–•‘ˆ‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”›ƒ†„‡‰‹‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž• ™Š‘Šƒ†‡˜‡”†‡ƒŽ–™‹–ŠŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ†Šƒ†‘–Š‹‰–‘ ‘’ƒ”‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ•™‡†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ†—Ž–•™Š‘ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ˆ‘—†–Š‡‹” ™ƒ›–‘ƒ•–‡”‰”ƒƒ”ǡ‹–™‹ŽŽ„‡™‡‹”†–‘„—”•–‹–‘–Š‡‹”™‘”Ž†‘ˆ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† •–”ƒ–‡‰› ‘ˆ ‰”ƒƒ” Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‰”ƒƒ” Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ȍ „› ƒ‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ‘”‰‡– ƒ„‘—– ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› Ž‡ƒ”– ‰”ƒƒ””—Ž‡•ƒ†ƒ•‹‰–‘‹ˆ‡”‹–ˆ”‘ƒŽŽ–ƒ••ƒ†ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•–Šƒ–

Ͷ Ǥƒƒ†‘˜ƒ

ƒ”‡•—’’‘•‡†–‘„‡†‘‡†—”‹‰–Š‡Ž‡••‘Ǥ –‹•‘–ˆ‘”‘–Š‹‰™Š‡ Šƒ”™‘‘†Ǧ‹–Šȋͳͻͺͺǡ’ǤͷʹȌ•ƒ›•–Šƒ–‹–‹•‘–‘”‹‘—•Ž›†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž– –‘ †‡› ƒ†—Ž– Ž‡ƒ”‡”• ‡š’Ž‹ ‹– ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ –ƒ”‰‡– Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ •‹ ‡ –Š‡‹” ‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽ ƒ–—”‹–› ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• –Š‡‹” ’”‡˜‹‘—• –‡ƒ Š‹‰ȀŽ‡ƒ”‹‰‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ƒ‡•–Š‡ ”›‘—–ˆ‘”‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘•Ǥ x ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ™‡ǡ Šƒ˜‡ ‘ ”‹‰Š–• –‘ „”‡ƒ –Š‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‡š‹•–‹‰ •‡“—‡ ‡‘ˆ ‰”ƒƒ”‹†‡ƒ•‹•–—†‡–•̵‹†•ƒ†–‘ƒ‡–Š‡‰—‡••™Šƒ–™‡ ™ƒ– –Š‡ –‘ƒ “—‹”‡ǤŠ‡•‡ ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘• –Šƒ– ƒ› Œ—•–‹ˆ›•— Šƒˆƒ‹Ž—”‡‘ˆ‹†— –‹˜‡‡–Š‘†Ǥ

‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ •‘‡ ˆƒ –‘”• –Šƒ– †‹† ‘– Ž‡– –Š‡ †‡†— –‹˜‡ ‡–Š‘†’Žƒ›•ƒˆ‡Ǥ

x ‘†ƒ›ǡ™Š‡–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡„‘”†‡”•ƒ”‡•‘–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡–ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ”‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡„‘–Š‹•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ƒ†’ƒ’‡”ǡ™Š‡‹– „‡ ƒ‡ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ –‘ ’‹  —’ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ „› ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ–‹˜‡•’‡ƒ‡”‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Šǡ‘”ǡ™Š‡•–—†‡–•‡”‡Ž› ƒƒ “—‹”‡–Š‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ ‡‡† –‘ ‹•–”— – –Š‡ Ž‹‡ ”‘„‘–•Ǥ –—†‡–•—•–„‡‰‹˜‡ƒ Šƒ ‡–‘–Š‹‘–Š‡‹”‘™ƒ†•‘‡–‹‡• –‘„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘‹ˆ‡”–Š‹•‘”–Šƒ–‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘„›–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ x  ˆ—ŽŽ› †‡†— –‹˜‡ ‡–Š‘† Ž‘‘• Ž‹‡ ƒ ”‘—–‹‡ǡ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ ƒŽŽ ‡™ ‰”ƒƒ” ’ƒ––‡”••–ƒ”–ˆ”‘•–”‹ –‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘•ƒ† ‘–‹—‡™‹–Š†”‹ŽŽ‹‰•ƒ† ‘–Š‡”ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ— Š‹†‘ˆƒ’’”‘ƒ Šƒ›„”‹‰–‘†‹• ‘—”ƒ‰‡‡– ƒ†„‘”‡†‘Ǥ x ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ–Š‡•ƒ‡–‡ƒ Š‹‰‡–Š‘†ƒ›•‡‡•‘‘‘–‘‘—•–Šƒ–ƒ Žƒ”‰‡’‡” ‡–‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ›•‹’Ž›†”‘’ˆ”‘•–—†‡–•ǯ‹†ǡƒ• Šƒ’’‡‡† ‹ › ƒ•‡Ǥ – ˆ‹”•– •‹‰Š–ǡ –Š‡ ’ƒ––‡”• –ƒ—‰Š– ‹ Žƒ•• •‡‡‡†–‘„‡“—‹–‡ Ž‡ƒ”ƒ†—†‡”•–ƒ†ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”•–—†‡–•ǢŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ• ‹– ƒ‡–‘–Š‡–‡•–ǡ–Š‡•–—†‡–•‰‘–Ž‘•–‹–Š‡„—Ž‘ˆ”‡ ‡–Ž›Ž‡ƒ”‡† ”—Ž‡•ƒ†•–”— –—”‡•ǡ™Š‹ Š„”‘—‰Š––‘‹•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡––‡•–”‡•—Ž–•Ǥ

Š‡•‡ƒ”‡Œ—•–•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘•–Šƒ–ƒ›‡š’Žƒ‹–Š‡†‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ•— Š ’—”‡‡–Š‘†•ƒ•‹†— –‹˜‡ƒ††‡†— –‹˜‡Ǥ ‘ ‡”‹‰ –Š‡ •–—†‡–•̵ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‘’‹‹‘ ‘ ‰”ƒƒ” Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• •Š‘™–Šƒ––‘†ƒ›•–—†‡–••‡‡–‘‰‡–Ž‘•–‹–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘™Š‡–Š‡”–‘Ž‡ƒ” ‰”ƒƒ”ƒ†‹–•”—Ž‡•ƒ•‹–‹•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‘’‘‡–‘ˆŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ ‘”–‘ƒ˜‘‹†‰”ƒƒ”„›•—„•–‹–—–‹‰‹–„›•‘‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‹ŽŽ•ǤŠ‹• ˆƒ –‹•‘–•—”’”‹•‹‰•‹ ‡ǡ‘–Š‡‘‡Šƒ†ǡ•–—†‡–•”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡–Šƒ–Ǯ‰”ƒƒ” ˆ”‡‡ǯŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰†‡’”‹˜‡•–Š‡ˆ”‘„‡‹‰ˆŽ—‡–ƒ†ƒ —”ƒ–‡Ǣ‘–Š‡ ‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ•–—†‡–••‡‡–‘„‡„‘”‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‘‘–‘‘—•‰”ƒƒ””—Ž‡• ƒ††”‹ŽŽ‹‰•ǤŠ‡‹– ‘‡•–‘–Š‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•–Šƒ–ƒ›„‡—•‡†–‘’”‡•‡– ‰”ƒƒ”ǡ•–‹ŽŽƒŽ‘–‘ˆŽ‡ƒ”‡”•ƒ”‡‡‡‘‘˜‡”––‡ƒ Š‡”•ǯ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘•ƒ†

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͶͻǦ͹Ͳ ͸ͷ

’”‡ˆ‡” †‘‹‰ ‰”ƒƒ” ‡š‡” ‹•‡• –Šƒ ’Žƒ›‹‰ –Š‡ ‰”ƒƒ” ‰ƒ‡• –Š‡ ƒ‹ –ƒ”‰‡–‘ˆ™Š‹ Š‹••‘‡–‹‡•˜ƒ‰—‡ƒ†— Ž‡ƒ”Ǥ Š—•ǡ–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡‡š’‡”‹‡–•Š‘™•–Šƒ–‰”ƒƒ”‹••–‹ŽŽ˜‡”›‹’‘”–ƒ–‹–Š‡ —””‹ —Ž—’”‘‰”ƒ•ƒ† ƒ‘–„‡†‹˜‘” ‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡Ǥ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡ‹– „‡ ƒ‡ ‡˜‹†‡– –Šƒ– ‹†— –‹˜‡ ™ƒ› ƒ• ƒ ’—”‡ ‡–Š‘† ‘ˆ ‰”ƒƒ” –‡ƒ Š‹‰ •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ˜‘‹†‡† ‹ Žƒ••‡• ƒ† ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ‹ –Š‘•‡ Žƒ••‡• ™Š‡”‡•–—†‡–• ƒ”‡ƒ —•–‘‡†–‘‰”ƒƒ”‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡ƒ‹”‡•—Ž–•‘„–ƒ‹‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ‡š’‡”‹‡– ƒ† –Š‡ ˆ‹ƒŽ –‡•– •Š‘™•ǡ –Šƒ– ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•ƒ†–‡ Š‹“—‡•—•‡†‹–Š‡ Žƒ•• ˆ‹”•–‘ˆƒŽŽǡ™‡•Š‘—Ž†‹ ”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‘ˆ‰”ƒƒ”ǡƒ† •‡ ‘†Ž›ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•–Š‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–ǡ–‘”ƒ‹•‡–Š‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ•–—†‡–•ǯ‰”ƒƒ” —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ƒ†ƒ “—‹•‹–‹‘Ǥ ŽŽ‹ƒŽŽǡ–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ‘—– ‘‡•—•–„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†’”‡Ž‹‹ƒ”›•‹ ‡–Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ƒŽ‘–‘ˆˆƒ –‘”•–Šƒ–’”‡˜‡––Š‹•™‘”ˆ”‘„‡‹‰”‡ƒŽŽ› ‘ Ž—•‹˜‡Ǥ ‹”•–‘ˆ ƒŽŽǡ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ•–—†‡–•™ƒ•˜‡”›Ž‹‹–‡†ƒ†‹–‹•“—‹–‡’‘••‹„Ž‡–Šƒ–‹ ‘–Š‡”‰”‘—’•–Š‡”‡•—Ž–• ‘—Ž†„‡— Š„‡––‡”‘”˜‹ ‡˜‡”•ƒǤ‡ ‘†Ž›ǡ‹–™‘—Ž† „‡ — Š ‡ƒ•‹‡” –‘ ™‘” ‹ ”‡‰—Žƒ”Ǧ —””‹ —Ž— ‰”‘—’• –Šƒ –‘ „‡ ƒ ‰—‡•– ‹•–”— –‘”ǡ •‘ –Šƒ– ‘”‡ –‹‡ ƒ† ‘’’‘”–—‹–› ‘—Ž† „‡ ƒŽŽ‘––‡†–‘‰‘‹–‘ †‡’–Š‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡†‡†’”‘Œ‡ –Ǥ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ–Š‡‰”ƒƒ”–‘’‹ ••‡Ž‡ –‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ ’”‘Œ‡ – ƒ‘–„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ǡƒ•™‡ ƒ‘––‡ƒ ŠƒŽŽ‰”ƒƒ”‹–Š‡ •ƒ‡™ƒ›ǡƒ††‡ˆ‹‹–‡Ž›ǡ‡ƒ Š–‡ƒ Š‡”—•–•‡Ž‡ –ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•ˆ‘”’”‡•‡–‹‰ –Š‹•‘”–Šƒ–‰”ƒƒ”’ƒ––‡”•Ǥ  –‘–ƒŽǡ –Š‡ ’”‘Œ‡ – ƒ „‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† –‘ „‡ ƒ ‰‘‘† Œ‡” ‹ ˆ—”–Š‡” ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘• ‹ –Š‹• †‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ƒ‹ ‘ Ž—•‹‘ ‹• –Šƒ–ǡ –‘†ƒ›ǡ †—‡ –‘ •‘‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› ‡–‹‘‡† ˆƒ –‘”•ǡ –Š‡ –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ‘ˆ ‰”ƒƒ” ‡‡†• •‘‡ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ‹–•–‡ƒ Š‹‰ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•‹‘”†‡”–‘„‡‘”‡ƒ’’‡ƒŽ‹‰ ƒ† ’”‘†— –‹˜‡ˆ‘”•–—†‡–•Ǥ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ‡‹–Š‡”’—”‡‡š’Ž‹ ‹–‰”ƒƒ”–‡ƒ Š‹‰ ‘” ’—”‡ ‹’Ž‹ ‹– ‰”ƒƒ” –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ‡–Š‘† ƒ„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† •ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‘”›Ǥ ‘ǡ–Š‡–‡ƒ Š‡”••Š‘—Ž†–Š‹‘ˆƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡™ƒ›•–Šƒ– ƒ‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ •–ƒ–‡‘ˆ’”‡•‡–Ǧ†ƒ›‰”ƒƒ”–‡ƒ Š‹‰–‘ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‡ƒ†ƒ‡Ž‹‘”ƒ–‡–Š‡Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ ‰”ƒƒ” ‘™Ž‡†‰‡™Š‹ Š ‹••‘‹’‘”–ƒ– ˆ‘” Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ƒ†„› –Š‹•„—‹Ž†ƒ„”‹†‰‡–‘–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡™Š‡”‡™‡ƒ›–Š‹ƒ„‘—–ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ‰”ƒƒ”–‡ƒ Š‹‰‹‰‡‡”ƒŽǤ

The Author ƒ‹ŽŽƒ ƒƒ†‘˜ƒ ȋƒ‹Žǣ –ƒ‹ŽŽƒƒ‡†‘˜ƒ̷ƒ‹ŽǤ”—Ȍǡ ‹• ƒ Š ‹ Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ •ǡƒ†–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‘ˆModern English Lexicology ‘—”•‡„‘‘ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ• ƒ”–‹ Ž‡• ‘ ƒ’’Ž‹‡† Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ •ǡ ‡„‡” ‘ˆ  ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‰”‘—’ ‹ ’ƒ‹ǡ ƒ–‹ƒ‰‘ †‡ ‘’‘•–‡Žƒǡ ƒ† ƒ ƒ –‹˜‡ ’”‡•‡–‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡•‹‰‡‡”ƒŽƒ†ƒ’’Ž‹‡†Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ •Ǥ

 Ǥƒƒ†‘˜ƒ

References ‹ƒŽ›•–‘ǡ Ǥ ȋͳͻ͹ͺȌǤ  –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ ‘†‡Ž ‘ˆ •‡ ‘† Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ǥ Language Learning, 28ǡ͸ͺǦͺͶǤ Ž‡›Ǧ”‘ƒǡ Ǥ ȋͳͻͺͺȌǤ Š‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡” ‘ˆ ˆ‘”‡‹‰ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ǥ ǤǤ—–Š‡”ˆ‘”†ƬǤŠƒ”™‘‘†Ǧ‹–Šȋ†•ǤȌǡGrammar and Second Language Teaching, ȋ’’Ǥ ͳͻǦ͵ͲȌ. ‡™ ‘”ǣ ‡™„—”› ‘—•‡ —„Ž‹•Š‡”•Ǥ ‡Ž ‡Ǧ—” ‹ƒǡ Ǥǡ Ƭ ‹ŽŽ•ǡ Ǥ ȋͳͻͺͺȌǤ Techniques and recourses in teaching grammarǤšˆ‘”†ǣšˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ ŠƒŽ‡”ǡǤȋͳͻͺͶȌǤCurrent English grammarǤ‘†‘ǣƒ ‹ŽŽƒǤ ‘”†‡”ǡǤǤȋͳͻͺͺȌǤ‡†ƒ‰‘‰‹ ‰”ƒƒ”•Ǥ ǤǤ—–Š‡”ˆ‘”†ƬǤŠƒ”™‘‘†Ǧ ‹–Šȋ†•ǤȌǡGrammar and Second Language Teaching, ȋͳʹ͵ǦͳͶͷȌǤ ‡™ ‘”ǣ‡™„—”› ‘—•‡—„Ž‹•Š‡”•Ǥ ƒ”‡”ǡ Ǥ ȋͳͻͻͳȌǤ The practice of English language teachingǤ ‘†‘ǣ ‘‰ƒǤ ”ƒ•Š‡ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋͳͻͻʹȌǤ ‘”ƒŽ ‰”ƒƒ” ‹•–”— –‹‘ǣ ‘–Š‡” ‡†— ƒ–‘” ‘‡–•ǤTESOL Quarterly, 26ǡͶͲͻǦͶͳͳǤ ƒ”•‡Ǧ ”‡‡ƒǡǤȋʹͲͳʹȌǤ‡ƒ Š‹‰‰”ƒƒ”Ǥ Ǥ‡Ž ‡Ǧ—” ‹ƒǡǤ”‹–‘ ƬǤǤ‘™ȋ†•ǤȌǡTeaching English as a Second or Foreign Language, ȋ’’Ǥʹͷ͸Ǧʹ͹ͲȌǤ‡™‘”ǣ ‡‹Ž‡Ǥ ƒŽƒ ‹‘• Ǥ Ǥ ȋʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ Š‡ –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ‘ˆ ‰”ƒƒ” ”‡˜‹•‹–‡†ǣ ‹•–‡‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ǯ˜‘‹ ‡ǤVigo International Journal of Applied Linguisticsǡ4ǡͳ͵ͷǦ ͳͷ͹Ǥ ƒ–•–‘‡ǡ Ǥ ȋͳͻͻͶȌǤ Grammar-language teaching: A scheme for teacher educationǤšˆ‘”†ǣšˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ —–Š‡”ˆ‘”†ǡǤǤǡƬŠƒ”™‘‘†Ǧ‹–ŠǤȋ†•ǤȌǡȋͳͻͺͺȌǤGrammar and second language teaching. ‡™‘”ǣ‡™„—”› ‘—•‡—„Ž‹•Š‡”• Šƒ”™‘‘†Ǧ‹–ŠǡǤȋͳͻͺͺȌǤ‘• ‹‘—•‡••”ƒ‹•‹‰ƒ†–Š‡•‡ ‘†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ Ž‡ƒ”‡”Ǥ ǤǤ—–Š‡”ˆ‘”†ƬǤŠƒ”™‘‘†Ǧ‹–Šȋ†•ǤȌǡGrammar and Second Language Teaching. ȋ’’Ǥ ͷͳǦ͸ͲȌǤ ‡™ ‘”ǣ ‡™„—”› ‘—•‡ —„Ž‹•Š‡”•Ǥ Š‡’Š‡”†ǡ Ǥǡ ‘••‡”ǡ ǡ Ƭ ƒ›Ž‘” Ǥ ȋͳͻͺͶȌǤ Ways to grammarǤ ‘†‘ǣ ƒ ‹ŽŽƒǤ –”ƒ•ǡ ǤȋʹͲͲ͵ȌMaterials for the teaching of grammar. Ǥ‘Ž‹•‘ȋ†ǤȌǡ Developing Materials for Language TeachingǤ‘†‘ǣ‘–‹——Ǥ

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͶͻǦ͹Ͳ ͸͹

Appendix 1: Students’ Questionnaire Please rate the statements according to the 5 point scale: ͷǦˆ—ŽŽ›ƒ‰”‡‡ǢͶǦƒ‰”‡‡Ǣ͵Ǧ‘–•—”‡ǢʹǦ†‹•ƒ‰”‡‡ǢͳǦ–‘–ƒŽŽ›†‹•ƒ‰”‡‡

Questions on grammar importance ͳǤ ”ƒƒ”‹•‡ ‡••ƒ”›ˆ‘” ‘””‡ –‰Ž‹•ŠǤ ͳʹ͵Ͷͷ ʹǤ ”ƒƒ”‹•ƒŽ™ƒ›•‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ†‹•ƒ„ƒ•‹•‘ˆˆŽ—‡– ͳʹ͵Ͷͷ ‰Ž‹•ŠǤ ͵Ǥ ”ƒƒ”‹•‡ ‡••ƒ”›–‘‡ƒ„Ž‡›‘—•‡‡–Š‡•–”— –—”‡‘ˆ ͳʹ͵Ͷͷ –Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ†Š‘’‡ˆ—ŽŽ›–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ƒ —”ƒ ›Ǥ

Questions on possibility to avoid strict grammar rules learning ͶǤ –”‹ –Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‘ˆ‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽ”—Ž‡•„‡ ‘‡•‘‡–Š‹‰ ͳʹ͵Ͷͷ †‡ƒ†Ž‘‘‹‰Ž‹‡ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ ƒŽˆ‘”—Žƒ ͷǤ Ž–Š‘—‰Š‰”ƒƒ”‹•ƒŽ™ƒ›•‹’‘”–ƒ–ǡ‹–Šƒ’’‡•–‘‘ ͳʹ͵Ͷͷ ‘ˆ–‡–Šƒ–›‘—Ž‡ƒ””—Ž‡•ƒ†–Š‡›”‡ƒ‹–Š‡‘”›Ǥ ͸Ǥ Š‡”‡‹•‘’‘‹––‘Ž‡ƒ”‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽ”—Ž‡•Ǥ›™ƒ›ǡ–Š‡› ͳʹ͵Ͷͷ ™‹ŽŽˆŽ›ƒ™ƒ›Ǥ ͹Ǥ ”ƒƒ”‹•ƒ‰‘‘† ‘’Ž‹‡––‘‘–Š‡”™ƒ›•‘ˆŽ‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ ͳʹ͵Ͷͷ „—––Š‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–™ƒ›‹•–‘•’‡ƒ‰Ž‹•Šƒ†–‘„‡ ‡š’‘•‡†–‘‰Ž‹•Š‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–™ƒ›•Ǥ ͺǤ ”ƒƒ”‹•‹’‘”–ƒ–„—––Š‡ƒ‹‡’Šƒ•‹••Š‘—Ž†„‡‘ ͳʹ͵Ͷͷ –Š‡ƒ –‹˜‡—•‡‘ˆˆ‘—”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‹ŽŽ•ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ”‡ƒ†‹‰ǡŽ‹•–‡‹‰ǡ ™”‹–‹‰ƒ†•’‡ƒ‹‰Ǥ ͻǤ –‹•‡š–”‡‡Ž›‹’‘”–ƒ––‘Ž‡ƒ”–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹”‡ƒŽ ͳʹ͵Ͷͷ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘•‘–Šƒ–›‘—‰‡–ƒˆ‡‡Ž‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–Šƒ–‹• ”‡ƒŽŽ››‘—”‘™Ǥ

Questions suggesting deductive approach to grammar teaching ͳͲǤ ”ƒƒ””—Ž‡••Š‘—Ž†ƒŽ™ƒ›•„‡Ž‡ƒ”‡†„›Š‡ƒ”–Ǥ ͳʹ͵Ͷͷ ͳͳǤ ‘—†‡”•–ƒ†‰”ƒƒ”ǡˆ‹”•–ǡ ‡‡†–‡ƒ Š‡”ǯ•‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ǡ ͳʹ͵Ͷͷ ‡šƒ’Ž‡•ǡƒ††”‹ŽŽ‹‰‡š‡” ‹•‡•Ǥ ͳʹǤ ’”‡ˆ‡”–Š‡–‡ƒ Š‡”–‘‡š’Žƒ‹–Š‡”—Ž‡•ƒ•†‡‡’Ž›ƒ• ͳʹ͵Ͷͷ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ǡ•‘–Šƒ–  ƒƒ‡ƒŽ‹•–‘ˆ‘–‡•‹› ‘’›„‘‘Ǥ

Questions suggesting inductive approach to grammar teaching ͳ͵Ǥ –•Š‘—Ž†„‡„‡––‡”‹ˆ–Š‡–‡ƒ Š‡”†‹†ǯ–•’‡†•‘— Š–‹‡ ͳʹ͵Ͷͷ ˆ‘”‰”ƒƒ”‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘Ǥ ͳͶǤ Ž‹ ‹–‹‰‰”ƒƒ”ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‘–‡š–‹•‘”‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹˜‡ ͳʹ͵Ͷͷ –ŠƒŽ‹•–‡‹‰–‘–Š‡„‘”‹‰–‡ƒ Š‡”ǯ•‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ ‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽ”—Ž‡•Ǥ ͳͷǤ ƒ‡•ƒ”‡•‘‰‘‘†ˆ‘”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽ ͳʹ͵Ͷͷ ’ƒ––‡”•Ǥ Thanks a lot for your assistance!

ͺ Ǥƒƒ†‘˜ƒ

Appendix 2 Sample grammatical patterns and exercises using deductive approach: CONDITIONALS Zero Conditional: ˆ‹–”ƒ‹•ǡ ™‹ŽŽ‘–‰‘‘—–Ǥ First Conditional: ˆ ›‘— ‹˜‹–‡† ‡ –‘ ›‘—” „‹”–Š†ƒ› ’ƒ”–›ǡ  ™‘—Ž† „‡ •‘ Šƒ’’›Ǥ Second Conditional: ˆ›‘—Šƒ†–‘Ž†‡–Š‡•‡ ”‡–ǡ ™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡Š‡Ž’‡†›‘—Ǥ I wish & If only x •‡ wish ȋΪ–Šƒ–Ȍ ‘” ‹ˆ ‘Ž› Ϊ •‹’Ž‡ ’ƒ•–Ȁ ’ƒ•– ‘–‹—‘—• –‘ ‡š’”‡•• ”‡‰”‡–ƒ„‘—––Š‡’”‡•‡–‘”–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ šƒ’Ž‡ǣ All political parties wish they had more women. (=But they don’t have more women) x •‡wishȋα–Šƒ–Ȍ‘”If only Ϊ’ƒ•–’‡”ˆ‡ ––‘‡š’”‡••”‡‰”‡–ƒ„‘—––Š‡’ƒ•–Ǥ šƒ’Ž‡ǣ wish that we’d introduced–Š‡•›•–‡ͳͲͲ›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘Ǥȋα„—–™‡ †‹†ǯ–‹–”‘†— ‡‹––Š‡Ȍ ƒ••Ǩ I. Find the best variant ͳǤ ˆ‘Ž›–Š‡›‹–”‘†— ‡†Ȁǯ†‹–”‘†— ‡†Ȁ™‡”‡‹–”‘†— ‹‰–Š‡“—‘–ƒ•›•–‡ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”Ǩ –™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡•‘— Š„‡––‡”Ǥ ʹǤŠ‡—•–„‡™‹•Š‹‰•Š‡tells/ ’d told/ told–Š‡–”—–Šƒ––Š‡•–ƒ”–Ǥ ͵Ǥ ˆ‘Ž›™‡are able to/ can/ could‰‡–‘”‡™‘‡‹–‡”‡•–‡†‹’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ǥ ͶǤ ™‹•Š am living/live/was living‹ƒ ‘—–”›Ž‹‡‡ƒ”Ǥ ͷǤ ™‹•Š›‘—don’t vote/ didn’t vote/ hadn’t votedˆ‘”Š‡”Ǩ ͸ǤŠ‡ǯ•’”‘„ƒ„Ž›™‹•Š‹‰•Š‡is /were/had been–Š‡’”‹‡‹‹•–‡”Ǥ II. Rewrite the sentences beginning with the words given ͳǤ ”‡ƒŽŽ›”‡‰”‡–‡ƒ–‹‰•‘— ŠǤ ™‹•Š̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ ʹǤ ǯ†Ž‘˜‡–‘Šƒ˜‡‘”‡‘‡›Ǥ ˆ‘Ž›̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ ͵Ǥ ǯ•‘””›–Šƒ–  ƒǯ–Š‡Ž’›‘—Ǥ ™‹•Š̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͶͻǦ͹Ͳ ͸ͻ

ͶǤ –ǯ•ƒ•Šƒ‡›‘—ǯ”‡‘–Š‡”‡Ǥ ™‹•Š̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ ͷǤ –ǯ•ƒ”‡ƒŽ’‹–›–Šƒ– Ž‹•–‡‡†–‘Š‹Ǥ ˆ‘Ž›̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴ III. Connect the parts ͳǤ̴̴̴̴ ˆ›‘—†‘ǯ–•Ž‡‡’‡‘—‰ŠǡƒǤ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒǯ–Š‡ƒ”›‘— ʹǤ̴̴̴̴ ˆ–Š‡‘˜‡‹•–‘‘Š‘–ǡ„Ǥ›‘—™‹ŽŽˆ‡‡Ž–‹”‡† ͵Ǥ̴̴̴̴ ˆ›‘—•–—†›Šƒ”†ǡ Ǥ›‘—™‹ŽŽ‰‡–•—„—”‡† ͶǤ̴̴̴̴ ˆ›‘—‡ƒ––‘‘— Šǡ†Ǥ›‘—™‹ŽŽ‰‡–ˆƒ– ͷǤ̴̴̴̴ ˆ›‘—•–ƒ›‹–Š‡•—–‘‘Ž‘‰ǡ‡Ǥ›‘—™‹ŽŽ‰‡–‰‘‘†‰”ƒ†‡ ͸Ǥ̴̴̴̴ ˆ›‘—™‘”‘—–ǡˆǤ›‘—™‹ŽŽ‰‡–•–”‘‰‡” ͹Ǥ̴̴̴̴ ˆ›‘—•’‡ƒ–‘‘“—‹‡–Ž›ǡ‰Ǥ–Š‡ˆ‘‘†™‹ŽŽ„—” IV. Put the verb in the brackets into the correct form ͳǤ ˆ ‰‘‘—–™‹–Š›ˆ”‹‡†•–‘‹‰Š–ǡ ǥǥǥǥȋ‘–™ƒ– ŠȌ–Š‡ˆ‘‘–„ƒŽŽƒ– Š ‘Ǥ ʹǤ ˆ ǥǥǤǥȋŠƒ˜‡ȌƒŽ‘–‘ˆ‘‡›ǡ ™‘—Ž††‘ƒ–‡•‘‡’ƒ”––‘‘”’Šƒ•Ǥ ͵ǤŠ‡ǥǥǥǥǥȋ ‘‡Ȍ–‘‘—”’ƒ”–›ǡ‹ˆ•Š‡Šƒ†ǯ–„‡‡‘Š‘Ž‹†ƒ›Ǥ ͶǤ ˆ›‘—Šƒ†•™‹– Š‡†‘–Š‡Ž‹‰Š–•ǡ ǥǥǥǥȋˆƒŽŽȌ‘˜‡”–Š‡ Šƒ‹”Ǥ ͷǤ –™‘—Ž†ǯ–•—”’”‹•‡‡‹ˆ ǥǥǥǤȋ‘™Ȍ–Š‡ƒ•™‡”Ǥ ͸Ǥ ˆ•Š‡Š—””‹‡•ǡ™‡ǥǥǥǥȋ‘–‹••Ȍ–Š‡–”ƒ‹Ǥ ͹Ǥ ™‘—Ž†„‡•‘Šƒ’’›‹ˆ•Š‡ǥǥǥȋ„‡Ȍ–‘Š‡”„‹”–Š†ƒ›’ƒ”–›Ǩ‹ƒƒ™‹ŽŽ„‡ –Š‡”‡Ǥ ͺǤ ˆ‘Ž››‘—ǥǤȋ ƒȌŠ‡ƒ”™Šƒ– –‡ŽŽ›‘—Ǩ ͻǤǤ‘‡’‡‘’Ž‡™‹•Š–Š‡›ǥǥǤȋˆŽ›Ȍ ͳͲǤ ǥǥǥǥȋ‘’‡Ȍ–Š‡†‘‘”‹ˆ Šƒ†‘™Š‹•„‡‹‰ƒ–Š‡ˆ–Ǥ Sample grammatical patterns and exercises using inductive approach: I. Read the text and answer the questions ‡›Žƒ‹•ƒ˜‡”›Ž— ›‰‹”ŽǤŠ‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•’Žƒ•‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰‹ƒ†˜ƒ ‡ƒ†ƒ Š‹‡˜‡• ƒŽŽ Š‡” ‰‘ƒŽ•Ǥ ƒ•– ›‡ƒ” •Š‡ ˆ‹‹•Š‡† Š‡” • Š‘‘Ž ƒ† •–ƒ”–‡† ’”‡’ƒ”‹‰ ˆ‘” ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǤŠ‹•›‡ƒ”•Š‡Šƒ•entered the AULƒ†ˆ‡‡Ž•˜‡”›’”‘—†‘ˆ‹–Ǥ‡›Žƒ Šƒ•ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ’Žƒ•ˆ‘”–Š‡‡š–›‡ƒ”ȋʹͲͳͷȌǤ ‹”•–‘ˆƒŽŽǡ‹ ƒ—ƒ”›ǡ•Š‡™‹ŽŽ‰‘–‘

Ͳ Ǥƒƒ†‘˜ƒ

ƒ 6-months computer courseƒ†Ž‡ƒ”–Š‡ƒ‹ ‘’—–‡”’”‘‰”ƒ•Ǥ‡›Žƒ ‘™•–Šƒ–„›–Š‡‡†‘ˆʹͲͳͷ•Š‡will be working in a mobile companyǤŠ‡ ƒŽ•‘‘™•–Šƒ–„›–Š‡‹†‘ˆʹͲͳͷshe will have finished her computer course ƒ† ™‹ŽŽ Šƒ˜‡ ‰‘– Š‡” ‡”–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‡Ǥ Š‡ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ‰‘‹‰ –‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ ‹ ƒ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘’‡–‹–‹‘ǡʹͲͳͷǡˆ‘”ʹ†›‡ƒ”‹˜‡”•‹–›•–—†‡–•ƒ• „›–Šƒ––‹‡she will have been studying at AUL for 2 yearsǤ ͳȌ‘‡•‡›Žƒ•–—†›ƒ–• Š‘‘Ž‘™ǫ ʹȌŠ‡†‹†•Š‡‡–‡”–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›ǫ ͵ȌŠ‡–™‹ŽŽ•Š‡•–ƒ”–Š‡” ‘’—–‡” ‘—”•‡ǫ ͶȌ‹ŽŽ•Š‡ƒ––‡† ‘’—–‡” ‘—”•‡ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆʹͲͳͷǫ ͷȌ‹ŽŽ•Š‡„‡•–—†›‹‰ƒ–‹˜‡”•‹–›‹ʹͲͳͷǫ ͸ȌŠ‡™‹ŽŽ•Š‡ˆ‹‹•Š•–—†›‹‰ƒ–‹˜‡”•‹–›ǫ ͹Ȍ›ʹͲͳ͸ǡŠ‘™Ž‘‰•Š‡™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡„‡‡•–—†›‹‰ƒ–‹˜‡”•‹–›ǫ Now, let’s create Leyla’s timeline ʹͲͳ͵ʹͲͳͶʹͲͳͷʹͲͳ͸ II. Choose the best picture to each of the sentence and analyse it!  Î  ‹‹•Š‡†ƒ –‹‘  Î   –‹‘‹’”‘‰”‡•• ͳȌ ™‹ŽŽ ‘‡–‘–Š‡’ƒ”–›–‘‘””‘™Ǥ ʹȌ›‘˜‡„‡”›‘—™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡„‡‡•–—†›‹‰Š‡”‡ƒ–ˆ‘”‘”‡–Šƒͳ›‡ƒ”Ǥ ͵Ȍ›–Š‹•–‹‡‡š–›‡ƒ” ™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡ˆ‹‹•Š‡†›•–—†‹‡•‹‘†‘Ǥ ͶȌ ™‹ŽŽ„‡™ƒ‹–‹‰ˆ‘”›‘—ƒ––Š‡„—••–ƒ–‹‘ƒ–ͷ’ǤǤ–‘‘””‘™Ǥ



–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡• ‘Ž—‡ͳͲǡ—„‡”ͳǡ ƒ—ƒ”›ʹͲͳ͸ǡ’’Ǥ͹ͳǦͻͲ 

Using learner corpora in language teaching

•‘‰Š‹  ǡ”‹–‹•Š‹˜‡”•‹–›‹—„ƒ‹ǡ

Š‡’”‘Ž‹ˆ‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–‡š–‹‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ˆ‘”‘‹ƒ†•‘” ‘’—–‡”•‘ˆˆ‡”• Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–‡ƒ Š‡”•ƒ†Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ƒ‡‘”‘—•”ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ™Š‹ Š ‹‰Š– „‡ —•‡† ˆ‘” Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ƒ† Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ’—”’‘•‡•Ǥ • ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› „‡ ‘‡• ‘”‡ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ǡ ƒ† ƒ• Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‡ƒ Š‡”•„‡ ‘‡‘”‡ ‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡™‹–Š—•‹‰‘„‹Ž‡†‡˜‹ ‡•‹–Š‡‹” –‡ƒ Š‹‰ǡ–Š‡™ƒ›•‹™Š‹ Š ‘”’‘”ƒ ƒ„‡—•‡†ˆ‘”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–‡ƒ Š‹‰ –Š”‘—‰Š –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ™‹ŽŽ ‘–‹—‡ –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ ƒ† —’†ƒ–‡Ǥ Š‡ ‘Ž› ƒ•’‡ – –Šƒ– ™‹ŽŽ ‡˜‡” Šƒ‰‡ ‹• –Š‡ ”‡“—‹”‡‡– –‘ ƒ– Š Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡• ƒ† –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ”‡•‘—” ‡• „› —•‹‰ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• –‘ ‡‡– –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ƒ† Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ‰‘ƒŽ•Ǥ ‡ƒ”‡” ‘”’‘”ƒ ƒ”‡ ‘‡ ‘”‡ –‘‘Ž –‘™ƒ”† –Šƒ– ‰‘ƒŽǤ  ƒ ’ƒ’‡”Ž‡•• Žƒ••”‘‘ǡ ™Š‡”‡ ’ƒ’‡” ƒ† ’‡ƒ”‡ –‘–ƒŽŽ›‘—–‘ˆ—•‡ƒ†•–—†‡–•Šƒ˜‡‘„‹Ž‡†‡˜‹ ‡•ǡ•— Šƒ•‹ƒ†•ǡ ƒ– Šƒ† ”‡ƒ–‹‰ ƒ ‡Ž‡ –”‘‹  ˜‡”•‹‘ ‘” ‹‹ ‘”’—• ‘ˆ •–—†‡– ’ƒ’‡”• ƒ ‘ˆˆ‡” ƒ •‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡Ž‡ –”‘‹  ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ˆ‘” ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‰ ™‹–Š ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›ǤŠ‹••–—†›ƒ‹•–‘†‹• —••ƒ†Ž‘‘ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–™ƒ›• ‘ˆ —•‹‰ Ž‡ƒ”‡” ‘”’‘”ƒ ‹ ʹ •–—†‡–•̵ ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”› †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ† ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‹‰‘–Š‡ ‘”’—•ƒƒŽ›•‹•–‘‘Ž‹– ƒŽŽ‡† AntConcǤ

Keywords: Ǣƒ’‡”Ž‡••Žƒ••”‘‘Ǣ –‹˜‹–›Š‡‘”›Ǣ‘”’‘”ƒǢ–‘ 

1. Introduction Š‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•™ƒ›•–‘‹–”‘†— ‡Šƒ†•Ǧ‘ ‘”’—•–‘–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ Žƒ••”‘‘ƒ”‡ ƒ•†‹˜‡”•‡ƒ•–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ Žƒ••‡•–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ‘”’—•Ǧ‹ˆ‘”‡†”‡•‘—” ‡•™‹ŽŽ ‘–ƒ††”‡••ƒŽŽ–Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‘ˆŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–‡ƒ Š‹‰Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡›™‹ŽŽƒ††–‘ –Š‡”‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–‡ƒ Š‡”•ƒ†‡Šƒ ‡Ž‡ƒ”‡”‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ”‹‰‹ƒŽȋʹͲͲ͸Ǣ‹‘Ž‹•‘ǡʹͲͳͳȌ‡š’Žƒ‹•–Šƒ–ǡ‡˜‡ƒˆ–‡”ƒ™”‹–‹‰ ‘—”•‡ǡ•–—†‡–•”‡’‘”–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡› ‘–‹—‡†–‘—•‡–Š‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‘”’—•–‘ Š‡  ™‘”† Š‘‹ ‡• ƒ† –Š‡ •–”— –—”‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡› ™‡”‡ —•‹‰ ‹ –Š‡‹” Žƒ•• ’ƒ’‡”•ȋ’ǤͶͶȌǤ‘”’—•ƒƒŽ›•‹•‹•‘–ƒ‡™ ‘ ‡’–Ǥ –†ƒ–‡•„ƒ  –‘ –Š‡ ͳͻͻͲ•ǡ™Š‡ ‘Šƒ†‹‰†‡•‹‰‡† ‘”’—•Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ˆ‘”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ Ž‡ƒ”‡”• ƒ† ƒ‡† ‹– ƒ–ƒǦ”‹˜‡ ‡ƒ”‹‰Ǥ Dzȏƒ–ƒǦ†”‹˜‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ‹•Ȑ –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ ‘’—–‡”Ǧ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† ‘ ‘”†ƒ ‡• –‘ ‰‡– •–—†‡–• –‘ ‡š’Ž‘”‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ”‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ ’ƒ––‡”‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ –ƒ”‰‡– Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ†‡š‡” ‹•‡•„ƒ•‡†‘ ‘ ‘”†ƒ ‡‘—–’—–dzȋ ‘Š•Ƭ‹‰•ǡͳͻͻͳ‹ ǣʹͳͷ͹ǦͶͺͻͺǢ ǣʹͳͷ͹ǦͶͻͲͳ ̹ʹͲͳ͸ Ǣ”‹–‡†‹–Š‡„›—Ž—”‡••  Ǥ ʹ Ǥ ”‹‰‘”›ƒ

—•–Ž‡”Ƭƒ‹™ƒŽ†ǡʹͲͳͶǡ’ǤͳͶȌǤ ‘”’—• ‘’‹Ž‹‰‹•ƒ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–Šƒ–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–‡ƒ Š‡”• ƒ ‹’Ž‡‡–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž›–‘‡‡–Ž‡ƒ”‡”‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•Ǥ–‘ ‹•‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡’”‘‰”ƒ•™Š‹ Š‹ Ž—†‡ ‘ ‘”†ƒ ‡ƒ†™‘”†ˆ”‡“—‡ › ‰‡‡”ƒ–‘”•Ǥ  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‘› ȋʹͲͲͶǡ ’Ǥ ͳȌǡ Dz – ‹• ƒ ˆ”‡‡™ƒ”‡ǡ —Ž–‹Ǧ ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ǡ—Ž–‹Ǧ’—”’‘•‡ ‘”’—•ƒƒŽ›•‹•–‘‘Ž‹–ǡ†‡•‹‰‡†•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘”—•‡ ‹–Š‡ Žƒ••”‘‘Ǥdz‰ǯ•ȋʹͲͲ͸Ȍ•–—†›‹•ƒ˜‹˜‹†‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ ‘’‹Ž‹‰Ž‡ƒ”‡” ‘”’—• —•‹‰ –‘  ‘ ‘”†ƒ ‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹• –‘‘Ž‹– ˆ‘” ‡••ƒ› ™”‹–‹‰Ǥ Š‡ •–—†›Ž‘‘•ƒ–Ž‡ƒ”‡” ‘”’‘”ƒƒ†‹–”‘†— ‡•™ƒ›•ˆ‘”ƒŽƒ›•‹ƒ ‰Ž‹•Š –‡ƒ Š‡”•–‘ ‘’‹Ž‡–Š‡‹”•–—†‡–•ǯ‡••ƒ›•ƒ†—–‹Ž‹œ‡–Š‡ ‘”’—•Ǥ › †‘‹‰ –Š‹•ǡ –‡ƒ Š‡”• ‹†‡–‹ˆ› –Š‡‹” •–—†‡–•ǯ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‡””‘”• ƒ† †‡–‡ – Ž‘™ ˆ”‡“—‡ ›™‘”†•ƒ†–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‡Ž‹•–•ˆ‘””‡†”ƒˆ–‹‰–Š‡‹”‡••ƒ›•Ǥ‹ˆˆ‡”‡– •–—†› ‹• ‘†— –‡† „› —”’Š› ȋʹͲͳͶȌǡ ™Š‘ Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–• –Š‡ ’‡†ƒ‰‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰ ‡†‹–‹‰ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‹ ƒ†˜ƒ ‡† ‰Ž‹•Š Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘—”•‡•—•‹‰–‘ Ǥ –Š‹••–—†›•–—†‡–•™‘”™‹–Š•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‘”’‘”ƒ ƒ†‡†‹–†‘ —‡–•–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǤŠ‡ ‘—”•‡–‘— Š‡•—’‘–Š‡‡†‹–‹‰’”‘ ‡••ǡ —•‹‰ ‘”’‘”ƒ ˆ‘” Žƒ”‹ˆ›‹‰ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ — ‡”–ƒ‹–‹‡• ƒ† ‡š’Ž‘”‹‰ –Š‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‹–•‡ŽˆǤ ‘–Š‡” ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ •–—†› ‹• ”‡’‘”–‡† „› ƒ” ȋʹͲͳͶȌǡ ™Š‘ ˆ‘ —•‡•‘ ‘”’‘”ƒˆ‘”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ••‡••‡–Ǥ –ƒ”‰—‡•–Šƒ– ‘”’‘”ƒ ƒ„‡ƒ ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ –‘‘Ž ‹ †‡•‹‰‹‰ •–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œ‡† Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‡•–•Ǥ Š‡ •–—†› •—‰‰‡•–• –Šƒ– ‘”’—• „ƒ•‡† ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• ™‹ŽŽ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ –‡•– ˜ƒŽ‹†‹–› ƒ† ”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ ƒ† ™Š‹ Š‹•‘”‡ǡ–Š‡›™‹ŽŽ‡Ž‹ ‹–˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ••‡••‡– ”‹–‡”‹ƒ„ƒ•‡†‘Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ ƒŽŽ› ‰”‘—†‡†’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒ”‰‡–ƒ†–Š‡Ž‡ƒ”‡”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•Ǥ ‹ˆˆ‡”‡––Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ‰”‘—†•’‘‹––‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‘ˆ ‘”’‘”ƒ ƒ• ”‡•‘—” ‡•ˆ‘”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–‡ƒ Š‹‰Ǥ‹††‘™•‘ȋͳͻͻ͵Ǣ‹ƒ†Ž‹ǡͳͻͻ͹Ȍ‡š’Žƒ‹ –Šƒ–Dzǥƒ•–Š‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡‘ˆ’‡†ƒ‰‘‰›‹•–‘‡ƒ„Ž‡–Š‡Ž‡ƒ”‡”–‘—•‡–Š‡ˆ‘”‡‹‰ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•ˆ‘” ‘”’—•—•‡—•–„‡Œ—•–‹ˆ‹‡†‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡‘”‹‡•‘ˆ ™Šƒ––Šƒ–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘•‹•–•‘ˆƒ†Š‘™‹–‹•ƒ “—‹”‡†dzȋ’ǤͷͳȌǤ‡”Šƒ’•ǡ–Š‡‘•– ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ ’‡†ƒ‰‘‰‹ ƒŽ —•‡ ‘ˆ ‘”’‘”ƒ ‹• –‘ —•‡ –Š‡ ƒ• Žƒ••”‘‘ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ ™Š‹ Š–Š‡–‡ƒ Š‡” ƒ Š‘‘•‡ˆ”‘ƒ†ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•Ǥ ƒ†Ž‹ ȋͳͻͻ͹Ȍ •—‰‰‡•–• –™‘ ‹†• ‘ˆ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘”ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• †‡•‹‰ —•‹‰ ‘”’‘”ƒǣ –‡š–• ™‹–Š ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ǡ •— Š ƒ• –‡š– ”‡–”‹‡˜ƒŽ• ƒ† •ƒŽŽ‡” ‘–‡š–• ‡š‡’Ž‹ˆ›‹‰ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  ’Š‡‘‡ƒǡ •— Š ƒ• ‘ ‘”†ƒ ‡Ž‹‡•Ǥ‘Ž‹•‘ȋʹͲͳͳȌǡ‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ•—‰‰‡•–•„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ ‘”’—•‘ˆ•–—†‡–’ƒ’‡”•ƒ†—•‹‰‹–‹ Žƒ••ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ†–ƒ••ǡ •— Š ƒ• ‘’ƒ”‹‰ǡ ˆ‹Ž–‡”‹‰ ‘” •–—†›‹‰ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•Ǥ ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ ‰ ȋʹͲͲ͸Ȍ‡š’Žƒ‹•–Šƒ–ǡDz•‹‰ƒ –—ƒŽŽ‡ƒ”‡”•ǯŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–‘Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–ƒ†”‡ –‹ˆ› Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡’”‘„Ž‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡‘”‡‡‘”ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†”‡ƒŽ‹•–‹ –‘•–—†‡–•dzȋ’ǤͳȌǤ ‡•‹†‡•ǡDz‘”‹‰†‹”‡ –Ž›ˆ”‘–Š‡†ƒ–ƒǡ•‡ƒ” Š‹‰ˆ‘”’ƒ––‡”•ǡ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‰ ™Šƒ– ‹• ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› –Š‡”‡ǡ ‹• ƒ •‡ —”‡ ƒ† ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› —–Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰ ƒ –‹˜‹–›dz ȋ‘Ž‹•‘ǡʹͲͳͳǡ’Ǥ͹͵ȌǤ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡ͹ͳǦͻͲ ͹͵

‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡”‡˜‹‡™”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡† †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ™ƒ›•ƒ† •—‰‰‡•–‹‘• ‘ˆ—•‹‰ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘”’‘”ƒǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡Ž‹‹–‡†•–—†‹‡•ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ˜‡ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›—•‡†–‘  ‘”’—• ƒƒŽ›•‹• –‘‘Ž‹– ˆ‘” Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ’—”’‘•‡•Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ ‰ƒ’ ‹ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ —•‹‰ Ž‡ƒ”‡” ‘”’‘”ƒ ˆ‘”   ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”› †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•ƒŽ•‘•‹Ž‡–ƒ„‘—–Ž‘‘‹‰‹–‘Ž‡ƒ”‡” ‘”’‘”ƒ‹ƒ’ƒ’‡”Ž‡••  Žƒ••”‘‘Ǥ ‘‡ ƒ—–Š‘”•ǡ •— Š ƒ• ‘™ƒ”† ȋʹͲͳͲȌ ƒ† ƒ” ȋʹͲͳͶȌ •—‰‰‡•– ˆ—”–Š‡” ”‡•‡ƒ” Šǡ ™Š‹ Š ™‘—Ž† –‘— Š —’‘ –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ Ž‡ƒ”‡” ‘”’‘”ƒ ƒ• •‘—” ‡‘ˆ Žƒ••”‘‘ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‹••–—†›™‹ŽŽ ‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡„›–”›‹‰–‘•Š‡†Ž‹‰Š–‘–Š‡™ƒ›•Ž‡ƒ”‡” ‘”’‘”ƒ ‘—Ž†„‡—•‡†‹ ’ƒ’‡”Ž‡•• Žƒ••”‘‘–‘’”‘‘–‡ Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ǯ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›•‹ŽŽ•Ǥ

2. Theoretical framework  –‹˜‹–›Š‡‘”›™ƒ•ˆ‘—†‡†„›‘˜‹‡–’•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹•–•›‰‘–•›ǡ—”‹Œƒǡ —„‹•–‡‹ ƒ† ‡‘–‡˜ ‹ –Š‡ ͳͻ͵Ͳ•Ǥ Š‡‹” ‹†‡ƒ ™ƒ• –Šƒ– ƒ –‹˜‹–›™ƒ•ƒ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ’•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡’– „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‹– ™ƒ• –Š‡ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ‘–‹‘ ‹ ƒ› ˜‹ƒ„Ž‡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ ƒ–Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ‡ ‡ǡ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡‡––Šƒ–Š—ƒ•™‡”‡ƒ –‹˜‡ ”‡ƒ–—”‡•™ƒ•‘––‘„‡•‹’Ž›”‡‰‹•–‡”‡† ƒ•ƒ‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ –™ƒ•‡˜‡”†‡‹‡†„›ƒ›’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡” –Šƒ– Š—ƒ•ƒ –Ǥ‡–ǡ‹–™ƒ•ƒ•–ƒ–‡‡–ƒ„‘—––Š‡˜‡”›ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‘—‰Š–ƒ†‹–• „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‘–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ 

 Figure 1Ǥ ‘’Ž‡š‘†‡Ž‘ˆƒƒ –‹˜‹–›•›•–‡Ǥȋ• ŠƬ ‘ŠǡʹͲͲͶǡ’Ǥͷ͹Ȍ  ƒ–‡”ǡƒˆ–‡”–Š‡ͳͻ͹Ͳ•ǡ‰‡•–”‘ƒ††‡†•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽƒ† ‘–‡š–—ƒŽ†‹‡•‹‘•–‘ ›‰‘–•›ǯ•‘†‡Žƒ†Dzȏ„”‘ƒ†‡‡†Ȑ–Š‡’”‘ ‡••„›Ž‹‹‰–Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆƒ –‹˜‹–› •›•–‡• –‘ ‘ ‡’– ‘ˆ ‘–‡š–ǡ •–ƒ–‹‰ –Šƒ– ‘–‡š–• ƒ”‡ ƒ –‹˜‹–› •›•–‡•dz ȋ‰‡•–”‘ǡ ͳͻͻ͵Ǣ ‹ • Š Ƭ ‘Šǡ ʹͲͲͶǡ ’Ǥ ͷ͸ȌǤ Š‡ ƒ‹ ‘ ‡’– ‘ˆ –Š‹• Ͷ Ǥ ”‹‰‘”›ƒ

ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹•–Šƒ––Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽƒ –‹‘•‘ —”‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š”‡‡ˆƒ –‘”•ǣ–Š‡ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‘‘Ž•ǡ–Š‡ ‘—‹–›ƒ†–Š‡Žƒ„‘”†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‹–Šƒ– ‘—‹–›Ǥ –‡š’Žƒ‹•–Šƒ––Š‡•—„Œ‡ –‹’Ž‡‡–•ƒ–‘‘Ž–‘’‡”ˆ‘” ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ˆ— –‹‘• ƒ† ƒ‘–†‹”‡ –Ž›ƒ –‘–Š‡‘„Œ‡ –ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͳǡƒ„‘˜‡ȌǤ Šƒ•„‡‡—•‡†ƒ•ƒˆ”ƒ‡™‘”‹Ž‹‹–‡†‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•–—†‹‡•Ǥ• Šƒ† ‘Šǯ•ȋʹͲͲͶȌ“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡•–—†›‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”•‡šƒ‹‡ƒ ƒ•‡‘ˆƒ’‡‡”Ǧ”‡˜‹•‹‘‹ƒ’ƒ‹•Šˆ‘”‡‹‰Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘—”•‡ǤŠ‹• ƒ –‹‘ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹•ƒ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘†‡•‹‰‡†ƒ† ‹’Ž‡‡–‡† „› –Š‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‡ƒ Š‡”• –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹• ˆ—ŽŽ ‘ˆ •—‰‰‡•–‹‘•„›‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–Š‡‘”‹•–•ǡ•— Šƒ•ƒ”„ƒ”ƒ‘‰‘ˆˆǡ ‡”‘‡”—‡” ƒ†‘–Š‡”•ǡ‘’‘••‹„Ž‡—•‡•‘ˆ‹‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–Š‡‘”›ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‹Š—ƒǦ ‘’—–‡” ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ †‡•‹‰Ǥ • ‘• Šƒ ȋͳͻͻͺȌ ‡š’Žƒ‹•ǡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡†‡•‹‰‡”•‘ˆ ‘’—–‡”Ǧ„ƒ•‡†ƒ”–‹ˆƒ –•–‘–—”–‘ƒ• ƒ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘” ˆ‘” ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰ —•‡” ”‡“—‹”‡‡–•Ǥ ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ ƒ”†‹ ȋͳͻͻ͸Ȍ ”‡’”‡•‡–•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–’‘‹–‘ˆ‡–”›ˆ‘”‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”• ‹ ‹•–”— –‹‘ƒŽ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†ƒ”–‹ˆƒ –†‡•‹‰–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡™Šƒ–‹•ƒ†Š‘™ –Š‡ ˆ‹‡Ž† ‡˜‘Ž˜‡•Ǥ ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ ‡–‹‘‡† •—‰‰‡•–‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡– •–—†›™‹ŽŽ–ƒ‡ƒ•‹–•–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽˆ”ƒ‡™‘”™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ȋ ‹‰—”‡ʹȌǣ 

 Figure 2Ǥ—””‡–Ž‡ƒ”‡” ‘”’‘”ƒˆ‘”˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ  3. Research Method Š‹••–—†›‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‘”ƒ›”‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ –ƒ‹•ƒ–Ž‘‘‹‰‹–‘ –Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‘ˆ ”‡ƒ–‹‰‹‹Ž‡ƒ”‡” ‘”’—•ƒ† ”‡ƒ–‹‰‡Ž‡ –”‘‹  ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ˆ‘” •–—†‡–•ǯ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ “—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡”‡•‡ƒ” Šǡ –Š‡ƒ‹‰‘ƒŽ‹•–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǤDz‹–Š–Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆ‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰–Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ™‘”Ž†ˆ”‘–Š‡’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•‘ˆ–Š‘•‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡ͹ͳǦͻͲ ͹ͷ

™Š‘ƒ”‡ƒ –‘”•‹–Šƒ–•‘ ‹ƒŽ™‘”Ž†ǡ‹–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•–Šƒ–”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡–Š‘†•‹ Ž—†‡ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‰™‹–Š’‡‘’Ž‡‹–Š‡‹”•‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘–‡š–•ƒ†–ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ„‘—– –Š‡‹”’‡” ‡’–‹‘•dzȋ Ž‡•‡ǡʹͲͳͳǡ’ǤͺȌǤ –Š‹••–—†›ǡ–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ‹•—•‡†–‘ˆ‘” ‘ ‡’–• ‘˜‹‰ –‘™ƒ”†• ‡š’Ž‘”‹‰ ™ƒ›• ‘ˆ   Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ǯ ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”› †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹’ƒ’‡”Ž‡•• Žƒ••”‘‘Ǥ ‹ ‡ ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”› †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– —•‹‰ Ž‡ƒ”‡” ‘”’‘”ƒ ‹• ƒ ’”‘„Ž‡–‘„‡ —†‡”•–‘‘† ‹ –Š‡ ‘–‡š– ‘ˆ  ’ƒ’‡”Ž‡•• Žƒ••”‘‘ •‡––‹‰ǡ ƒ†‡• ”‹’–‹˜‡ǡ •‹‰Ž‡Ǧ ƒ•‡†‡•‹‰•–—†›‹• Š‘•‡ƒ•ƒˆ‘”‘ˆƒ“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡‹“—‹”›Ǥ•–ƒ‡ ȋͳͻͻͷǡ ’Ǥ ͳͳȌ ƒ”‰—‡•ǡ Dzƒ•‡ •–—†› ‹• –Š‡ •–—†› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‹–› ƒ† ‘’Ž‡š‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ •‹‰Ž‡ ƒ•‡ǡ ‘‹‰ –‘ —†‡”•–ƒ† ‹–• ƒ –‹˜‹–› ™‹–Š‹ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•ǤdzŠ‡ ƒ•‡•–—†›ƒŽŽ‘™•ˆ‘”‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’ƒ––‡”• ‘ˆ‹‹ ‘”’—•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†‹–•‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘‹˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• †‡•‹‰ƒ†‹–• ‘–‡š–‹• ”— ‹ƒŽ‹‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‰–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š“—‡•–‹‘Ǥ Š‡•‹–‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ•‡•–—†›™ƒ•ƒ–‡”–‹ƒ”›Ž‡˜‡Ž™‘‡ǯ• ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡‹Ž‹ǡ–Š‡ ‹–‡† ”ƒ„ ‹”ƒ–‡•Ǥ Š‡ •‹–‡ ‘•‹•–‡† ‘ˆ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ƒŒ‘” ’”‘‰”ƒ•ǡ‘‡‘ˆ ™Š‹ Š™ƒ• ƒŽŽ‡† ‘—†ƒ–‹‘•’”‘‰”ƒǤ – ‘•‹•–‡†‘ˆˆ‘—”Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Š ’”‘ˆ‹ ‹‡ › ‰”‘—’•ǣ ‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”›ǣ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘‡ǡ ’”‡Ǧ‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ–‡ǣ Ž‡˜‡Ž –™‘ǡ ‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ–‡ǣŽ‡˜‡Ž–Š”‡‡ƒ†ƒ†˜ƒ ‡†ǣŽ‡˜‡Žˆ‘—”ǤŠ‡ ‘—”•‡™ƒ•†‡•‹‰‡†–‘ ‹’”‘˜‡ •–—†‡–•ǯ‰Ž‹•ŠŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‹ŽŽ•Ǥ‡‰”‘—’‘ˆͳͲ•–—†‡–•™ƒ• ’—”’‘•‡ˆ—ŽŽ›•‡Ž‡ –‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡•–—†›ǤŠ‡•–—†‡–•™‡”‡ͳ͹ǦʹͲ›‡ƒ”‘Ž†‹”ƒ–‹ ‰‹”Ž•ǤŠ‡‹”‰Ž‹•ŠŽ‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ’”‘ˆ‹ ‹‡ ›™ƒ•†‡–‡”‹‡†–‘„‡’”‡Ǧ‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ–‡ †—‡–‘–Š‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œ‡†’Žƒ ‡‡–ƒ††‹ƒ‰‘•–‹ –‡•–•ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡†„›–Š‡ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ „‡‰‹‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘‰”ƒǤ Š‡ ‰”‘—’ ™ƒ• –ƒ—‰Š– „› –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”ǤŠ‡•–—†‡–•Šƒ†–™‘‰Ž‹•Š’‡”‹‘†•†ƒ‹Ž›ƒ†‡ƒ Š’‡”‹‘†Žƒ•–‡† ˆ‘”ͷͲ‹—–‡•Ǥ –—†‡–•ǯ Žƒ••”‘‘ ™ƒ• †‹‰‹–ƒŽǡ ˆ—”‹•Š‡† ™‹–Š ‹–‡”ƒ –‹˜‡ ™Š‹–‡ „‘ƒ”†ǡ ƒ”‡”„‘ƒ”†ǡ–‡ƒ Š‡”ǯ•–‘— Š• ”‡‡ ‘’—–‡”ǡƒ’’Ž‡–‘•—’’‘”– ‹ƒ† ‹””‘”‹‰ǡ’”‘Œ‡ –‘”ǡ ǡ‘  ƒ‡”ƒƒ†’”‹–‡”ǤŠ‡•–—†‡–• ƒ––‡†‡† Žƒ••‡•‘Ž›™‹–Š–Š‡‹”‹ƒ†•ƒ† ‘’Ž‡–‡†–Š‡‹”•–—†‹‡•‡š Ž—•‹˜‡Ž›‘–Š‡Ǥ ‹ ‡ʹͲͳͳǡ–Š‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘Šƒ†‘˜‡†–‘–Š‡’ƒ’‡”Ž‡•••›•–‡ƒ† ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡†’ƒ’‡”ƒ†’‡ˆ”‘ Žƒ••”‘‘•ǤŠ‡•–—†‡–•™‡”‡‘„•‡”˜‡† ‹ –Š‡‹”—•—ƒŽ Žƒ••”‘‘ˆ‘”–™‘†ƒ›•ǡ–™‘’‡”‹‘†•‡ƒ Š†ƒ›ǡ™‹–Š‘‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘ ‘ —””‹‰ –‘ Ž‹‹– –Š‡‹” ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡–ǡ Š‡ ‡Ǣ ‹‹‹œ‹‰ –Š‡ ”‹• ‘ˆ Šƒ” –‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ȋ‹ǡʹͲͲͻȌǤ ‹”•–ǡ–Š‡•–—†‡–•™‡”‡ƒ••‹‰‡†–‘ƒ–‹‡†‡Ǧ’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š™”‹–‹‰‘–Š‡–‘’‹  Dz›™‡‡‡†dz‘–Š‡‹”‹ƒ†•ǡ‹–Š‡ƒ’’ ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ‰‡•ǤŠ‡•–—†‡–• ™‡”‡ ƒ•‡†–‘—•‡ƒ•ƒ›™‘”†•ƒ•–Š‡› ‘—Ž†”‡‡„‡”ˆ”‘šˆ‘”†͵ͲͲͲǡʹǤͳǦ ʹǤ͵Ž‹•–‹–Š‡‹”’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š•ǤŠ‡ —‹†‡† ‡••™ƒ••‡–‘•–—†‡–•ǯ‹ƒ†•–‘ Ž‘ –Š‡‹–‘ƒ‰‡•ƒ’’ƒ†ƒ‡•—”‡–Š‡›™‘—Ž†‘–—Ž–‹–ƒ•ƒ†—•‡–Š‡ ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”› Ž‹•– ˆ‘” •’‡ŽŽ‹‰ ‘” ‘–Š‡” ”‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ Š‹• Ž‹•– ™ƒ• ƒ••‹‰‡† „› –Š‡ ‘‘‘—”•‡—–Ž‹‡ȋ’’‡†‹šȌƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘™Šƒ–ǡ–Š‡•–—†‡–•™‡”‡  Ǥ ”‹‰‘”›ƒ

•—’’‘•‡† –‘ ƒ•–‡” šˆ‘”† ͵ͲͲͲǡ ͳʹ Ž‹•–•ǣ ʹǤͳǦʹǤͳʹ „› –Š‡ ‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡‡•–‡”ǤŠ‡‘‘‘—”•‡—–Ž‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘†‡–ƒ‹Ž•—†‡”͸ǣ ‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”› •‡ –‹‘ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ǣ ȏ ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ ‰Ž‹•Š ‡˜‡Ž –™‘•–—†‡–• •Š‘—Ž†Ȑ †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡ ƒ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ͳ ƒ† ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ʹ Ž‡˜‡Ž ™‘”†•‘–Š‡  ‘—†ƒ–‹‘•‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›‹•–ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ƒ‡‡”‰‹‰ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡‡ƒ‹‰•‘ˆ ‘‘™‘”†•ȋ’’‡†‹šȌǤ Š‡•–—†‡–•™‡”‡ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”™‹–Š–Š‡•‡ –‹‘‘ˆšˆ‘”†͵ͲͲͲǡʹǤͳȂʹǤ͵Ž‹•–ƒ• –Š‡›Šƒ†™‘”‡†™‹–Š–Šƒ–Ž‹•–‘ˆ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›–Š”‘—‰Šƒ‘Ž‹‡’”‘‰”ƒ ƒŽŽ‡†’‡ŽŽ‹‰‹–›ˆ‘”ƒ™‡‡ǤŠ‡ˆ‹”•–ƒ‹‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒ•™ƒ•–‘ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ •–—†‡–•ǯ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡––Š”‘—‰Š—•‹‰‹–‹ ‘–‡š–ǤŠ‡•‡ ‘†ƒ‹ ™ƒ•–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡•–—†‡–•ǯ‹‹ ‘”’—•‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘†— ‡†ͳͲ’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š•Ǥ ˆ–‡” –Š‡ ‡Ǧ’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š• ™‡”‡ •—„‹––‡† –Š”‘—‰Š „Ž‡ƒ” ȋŽƒ „‘ƒ”† ˆ‘” ‹ƒ†Ȍǡ –Š‡› ™‡”‡ ‡–‡”‡† ‹–‘ –Š‡ •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ ƒŽŽ‡† –‘ Ǥ Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† ‹‹ ‘”’—•ǡ –Š‡ǡ ™ƒ• ƒƒŽ›œ‡† ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› Ž‘‘‹‰ ƒ– •–—†‡–•ǯ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ‹‰•‘ˆ ‘‘™‘”†•ƒ†–Š‡‹”•’‡ŽŽ‹‰‹•–ƒ‡•Ǥ –‘ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†™‘”†ˆ”‡“—‡ ›—•‡ǡ ‘ ‘”†ƒ ‡ǡ‡›™‘”†Ž‹•–ǡ •‘”–‡† •‡–‡ ‡•„›’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”’Š”ƒ•‡‘”‡””‘”ǡƒ†Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‘—–•–—†‡–•ǯ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡–Ǥ ‹–Š–Š‡‡š–•–‡’ǡ–Š‡–‘ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡††ƒ–ƒ™ƒ•—•‡†–‘†‡•‹‰˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”› ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†™ƒ•ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡†‹ Žƒ••ˆ‘”–™‘†ƒ›•ǣˆ‘—”’‡”‹‘†•Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ •–—†‡–•ǯ ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”› ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡– ™ƒ• ‡ƒ•—”‡† ƒ‰ƒ‹ –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ‘–Š‡”’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š™”‹–‹‰–ƒ•™Š‡–Š‡› ƒ‡„ƒ ˆ”‘ƒŽ‘‰™‡‡‡† ƒ†–Š‡•‡ ‘†™”‹–‹‰ƒ•™‡ŽŽ™ƒ•–‹–Ž‡†Ǯ›Žƒ•–™‡‡‡†ǯǤ Š‡ •–—†› ’”‘˜‹†‡† –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ™‹–Š ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ǤŠ‹Ž‡ –Š‹••–—†›†‹†‘–‹ Ž—†‡ƒ›”‹••–‘‡‹–Š‡”–Š‡–‡ƒ Š‡”ǡ‘” •–—†‡–•ǡ ‡ƒ•—”‡•™‡”‡–ƒ‡–‘’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡™‹–Šƒ‘›‹–›ƒ†ƒ —”ƒ–‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ȋ‹ǡ ʹͲͲͻȌǤ ‘ ƒ–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ †”ƒ™ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ •–—†‡–•ǯ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”•ǡ ‡ƒ•—”‡• ™‡”‡ –ƒ‡–‘‡‡’’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǯƒ‘›‹–›Ǥ Š‹••–—†›ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† ‡”–ƒ‹•–‡’•–‘‡•—”‡‹–•–”—•–™‘”–Š‹‡••ǡ–Š‡Dz†ƒ–ƒ™ƒ• ƒ††”‡••‡†–Š”‘—‰ŠŠ‘‡•–›ǡ†‡’–Šǡ”‹ Š‡••ƒ†• ‘’‡‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†dz ȋ‘Š‡ǡƒ‹‘ǡƬ‘””‹•‘ǡʹͲͲͳǡ’ǤͳͲͷȌǤ‡„‡” Š‡ •™‹–Š’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ– •–—†‡–• ™‡”‡ ƒ””‹‡† ‘—– –‘ ˜‡”‹ˆ› –Š‡ ƒ —”ƒ › ‘ˆ ˆ‹†‹‰•Ǥ ƒŽ‹†‹–›‹••—‡• –Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡•–—†›‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘™‡”‡‹‹‹œ‡†„›”‡ˆ‡””‹‰–‘ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‹‘ ƒ–‡˜‡–ƒ‰‡•‘˜‡”˜‹‡™ȋ˜ƒŽ‡ǡͳͻͻ͸ǡ’Ǥʹ͵͹ȌǤ

4. Vocabulary Materials development Š‡ ͳͲ ‡Ǧ’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š• ™”‹––‡ „› ͳͲ •–—†‡–• ƒ„‘—– –Š‡‹” ™‡‡‡† ™‡”‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡† –Š”‘—‰Š –‘  ‡›™‘”†ǡ ‘ŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ™‘”†Ž‹•–ǡ ˆ‹Ž‡˜‹‡™ƒ† ‘ ‘”†ƒ ‡•‡ƒ” Š‡•ȋ’’‡†‹šȌǤŠ‡‡›™‘”†ƒ†™‘”†Ž‹•–•‡ƒ” Š‡• –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡ͹ͳǦͻͲ ͹͹

”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–Šƒ–‘—–‘ˆ͸Ͳ™‘”†••–—†‡–•—•‡†͵ͻ™‘”†•‹–Š‡‹”’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š•Ǥ Š‡ –Š‡ —•‡† ™‘”†• ™‡”‡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ǡ ‘ŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘” –Š‘•‡ ™‘”†• ™‡”‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡†–‘•‡‡‹ˆ–Š‡™‘”†•’‡ŽŽ‹‰•ƒ†‡ƒ‹‰•™‡”‡ƒ —”ƒ–‡Ž›—•‡†ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘–‡š–Ǥ  ƒ•‡‘ˆƒ‡””‘”ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š™ƒ•˜‹‡™‡†–Š”‘—‰Šˆ‹Ž‡ ˜‹‡™ •‡ƒ” Š ˆ‘” Š‘Ž‹•–‹  –ƒ• ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ‡– ȋ’’‡†‹š ȌǤ –‘ Š‡Ž’‡†–‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ› ƒ† †‡–‡ – ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ƒ† ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”› —•‡ ‹ ͳͲ •–—†‡–•ǯ™”‹–‹‰•‹ƒˆ‡™‹—–‡•ǡ™Š‹ Š™‘—Ž†‡˜‡”„‡’‘••‹„Ž‡ Šƒ† ‹– „‡‡†‘‡–Š”‘—‰Š–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ’‡ƒ†’ƒ’‡”ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•Ǥ •‡ ‘†•‹–™ƒ• Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ–Š‡’Š”ƒ•‡Ǯƒ••‘‘ƒ•ǯ™ƒ•—•‡†„›‡‹‰Š– •–—†‡–• ™‹–Š‘—–‹•–ƒ‡•ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ•ǡ–Š‡™‘”†•Ǯƒ›‘‡ǯƒ†Ǯƒ›™Š‡”‡ǯ™‡”‡‹•—•‡† ƒŽ‘•–‹ƒŽŽ’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š•Ǥ ‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ Ž‡ƒ”’‹ –—”‡‘ˆ ‘””‡ –ƒ†‹ ‘””‡ –—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹’Ž‡‡–‡† ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›ƒ–ƒ„Ž‡™ƒ•†‡•‹‰‡†™‹–Š•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‡šƒ’Ž‡•‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† „› –‘ ǡȋ’’‡†‹šȌǤ –‘–ƒŽǡ‘—–‘ˆ͵ͻ—•‡†™‘”†••–—†‡–•‹•—•‡†ͳ͸ǡ‹ ™Š‹ Šǡ–Š‡‹•–ƒ‡•”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘„‘–Šǣ•’‡ŽŽ‹‰ƒ†™‘”†ˆ‘”ǤŠ‡ –ƒ„Ž‡ •Š‘™‡†–Šƒ–•–—†‡–•‡‡†‡†ˆ—”–Š‡”’”ƒ –‹ ‡‹•’‡ŽŽ‹‰‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”™‘”†• ƒ†—•‡‘ˆ‹†‡ˆ‹‹–‡’”‘‘—•Ǥ‘•—’’‘”––Š‹•’”ƒ –‹ ‡–Š‡•–—†› †‡•‹‰‡† ˆ‘—” ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• —•‹‰ –‘  ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† ‘ ‘”†ƒ ‡ Ž‹‡• ƒ† ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† ‘Ž‹•‘ǯ• ȋʹͲͳͳȌ •‹šǦ•–‡’ • Š‡‡ ƒŽŽ‡† Ǯ –‡ƒ Š‡”ǯ• ’ƒ–Š –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ‡™‘”ƒ†ƒ’–‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǯȋ’’‡†‹šȌƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ

ͳǤ †‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡‡† ˆ‘” ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǣ šˆ‘”† ͵ͲͲͲ ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”› Ž‹•–• ȋ–‘ ‡‡–‘‘‘”•‡—–Ž‹‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•Ȍ ʹǤ š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡‡†̴  Žƒ••–ƒ• ͵Ǥ ‘–‡š–—ƒŽ ”‡ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǣ •‹‰ ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”› ‹ ‘–‡š–ǣ ’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š™”‹–‹‰ ͶǤ ‡†ƒ‰‘‰‹ ƒŽ”‡ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǣAntConcƒƒŽ›•‹•ƒ†‹†‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ’”‘„Ž‡• ͷǤ ”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǣƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ†‡•‹‰ƒ†ƒ†‘’–‹‘ x –—†‡–—•‡‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǣ †‹˜‹†—ƒŽǡ’ƒ‹”™‘”ǡ‰”‘—’™‘” ͸Ǥ ˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ƒ‰”‡‡† ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•ǣ ‘‘ ‘”•‡ —–Ž‹‡ǡ͸ǡ‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›

‹”•–ǡ • ”‡‡•Š‘–• ‘ˆ –‘  ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† ‘ ‘”†ƒ ‡ Ž‹‡• ™‡”‡ —•‡† –‘ †‡•‹‰ƒ†ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡””‘”‹†‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ† ‘””‡ –‹‘‡š‡” ‹•‡•ȋ’’‡†‹š ȌǤ‡ ‘†ǡ–Š‡†‡•‹‰‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•™‡”‡’Žƒ ‡†‹„Ž‡ƒ”‘Ž‹‡’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ˆ‘” •–—†‡–•–‘ƒ ‡••ƒ† ‘’Ž‡–‡–™‘‡š‡” ‹•‡•’‡”†ƒ›‘–Š‡‹”‹ƒ†•†—”‹‰ –Š‡‹” Žƒ••–‹‡Ǥ

5. Data Analysis –—†‡–•™”‘–‡–Š‡‹”•‡ ‘†–‹‡†’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š•ǡ–‹–Ž‡†Ǯ›Žƒ•–™‡‡‡†ǯ—†‡” –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‘†‹–‹‘• ƒ• –Š‡› †‹† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– –‹‡Ǥ ˆ–‡” •–—†‡–• •—„‹––‡† ͺ Ǥ ”‹‰‘”›ƒ

–Š‡‹”’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š•–Š”‘—‰Š„Ž‡ƒ”‘Ž‹‡’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ǡ–Š‡ͳͲ™”‹––‡’‹‡ ‡•™‡”‡ ƒ‰ƒ‹”—–Š”‘—‰Š–‘ –‘ ‘’ƒ”‡–Š‡˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›—•‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ˆ‹”•– ƒ†•‡ ‘†™”‹–‹‰•ˆ‘”‡””‘”•Ǥ–‘ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†”‡•—Ž–••Š‘™‡†‘•’‡ŽŽ‹‰ ‹•–ƒ‡• ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡† ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”› ƒ† ‘Ž› ‘‡ ™”‘‰Ž› —•‡† ‹†‡ˆ‹‹–‡’”‘‘—ȋ’’‡†‹š ȌǤ 

 Figure 3Ǥ†ƒ–ƒƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ  ‹–Š‹••–—†› ‘•‹•–‡†‘ˆʹ Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ƒ•ƒ•—„Œ‡ –ǡƒ† ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”› ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ•ƒ‘„Œ‡ –ǡ‡†‹ƒ–‡†„›ƒ–‘‘Ž•— Šƒ• –‘  ‘ ‘”†ƒ ‡–‘‘Ž‹–Ǥ ‹‰—”‡Ͷ•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ–—•‹‰ ‘ ‘”†ƒ ‡–‘‘Ž‹–•ǡ•— Š ƒ•–‘  ƒ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ‹‹Ž‡ƒ”‡” ‘”’—•ƒ†‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ ‘ ‘”†ƒ ‡Ž‹‡•ǡ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ǡ ƒ „‡ •— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ› —•‡† ‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• †‡•‹‰ ˆ‘” ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”› †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǤŠ‡‘„Œ‡ –™ƒ•‡––Š”‘—‰Š•— Š–›’‡•‘ˆ‡š‡” ‹•‡•ƒ• ‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰ǡ ‘””‡ –‹‰ǡ ƒ– Š‹‰ǡ •’‡ŽŽ‹‰ ƒ† —•‹‰ –Š‡ –ƒ”‰‡– ™‘”†• ‹ ‘–‡š–ǡ™Š‹ Š‹‹–•–—”‘–‘Ž›ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‡†•–—†‡–•ǯ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”› ƒ† ’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ’Ž‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡‹–ƒ”‰‡–˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† –Š‡‹” ƒƒŽ›–‹ ƒŽƒ† ”‹–‹ ƒŽ–Š‹‹‰•‹ŽŽ•Ǥ‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆŽƒ„‘”–Š”‘—‰Š’ƒ‹”ƒ†‰”‘—’ ™‘” ˆ‘•–‡”‡† •–—†‡–•ǯ‹–‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽ ƒ† ‘—‹ ƒ–‹˜‡ •‹ŽŽ• ‹ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ —•‡ ƒ† ƒ—•‡† ‘ †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–‹‡• ‹ †‡ƒŽ‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ”—Ž‡•ǡ –Š—•Ǣƒ‹‰–Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ•’‡ –‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†›‡˜‡•‘‘–Š‡”–‘’”‘ ‡‡†™‹–ŠǤ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡ͹ͳǦͻͲ ͹ͻ

 –Š‡ ‘—”•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹• ”‡•‡ƒ” Šǡ –Š‡ ‘—– ‘‡• •—‰‰‡•–‡† ‡™ ƒ –‹‘• ƒ† ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ –‹˜‹–›ǤŠ‡•–—†‡–•‘˜‡† ˆ”‘ ’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š™”‹–‹‰‹–‘˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǡˆ”‘‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ–‘’ƒ‹”ƒ†‰”‘—’ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡˆ”‘ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡‹–‘ƒƒŽ›–‹ ƒŽƒ† ”‹–‹ ƒŽ–Š‹‹‰ǡ‡– Ǥǡƒ†‹–Š‡•‡ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• –Š‡› ”‡ ‘•–”— –‡† –Š‡‹” ‹‹–‹ƒŽ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ƒ‡ –Š‡ —•‡ˆ—Žˆ‘”–Š‡—’ ‘‹‰‘‡•ǤŠ‡‡„‡††‡†–”‹ƒ‰Ž‡•Š‘™‡†–Š‡ƒ ‡••‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ–Š‡†‡•‹‰‡†˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›‡š‡” ‹•‡•–‘–Š‡•–—†‡–•ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ• –Š‡ Ž‘•‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ‡™ ˆ‘” ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‡–‹  ‘–‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡†‹ƒ–‹‰–‘‘ŽǤŠ‡ƒ‹–Š‹•’ƒ’‡”’—”•—‡† ƒ„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•— ‡••ǡƒ•‹– ƒƒ‰‡†–‘‘„•‡”˜‡Š‘™–Š‡•—„Œ‡ –†‡ƒŽ–™‹–Š–Š‡–ƒ•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡•—’’Ž‹‡† ‡†‹ƒ–‹‰–‘‘Ž•ǤŠ‡•–—†‡–•’”‘˜‡†Š‹‰Š•— ‡••™‹–Š–™‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‘—” ‡• ‘ˆ •–‹—Žƒ–‹‘ǣ –Š‡ –ƒ”‰‡– –ƒ•• –Š‡› •— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ› ‘’Ž‡–‡† ƒ† –Š‡ ‹•–”—‡– –Š”‘—‰Š ™Š‹ Š –Š‡› ‘’Ž‡–‡† –Š‡Ǥ Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ ˆ‘”–Š‹• ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š™ƒ•–Šƒ–‹–‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡†–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡•‘Ž˜‹‰’”‘ ‡••ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ •–—†‡–• ƒ†‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ” ˜‹•—ƒŽ• –‘ ‰—‹†‡ –Š‡‹” ’”‘„Ž‡ •‘Ž˜‹‰ ‡ˆˆ‘”–•Ǥ –ƒŽ•‘‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡†–Šƒ–•–—†‡–’”‘†— ‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ„‡ƒ –‹˜‡ ƒ‰‡–•–‘„‡’”‘†— –‹˜‡Ž›•‡Ž‡ –‡†ˆ‘”ˆ—”–Š‡”’”‘†— –‹˜‡’‡†ƒ‰‘‰‹ ƒŽ —•‡Ǥ Š‹• ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡† ƒ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘”‹‡–‡†ǡ •–”— –—”‡† › Ž‹ ˜‹‡™‘ˆƒ •— ‡••ˆ—Ž‘—– ‘‡™Š‹ Š ‘—Ž†„‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ†‡š’Ž‘”‡†‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•ƒ –‹˜‹–› •›•–‡•Ǥ Š‡’‡†ƒ‰‘‰‹ ƒŽ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†‡–’”‘†— ‡†™”‹–‹‰‹–‘˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”› ‘”‹‡–‡† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• †‡•‹‰ ˆ‘” –Š‡ •–—†‡–• –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ™Š‘ Šƒ† ‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ› ’”‘†— ‡†–Šƒ–ǡƒ†‡ƒ › Ž‹ ’”‘ ‡••™‹–ŠƒͻͺΨ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‘˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”› Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ƒ† ’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥ Š‡ ‰‹˜‡ ƒ –‹˜‹–› •›•–‡ †‹† ‘– †‹ƒ‰‘•‡ ƒ› ’”‘„Ž‡•‡‹–Š‡”™‹–Š–‡ Š‹ ƒŽ‘”–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†›ǤŠ‡•‡– ‘„Œ‡ –™ƒ•‡––Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡”‹‰Š–‡†‹ƒ–‹‰–‘‘Žƒ††‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆŽƒ„‘”ǡ™Š‹ Š ƒŽŽ‘™‡† –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• –‘ ‡‡’ –”—‡ –‘ –Š‡ ”—Ž‡• ƒ† ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•—•‹‰‹ƒ†•ƒ–ƒŽŽ–‹‡•ǤͻͺΨ•— ‡••ˆ—Ž‘—– ‘‡ ƒ‡ –‘ ™‹–‡•• ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–‡† ƒ –‹˜‹–› •›•–‡ǯ• ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ’‡†ƒ‰‘‰‹ ƒŽ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•ƒ†‹–•’‘••‹„Ž‡ˆ—–—”‡ƒ†‘’–‹‘‹‘–Š‡”•‹ŽŽ•‘ˆ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‡ƒ Š‹‰Ǥ

6. Conclusion ‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ Ž‡ƒ”‡” ‘”’‘”ƒ ‹ ‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒŽŽ› ‡Šƒ ‡† Žƒ••”‘‘‹•— Š ‡ƒ•‹‡”–Šƒ‹’ƒ’‡”ƒ†’‡‘‡ǡƒ•‹•‡ ‘†•Ž‡ƒ”‡”’”‘†— ‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ–—”‹–‘˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡Šƒ†•‘ˆ–Š‡–‡ƒ Š‡”ƒ†‰—‹†‡Š‡” –Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆŠ‡”•–—†‡–•ǯŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹’”‘˜‡‡–Ǥ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ —•‹‰ Ž‡ƒ”‡” ‘”’‘”ƒ ƒ† –‘  ‘”’—• ƒƒŽ›•‹• –‘‘Ž‹– ƒ ’”‘˜‹†‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‡ƒ Š‡”• ™‹–Š ƒ—–Š‡–‹  ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ† ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– ‹• ‘– ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ˆ”‘‘–Š‡”‘Ž‹‡ ‘”’‘”ƒǤ ‡ƒ†–Š‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–’‡†ƒ‰‘‰‹ ƒŽ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹••–—†› ™ƒ• ‹ ͺͲ Ǥ ”‹‰‘”›ƒ

‘’”‡Š‡•‹„Ž‡ ‹’—–ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹ –Š‹• ƒ•‡ ‡ƒ– —•‹‰ ƒ –—ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ǯ ™”‹–‹‰• ƒ•‹’—– –‘ƒ‡ –Š‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡‡‘”ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ† ’”‘†— –‹˜‡ˆ‘”–Š‡Ǥ ‡š– ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ ‹•‹‰Š– ‹ ’‡†ƒ‰‘‰› ™ƒ• ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• –Š”‘—‰Š ’ƒ‹”ƒ†‰”‘—’™‘”ǡŠ‡ ‡‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰Ž‡ƒ”‡”•–‘‡š Šƒ‰‡‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ† ’”ƒ –‹ ‡–Š‡–ƒ”‰‡–˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›Ǥ ƒ‹Ž‹‰‹†‘‹‰•‘™‘—Ž†‡ƒ‘˜‡”™Š‡Ž‹‰ ƒ† ˆ”—•–”ƒ–‹‰ •–—†‡–• ‘– ‘Ž› ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘–‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ „—– ƒŽ•‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‹‰ ‹–‹ Žƒ••Ǥ ‘–Š‡” ’‡†ƒ‰‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•‹‹’Ž‹ ‹–ˆ‘ —•‘ˆ‘”‹ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•†‡•‹‰ǡ™Š‹ Šˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† ƒ ƒ‹ ‘ˆ ƒ––”ƒ –‹‰ •–—†‡–•ǯ ƒ––‡–‹‘ǡ –Š—• ‹‹‹œ‹‰ ‹–‡””—’–‹‘• –‘ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡ƒ‹‰Ǥ Š‘—‰Š–Š‹••ƒŽŽ• ƒŽ‡•–—†›ƒƒ‰‡†–‘•Š‘™–Šƒ–‹–‹•‘–‘Ž› “—‹ „—– „‡‡ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ–‘—•‡Ž‡ƒ”‡” ‘”’‘”ƒƒ•–‡ƒ Š‹‰ƒ†Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ‹–†‹†‘– ‡š’ƒ†‘Ž‘‘‹‰ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–™ƒ›•‘ˆ—•‹‰Ž‡ƒ”‡” ‘”’‘”ƒˆ‘”˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”› ‡””‘” †‡–‡ –‹‘ ƒ† ’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥ ‘–Š‡” Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‹• •–—†› ™ƒ• ‹–• ‘Ž› Š‘‹ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘”’—•ƒƒŽ›•‹•–‘‘Ž‹–Ǥ‘–Š‡”•–—†› ‘—Ž† ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‡ ‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘”’—• ƒƒŽ›•‹• ’”‘‰”ƒ• ƒ† ‡š’Ž‘”‡ –Š‡‹” ’”‘• ƒ† ‘• ˆ‘”   —•‡Ǥ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ‹–™‘—Ž†„‡’”‘†— –‹˜‡–‘‡š’‡”‹‡–‹ƒ†”‡Žƒ–‡† ‘ ‘”†ƒ ‡ ƒ’’•ǡ•— Šƒ•Ǯ–”‘‰ǯ•‘ ‘”†ƒ ‡™‹–Šǯƒ†Ǯ ƒ–•„—”‰‘ ‘”†ƒ ‡ǯ ƒ† ”‡’‘”– ‘ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ™ƒ›• ‘ˆ —•‹‰ –Š‡ ‹   ’ƒ’‡”Ž‡•• Žƒ••”‘‘Ǥ  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ‹–™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ„‹‰ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘–‘–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†–‘Ž‘‘ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–™ƒ›•‘ˆ —•‹‰ ‘Ž‹‡ ‘”’‘”ƒ ‹ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ƒ† ’”‘˜‹†‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‡•‡•‘ˆ —‘™™‘”†•‘”ˆ‘”•–Š”‘—‰Š ‘ ‘”†ƒ ‡Ž‹‡•Ǥ

The Author •‘‰Š‹ ”‹‰‘”›ƒȋƒ‹Žǣ‡Ǧƒ‹Žǣ–‰”‹‰‘”›ƒ̷Š –Ǥƒ Ǥƒ‡Ȍ–‡ƒ Š‡•ƒ––Š‡ ‹‰Š‡” ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡• ‘ˆ ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ ‹ –Š‡ ‹–‡† ”ƒ„ ‹”ƒ–‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‹• ƒ ”‡‹ƒ • Š‘Žƒ” ™Š‘ Šƒ• ͳ͹ ›‡ƒ”• ‘ˆ   –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡Ǥ Š‡ Š‘Ž†• ƒ  ‹ ‡†ƒ‰‘‰›ƒ†‹‰—‹•–‹ •ǡ‹ ƒ†‹Ǥ

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–ƒ‡ǡǤȋͳͻͻͷȌǤThe art of case study researchǤ‘†‘ǣƒ‰‡Ǥ

‘Ž‹•‘ǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲͳͳȌǤ Materials development in language teachingǤ ‘†‘ǣ ƒ„”‹†‰‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ

‹ǡ Ǥǡ ǤȋʹͲͲͻȌǤ Case study research: Design and methodsǤƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǣ ƒ‰‡Ǥ ͺʹ Ǥ ”‹‰‘”›ƒ

Appendix A šˆ‘”†͵ͲͲͲǡʹǤͳǦʹǤ͵ šˆ‘”†͵ͲͲͲ A2.1  A2.2 A2.3 ƒ””‹˜‡ ¶Ë ‹‡ Ê·,ʋÈ°¸»Y ‡ƒ•‹Ž› Ä·Âƈ] „”‡ƒ €ˆ¯ ‹•–ƒ‡ P˜y ‡˜‡”›™Š‡”‡ ʧ¶¯½Z°» †‡ ‹†‡ ©€Ë ƒ–—”‡ È Ì^˜·Y ’”‘„ƒ„Ž› Z¼] Ž‹ ‡•‡ Ȑy ‘‘‡ Ó|uO “—‹ Ž› ȟ€ˆ] ‹š l˂» ‘„‘†› Ó|uO •Ž‘™Ž› L–^] ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ \Ë|e ‘—”• ZÀ· •‘‡™Š‡”‡ ʧ½Z°»Z» •‡”˜‡ ¹|zË ’”‹œ‡ ǂWZm ›‡– ÓµY‚Ë •’‡ƒ º¸°fË ’”‘‰”ƒ l»Z¿€] „”‘‡ ˆ°» •–ƒ† ©¦Ë ’”‘Œ‡ – Á€Œ» ‘Ž‘—”‡† ½Â¸» ƒ –‹˜‹–› •ZŒ¿ •‘‡„‘†› Žz‹Z» ‘’Ž‡–‡ ¶¼°Ë ¶»Y ƒ›‘‡ ÉO|uO •’‡ŽŽ‹‰ LZnÆ·Y ‘””‡ – tÌvȀtvË ‹” Ž‡ ǀWY{ •–ƒ‰‡ ȸu€» †”‡••‡† É|e€» †‡•‡”– LY€v •— Š ¶j» ˆ‹‹•Š‡† ÊÆfÀ» ‡˜‡”›‘‡ žÌ¼n·Y –Š‡‹”• ºÆ· Ž‘•– žWZ“ ‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ ¶¯V‹ ˜‹•‹–‘” €WY Ž— › ™Âœv» ˆ‹Ž‡ ¦¸» ›‘—”• ®· ‹••‹‰ {¬¨» ˆ—–—”‡ ¶^¬fˆ¼·Y ƒ›™ƒ› Ö¸ŸÉOµZu ‘’’‘•‹–‡ †°Ÿ ‰”ƒƒ” ÂvÀ·Y ƒ›™Š‡”‡ ʧÉO½Z°» ™Š‘Ž‡ ¶¯ Š‡ƒ†ƒ Š‡ Y| ƒ”‘—† µÂu ƒ••‘‘ƒ• Z¼·Zu ‹•Žƒ† ǀ˂m Ž‡ƒ”Ž› s“Â] ‹ Ž—†‹‰ Z¼]ʧ®·} –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡ͹ͳǦͻͲ ͺ͵

Appendix B: ’‹‡ ‡ˆ”‘ •–‹–—–‹‘ǯ•‘‘‘—”•‡—–Ž‹‡ Common Course Outline x Course Title: ‘—†ƒ–‹‘•‰Ž‹•Š‡˜‡Ž  x Course Number: ʹͲͳ͸ x Course Credit Units: ͳ͸ǤͲͲ x Total Contact Periods Per Week:ͳ͸ȂʹͲ x Degree Level: ‡™ ‘—†ƒ–‹‘• x Course Description: Š‹•‹•–Š‡•‡ ‘†‘ˆˆ‘—”‰Ž‹•ŠŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘—”•‡•‹–Š‡ ‘—†ƒ–‹‘•’”‘‰”ƒǡ ™‹–Š•–—†‡–••–ƒ”–‹‰ƒ– ‡˜‡Žʹƒ†‡š‹–‹‰ƒ– ‡˜‡ŽʹΪǤ x Course Learning Outcomes: o ͳǦ‡ƒ†‹‰ǣ‡‘•–”ƒ–‡ƒ‡‡”‰‹‰ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š–‘’‹ •‘ˆƒŽ‡•• ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”ƒ–—”‡‹•‹’Ž‡–‡š–•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰†‡–ƒ‹Ž•ƒ† ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‡ƒ‹‰ƒ–ƒ ʹΪŽ‡˜‡ŽǤ o ʹǦ”‹–‹‰ǣ”‹–‡•Š‘”–†‡• ”‹’–‹˜‡’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š•ƒ„‘—–’‡”•‘ƒŽ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ’Žƒ ‡•ǡ•–—†›‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ǡ’ƒ•–ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ Šƒ„‹–•ƒ†”‘—–‹‡•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘‡š’”‡••Ž‹‡•ƒ††‹•Ž‹‡•ƒ–ƒ  ʹΪŽ‡˜‡ŽǤ o ͵Ǧ‹•–‡‹‰ǣ‡‘•–”ƒ–‡ƒƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘—†‡”•–ƒ† Ž‡ƒ”•–ƒ†ƒ”†•’‡‡ Š ‘ ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ” –‘’‹ • ”‡‰—Žƒ”Ž› ‡ ‘—–‡”‡† ƒ– Š‘‡ǡ ™‘”ǡ • Š‘‘Žǡ‡– Ǥ †‡”•–ƒ†‘‘Ž‘‰—‡•ǡ†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡•ƒ† ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•‘ —””‡–ƒˆˆƒ‹”•‘”‘ˆ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–‡”‡•–‹ˆ–Š‡†‡Ž‹˜‡”›‹••Ž‘™ƒ††‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡ƒ–ƒ ʹΪŽ‡˜‡ŽǤ o ͶǦ’‡ƒ‹‰ǣ‘—‹ ƒ–‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›‹ƒ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ ‘‘‘”ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ” •‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ™‹–Š ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† †‡• ”‹„‡ ‡˜‡–•ǡ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ‘’‹‹‘• ƒ† ’Žƒ•ǡƒ†ƒ””ƒ–‡ƒ•–‘”›Ǥ o  ͷǦ ”ƒƒ”ǣ ‡‘•–”ƒ–‡ ƒ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ „ƒ•‹  ‰”ƒƒ” •–”— –—”‡•ƒ•†‡ˆ‹‡†‘–Š‡ ‘”‡ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ˜‡–‘”›ǡƒ’’Ž›•‹’Ž‡”—Ž‡• ˆ‘” ‘””‡ –•’‡ŽŽ‹‰‘ˆ ‘‘™‘”†•ǡƒ††‡‘•–”ƒ–‡ƒ‡‡”‰‹‰ ‘ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡„ƒ•‹ •‘ˆ’— –—ƒ–‹‘ƒ† ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ o CLO 6- Vocabulary: Demonstrate an understanding of the A1 and most of the A2 level words on the HCT Foundations Vocabulary List, including an emerging understanding of the multiple meanings of common words. o ͹Ǧ–—†›‹ŽŽ•ǣ‡‘•–”ƒ–‡ƒ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‰‘‘†•–—†›•‹ŽŽ•ƒ†„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”•ǣ ’— –—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹ Žƒ••ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ–‹‡Ž› ‘’Ž‡–‹‘‘ˆŠ‘‡™‘” ƒ†ƒ••‹‰‡–•ǡƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘• Š‡†—Ž‡ƒ† ‘’Ž‡–‡‹†‡’‡†‡–•–—†› ƒ† ”‡˜‹‡™ǡ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†‡“—‹’‡–ǡƒ†–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Šƒ• –Š‡‡†‹—‘ˆ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘‹ Žƒ••Ǥ o ͺǦ ǣˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›—•‡–Š‡‹ƒ†–‘Ž‡ƒ”ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡‰Ž‹•Šǡ–‘ƒ ‡•• ‘—”•‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ ƒ† –‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹ ‘—”•‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ •‡ –Š‡‹–‡”‡– –‘ •‡ƒ” Šˆ‘”‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ•‡–Š‡‡›„‘ƒ”†‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›–‘™”‹–‡„”‹‡ˆ‡••ƒ‰‡•Ǥ ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›—•‡•Šƒ”‡†ˆ‘Ž†‡”•‹–Š‡ Ž‘—†Ǥ ͺͶ Ǥ ”‹‰‘”›ƒ

Appendix C: AntConcƒŽ›•‹•  ‘”†Ž‹•–

  ‘ ‘”†ƒ ‡ͳ

  –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡ͹ͳǦͻͲ ͺͷ

‘ ‘”†ƒ ‡ʹ

  ‹Ž‡˜‹‡™

  ͺ͸ Ǥ ”‹‰‘”›ƒ

Appendix Dǣ AntConcƒ•‡†ƒ–ƒƒŽ›•‹• AntConc analysis of 10 paragraphs Used vocabulary out of Accurately Misused Examples of misused vocabulary Oxford 3000, A2.1-A2.3 used Ǥ””‹˜‡ Ϊ   Ǥ”‡ƒ Ϊ   Ǥ‡ ‹†‡  Ǧ ‡disided–‘‰‘–‘„‡ƒ ŠǤ ͶǤ‹š  Ǧ ›— Ž‡miksed”‹ ‡ƒ†‡‡–ƒ†’—– ‘ˆ‹”‡Ǥ Ǥ‡”˜‡ Ϊ   ͸Ǥ’‡ƒ Ϊ   ͹Ǥ–ƒ†  Ǧ stode‘–Š‡Š‹ŽŽƒ††‡ ‹†‡†”‘ŽŽ †‘™ ͺǤ –‹˜‹–› Ϊ   ͻǤ›‘‡  Ǧ ƒŽŽanyone†‹†ƒ›–Š‹‰Š‡™ƒ–‡† ͲǤ ‡•‡”– Ϊ   ͳǤ ‡˜‡”›‘‡  Ǧ Everyone™‡”‡‘–Šƒ’’› ʹǤ ‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰  Ǧ Everything™‡”‡ Ž‡ƒ”ƒ†‹ ‡ ͵Ǥ Š‡ƒ†ƒ Š‡  Ǧ headachedƒ†Ž‡ˆ––Š‡ƒŽŽ ͶǤ ‹•Žƒ† Ϊ   ͷǤ ‹‡  Ǧ –™ƒ•mine ͸Ǥ ‹•–ƒ‡ Ϊ   ͹Ǥ ƒ–—”‡ Ϊ   ͺǤ ‘‘‡  Ǧ  ‘—Ž†‘–Ž‹•–‡no one ͻǤ ‘„‘†›  Ǧ Nobody†‹†ǯ–”‡•–ƒ†™‡––‘Šƒ˜‡ ˆ—Ǥ ͲǤ •‘‡„‘†› Ϊ   ͳǤ •— Š Ϊ   ʹǤ ˜‹•‹–‘” Ϊ   ͵Ǥ ƒ›™ƒ›  Ǧ Anyways™ƒ•‰‘‘†ˆ‘”‡ ͶǤ ƒ›™Š‡”‡  Ǧ Š‡”‡™‡”‡’‡‘’Ž‡anywhereǡ—†‡” –”‡‡•ǡ‘–Š‡‰”ƒ••ǥ †‹†ǯ–ˆ‹†›’Š‘‡everywhere ͷǤ ƒ”‘—† Ϊ   ͸Ǥ Ž‡ƒ”Ž› Ϊ   ͹Ǥ ‡ƒ•‹Ž› Ϊ   ͺǤ ’”‘„ƒ„Ž›  Ǧ Propaply‹–™ƒ•‘–ƒŽ— ›†ƒ›ˆ‘”‡Ǥ ͻǤ “—‹ Ž› Ϊ   ͲǤ „”‘‡ Ϊ   ͳǤ ‘’Ž‡–‡ Ϊ   ʹǤ †”‡••‡† Ϊ   ͵Ǥ ‹••‹‰  Ǧ –™ƒ•mising ͶǤ Ž‘•– Ϊ   ͷǤ Ž— › Ϊ   ͸Ǥ ›‘—”•  Ǧ ›™‡‡‡†™ƒ•‹ ‡ƒ†yours ™‡‡‡†ǫ ͹Ǥ ‘’’‘•‹–‡ Ϊ   ͺǤ ™Š‘Ž‡  Ǧ ›wholˆƒ‹Ž›‹••‡†‡ ͻǤ ƒ••‘‘ƒ• Ϊ   –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡ͹ͳǦͻͲ ͺ͹

Appendix E: –‡ƒ Š‡”ǯ•’ƒ–Š–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ‡™‘”ƒ†ƒ’–‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• 

 ȋ‘Ž‹•‘ȋʹͲͳͳȌǡ’Ǥͳͳ͵Ȍ  ͺͺ Ǥ ”‹‰‘”›ƒ

Appendix F: AntConc‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† ‘ ‘”†ƒ ‡Ž‹‡•ƒ•‹ Žƒ•••’‡ŽŽ‹‰ ‘””‡ –‹‘ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• Example 1 ‘”‹’ƒ‹”•Ǥ‡ƒ†–Š‡•‡–‡ ‡•‹ ‘Ž—ƒ†ˆ‹†–Š‡•’‡ŽŽ‹‰‹•–ƒ‡•Ǥ ”‹–‡–Š‡ ‘””‡ –™‘”†‹ ‘Ž—Ǥ Column A Column B 1.

2.

3.

 4.

 5.

 6.

 Example 2 x ‘”‹‰”‘—’•Ǥ x ‘‘ƒ–ͳͲŽ‹‡•‹ ‘Ž—ƒ†ˆ‹†–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š•–Š‡›„‡Ž‘‰–‘Ǥ x ”‹–‡–Š‡Ž‡––‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š•‹‘Ž—Ǥ x ‘””‡ ––Š‡‹†‡ˆ‹‹–‡’”‘‘—•‹„Ž—‡‹ˆ–Š‡›ƒ”‡™”‘‰Ž›—•‡†Ǥ x ”‹–‡–Š‡ ‘””‡ –˜ƒ”‹ƒ–•‹ ‘Ž—Ǥ Column A Column B Column C ______

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡ͹ͳǦͻͲ ͺͻ

Paragraph A

 Paragraph B



Paragraph C

 Paragraph D

 Paragraph E

 ͻͲ Ǥ ”‹‰‘”›ƒ

Appendix Gǣ ‹ƒŽ–‘ ‘ ‘”†ƒ ‡ˆ‘”‹†‡ˆ‹‹–‡’”‘‘—• 

    International Journal of Language Studies ‘Ž—‡ͳͲǡ—„‡”ͳǡ ƒ—ƒ”›ʹͲͳ͸ǡ’’ǤͻͳǦͳͳͲ 

Linguicism and nationalism: A post-colonial gaze on the promotion of Afrikaans as a national language in apartheid South Africa

‡‡ ”‡•–  ǡ —ƒ  ‹‡ ‡• ‡•‡ƒ” Š ‘— ‹Ž ȋ Ȍ ƒ† —‹Ž– ˜‹”‘‡– ƒ† ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– –—†‹‡•ǡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ ™ƒ—Ž—Ǧƒ–ƒŽǡ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ

Š‹•’ƒ’‡”‡š’Ž‘”‡•–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‡•„›™Š‹ Šƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‘˜‡‡–•Š‡Ž’ –‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ „‘–Š ‡–Š‹  ƒ† Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  ‹†‡–‹–‹‡•Ǥ Š‡ ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ „‡‰‹• ™‹–Š –Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽŠ‹•–‘”›ǡ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ’”‘‘–‹‘‘ˆ –Š‡ —– ŠǦ„ƒ•‡† Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ƒƒ• ƒ• ƒ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–Š‡‹†‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒǤˆ–‡”‡šƒ‹‹‰–Š‡Š‹•–‘”‹‘‰”ƒ’Š› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ”‹ƒƒ• Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ –Š‡ ’ƒ’‡” ‘ˆˆ‡”• ƒ ”‹–‹“—‡ —•‹‰ ‡š‹•–‹‰ –Š‡‘”‹‡•‘ˆŽ‹‰—‹•–‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ƒ†‹–•”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’–‘–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ •‘ˆ ‡–Š‹  ‹†‡–‹–› ƒ• ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”‹•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ”‹ƒ‡” ƒ–‹‘‹‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒǤ‘ ‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽˆƒ –‘”•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‡”‹•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹  ‘˜‡‡–• ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† „› •‘ ‹ƒŽ –Š‡‘”‹•–• •— Š ƒ• ‹–Š ȋͳͻͺ͸Ȍǡ ‘„•„ƒ™ ȋͳͻͻͶȌǡ ‡ŽŽ‡” ȋͳͻͻͶȌǡ †™ƒ”†• ȋͳͻͺͺȌǡ ƒ† †‡”•‘ ȋͳͻͻͶȌǡ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ƒ’’Ž‹‡† –‘ –Š‡ ˆ”‹ƒƒ• ƒ•‡ •–—†›Ǥ ‘ ‘ Ž—†‡ǡ ™‹ŽŽ‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡‘–Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ǡ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ†‹••—‡•ˆ‘” ˆ—”–Š‡” ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ™‹–Š ”‡‰ƒ”†• –‘ ’‘•–Ǧƒ’ƒ”–Š‡‹† Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ’‘Ž‹ ›‹ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ ƒ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ǡ –Š‡ ’”‘‘–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‰Ž‹•ŠŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡƒ†ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡‘ˆˆ”‹ƒƒ•†‹ƒŽ‡ –• ‹’‘•–Ǧƒ’ƒ”–Š‡‹†‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒǤ

Keywords: ˆ”‹ƒƒ•Ǣ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒǢ ”‡‘Ž‹•ƒ–‹‘Ǣ ‹‰—‹ ‹•Ǣ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•Ǣ ‘•–Ǧ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‹•

1. Introduction ‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ †ƒ™ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡™ †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ǡ ‘Ǧ”ƒ ‹ƒŽǡ —Ž–‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽǡ ƒ† —Ž–‹Ž‹‰—ƒŽ‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒǡ–Š‡ˆ”‹ƒƒ•Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡™ƒ•ƒŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’‘™‡”ǡ ’”‡•–‹‰‡ǡ ‘‡” ‡ǡ ƒ† ‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‹–Š –Š‡ ͳͻͻ͸ ’‘•–Ǧƒ’ƒ”–Š‡‹† ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ –Šƒ– ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡• ‡Ž‡˜‡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡• ȋ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ˆ”‹ƒƒ•ǡ ‰Ž‹•Šǡƒ†–Š‡Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽŽ›ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†ˆ”‹ ƒŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•Ȍ‡“—ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡”‘Ž‡ ƒ†ˆ—–—”‡‘ˆˆ”‹ƒƒ•ƒ•ƒ†‘‹ƒ–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ‹•‰”‹Ǥ ˆƒ –ǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘†™ƒ”†•ȋͳͻͺͷȌƒ†ƒ†‹„ƒȋͳͻͻ͹Ȍǡ‰Ž‹•Š‹•–Š‡‘•–™‹†‡Ž› —•‡†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ‹‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡƒ•ˆ”‹ƒƒ• —•ƒ‰‡Šƒ•†‡ Ž‹‡†–”‡‡†‘—•Ž›Ǥ

ǣʹͳͷ͹ǦͶͺͻͺǢ ǣʹͳͷ͹ǦͶͻͲͳ ̹ʹͲͳ͸ Ǣ”‹–‡†‹–Š‡„›—Ž—”‡••  Ǥ ͻʹ ǤǤŠƒŽ‡ƒ

 ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ‰Ž‹•Š Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ —•ƒ‰‡ǡ –Š‡ ”‡ Žƒ‹‹‰ƒ†‡“—ƒŽ ”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘‘ˆ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›†‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡†ˆ”‹ ƒŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡‡™‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ Šƒ• ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡† –Š‡ †‡ Ž‹‡ ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ƒƒ• —•ƒ‰‡Ǥ Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ —””‡–Ž›”‡ ‘‰‹•‡• ‡“—ƒŽ Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  ”‹‰Š–• ˆ‘” ‡Ž‡˜‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‰”‘—’•‹‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒǣ‹•‹Š‘•ƒǡ‹•‹—Ž—ǡ‹•‹™ƒ–‹ǡ‡•‘–Š‘ǡ‡–•™ƒƒǡ‡’‡†‹ǡ ‹•‹†‡„‡Ž‡ǡ •Š‹‡†ƒǡ ‹–•‘‰ƒǡ ‰Ž‹•Šǡ ƒ†ˆ”‹ƒƒ•Ǥ‡ –‹‘͸‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘•–‹’—Žƒ–‡•–Šƒ–ǣ ǤǤǤƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†’”‘˜‹ ‹ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–•ƒ›—•‡ƒ›’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’—”’‘•‡• ‘ˆ ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡ –ƒ‹‰ ‹–‘ ƒ ‘—– —•ƒ‰‡ǡ ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ‹–›ǡ ‡š’‡•‡ǡ ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡• ƒ† –Š‡ „ƒŽƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡‡†•ƒ†’”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ•ƒ™Š‘Ž‡‘”‹–Š‡’”‘˜‹ ‡ ‘ ‡”‡†ǤǤǤȋ‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡͳͻͻ͸ǡ‡ –‹‘͸ȋ͵ȌȌǤ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ‡ –‹‘ʹͻ‘ˆ–Š‡‡™‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘•’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡•–Šƒ–ǣ ǤǤǤ˜‡”›‘‡Šƒ•–Š‡”‹‰Š––‘”‡ ‡‹˜‡‡†— ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‹” Š‘‹ ‡‹–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•™Š‡”‡ –Šƒ–‡†— ƒ–‹‘‹•”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž›’”ƒ –‹ ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ ‘”†‡”–‘‡•—”‡–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ƒ ‡••–‘ǡƒ†‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆǡ–Š‹•”‹‰Š–ǡ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡—•– ‘•‹†‡”ƒŽŽ ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ •‹‰Ž‡ ‡†‹— ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ǡ–ƒ‹‰‹–‘ƒ ‘—–ȋƒȌ‡“—‹–›ǡȋ„Ȍ’”ƒ –‹ ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡƒ†ȋ Ȍ–Š‡ ‡‡† –‘ ”‡†”‡•• –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‘ˆ ’ƒ•– ”ƒ ‹ƒŽŽ› †‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‘”› Žƒ™• ƒ† ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ȋ‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡͳͻͻ͸ǡ‡ –‹‘ʹͻȌǤ –Š‡‡™’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ†‹•’‡•ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ‹–‹• Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‹• ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡† ƒ• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ”‹‰Š–• ƒ† –Šƒ– ‘ ‘‡ •Š‘—Ž† „‡ †‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‡† ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ǡ †‹”‡ –Ž› ‘” ‹†‹”‡ –Ž›ǡ ‘ –Š‡ ‰”‘—†• ‘ˆ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ  ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡƒŽŽ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‹‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒƒ”‡‡“—ƒŽ—†‡”–Š‡Žƒ™ƒ† Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ ‹‘”‹–‹‡•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡”‹‰Š––‘—•‡–Š‡‹”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‹‡˜‡”›•’Š‡”‡‘ˆ •‘ ‹‡–›ǤŠ‡‡™Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡’‘Ž‹ ›’”‘–‡ –•Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ ‹‘”‹–‹‡•̵”‹‰Š–•–‘—•‡ –Š‡‹”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‹‘”†‡”–‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹–Š‡‹” —Ž–—”‡•ƒ†ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ•—”˜‹˜‡ƒ•ƒ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‰”‘—’Ǥ –‹• ”— ‹ƒŽ–‘‡šƒ‹‡–Š‡•‘ ‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ†‘ƒ‹•‘ˆŽ‹‰—‹•–‹  ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ƒ†‹–•‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ‡‰‹–‹‹œƒ–‹‘‹‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ̵•ƒ’ƒ”–Š‡‹†‡”ƒǤ ”ƒ™‹‰ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘” Š‹ŽŽ‹’•‘ ȋͳͻͺͺȌ ƒ† —–ƒ„„Ǧ ƒ‰ƒ• ȋͳͻͺͺȌ †‡• ”‹„‡ ƒ• Ž‹‰—‹ ‹•ǡ –Š‡ ’ƒ’‡” ™‹ŽŽ ƒ––‡’– –‘‡š’Ž‘”‡ƒ ‘‡ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ȋˆ‘”•Ȍ‘ˆ’‘™‡”–Šƒ–ƒ”‡—•‡†–‘Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡ ƒ†”‡’”‘†— ‡‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–›„‡–™‡‡‰”‘—’•™Š‘ƒ”‡†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ†‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†‘ –Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆŽ‹‰—‹•–‹ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ǤŠ‡ ‘–‡–‹‘’—–ˆ‘”™ƒ”†„›–Š‹•–Š‡‘”›‹• –‘Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–Š‘™‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ȋƒ†‹–Š‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆˆ”‹ƒƒ•‡š’”‡••‡† ‹ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ƒ†‡–Š‹ †‘ –”‹‡•Ȍ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆŽ‹ –Ǥ‡ ƒ—•‡Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  †‘‹ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ̶•‹–—ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‘–‡š– ‘ˆ ’‘™‡” ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒ†–Š‡’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž̶ǡƒ•Š‹ŽŽ‹’•‘ȋͳͻͺͺǡ’ǤͳȌ•—‰‰‡•–•ǡŽ‹‰—‹•–‹  ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•†‡–‡”‹‡•™Š‘•‡̶Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡̶‹•˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ†Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡‹ ƒ•‡•‘ˆ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹ ’—”•—‹–•Ǥ –Š‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ”‹ƒ‡”‹†‡–‹–›ǡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͻͳǦͳͳͲ ͻ͵

”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰› „‡ ƒ‡ ‹•–”—‡–ƒŽ ‹ ƒ••‹•–‹‰ –Š‡ ’”‘‘–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ”‹ƒƒ• Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ Š‡ ƒ‡”‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‹• Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ™ƒ• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ƒ† ‹˜‡–‡†ǡȏ‹Ǥ‡Ǥˆ”‘ƒ”‡‘Ž‡„Ž‡†‘ˆ‘—–Š ‘ŽŽƒ†—– Šǡ ”‡ ŠǦ —‰—‡‘– †‹ƒŽ‡ –•ǡ•–ƒ†ƒ”† ‡”ƒǡƒ†•‡˜‡”ƒŽˆ”‹ ƒŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ȋ‹Ǥ‡ǤŠ‘‹ǡ‹•‹Š‘•ƒǡ ‹•‹—Ž—Ȍ–‘ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›ƒ†•–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œ‡†ƒ’ƒ”–Š‡‹†‡”ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡™‹–Šƒ †‹•–‹ –ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›ƒ†‰”ƒƒ”ǡ™‹ŽŽ„‡Š‹‰ŠŽ›’‡”–‹‡––‘ –Š‹•†‹• —••‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ’ƒ’‡”‹•†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘ˆ‘—”•‡ –‹‘•ǤŠ‡ˆ‹”•–•‡ –‹‘™‹ŽŽ„”‹‡ˆŽ›”‡˜‹‡™ ƒ† †‡• ”‹„‡ ƒ–Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡’–• ‘ˆ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹• ȋ‹–Šǡ ͳͻͺ͸Ǣ —– Š‹•‘ Ƭ ‹–Šǡ ͳͻͻͶǢ ‘„•„ƒ™ǡ ͳͻͻͶȌǡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ †‘‹ƒ ‡ ƒ† ’”‘‘–‹‘ ȋŽ‹‰—‹ ‹•Ȍ ȋ‘—”†‹‡—ǡ ͳͻͻͳǢ †™ƒ”†•ǡ ͳͻͻͶǢ Š‹ŽŽ‹’•‘ǡ ͳͻͺͺǢ —–ƒ„„Ǧƒ‰ƒ•ǡ ͳͻͺͺȌǡ –Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‡–Š‹ ‹–› ƒ† ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰› ‹ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ’”‘‘–‹‘ ȋƒ›„—”›Ǧ‡™‹•ǡ ͳͻͻʹǢ ‹–Šǡ ͳͻͺ͸Ǣ ƒ† ‡’Ž‹ǡ ͳͻͻͻȌǤ  –Š‹• •‡ –‹‘ ™‹ŽŽƒƒŽ›œ‡‡› ‘ ‡’–•‹ˆ‘”‹‰ƒ–Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•–‘ –Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ǡ‡–Š‹ ‹–›ǡƒ†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡†‡„ƒ–‡—•‹‰•— Š ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘• ƒ††‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘•ƒ•ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”•Ǥ –Š‡•‡ ‘†•‡ –‹‘ǡƒ•—ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡‡•ƒ† ‘ Ž—•‹‘•ƒ†‡‹–Š‡ˆ‹”•– •‡ –‹‘ ™‹–Š ”‡‰ƒ”†• –‘ –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡–™‡‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ ‡–Š‹ ‹–› ƒ† ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•™‹ŽŽ„‡ˆ—”–Š‡”†‹• —••‡†Ǥ ™‹ŽŽŠ‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–Š‘™‘–‹‘•‘ˆ̶ƒ–‹‘̶ ƒ†̶Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡̶ ƒ„‡‹–‡”–™‹‡†‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›™Š‡Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œ‡†ƒ†’”‘‘–‡† –Š”‘—‰Š‹†‡‘Ž‘‰›ǤŠ—•ǡƒ–‹‘•–‡†–‘‡‡††‹•–‹ –‹˜‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡•‘Ž‡ ’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ††‹•–‹ –‹˜‡‡••‹‘”†‡”–‘’—”•—‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹  ‰‘ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‡–Š‹”†•‡ –‹‘™‹ŽŽ•‹–—ƒ–‡–Š‡†‹• —••‹‘‹ƒ•‹‰Ž‡Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  ƒ•‡†‡Ž˜‹‰ †‡‡’Ž›‹–‘–Š‡‹••—‡•‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†‹–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ƒ†•‡ ‘†•‡ –‹‘•ǤŠ‹••‡ –‹‘ ™‹ŽŽ†‡• ”‹„‡–Š‡ƒ‡–‹‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆˆ”‹ƒƒ•ƒ•ƒŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‘ˆ’‘™‡”ƒ†’”‡•–‹‰‡‹ ƒ’ƒ”–Š‡‹† ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒǤ  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ  ™‹ŽŽ –”ƒ ‡ –Š‡ Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽǡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• „‡‰‹‹‰• ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ƒ‡” ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹• ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ ”‹–‹•Š ‹’‡”‹ƒŽ‹•ƒ†–‘•‘‡‡š–‡–ǡˆ”‹ ƒƒ–‹Ǧ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡Ǥ ™‹ŽŽˆ‘ —• ›ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘–Š‡‹˜‡–‹‘ƒ†’”‘‘–‹‘‘ˆˆ”‹ƒƒ•ƒ•ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ†–Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‹†‡‘Ž‘‰›‹–Šƒ–’”‘ ‡••Ǥ‹ ‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹  Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ƒ”‡’”‘†— –•‘ˆ–Š‡̶‹–‡”’Žƒ›‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘̶ ƒ•‹–Šȋͳͻͺ͸ǡ’Ǥʹ͹Ȍ•—‰‰‡•–•”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽȀ‡–Š‹ ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹‡•’Žƒ› ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ƒ† ”— ‹ƒŽ ”‘Ž‡ ‹ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ’”‘‘–‹‘Ǥ Š‹• ’ƒ’‡”ƒ”‰—‡•–Šƒ–ˆ”‹ƒ‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•‹•ƒ̶‹˜‡–‡†ƒ†‹ƒ‰‹ƒ”›‡–‹–›̶ ȋ—•‹‰ ‘„•„ƒ™̵ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”Ȍ–Šƒ–„‡ ƒ‡‹–‡”–™‹‡†™‹–ŠŽ‹‰—‹ ‹•ƒ† Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œ‡†–Š”‘—‰Š”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•†‘ –”‹‡•ȋ‹Ǥ‡ǤƒŽ˜‹‹•Ȍƒ†‡–Š‹ ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ‘ˆ”ƒ ‹ƒŽ•—’”‡ƒ ›ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥƒ’ƒ”–Š‡‹†ȌǤ ‡‡”ƒŽ“—‡•–‹‘•‡š’Ž‘”‡†‹ Ž—†‡ǣ x Šƒ– ™‡”‡ –Š‡ ’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ ˆƒ –‘”• –Šƒ– •Šƒ’‡† –Š‡ ˆ”‹ƒ‡” •‡•‡‘ˆ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹†‡–‹–›ǫ ͻͶ ǤǤŠƒŽ‡ƒ

x ƒ•Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‡–”ƒŽ–‘–Š‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆˆ”‹ƒ‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ƒ† ‹†‡–‹–›ǫ Š‡ ˆ‘—”–Š ƒ† ‘ Ž—†‹‰ •‡ –‹‘ ™‹ŽŽ ”‡Žƒ–‡ –Š‡ Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  ƒ•‡•–—†›ƒ† ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—––Š‡ˆ”‹ƒƒ•Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–‘„‘–Š–Š‡–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽˆ”ƒ‡™‘” ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ Ž‹‰—‹ ‹•Ȍ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ‹ •‡ –‹‘ ‘‡Ȁ–™‘ ƒ† –Š‡ ‹Ǧ†‡’–Š ƒƒŽ›•‹• †‹• —••‡† ‹ •‡ –‹‘ –Š”‡‡ǡ ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ‰‹˜‡ ƒ Ž‡ƒ”‡” ’‹ –—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ƒ‡” Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹• ƒ† ‹–• ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ „ƒ•‹•ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›’‘•–Ǧƒ’ƒ”–Š‡‹†‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ ‘–‡š–ǤŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ƒ†ˆ—”–Š‡””‡•‡ƒ” Š‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”’‘•–Ǧƒ’ƒ”–Š‡‹†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡’‘Ž‹ ›™‹ŽŽ„‡ †‹• —••‡†‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ•–Š‡•Š‹ˆ–‹Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡’‘Ž‹ ›–Šƒ–—‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›˜ƒŽ—‡• ȋ‘”ˆƒ˜‘”•Ȍ–Š‡‰Ž‹•ŠŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‘˜‡”–Š‡‘–Š‡”–‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡• ‘–‹—‡•Ǥ

2. Linguicism, contested spaces, and nationalism: An overview –‹•™‡ŽŽ†‘ —‡–‡†–Šƒ–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‡”˜‡•ƒ ”— ‹ƒŽˆ— –‹‘‹ ƒ› ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹  ‘˜‡‡–• ȋ†‡”•‘ǡ ͳͻͺ͵Ǣ —‹•ǡ ͳͻͺͻǢ ‡ ‡”ƒ”†‹ǡ ͳͻͻͳǢ†™ƒ”†•ǡͳͻͻͶǢ ƒ†Ž‡”ǡͳͻͺͺǢ ‘„•„ƒ™ǡͳͻͻͶǢ —– Š‹•‘Ƭ‹–Šǡ ͳͻͻͶǢ‹–Šǡͳͻͺ͸ȌǤƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹•ƒŽ™ƒ›•‰‹˜‡ƒ ‡–”ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡ƒ• ”‹’–‹‘ ƒ††‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†Ȁ‘”‡–Š‹ ‹†‡–‹–‹‡•Ǥ —”–Š‡”ǡ‹ƒƒ––‡’––‘ ƒ••‡”– ƒ† Œ—•–‹ˆ› ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹  ’—”•—‹–•ǡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘˜‡‡–•ƒ›‹–”‘†— ‡ ȋ‡š’Ž‹ ‹–‘”‹’Ž‹ ‹–ȌŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡’‘Ž‹ ›ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ „—‹Ž†‹‰ ƒ„‹–‹‘•Ǥ Š—•ǡ–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ȋ•Ȍ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽŽ›’”‘‘–‡†„›ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–•ƒ›•‡”˜‡ ƒ•‹•–”—‡–•ˆ‘”‰‹˜‹‰–Š‡ƒ–‹‘‹–•†‡•‹”‡†•Šƒ’‡ƒ†‹†‡–‹–›Ǥˆ–‡–Š‹• ‹†‡–‹–›‹•Š‘‘‰‡‡‹•–‹ ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ‘‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ‘‡’‡‘’Ž‡ǡƒ†‘‡ƒ–‹‘ȌǤ  ‘”‡ ‡š ‡’–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ•‡•ǡ ’Ž—”ƒŽ‹• ‹ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ’‘Ž‹ › ƒ› „‡ ‹–”‘†— ‡† –‘ ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡–Š‡‹ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡™‹–Š —Ž–—”ƒŽƒ—–‘‘›ˆ‘”‹–••—„Ǧ’ƒ”–• ȋƒ•‹ †‘‡•‹ƒȌǡ‘”ƒ•ƒ‡„Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹–”‹•‹ ƒŽŽ›—Ž–‹Ǧ‡–Š‹  ‘’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ȋƒ•ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‹‰ƒ’‘”‡ƒ†‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒȌǤ  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‹ƒ ȋͳͻͻͷȌ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ƒ›„—”›Ǧ‡™‹• ȋͳͻͻ͹Ȍǡ •— Š ’Ž—”ƒŽ‹•–‹  ƒ––‡’–• ‹ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• •‡”˜‡ –‘ —‹–‡ †‹˜‡”•‡ —Ž–‹‡–Š‹  ƒ†—Ž–‹Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ ‰”‘—’•™‹–Š‹ƒ•‹‰Ž‡—‹–ƒ”›•–ƒ–‡ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‡ŽŽ‡” ȋͳͻͺ͵Ȍǡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹• ‹• ƒ ̶†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡Ž› ‘•–”— –‡† ’Š‡‘‡‘ –‘ •‡”˜‡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‡†•̶ ȋ’Ǥ ͳȌǤ ƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›‘†‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘•„‘”‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•̶’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›ƒ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡™Š‹ ŠŠ‘Ž†•–Šƒ––Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ—‹–•Š‘—Ž†„‡ ‘‰”—‡–̶ ȋ’Ǥ ͳȌǤ ‘” ‡ŽŽ‡”ǡ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ–‹‘• ‹• ƒ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‡••—”‡• ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ‡ ‘‘‹  ‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹ –—” Ž‡ƒ†• –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•Ǥ ‘ƒ††ǡ‹–Šȋͳͻͺ͸Ȍ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡•–Š‡‰”‘™–Š‘ˆ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•ƒ†‹–•ˆ”‡‡Ǧƒ”‡– ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ•„ƒ•‹•ˆ‘”–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‘”†‹‰–‘‹–Šǡ–Š‡ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•ǡƒ†ˆ”‡‡ƒ”‡–•†‡ƒ†‡†–Š‡’”‘†— –‹‘ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͻͳǦͳͳͲ ͻͷ

‘ˆ‰‘‘†•ƒ†”‡“—‹”‡†—”„ƒ‹œ‡†•‹ŽŽ‡†™‘”‡”•ǤŠ‡•‡†‡ƒ†•™‡”‡‡– „› ”‡ƒ–‹‰ ƒ ‘‘ ’ƒ•– ƒ† —Ž–—”‡ ƒ† ”‡“—‹”‡† ƒ ‘‘ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ ‹–Š–Š‡•‡ ‘‘‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ƒ•ƒ‘–‹˜‡ǡ™‘”‡”•™‡”‡‘”‡™‹ŽŽ‹‰–‘ ™‘”Šƒ”†ǡ‘–ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”‘™‰‘‘†ǡ„—– ˆ‘”–Š‡‰‘‘†ƒ†’”‘•’‡”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‹” ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‹–Š ȋͳͻͺ͸ǡ ’’Ǥ ͳ͵ͳǦͳ͵͵Ȍ ’”‘ ‡‡†• ‡˜‡ ˆ—”–Š‡” ƒ† •—‰‰‡•–• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‰”‘™–Š ‘ˆ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•ǡ ‡ƒ„Ž‡† –Š‡ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡† ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ™Š‡”‡„› „—”‡ƒ— ”ƒ–‹  •–”— –—”‡• ƒ† ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡƒ”‹‡•ˆ‘”•–ƒ–‡’”‘–‡ –‹‘Ȍ„‡ ƒ‡‡ ‡••ƒ”›Ǥ Š‹•ǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‹–Šǡ ’”‘˜‹†‡† ‘†‹–‹‘• ˆ‘” ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡• –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ••–ƒ†ƒ”†‘†‡•‘ˆ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘„•„ƒ™ȋͳͻͻͶȌ˜‹‡™•ƒ–‹‘•ƒ•‘†‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡ ̶•‹–—ƒ–‡† ƒ– –Š‡ ’‘‹– ‘ˆ ‹–‡”•‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‹ •ǡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘̶ ȋ’Ǥ ͳͲȌǤ ‘” ‘„•„ƒ™ǡ ƒ–‹‘• Šƒ˜‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ› „‡‡ —†‡”•–‘‘†ƒ•‡˜‘Ž˜‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡–‘’†‘™‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆˆ”‘–Š‡„‘––‘ —’Ǥ Š—•‘†‡ƒ–‹‘•–‡†–‘„‡‘˜‡‡–„‘”‡ȋ‘”‰”ƒ••”‘‘–•Ǧ ‘•–”— –‡†Ȍ ™‹–Š‘†‹˜‹‡”—Ž‡”Ǥƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‘˜‡‡–•ǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ ‘„•„ƒ™ȋͳͻͻͶȌǡ –‡†–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘”’‡” ‡‹˜‡†˜‹ –‹‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‰”‘—’•ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‘–Š‡”•Ǥ Š‹••‡•‡‘ˆ˜‹ –‹‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ ‘„•„ƒ™ȋͳͻͻͶȌ‘–‹˜ƒ–‡•‰”‘—’• –‘˜‹‡™–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ•†‹•–‹ –ƒ†–Š‹•‹ƒ‰‹‡††‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‘ˆ–‡Ž‡ƒ†•–‘ƒ •‡•‡‘ˆ•‘Ž‹†ƒ”‹–›ˆ‘”ƒ ‘‘‰‘‘†ǤŠ—•ǡ—Ž‹‡•ƒŽŽ‡”‰”‘—’•ǡƒ–‹‘• „‡ ‘‡̶‹ƒ‰‹‡† ‘—‹–‹‡•̶‹™Š‹ Š„‡ ƒ—•‡‡„‡”••Šƒ”‡ ‘‘ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•„—–›‡–‡˜‡”‡‡–‘”–ƒŽ‡†–‘‘‡ƒ‘–Š‡”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆƒƒ–‹‘‡š‹•–•‹–Š‡‹†•‘ˆ‡ƒ Š‡„‡”‘ˆƒƒ–‹‘ȋ†‡”•‘ǡͳͻͺ͵ȌǤ †‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‹–Š ȋͳͻͻͻȌǡ ’Žƒ›• ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ”‘Ž‡ ‹ ”‡‹†‹‰ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‘‘‹–‡”‡•–•Ǥ  ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ –Š‡ ‡š‹•–‡ ‡‘ˆƒƒ–‹‘ „‡ ‘‡•ƒ‹†‘ˆƒ•Šƒ”‡†˜‹”–—ƒŽ”‡ƒŽ‹–›–Šƒ–†‡ˆ‹‡•™Šƒ–‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ† ‰”‘—’•̶‘—‰Š––‘„‡̶Ǥ —”–Š‡”ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹†‡–‹–›’Žƒ›•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘Ž‡ ™‹–Š‹ ‰”‘—’Ǧ‘—–‰”‘—’ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ Œ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ –Š”‘—‰Š ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ „‡ ‘‡• ‡š–”‡‡Ž› ‹’‘”–ƒ– ˆ‘” ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ Š‡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘• –Šƒ– –Š‡‘”‹•–• •— Š ƒ• ‹–Šǡ ‡ŽŽ‡”ǡ ‘„•„ƒ™ǡ ƒ† †‡”•‘ „”‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ ‡–Š‹ ‹–› ƒ† ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹• †‹• —••‹‘ǡ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š †‹˜‡”•‡ ‹ • ‘’‡ǡ Šƒ˜‡•‹‹Žƒ”ƒ••—’–‹‘•Ǥ ‹”•–Ž›ǡƒƒ••—’–‹‘‹•ƒ†‡–Šƒ–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Š‘–Š‡”•›„‘Ž•‘ˆ —Ž–—”‡ ‹• ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‡Ž‡‡– ˆ‘” ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•Ǥ Ž–Š‘—‰Š ‹–Š‰‘‡•ˆƒ” „‡›‘†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–‘‹ Ž—†‡‘–Š‡”•›„‘Ž•‘ˆ —Ž–—”‡•— Šƒ•‹•Š‹’”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ†ƒ•Šƒ”‡†•‡•‡‘ˆŠ‹•–‘”›ǡŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹••–‹ŽŽ˜‹‡™‡†ƒ•–Š‡ƒ‹‹•–”—‡– ‘ˆ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•Ǥ ‹ ‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹• ‹• ‘ˆ–‡ ‹†‡ƒŽ‹œ‡† ƒ• ƒ ‰”‘—’‹†‡–‹–›ǡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–• ƒƒ‹’—Žƒ–‡•‘‡ —•–‘•ƒ†•›„‘Ž•ˆ”‘ –Š‡‹” —Ž–—”ƒŽ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•‹‘”†‡”–‘ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ–‡ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†–Š‡—•‡• –Š‡•‡™‡ƒ’‘•‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹ •–”—‰‰Ž‡•ǤŠ‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆƒ‡–Š‹ ‰”‘—’ ͻ͸ ǤǤŠƒŽ‡ƒ

‹•ǡ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ ‹’Ž‹ ‹– ‘ Ž—•‹‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘ ‡’– ‘ˆ ̶‡–Š‹ ‹–›̶ ‹• –Š‡ ‡••‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ƒ†–Š”‘—‰Š‡–Š‹ ‹–›ƒ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‰”‘—’‘”ƒƒ–‹‘‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ†‡–Š‹ ‰”‘—’‹†‡–‹–›ƒ•„ƒ•‹•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹• ȋ‘„‹ƒǡ ʹͲͲͻǢ ‰‡ˆƒ ǡ ʹͲͲͻȌǡ –Š‡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡• ‘–Š‡” ‡š–‡”ƒŽ ˆƒ –‘”• •— Š ƒ• –Š‡ ‡ ‘‘‹ ǡ •‘ ‹ƒŽǡ ƒ† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ƒ• ”— ‹ƒŽ ‹ –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‹–Š‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡•”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡƒ•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–‹•–”—‡– —•‡†–‘˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡ƒ†Œ—•–‹ˆ›ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹ ’—”•—‹–•Ǥ ˆƒ –ǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘‹–Š ȋͳͻͺ͸ȌŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‡–Š‹ ‹–›‹•‘ˆ–‡ƒŽŽ‡ƒ„Ž‡ƒ††‡’‡†‡–•‹ ‡ƒ ‘—‹–›̵•Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹•–Š‡’”‘†— –‘ˆ–Š‡̶‹–‡”’Žƒ›‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘dz ȋ’Ǥ ʹ͹ȌǤ ‘” ‹–Š ȋͳͻͺ͸Ȍǡ ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰› ™Š‡–Š‡” ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‘” ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ ’Žƒ›• ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ”‘Ž‡ ‹ ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‹‰ ‡–Š‹  „‘—†ƒ”‹‡• ȋ’Ǥ ͵ͷȌǤ ‡ ƒ—•‡ ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰› ‹• ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹†‡–‹–› ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‹–Š ‘„•‡”˜‡• –Šƒ– ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰› ̶ ƒ ”‡ƒ–‡ ƒ† ƒ‹–ƒ‹‘˜‡” ‡–—”‹‡• —Ž–—”‡ ‘—‹–‹‡•‘ˆŠ‹•–‘”›ƒ††‡•–‹›̶ȋ’ǤͳʹͶȌǤ †‡‘Ž‘‰› ƒ „‡†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•ƒǣ ǤǤǤ„”‘ƒ†‹–‡”Ž‘ ‡†•‡–‘ˆ‹†‡ƒ•ƒ†„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ƒ„‘—––Š‡™‘”Ž†Š‡Ž†„›ƒ ‰”‘—’‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡ǤǤǤŠ‹••›•–‡‘ˆ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•‹•—•—ƒŽŽ›ƒ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘” ƒ ‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ›–Š‹‰•ƒ”‡ƒ†–Š‡‰”‘—’–Šƒ–Š‘Ž†•–Š‹•‹†‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‹– „‡ ‘‡•–Š‡–ƒ‡Ǧˆƒ”Ǧ‰”ƒ–‡†™ƒ›‘ˆƒ‹‰•‡•‡ƒ„‘—––Š‡™‘”Ž† ȋ‡‹‰Šƒƒ†‹”ƒŒǦŽƒ– Šˆ‘”†ǡͳͻͺͳǡ’ǤͳͷͷȌǤ Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ‡‹‰Šƒ ƒ† ‹”ƒŒǦŽƒ– Šˆ‘”† ȋͳͻͺͳȌ †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰›‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡•ƒ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰›ƒ•ƒ•‡–‘ˆ̶‹–‡”Ž‘ ‡†‹†‡ƒ•ƒ† „‡Ž‹‡ˆ•̶‹ ™Š‹ Šƒ‰”‘—’‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡†‡ˆ‹‡–Š‡‹”™‘”Ž†ǡ‡š’Žƒ‹’Š‡‘‡‘ǡƒ†‰—‹†‡ –Š‡‹”ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•—’‘ǤŠ‹••‡–‘ˆ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ƒ†‹†‡ƒ•ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ƒŽŽƒ†ƒ‰‰‡” ȋͳͻͻͷǡ ’Ǥ ͻȌǡ Dz‡š’Žƒ‹• ƒ† ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡• •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ Š‡Ž’• ’‡‘’Ž‡ —†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡‹” ’Žƒ ‡ ‹ •‘ ‹‡–›ǡ ƒ† –Š—• ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ ƒ ’”‘‰”ƒˆ‘”•‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ –‹‘ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ –‹‘Ǥdz ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ‹–‹•–Š”‘—‰Š‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‰”‘—’•’”‘†— ‡ƒ†”‡’”‡•‡–‹†‡ƒ•ǡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‡˜ƒŽ—‡•ƒ†„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ǡƒ††‡ ‹†‡ƒƒ‡”‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡•‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ƒ”‡ ‡š’”‡••‡† ƒ† Ž‹˜‡† ‘—– „› „‘–Š ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ƒ† ‰”‘—’•Ǥ ‹’Ž› ’—–ǡ ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹‡•”‡ˆ‡”–‘–Š‡’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ‡ƒ‹‰ǤŠ‹•’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ ‡ƒ‹‰ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‹„„‘• ƒ† ‘—‰ƒ ȋͳͻͻ͸ǡ ’Ǥ ͸Ȍ ‹• Dz•‘ ‹ƒŽŽ› ‘•–”— –‡† ƒ† –”ƒ•‹––‡† Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ™‹–Š •‘‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‡ƒ• ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ ˆ‘”ƒŽ ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ–‹‘ǡ • ‘’‡ǡ‹–‡”ƒŽ ‘•‹•–‡ ›ǡ ƒ† †—”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ • •— Šǡ ‹– ’”‘˜‹†‡• „‘–Š ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”• ˆ‘” —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ –Š‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ™‘”Ž†ƒ†ƒ ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ‰—‹†‡ˆ‘”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ –‹‘Ǥdz ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ’”‘†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡ƒ‹‰ǡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ƒ„‡ †‡• ”‹„‡†ƒ•ƒ™ƒ›‘ˆ˜‹‡™‹‰–Š‡™‘”Ž†‹™Š‹ Š‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ†‰”‘—’•–‡† –‘ƒ ‡’–ƒ•ƒ–—”ƒŽ‘”ƒ• ‘‘•‡•‡Ǥ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ‹•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͻͳǦͳͳͲ ͻ͹

–Š‡‹–‡”•‡ –‹‘‘ˆ‡ƒ‹‰ƒ†’‘™‡”‹•‘ ‹‡–›‹™Š‹ Š˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ǡƒ† ‹†‡ƒ• ‘ˆ–‡ ’”‘†— ‡ ‘ ‡’–‹‘• ƒ„‘—– •‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ †‡‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ‘–ƒ‹ ‹†‡ƒ• ƒ† „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ƒ„‘—– ”‡ƒŽ‹–› –Šƒ– ‹• ‘ˆ–‡ –ƒ‡ ˆ‘” ‰”ƒ–‡†ǡ —“—‡•–‹‘‡†ǡ ƒ† ‘ˆ–‡ ’ƒ••‹‘ƒ–‡Ž› ‡„”ƒ ‡† „› ‰”‘—’•Ǥ – ’”‘˜‹†‡• ‰”‘—’• ™‹–Š „‘–Š –Š‡ †‡• ”‹’–‹‘ƒ†‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹”•‘ ‹ƒŽ”‡ƒŽ‹–›ƒ•–Š‡›‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‹–ƒ†‹– ’”‘‘–‡•ƒ•Šƒ”‡†—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ™Šƒ––Š‡‹” ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡Ž‹˜‡•ƒ”‡ƒŽŽƒ„‘—–Ǥ  •—ƒ”›ǡ ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ƒ”‡ ‹‡š–”‹ ƒ„Ž› –‹‡† –‘ ˜ƒŽ—‡ •›•–‡• ƒ† ˜ƒŽ—‡ Œ—†‰‡‡–•ǡ™Š‹ Š–‡†–‘„‡Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œ‡†Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ‹ ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ† ‡–Š‹  ‹†‡–‹–›ǡ –Š‡ ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘‹•‹’‘”–ƒ–‹‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‰ƒ†’‡”’‡–—ƒ–‹‰ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•Ǥ ‡Ž‹‰‹‘ ’Žƒ›• ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ”‘Ž‡ ‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹• „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‹– ‹• ‘•–”— –‡†–‘•‡”˜‡ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡†Ǥ‡Ž‹‰‹‘ ƒ „‡ —•‡† –‘ Žƒ‹ ƒ—–Š‡–‹ ‹–› ƒ† Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡ ‘™‡”•Š‹’ ‘” •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ ”‹‰Š–• –‘ ’”‘’‡”–› ƒ† ƒ–‹‘Š‘‘†Ǥ ‡Ž‹‰‹‘ ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‰”‘—’• ƒ †‡ˆ‹‡ ƒ† ƒ••‡”– –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ƒ• –Š‡ †‹˜‹‡Ž› Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œ‡† ƒ† ”‹‰Š–ˆ—Ž ‘™‡”• ‘ˆ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ†‘Ǧƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‡†•Ǥ•‹–™‹ŽŽ„‡†‹• —••‡†‹–Š‹•’ƒ’‡”ǡ ˆ”‹ƒ‡” ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹†‡–‹–›ǡ ƒ• ƒ ‹ƒ‰‹‡† ƒ† ‘•–”— –‡† ’Š‡‘‡‘ǡ ™ƒ•˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡†ƒ†Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œ‡†–Š”‘—‰Š”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‹†‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ––‡’–•–‘—‹ˆ›ƒ† ‘•–”— –ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹†‡–‹–›–Š”‘—‰ŠŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• Šƒ˜‡„‡‡’”‘˜‡–‘„‡•‘‡™Šƒ–•— ‡••ˆ—ŽǤ  ‘—–”‹‡••— Šƒ•Š‹ƒǡˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ †‡•’‹–‡ ‹–• Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  ƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ †‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡƒ Š‹‡•‡ ‹†‡–‹–› Šƒ• „‡‡•— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ› ‘•–”— –‡†Ǥ ‘”†‹‰–‘ƒ›„—”›Ǧ‡™‹•ȋͳͻͻ͹ǡǤͺͲȌǡ‹ ˆƒ –ǡ Š‹‡•‡ ‹†‡–‹–›ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹• ‘– ‘Ž› „ƒ•‡† ‘ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ „—– ƒŽ•‘ ‘ ‘‘ †‡• ‡– ƒ† ̶‹ Ž—†‡• ƒŽŽ –Š‘•‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡• ™Š‘ „‡Ž‘‰ ‘” Šƒ˜‡ „‡Ž‘‰‡† –‘ –Š‡ Š‹‡•‡ ˆƒ‹Ž› ‘ˆ ƒ–‹‘•̶ •‡‡• –‘ –”ƒ• ‡† –Š‡ ‡š–”‡‡ †‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ •’‘‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ǡ ƒ† ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡• ‘ˆ Š‹ƒǤ Š—•ǡ –Š‡ Š‹‡•‡ ‹†‡–‹–› ‹ Ž—†‡• Š‹‡•‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ˆ”‘ ‘•–‘—–Š ƒ•–•‹ƒ ‘—–”‹‡•ǡȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ †‘‡•‹ƒǡƒŽƒ›•‹ƒǡƒ‹™ƒǡ‘”‡ƒǡƒ†‹‰ƒ’‘”‡Ȍǡ ƒ†‹•’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆ†‡• ‡–‘” ‘‘ƒ ‡•–”›Ǥ Š—•ǡ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰ŠŠ‹‡•‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡••— Šƒ•ƒ†ƒ”‹ǡ‹‘”ƒ–‘‡•‡ƒ”‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ–‹†‡ˆ‹‹‰Š‹‡•‡‹†‡–‹–›ǡŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡†‹˜‡”•‹–›†‘‡•‘–•‡‡–‘ Š‹†‡” ‘” ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ ™Šƒ– ‹–‡ƒ• –‘„‡ Š‹‡•‡Ǥ ‘‡–‹‰ ‘ ƒ•‡›̵• ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  †‹˜‡”•‹–› ƒ† Š‹‡•‡ ‹†‡–‹–› ‡‡”ƒ”†‹ ȋͳͻͻͳȌ ™”‹–‡•ǣ ǤǤǤƒ›Ž‹‰—‹•–•Šƒ˜‡‘„•‡”˜‡†–Šƒ– ƒŽŽ‹‰Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•Ž‹‡‘—–Š‡” ‹ǡ̵†‹ƒŽ‡ –•̵‹•ƒ‹•‘‡”ǡ•‹ ‡–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‘ˆŠ‹ƒƒ”‡‹ˆƒ – ƒ•†‹˜‡”•‡ƒ•‘ƒ ‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ǤǤǤŠ‡•‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ –‡”‡††‹ƒŽ‡ –•‹”‡•’‘•‡–‘–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•ƒ—‹ˆ‹‡†™”‹––‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‘ˆŠ‹ƒǡƒ†ƒ•Šƒ”‡† —Ž–—”ƒŽ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ǤǤǤ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‹•ƒ•‡•‡ ‘ˆ—‹–›†‡•’‹–‡–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ––Š‡•’‘‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–”‡‰‹‘• †‹˜‡”‰‡‰”‡ƒ–Ž›ǡ‘–‘Ž›‹’”‘— ‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘‹Ž‡š‹ ‘ǡƒ†–‘ ͻͺ ǤǤŠƒŽ‡ƒ

•‘‡‡š–‡–•›–ƒšǤŠ‹•‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ —Ž–—”ƒŽ—‹–›Šƒ• „‡‡ ‹–‡† ƒ• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž– Š‹‡•‡ ™”‹–‹‰ •›•–‡•ȋ’ǤʹȌǤ Š‡ ‘–‡–‹‘ Š‡”‡ ‹• Ž‡ƒ”ǣ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‹• ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ–‡Ž‡‡–‹ Š‹‡•‡ ‹†‡–‹–›ǡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒŽ‘‡ †‘‡• ‘– ƒ ‘—– ˆ‘” Š‹‡•‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹  ‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ Š—•ǡ ƒ• ‹–Š ȋͳͻͺ͸ǡ ’Ǥ ͻ͹Ȍ •—‰‰‡•–•ǣ ‘–Š‡” ˆƒ –‘”• •— Š ƒ• ̶ƒ ‘‘ƒ‡ǡ•‡•‡‘ˆ•Šƒ”‡†ƒ ‡•–”›ǡ•Šƒ”‡†Š‘‡Žƒ†ǡ ‘‘•‡•‡‘ˆ Š‹•–‘”› ‘” ‡‘”‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ•–ǡ ƒ •‡•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •‘Ž‹†ƒ”‹–›ƒ†Ž‘›ƒŽ–› „‡ ‘‡ˆ‘” ‡•‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹†‡–‹–›ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ— Šˆƒ –‘”•ǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘‹–Š ȋͳͻͺ͸Ȍǡƒ”‡—•‡ˆ—Ž‹•–”—‡–•‘–‘Ž›–‘†‡ˆ‹‡‡–Š‹ „‘—†ƒ”‹‡•ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘ –‘„‹†’‡‘’Ž‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”‹ƒ ‘—‹–›‘ˆƒ ‡•–”›ǡ”‡‹†‹‰–Š‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹” ‘‘ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‹Š‹•–‘”›ǡ —Ž–—”‡ƒ†Š‡”‹–ƒ‰‡Ǥ ‘”–Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‹•’ƒ’‡”ǡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡™‹ŽŽ„‡•–”‡••‡†ƒ•ƒ„‡‡ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ‹•–”—‡–‘ˆ’‘™‡”ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’”‘‘–‹‘ ƒ† Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹• ƒ† ™Š‹–‡‡••Ǥ  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ Š‹ŽŽ‹’•‘ ȋͳͻͺͺȌ ƒ† —–ƒ„„Ǧƒ‰ƒ• ȋͳͻͺͺȌ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•– ‘˜‡‡–• —•‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘” ™Šƒ– –Š‡› ˆ”ƒ‡ ƒ• Ž‹‰—‹ ‹• –‘ ’—”•—‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹  ‰‘ƒŽ•Ǥ ‹‰—‹ ‹•”‡ˆ‡”•–‘̶‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ†•–”— –—”‡•™Š‹ Šƒ”‡—•‡†–‘Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡ǡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –—ƒ–‡ǡƒ†”‡’”‘†— ‡ƒ—‡“—ƒŽ†‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ’‘™‡”ƒ†”‡•‘—” ‡•ȋ„‘–Š ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ†‘Ǧƒ–‡”‹ƒŽȌ„‡–™‡‡‰”‘—’•™Š‹ Šƒ”‡†‡ˆ‹‡†‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡̶ȋ—–ƒ„„Ǧƒ‰ƒ•ǡͳͻͺͺǡ’Ǥͳ͵ȌǤ Š‡•‡ •–”— –—”‡• ƒ† ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ Š‹Ž‹’•‘ ȋͳͻͺͺǡ ’Ǥ ͶʹͻȌǡ ‹ Ž—†‡ –Š‡ ™ƒ› •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• •— Š ƒ• ‰‘˜‡”‡–•ǡ • Š‘‘Ž•ǡ Š—” Š‡• ƒ†‘–Š‡”„—”‡ƒ— ”ƒ ‹‡•‡ƒ –̶‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ̶’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ƒ†Žƒ™•–‘’”‘‘–‡ ’”‡ˆ‡””‡† —Ž–—”ƒŽ•›„‘Ž•ȋ‹Ǥ‡ǤǡŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ȌǤ –Š‡•‡‹•–ƒ ‡•ǡ‘Ž›̶ Š‘•‡̶ •›„‘Ž•ƒ”‡’”‘‘–‡†ƒ†Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œ‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡̶•—”˜‹˜ƒŽ̶‘ˆƒ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ  ‘”†‹‰–‘‘—”†‹‡—ȋͳͻͻͳȌǡ•— Š•›„‘Ž•ƒ”‡—•‡†‹̶–Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‹–‘ ƒ•‹‰Ž‡Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  ‘—‹–›ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•ƒ’”‘†— –‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ†‘‹ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ– ‹• ‡†Ž‡••Ž› ”‡’”‘†— ‡† „› ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‹’‘•‹‰ —‹˜‡”•ƒŽ ”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡†‘‹ƒ–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹•–Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  †‘‹ƒ–‹‘̶ ȋ’Ǥ Ͷ͸ȌǤ  ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ǡ •‘‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡• ̶„‡ ‘‡ –Š‡ –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ ‘” ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ™Š‹ Š ƒŽŽ Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ”‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›‡ƒ•—”‡†̶ȋ‘—”†‹‡—ǡͳͻͻͳǡ’ǤͶͷȌǤŠ—•ǡ ‹‘”†‡”ˆ‘”‘‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–‘‹’‘•‡‹–•‡Žˆƒ•ƒŽ‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǡ ƒŽŽ ‘–Š‡” Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡• ‘” Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‡š’”‡••‹‘• ƒ”‡ Š‘‘‰‡‹œ‡† ƒ† –Š‡‹” †‹˜‡”•‹–› ‹• ‡ƒ•—”‡† ‹ ƒ ‘”†ƒ ‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ •–ƒ†ƒ”†• ‘ˆ ƒ ƒ••—‡† ̶Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡̶ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ Š‡ ’”‘‘–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘” ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡƒ –•ƒ•„ƒ•‹•ˆ‘”Ž‹‰—‹ ‹•ǡ™Š‹ Š‹–—”‹•Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œ‡† –Š”‘—‰Š‹†‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ƒ––‡”•‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•˜‹ƒŽ‹‰—‹ ‹•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‘–‡†‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ›ȋ‘” ‘”ƒǡ ʹͲͳͳǢ‡‹†ǡʹͲͳʹȌǤ ƒƒ†ƒˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ—‡„‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•̵•™‹ˆ–”‡ƒ –‹‘ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ‰Ž‹•Š Ž‹‰—‹ ‹• ƒ† †‘‹ƒ–‹‘ ”‡ƒ–‡† ƒ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͻͳǦͳͳͲ ͻͻ

—‡„‡ ̶•–ƒ–‡̶ȋ–Š”‘—‰Š‹–•Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡’”‘ ‡†—”‡•Ȍ’ƒ••‡†„‹ƒ•Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Žƒ™• ‹‘”†‡”–‘’”‘–‡ – ”‡ ŠǦ—‡„‡ ‘‹•‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ ‘”†‹‰–‘ ƒ†Ž‡”ȋͳͻͺͺȌǡ —‡„‡  ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–• „ƒ•‡† –Š‡‹” ƒ –‹‘• ‘ –Š‡ ƒ••—’–‹‘ –Šƒ– ‰Ž‹•ŠǦ ƒƒ†ƒ̵• ’”‘‘–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‰Ž‹•Š Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ —†‡” –Š‡ †‹•‰—‹•‡ ‘ˆ „‹Ž‹‰—ƒŽ‹• ƒ† „‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‹• ‡†ƒ‰‡”‡† –Š‡ ”‡ Š Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ† —‡„‡ ̵• ”‹‰Š– –‘ •–ƒ–‡Š‘‘†Ǥ Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ „‹Ž‹‰—ƒŽ‹• ƒ† „‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‹• ‘‹••‹‘ ™Š‹ Š ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ †™ƒ”†• ȋͳͻͻͶȌ™ƒ• ̶ƒ‹‡† ƒ– ƒ••‹•–‹‰ ƒŽŽ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‰”‘—’•‹ –Š‡‹”‡ˆˆ‘”–•–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ†–‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘•‘ ‹‡–›ƒ•ƒ™Š‘Ž‡̶ƒ†™Š‹ Š Š‡Ž’‡† ̶‰”‘—’• ‘˜‡” ‘‡ —Ž–—”ƒŽ „ƒ””‹‡”•̶ ƒ† ’”‘‘–‡ ̶ ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡ ‘—–‡”•̶ǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ̶Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  ’”‘ˆ‹ ‹‡ › ƒ‘‰•– ‹‹‰”ƒ– ‰”‘—’•̶ ™ƒ••‡‡ƒ•ƒ–Š”‡ƒ––‘—‡„‡ ƒ–‹‘Š‘‘†ȋ†™ƒ”†•ǡͳͻͻͶǡ’ǤͳͺʹȌǤ Š—•ǡ –Š‡ †‘‹ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰Ž‹•Š Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ† —Ž–—”‡‹ ”‡ ŠǦ—‡„‡  „‡ ƒ‡ ƒ †‹”‡ – –Š”‡ƒ– –‘ —‡„‡  ̶ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ̶ ‹†‡–‹–›ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ —‡„‡  ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–• ‹• †‹•–‹ – ƒ† ”‹ Š ‹ Š‹•–‘”›Ǥ ƒŽƒ›•‹ƒ̵ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•– ‘˜‡‡– ƒŽ•‘ —•‡† Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ• ƒ –‘‘Ž –‘ ‘•–”— – ƒ ̶†‹•–‹ –̶ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ Š‡ ‹ ‡’–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒŽƒ›•‹ƒ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ’‘Ž‹ › ‹ –Š‡’‘•–Ǧ ‹†‡’‡†‡–‡”ƒ‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›ƒ†‘’–‡†ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹ƒƒ––‡’– –‘ ”‡•‹•– ˆ‘”‡‹‰ †‘‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ƒŒƒ†”ƒ ȋʹͲͲͺȌǡ •‹ ‡ ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ ‹ ͳͻͷ͹ǡ –Š‡ ƒŽƒ›•‹ƒ ’‘•–Ǧ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ ƒ–‹‘ —†‡”–‘‘ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡’Žƒ‹‰–‘‡•—”‡–Š‡‹”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘”‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹• ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ ‡‡–‹‰–Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‘ˆ –Š‡‘†‡”™‘”Ž†ǡ™Š‹ Š‹ Ž—†‡†”‡–Š‹‹‰–Š‡ ”‘Ž‡•‘ˆ„‘–ŠƒŽƒ›ƒ†‰Ž‹•Š‹ƒŽƒ›•‹ƒ•‘„‘–ŠŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ƒ”‡—•‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ǯ•„‡‡ˆ‹–Ǥ ‘”ƒŽƒ›•‹ƒǡ–Š‡ƒ†‘’–‹‘‘ˆƒŽƒ›ƒ•ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œ‡† ƒ† ”‡ƒ–‡† ƒ —‹“—‡ ƒŽƒ› ‹†‡–‹–›ǡ †‹•–‹ – ˆ”‘ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ ȋ—– ŠȌ ƒ†‹‘”‹–› ȋŠ‹‡•‡Ȍ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡•Ǥ  ˆƒ –ǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘‡‡”ƒ”†‹ ȋͳͻͻͻȌǡƒŽƒ›ƒ•ƒ̶‹˜‡–‡†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡̶„‡ ƒ‡ƒ•›„‘Ž‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’”‹†‡ ƒ† —‹–› ˆ‘” ‡–Š‹  ƒŽƒ›•Ǥ Š—• ƒ •‹‰Ž‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹†‡–‹–› ™ƒ• ”‡ƒ–‡† –Š”‘—‰Š Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ– –Š‡ ‡š’‡•‡ ‘ˆ ‡š‹•–‹‰ ‡–Š‘ǦŽ‹‰—‹•–‹  ‰”‘—’• ƒ† ‹‘”‹–›Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•Ǥ Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ •”ƒ‡Ž̵• ”‡˜‹˜ƒŽ ƒ† ’”‡• ”‹„‡† ‹–”‘†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡„”‡™ ƒ• ƒ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹•›‡–ƒ‘–Š‡”‰‘‘†‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆƒ”‡ ‡–Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•– ’”‘Œ‡ –Ǥ  ‡„”‡™ Šƒ• „‡ ‘‡ ‹ ‘†‡Ǧ†ƒ› •”ƒ‡Ž ƒ •›„‘Ž ‘ˆ ’”‹†‡ǡ”‡†”‡••ǡƒ†—‹–›ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‘”‡”Ž›†‹•’Žƒ ‡† ‡™‹•Š‰”‘—’•–Š”‘—‰Š‘—– –Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ‡•’‹–‡–Š‡†‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ •”ƒ‡Ž‹’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ”ƒ„ǡ—••‹ƒǡ ƒ•– ˆ”‹ ƒǡ ‘”–ŠǦ‡”‹ ƒǡ ƒ† ƒ•–‡” —”‘’‡ƒȌ ‡ƒ Š ™‹–Š ƒ› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˜‡”ƒ —Žƒ”•ǡ ‡„”‡™Šƒ• ‡‡”‰‡† ƒ• •”ƒ‡Ž̵• ̶ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ̶ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǣ ’”‘‘–‡†ǡŽ‡‰‹–‹‹œ‡†ǡƒ†’‘•‹–‹‘‡†ƒ• •”ƒ‡Ž̵•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒǡƒ•‹‹Žƒ”’ƒ––‡”Šƒ•„‡‡‘„•‡”˜‡†ǤŠ‡’”‘‘–‹‘ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ”‹ƒƒ•Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ•‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ̵•‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹–Š‡ƒ’ƒ”–Š‡‹† ‡”ƒ„‡ ƒ‡–Š‡„ƒ•‹•ˆ‘”–Š‡”‹•‡‘ˆˆ”‹ƒ‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ǤŠ‹• ˆ‘” ‘ˆ Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹• „‡ ƒ‡ Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œ‡† ƒ† ’”‘‘–‡† –Š”‘—‰Š ƒŽ˜‹‹•– ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ™Š‹ Š„‡ ƒ‡‹•–”—‡–ƒŽ‹”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‹• ͳͲͲ ǤǤŠƒŽ‡ƒ

ƒ†Ž‹‰—‹ ‹•‹‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒǤ

3. Afrikaans and Afrikaner nationalism in Apartheid South Africa  ƒ ƒƒ”•˜‡Ž† ȋͳͻ͸ͳȌ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡• •‡˜‡”ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ • ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ƒ‡” ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•Ǥ ‹”•–Ž›ǡ Š‡ •—‰‰‡•–• –Šƒ– ˆ”‹ƒ‡” ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ƒ• ƒ ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š’‘Ž‹–‹ •‘ˆ†‘‹ƒ–‹‘‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡ˆ”‹ƒ‡”ǡ̶Šƒ˜‹‰„‡‡ ‹•—Ž–‡†ƒ†Ž‘‘‡††‘™—’‘̶„›–Š‡”‹–‹•Šǡ•Š‘™‡†•‹‰•‘ˆ̶ƒˆ‡‡Ž‹‰‘ˆ ‹Œ—•–‹ ‡ ƒ† ˆ”—•–”ƒ–‹‘̶ ȋ˜ƒ ƒƒ”•˜‡Ž†ǡ ͳͻ͸ͳǡ ’Ǥ  ʹʹͳȌǤ Š—•ǡ –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ ‰Ž‹•Šƒ†–Š‡ˆ‘”‡‹‰”‹–‹•Š ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ’‘™‡”Ž‡ˆ–ˆ”‹ƒ‡”•™‹–Šƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ ̶•—’’”‡••‹‘ƒ†•—„Œ‡ –‹‘–Šƒ–Ž‡†–‘‹†‹‰ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‰”‹‡˜ƒ ‡•̶ȋ’ǤʹʹͳȌǤ ˆ”‹ƒ‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•„‡ ƒ‡ƒ’Ž‹‰Š–ˆ‘” —Ž–—”ƒŽ•—”˜‹˜ƒŽ‹–Š‡Šƒ†•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹’‡”‹ƒŽ‰Ž‹•ŠǤŠ‡ ‘–”‘Ž‘ˆ–Š‡‹”†‡•–‹›ƒ•ƒ’‡‘’Ž‡„‡ ƒ‡ƒˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•Ǥ ƒ˜‹‰„‡‹‰ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒ††‘‹ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡”‹–‹•Šǡ‹– ™ƒ•–Š‡‹”‰‘ƒŽ–‘ˆ‹†ƒ ‘‘‰”‘—†–‘ˆ‹‰Š––Š‡‹”̶‘’’”‡••‘”̶Ǥˆ”‹ƒ‡” ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹• ™ƒ• ƒ„‘—– ‘–”‘Ž ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ƒ‡” ‹†‡–‹–› –Šƒ– ™ƒ• ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡† „› ‰Ž‹•Šƒ••‹‹Žƒ–‹‘‹•–’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•Ǥ‡ ‘†Ž›ǡ˜ƒ ƒƒ”•˜‡Ž†ȋͳͻ͸ͳȌ•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ– ˆ”‹ƒ‡”•̵’Žƒ ‡†ƒ‰”‡ƒ–†‡ƒŽ‘ˆ‡’Šƒ•‹•‘–Š‡Žƒ†ƒ†‘”‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ› –Š‡ ‘–”‘Ž ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ†Ǥ Š‡ ˆ”‹ƒ‡”̵ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ ™‹–Š –‡””‹–‘”›ƒ†Žƒ† ‡ƒ„Ž‡† –Š‡ –‘ Žƒ‹ –Š‡ Žƒ† –Šƒ– –Š‡› Šƒ† ƒ‡š‡† ˆ”‘ Ž‘ ƒŽˆ”‹ ƒ ‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ•–Š‡‹”‘™Ǥ•‡•‡‘ˆ•‘Ž‹†ƒ”‹–›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ‘‰ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ”‹ƒ‡” ‘—‹–‹‡• ƒ† ƒŽŽ‹ƒ ‡• ™‡”‡ ˆ‘”‰‡†Ǥ Š‡ ˆ”‹ƒ‡”• „‡ ƒ‡ †‡†‹ ƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ̶†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–̶ ‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ†–Š”‘—‰Š‡š–‡•‹˜‡ˆƒ”‹‰ƒ† –Š—• ”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ—‹“—‡‹†‡–‹–› ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Š‡‰Ž‹•ŠǤŠ‹••‡•‡ ‘ˆ •‘Ž‹†ƒ”‹–› –‘ –Š‡ Žƒ†ǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‘‡–œ‡‡ ȋͳͻ͹ͺȌ ‡”‹ Š‡† ˆ”‹ƒ‡” ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’”‹†‡ƒ•ƒ’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘ ‘—Ž†™‘”–Š‡Žƒ†ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‹–Ǥ Š”‘—‰Š–Š‹• ‘‡ –‹‘–‘–Š‡Žƒ†ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡƒ•˜ƒ ƒƒ”•˜‡Ž†ȋͳͻ͸ͳȌ•–ƒ–‡• ̶ ‘• ‹‘—•‡••‘ˆˆ”‹ƒ‡” —Ž–—”ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ƒ†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ–Š‡‹”Šƒ„‹–• ƒ† —•–‘•ǡ ƒ† ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› –Š‡‹” ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†̶ ȋ’Ǥ ʹʹͳȌǤ ‘” –Š‡ ˆ”‹ƒ‡”•ǡ ”‹–‹•Š ‹’‡”‹ƒŽ‹• ƒ† ‘“—‡•– ™ƒ• –Š‡ ‹’‡–—• ˆ‘” ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‹‰ǤŠ‡‹” Žƒ‹–‘–Š‡–‡””‹–‘”›™ƒ•‘ˆ–‡‹†‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒ†‰‹˜‡‡ƒ‹‰ –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ”‡ƒ– ’‹Ž‰”‹ƒ‰‡ ȋ–Š‡ ”‡ƒ– –”‡Ȍ †—”‹‰ ™Š‹ Š –Š‘—•ƒ†• ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ƒ‡” ‡ ƒ† ™‘‡ ‹‰”ƒ–‡† ‹™ƒ”† ȋ†ƒǡ ͳͻ͹ͺǢ — ‘‹–ǡ ͳͻ͹ͲǢ ‹Ž‹‘‡‡Ƭ—‘‹–ǡͳͻͺ͵ȌǤ Š‹”†Ž›ǡˆ”‹ƒ‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•™ƒ• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†„›ƒ—”‰‡–‘™ƒ”†• •‡ŽˆǦ ’”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ’”‘‰”‡••Ǥ Š‡ ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ƒ‡” ‹†‡–‹–› –‘‰‡–Š‡” ™‹–Šƒ—”‰‡–‘†‡ˆ‹‡–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ•̶ ‹˜‹Ž‹œ‡†̶’‡‘’Ž‡•‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡† –Š‡‹” ‡„”ƒ ‡‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†‘†‡”‹œƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡ˆ”‹ƒƒ•Ǧ•’‡ƒ‹‰’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ —†‡” ”‹–‹•Š ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ǡ ™‡”‡ ‘–‹—‘—•Ž› ‘ ‰—ƒ”† ƒ‰ƒ‹•– „‡‹‰ ƒ••‹‹Žƒ–‡†„›”‹–‹•ŠŠ‡‰‡‘›ǡƒ†™‡”‡‡“—ƒŽŽ›™‡ƒ”›‘ˆ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š –Š‡ˆ”‹ ƒƒŒ‘”‹–›Ǥ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͻͳǦͳͳͲ ͳͲͳ

 ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‹–Š ȋͳͻͺͺȌǡ –Š‡ –Š”‡ƒ– ‘ˆ ȋ„Žƒ Ȍ ˆ”‹ ƒ †‘‹ƒ › ™ƒ• ‹ˆŽ—‡–‹ƒŽ ‹ –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ƒ‡” ‡š Ž—•‹‘ƒ”› ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ˆ”‹ ƒ•ƒ†‘–Š‡”‰”‘—’•‹‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒǤ‘ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”‹†‡–‹–›ǡ ˆ”‹ƒ‡” ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–••–”ƒ–‡‰‹œ‡ƒ’‘Ž‹ ›‘ˆ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǣƒ’ƒ”–Š‡‹†Ǥ’ƒ”–Š‡‹† –Š—• „‡ ƒ‡ ƒ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ’‘Ž‹ › ‘ˆ ”ƒ ‹ƒŽ •‡‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ ‹–”‘†— ‡† „› –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–’ƒ”–‘ˆ‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ‹ͳͻͶͺ–‘‡š Ž—†‡ƒ†Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œ‡ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‹• ƒ† ™Š‹–‡ •—’”‡ƒ ›ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  •—’”‡ƒ ›Ǥ Š‡ ™‘”† apartheid ‡ƒ•̶•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡‡••̶ƒ†”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œ‡†–Š‡”‹‰‹†”ƒ ‹ƒŽ†‹˜‹•‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‹‰™Š‹–‡‹‘”‹–›’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡‘Ǧ™Š‹–‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ  ‘”†‹‰–‘‹–•’”‡Ǧ‡‹‡–ƒ” Š‹–‡ –”Ǥ ‡†”‹‡”™‘‡”†ǡ–Š‡ –Š‡ ‹‹•–‡” ‘ˆ ƒ–‹˜‡ ˆˆƒ‹”• I ƒ–— ˆˆƒ‹”•ǡ –Š‡ ’—”’‘•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ’ƒ”–Š‡‹† ™ƒ• –‘ ‡•—”‡ –Šƒ– ̶ƒ–‹˜‡• ™‹ŽŽ„‡–ƒ—‰Š–ˆ”‘ Š‹Ž†Š‘‘†–‘”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡–Šƒ–‡“—ƒŽ‹–› ™‹–Š —”‘’‡ƒ• ‹• ‘– ˆ‘” –Š‡̶ ȋ“—‘–‡† ‹ ƒ”•‘•ǡ ͳͻͻʹǡ ’Ǥ  ʹͻͳȌǤ ‘ ‹ƒŽ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘™ƒ• ‘—’Ž‡†™‹–Šˆ”‹ƒ‡”ƒ†—”‘’‡ƒ‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡Ǥ Ethnic Power Mobilized: Can South Africa Change? ‹Ž‹‘‡‡ȋͳͻ͹ͻȌ–”ƒ ‡• ƒ’ƒ”–Š‡‹†̵ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– –‘ ‹–• ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•– ‘”‹‰‹•Ǥ ˆ”‹ƒ‡” ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ƒ† ”ƒ’‹† —”„ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ „‡ ƒ‡ ƒ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‡„”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•Ǥ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•‘”̶˜‘Žƒ’‹–ƒŽ•‡̶’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ˜‡Š‹ Ž‡ˆ‘”•‘ ‹ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹ ™Š‹ Š –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‘„‹Ž‹–› ˆ‘” –Š‡ ˆ”‹ƒ‡” ̶˜‘Ž̶ ™ƒ• ƒ”‡– †”‹˜‡ ȋ ‹Ž‹‘‡‡ǡ ͳͻ͹ͻȌǤ Š‡ †‹• ‘˜‡”› ‘ˆ Dz†‹ƒ‘†• ƒ† ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ‰‘Ž†‹ –Š‡‹‡–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›™‡”‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‹‰ƒŽƒ”‰‡•—„•‹•–‡ ‡”—”ƒŽ‡ ‘‘› ‹–‘ƒ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‡ ‘‘›ˆ‹”Ž›–‹‡†–‘”‹–‹•Š‹’‡”‹ƒŽ‹–‡”‡•–•̶ȋ’ǤͳͶͷȌǤ Š‡†‡ƒ†•‘ˆ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•„‡ ƒ‡‹•–”—‡–ƒŽ‹–Š‡‰”‘™–Š‘ˆ ‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡† ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‹ ™Š‹ Š ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡• ƒ• •–ƒ†ƒ”† ‘†‡• ‘ˆ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ „‡ ƒ‡ ‡ ‡••ƒ”›Ǥ ‹–Š ƒ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡– ‘ˆ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ǡ ƒ ‘‘ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ‘‡” ‡ ƒ† ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ Šƒ† –‘ „‡ ’”‘‘–‡†Ǥ —‡”‘—• Žƒ™• ™‡”‡ ’ƒ••‡† –Šƒ– ’”‘Š‹„‹–‡† ˆ”‹ ƒ• –‘ ‘™ Žƒ† ƒ† ’”‘’‡”–›ǡ ƒ† ‘•– ‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž› ƒ†‘’– ˆ”‹ƒƒ• ƒ• ƒ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥˆ”‹ƒƒ•™ƒ•ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡†–‘‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•–ƒ–—•ǤŠ—•ǡ –Š‡ †‡ƒ†• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ̶ƒ”‡–̶ ‹•–‹–—–‡† –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ”‹ƒƒ• Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’•–‘‡‡–ƒ”‡–ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‡‡†•Ǥ •—ƒ”›ǡ–Š‡ˆ”‹ƒ‡”•–”—‰‰Ž‡™‹–Š–Š‡”‹–‹•Š‹ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ ’”‘’–‡† ˆ”‹ƒ‡” ˆ‘Ž –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹  •‡•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ ‘ ˆ”‹ƒ‡” ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•ǡƒ†‡ƒ†ˆ‘”ƒŠ‘‡Žƒ†‘”ƒ–‡””‹–‘”›ƒ•ƒ†‹”‡ – ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ ”‹–‹•Š†‘‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘™ƒ•‹’‘”–ƒ–Ǥ•–Š‡‰Ž‹•Š’ƒ••‡† Žƒ™• –Šƒ– ˆ”‹ƒ‡”• Žƒ‹‡† ™‡”‡ ‹•–”—‡–• –‘ ‰Ž‹ ‹œ‡ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒǡ ˆ”‹ƒ‡”• ”‡ƒ –‡† „› †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ ƒ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹†‡–‹–› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‰Ž‹•ŠǤ ˆ”‹ƒ‡”• ™Š‘ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ† ˆ”‹ ƒ• ™‡”‡ Ž‘‘‡†—’‘ƒ•†‹•Ž‘›ƒŽǤ ‘”†‹‰–‘ˆ”‹ƒ‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•ǡƒ ̶–”—‡̶ ˆ”‹ƒ‡”‹†‡–‹–›Šƒ†–‘„‡‡ƒ –‡†ƒ–ƒŽŽ–‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡•‹’Ž‡•– ™ƒ› ‘ˆ ƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰–Š‹•™ƒ•–‘•’‡ƒ–Š‡ˆ”‹ƒƒ•Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ ͳͲʹ ǤǤŠƒŽ‡ƒ

4. Development of Afrikaans  ”‘‹–• ˜‡”› „‡‰‹‹‰ ˆ”‹ƒ‡” ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹• Šƒ• ƒŽ™ƒ›• „‡‡ ˆ‘ —•‡† ‘ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ȋ‘‡–œ‡‡ǡ ͳͻ͹ͺǢ ‹Ž‹‘‡‡ Ƭ — ‘‹–ǡ ͳͻͺ͵Ǣ ‘‘†‹‡ǡ ͳͻ͹ͶǢ ƒ ƒƒ”•˜‡Ž†ǡ ͳͻ͸ͳȌǤ ˆƒ –ǡ‘‘†‹‡ȋͳͻ͹ͶȌ•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ––Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ‡ ˆ”‹ƒƒ•’”‡†ƒ–‡–Š‡‡–Š‹ ƒ‡ˆ”‹ƒ‡”ǤŠ‡ˆ”‹ƒƒ•Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Šƒ•‹–• ”‘‘–•ˆ”‘–Š‡—– ŠŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ȋ‘”‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›‘—–Š ‘ŽŽƒ††‹ƒŽ‡ –‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹†Ǧͳ͹–Š ‡–—”›Ǥ ˆ”‹ƒƒ• ‹• Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ•„‡Ž‘‰‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ †‘Ǧ—”‘’‡ƒ ˆƒ‹Ž›‘ˆŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•Ǥ –„‡Ž‘‰•–‘–Š‡ ‡”ƒ‹ •–”‡ƒȋ‘”‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ› ‡•–‡” ‡”ƒ‹ Ȍ ‘ˆ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‰”‘—’•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹ Ž—†‡ ‡”ƒǡ —– Šǡ ‰Ž‹•Šǡ‹††‹•Šǡƒ† ”‹‡•‹ƒȋ̵ ”ƒ†›Ƭ‘†”‘˜‘Ž•›ǡͳͻͻʹǡ’’Ǥ͵ͶʹǦ͵Ͷ͵ȌǤ ‡ Š‹ ƒŽŽ›ˆ”‹ƒƒ•„‡‰ƒƒ•ƒ’‹†‰‹ȋ•’‘‡Ȍƒ†Žƒ–‡”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‹–‘ƒ ”‡‘Ž‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•’‘‡„›—– Š•‡––Ž‡”•Ǥˆ–‡”ͳ͸ͺͷǡ’‡‘’Ž‡„‡‰ƒ–‘‘–‹ ‡ –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ „‡–™‡‡ •–ƒ†ƒ”† —– Š ȋ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• —•‡† ƒ• ƒ ™”‹––‡ ƒ† ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ȍ ƒ† ˆ”‹ƒƒ•Ǥ › –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› ͳͻ–Š ‡–—”› –Š‡ ”‡‘Ž‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ȋ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• ‘™ ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ƒ• ƒ’‡Ǧ—– ŠȌ ‡‡”‰‡† ƒ• ƒ—‹“—‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ”‘—– ŠǤ ͳͺ͹ͷǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘‘‡–œ‡‡ȋͳͻ͹ͺȌǡƒ ‘‹––‡‡™ƒ••‡–—’–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’–Š‹• Š‘‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ† „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘•– —– Š •‡––Ž‡”• ™‡”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒƒ––‡’–™ƒ•ƒ†‡–‘–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡–Š‡‹„Ž‡‹–‘–Š‹•Š‘‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ †‡” –Š‡ •—’‡”˜‹•‹‘ –Š‡ —– Š ”‡ˆ‘”‡† Š—” Š ƒ† ƒŽ˜‹‹•– –Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ ‡˜Ǥ  Ǥ †— ‘‹–ǡ –Š‡ Š‘‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ™ƒ• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ƒ† ƒ‡† ƒ’‡Ǧ—– Š ȋ ‘ˆ”‡›”ǡͳͻͺ͹ȌǤ ˆ–‡” Ž‘•‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š ‹ –Š‡ ‰Ž‘Ǧ‘‡” ™ƒ” ‘ˆ ͳͺͻͺǦͳͻͲʹǡ –Š‡ —– Š •‡––Ž‡”•”‡•‹•–‡†”‹–‹•Š‰Ž‹ ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ••‹‹Žƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ†‘’–‡†–Š‡ƒ‡ ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ƒƒ• ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ ˆ”‹ƒƒ• ƒ• ƒ ƒ‡ǡ ‘‡ –‡† –Š‡ —– Š •‡––Ž‡”•–‘–Š‡Žƒ†‘ˆ‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒƒ†—Ž‹‡–Š‡”‹–‹•ŠǡŠ‘‡ˆ‘”–Š‡™ƒ• ˆ”‹ ƒ ‘– —”‘’‡Ǥ ‹–Š –Š‡ ‹˜‡–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ƒƒ• ƒ• –Š‡‹” Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ‹†‡–‹–›ǡ–Š‡—– Š•‡––Ž‡”• Žƒ‹‡†ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ƒ†Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ ›–‘–Š‡Žƒ†ƒ† ‘ˆ–‡”‡‹‹• ‡†„ƒ –‘–Š‡‹”‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”•–”—‰‰Ž‡•™‹–Š–Š‡”‹–‹•Š–‘Œ—•–‹ˆ›–Š‡‹” ’Ž‹‰Š–ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Š‘‘†Ǥ ͳͻͳͲ–Š‡‹‘‘ˆ‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ™ƒ•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ǡ™‹–Š‰Ž‹•Šƒ†—– Šƒ• ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ƒ†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ›‡ƒ”•Žƒ–‡”ˆ”‹ƒƒ•„‡ ƒ‡–Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ ̶Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡̶ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ ™‹–Š —– Š ƒ† ‰Ž‹•Š ȋ‘‡–œ‡‡ǡ ͳͻ͹ͺȌǤ ƒ˜‹‰ „‡‡ —•‡† ‹ • Š‘‘Ž• ƒ† Š—” Š‡•ǡ ˆ”‹ƒƒ• „‡ ƒ‡ ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†ƒ•ƒŽ‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–Šƒ–ƒ –‡†‘Ž›ƒ•ƒŠ‘‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ˆ‘”—– Š•‡––Ž‡”•ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ„‡ ƒ‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œ‡†ƒ†™ƒ•—•‡†ƒ• –Š‡ˆ‘”ƒŽƒ†™”‹––‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–Š‡‹†–ƒ–‡Ǥ

5. Promotion of Afrikaans as a national Language  –Š‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆˆ”‹ƒƒ•ǡ–Š‡‡–‹”‡ˆ”‹ƒ‡” —Ž–—”ƒŽ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–’Žƒ›‡†ƒ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͻͳǦͳͳͲ ͳͲ͵

„‹‰ ”‘Ž‡ ‹ ‹–• ’”‘‘–‹‘Ǥ  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‘ˆ”‡”›” ȋͳͻͺ͹Ȍǡ –Š‡ ˆ”‹ƒƒ• ƒ ƒ†‡‹  ‘—‹–›ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›Ž‹‰—‹•–•ƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ•–—†‹‡•ƒ ƒ†‡‹ •‹ –Š‡ Š—ƒ‹–‹‡• ƒ† •‘ ‹ƒŽ • ‹‡ ‡• ’Žƒ›‡† ƒ †‡ ‹•‹˜‡”‘Ž‡ ‹ ’”‘‘–‹‰ –Š‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ‹ͳͻͲͻƒ ‘‹––‡‡™ƒ•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–‘’”‘‘–‡ƒ† ˆ—”–Š‡”†‡˜‡Ž‘’ˆ”‹ƒƒ•‹• ‹‡ ‡ƒ†–Š‡ƒ”–•Ǥˆ”‹ƒ‡”ƒ ƒ†‡‹ •™‡”‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡† „› –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ –‘ ‘†— – ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‘ –Š‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ȏ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ  ƒ†‡› ˆ‘”  ‹‡ ‡ ƒ† ”– ȋŽ‘‘„‡”‰ǡ ͳͻͻͲǢ ‘ˆ”‡›”ǡ ͳͻͺ͹ȌȐǤ ƒ”Ž› Ž‹‰—‹•–• †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‡† „‡–™‡‡ ˆ”‹ƒƒ• ƒ† •–ƒ†ƒ”† —– Š ƒ† ”‡•‡ƒ” Š˜‘Ž—‡•†‡–ƒ‹Ž‹‰–Š‹•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡™‡”‡’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‹ƒ ƒ†‡‹  Œ‘—”ƒŽ•ƒ†„‘‘•Ǥ‘ ‹ƒŽŽ‹‰—‹•–••— Šƒ•ƒ‡•„—”‰ȋͳͻͻͳȌ ƒ† ‘ˆ”‡›” ȋͳͻ͹ͺȌ ’”‘ Žƒ‹‡† –Šƒ– ˆ”‹ƒƒ• ‹• †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ”‘ —– Š ‹ ’”‘— ‹ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‘•‘ƒ– ‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ –Š‹• †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥͳ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ ˆ”‹ƒƒ• ™ƒ• ’”‘‘— ‡† ƒ• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹†‹‰‡‘—• Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡• ‘ˆ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ Dz‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡dz ‘ˆ ‘–Š‡” ‹†‹‰‡‘—• ˆ”‹ ƒ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡• ‘ ˆ”‹ƒƒ•Ǥ  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ’ƒǦˆ”‹ ƒ Ž‹‰—‹•–• •— Š ƒ• ƒ„‹†‡ ȋͳͻͻͺȌǡ ˆ”‹ ƒ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡• •— Š ƒ• —Ž—ǡ Š‘•ƒǡ ƒ†ƒƒ‡”‹ Š‡†–Š‡˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ”‹ƒƒ•Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹‡•‡Ž›Ǥ  ˆƒ –ǡ ƒ• ƒ„‹†‡̵ •–—†› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡—Ž— Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘ ˆ”‹ƒƒ• ’‘‹–•‘—–ǡ–Š‡ˆ”‹ƒƒ•Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ†‘’–‡†ƒ†‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡†—Ž—™‘”†•‹–‘ ‹–• ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”› ƒ† –Š—•ǡ ‰‹˜‹‰ –Š‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ—‹“—‡ ˆ”‹ ƒ ‘–‡š–Ǥ • ƒ ”‡•—Ž–ǡ†‹ –‹‘ƒ”‹‡•†‡–ƒ‹Ž‹‰–Š‹•‡™˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›™‡”‡’—„Ž‹•Š‡† ƒ† ˆ”‹ƒƒ•™ƒ•ˆ—ŽŽ›”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†ƒ•ƒŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘ƒ ƒ†‡‹ ’”‘‘–‹‘‘ˆˆ”‹ƒƒ•ǡƒ•‡ ”‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘‹––‡‡ ȋ‘ˆ–‡ ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡ˆ”‹ƒ‡””‘‡†‡”„‘†Ȍ™ƒ•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†‹ͳͻͳͺ–‘‘‹–‘” —Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ† Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  ̶ƒ„‘”ƒŽ‹–‹‡•̶ ȋ‡”ˆ‘–‡‹ǡ ͳͻ͹ͺȌǤ Š‹• ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž ‘‹––‡‡ ‘’”‹•‡†‘ˆŽ‡ƒ†‹‰ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ†• Š‘Žƒ”•‡•—”‡†–Šƒ– ˆ”‹ƒƒ•‹‹–•̶’—”‡•–•‡•‡̶™ƒ•‘–†‘‹ƒ–‡†„›„‘–Š‰Ž‹•Šƒ†ˆ”‹ ƒ —Ž–—”‡ƒ†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ȋ̵ƒ‡”ƒǡͳͻ͹͹Ǣ‡”ˆ‘–‡‹ǡͳͻ͹ͺȌǤ ˆƒ –ǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ ‡”ˆ‘–‡‹ ȋͳͻ͹ͺȌǡ –Š‡ ’—”’‘•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‘‹–‘”‹‰ „‘†› ™ƒ• –‘ ‡•—”‡ –Šƒ– ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡• ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ƒƒ• •’‘‡ „› ‘Ǧ™Š‹–‡• ™‡”‡ •–‹‰ƒ–‹œ‡† ‹‘”†‡”–‘ ̶’—”‹ˆ›̶ˆ”‹ƒƒ•Ǥ Š‡ˆ”‹ƒ‡””‘‡†‡”„‘†‡•—”‡†–Šƒ–ˆ”‹ƒ‡”•ƒ•ƒ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘–”‘Ž‘ˆ–Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ǡ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ†–Š‡ Š—” Š‹•‹–ƒ –ǤŠ”‘—‰Š–Š‹• „‘†›ǡ–Š‡‹–‡”‡•–•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ”‹ƒ‡”‹†‡–‹–›™‡”‡’”‘‘–‡†ǡ‘ˆ–‡—•‹‰–Š‡ ’”‹–‡†‹ƒǡ”ƒ†‹‘ǡƒ†–‡Ž‡˜‹•‹‘ƒ•ƒŒ‘”‹•–”—‡–•–‘’”‘‘–‡ˆ”‹ƒƒ• —•ƒ‰‡Ǥ  •—ƒ”›ǡ ‡†‹ƒ –‘‰‡–Š‡” ™‹–Š —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ƒ ƒ†‡‹ƒ„‡ ƒ‡ƒŒ‘”‹•–”—‡–•–Šƒ–™‡”‡—•‡†–‘’”‘‘–‡ˆ”‹ƒƒ•ƒ• ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹ƒ’ƒ”–Š‡‹†‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒǤ ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘ƒ•›•–‡ƒ–‹ ’”‘‘–‹‘‘ˆˆ”‹ƒƒ•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ˆ”‹ƒ‡” —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–ǡ –Š‡ ˆ”‹ƒƒ• Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ† ˆ”‹ƒ‡” ƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ• Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œ‡†–Š”‘—‰Š”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‹†‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ‹”•–Ž›ǡ‹–™ƒ•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Šƒ– ͳͲͶ ǤǤŠƒŽ‡ƒ

—”‘’‡ƒ•ȋƒ†•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›ˆ”‹ƒ‡”•Ȍ̶•ƒ˜‡†̶‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒˆ”‘„ƒ”„ƒ”‹• ƒ†‹‰‘”ƒ ‡‘ˆ‹–•ƒ–‹˜‡•ǤŠ‡—•—ƒŽƒ”‰—‡–™ƒ•–Šƒ–̶ˆ”‹ ƒ•™‘—Ž†‘– ‡˜‡Šƒ˜‡ƒ™Š‡‡Ž‹ˆ‹–™‡”‡̵–ˆ‘”—”‘’‡ƒ•̶ȋ—‘‹–ǡͳͻͺ͵Ǣ ƒ””‹•‘ǡͳͻͺͳǢ ‘ˆ”‡›”ǡ ͳͻͺ͹ȌǤ  ˆƒ –ǡ –Š‡ ƒ–‹˜‡• ™Š‘ ™‡”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ̶— ‹˜‹Ž‹œ‡† ƒ† ™‹Ž†̶ ™‡”‡ ‹ ‡‡† ‘ˆ –ƒ‹‰ ƒ† ‘–”‘ŽŽ‹‰ ‘– ‘Ž› ˆ‘” ̶ ‘†̵• ™‹ŽŽ –‘ „‡ †‘‡̶„—–ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”˜‡”›‘™•—”˜‹˜ƒŽǤŠ‡•‡‡‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‹•– ƒ† ‡—‰‡‹ • ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ‘ˆ Š—ƒ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– „‡ ƒ‡ ƒŒ‘” ˆƒ –‘”• ‹ –Š‡ Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ƒ‡” Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•Ǥ  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ †‹• ‘—”•‡ ƒ†ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ™Š‡ˆ”‹ƒ‡”•–”‡‡†‹–‘–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›ǡ–Š‡› ˆƒ ‡†™‹Ž†„‡ƒ•–•ƒ†Š‘•–‹Ž‡ƒ–‹˜‡•™Š‘™‘—Ž†̵–”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡–Š‡ˆ‘”™Šƒ– –Š‡›™‡”‡Š‡”‡–‘ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Šȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ•ƒ˜‡ˆ”‹ ƒˆ”‘‹–•„ƒ ™ƒ”†‡••ȌǤ ˆƒ – –Š‡‹” ‹†• –Š‡ ˆ”‹ƒ‡”• ”‡‰ƒ”†‡† –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ƒ• ˆ‹”•–Ž› ƒ Š‘•‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ Š‘•‡„› ‘†–‘ ‹˜‹Ž‹œ‡–Š‡— ‹˜‹Ž̶•ƒ˜ƒ‰‡•̶‘ˆ‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒȋ—‘‹–ǡͳͻͺ͵Ǣ ‹’Ž‹‰ǡ ͳͻͳͶǢ ‡’Ž‹ǡ ͳͻͻͻȌǤ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ‹ ‘‡ ‘ˆ Š‹• ’‘‡•ǡ ƒ ˆƒ‘—• ˆ”‹ƒ‡”’‘‡–ǡ—†›ƒ”†ǡ‹’Ž‹‰ȋͳͻͳͶǡ’ǤͳͲͺȌ™”‘–‡ǣ

Š‡ —ŽŽ•ŠƒŽŽ™Š‹•–Ž‡‹Š‹•™ƒ‡ǡ–Š‡„Ž‹†™ƒ˜‡„”‡ƒˆ‹”‡ ‡•ŠƒŽŽˆ—Žˆ‹Ž ‘†̵•—–‘•–™‹ŽŽǡ—‘™‹‰Š‹•†‡•‹”‡ †Š‡•ŠƒŽŽ•‡‡‘Ž†Žƒ‡–• Šƒ‰‡ƒ†ƒŽ‹‡•–ƒ”•ƒ”‹•‡ †‰‹˜‡–Š‡‰ƒŽ‡Š‹••‡ƒ™‘”•ƒ‹Ž‹•Šƒ†‘™‘ˆ‡™•‹‡•ǡ –”‘‰Ž—•–‘ˆ‰‡ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽ†”‹˜‡Š‹ˆ‘”–Šƒ†Š—‰‡”ƒ”Š‹•Šƒ†ǡ ‘™‹Š‹•ˆ‘‘†ˆ”‘–Š‡†‡•‡”–”—†‡ǡŠ‹•’‹––ƒ ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡•ƒ†Ǥ ‹•‡‹‰Š„‘—”•ǯ•‘‡•ŠƒŽŽ˜‡šŠ‹•‡›‡•Ǣ–Š‡‹”˜‘‹ ‡•„”‡ƒŠ‹•”‡•–Ǥ ‡•ŠƒŽŽ‰‘ˆ‘”–Š–‹ŽŽ•‘—–Š‹•‘”–Š•—ŽŽ‡ƒ††‹•’‘••‡••‡†Ǥ ‡•ŠƒŽŽ†‡•‹”‡Ž‘‡Ž‹‡••ƒ†Š‹•†‡•‹”‡•ŠƒŽŽ„”‹‰ǡ ƒ”†‘Š‹•Š‡‡Ž•ǡƒ–Š‘—•ƒ†™Š‡‡Ž•ǡƒ‡‘’Ž‡ƒ†ƒ‹‰Ǥ ‡•ŠƒŽŽ ‘‡„ƒ ‘Š‹•‘™–”ƒ ǡƒ†„›Š‹•• ƒ” ‡Ǧ ‘‘Ž‡† ƒ’Ǥ Š‡”‡•ŠƒŽŽŠ‡‡‡––Š‡”‘ƒ”‹‰•–”‡‡–ǡ–Š‡†‡””‹ ƒ†–Š‡•–ƒ’ǣ Š‡”‡Š‡•ŠƒŽŽ„Žƒœ‡ƒƒ–‹‘•̵™ƒ›•™‹–ŠƒŠƒ– Š‡–ƒ†™‹–Š„”ƒ†ǡ ‹ŽŽ‘Š‹•Žƒ•–Ǧ™‘”™‹Ž†‡”‡••ƒ’‹”‡̵‘—–’‘•–•–ƒ†Ǥ

 –Š‹• ’‘‡ǡ ‹’Ž‹‰ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡• –Š‡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ‹ ™Š‹ Š ˆ”‹ƒ‡” ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹• ™ƒ• ‘•–‹–—–‡†Ǥ  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‹’Ž‹‰ ȋͳͻͳͶȌ ‹– ™ƒ•̶ ‘†̵• —–‘•–™‹ŽŽ̶ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ”‹ƒ‡”•–‘̶„Žƒœ‡ƒƒ–‹‘•̵™ƒ›•™‹–ŠƒŠƒ– Š‡–ƒ† ™‹–Š ƒ „”ƒ†̵̶ ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ‹˜‹Ž‹œ‡ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒǤ Š‡ •–”—‰‰Ž‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ˆ”‹ƒ‡” ˆ”‘–‹‡”• ȋ‘” –”‡‡”•Ȍ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‹ –Š‡‹” ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ ‹–‘ –Š‡ ‹–‡”‹‘”ƒ†–Š‡‹”’Ž‹‰Š–ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Š‘‘†ƒ‰ƒ‹•–Š‘•–‹Ž‡‡‹‰Š„‘—”•ǡƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘‹’Ž‹‰ȋͳͻͳͶȌǡ ”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‹™Š‹ Šˆ”‹ƒ‡”•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†‹–™ƒ• ‘†̵ ’—”’‘•‡ ƒ† ™‹ŽŽ ˆ‘” –Š‡Ǥ ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ ˆ”‹ƒ‡”• ”‡‰ƒ”†‡† –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ƒ• –Š‡†‹”‡ –†‡• ‡†ƒ–•‘ˆŠ”‹•–‹ƒ”‡ˆ‘”‹•–ƒŽ˜‹Ǥ –‹•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‹•†‹”‡ – Ž‹ –‘ ƒŽ˜‹ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ˆ”‹ƒ‡” •‡– ˆ‘”–Š ƒ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹  ”—•ƒ†‡„ƒ•‡†‘ Ž‹‰—‹ ‹•Ǥ ‘”–Š‡–Š‡›Šƒ†–‘ˆ—Žˆ‹Ž–Š‡‹” ‘†Ǧ‰‹˜‡†—–›–‘Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹œ‡ƒ† ‡Ž‹‰Š–‡–Š‡̶ƒ–‹˜‡•̶‘ˆ‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒǤŠ‹•„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹ƒ‹†‘ˆƒ•—’‡”ƒ–—”ƒŽ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͻͳǦͳͳͲ ͳͲͷ

‘”†‹˜‹‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ”‹ƒ‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ••ƒ˜‹‘—”•‘ˆ‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ‡ƒ„Ž‡† –‘Œ—•–‹ˆ›–Š‡‹”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹ ’—”•—‹–•ǡ‘ˆ–‡“—‘–‹‰–Š‡‹„Ž‡Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡƒ ‡ƒ”Ž›ˆ”‹ƒ‡” Šƒ’Žƒ‹“—‘–‡†‹ ƒ””‹•‘ȋͳͻͺͳǡ’ǤͳͲͺȌ•–ƒ–‡•ǣ ǤǤǤ™‡Šƒ˜‡”‡ ‡‹˜‡†ƒˆ‹”‡ˆ”‘‰‘†ǡ–Šƒ–ˆ‹”‡‹•‘—”ƒ–‹‘Š‘‘†Ǥ –‹• ™‘†‡”ˆ—Ž–‘–Š‹–Šƒ––Š‹•ƒ–‹‘Š‘‘†‹•ˆ”‘ ‘†ǡ„—”‹‰–‘” Š ™Š‹ Š‹•‘–‡š–‹‰—‹•Š‡†Ǥ –Šƒ•„‡‡‡’–ƒŽŽ–Š‡™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡•–ƒ–—‡ ‘ˆƒ‹‡„‡‡ –‘Š‡”‡Ǥ›–Š‡‡” ›‘ˆ ‘†‹–Šƒ•„—”‡†—–‹Ž‘™Ǥ – —•–„‡‡’–„—”‹‰Ǥ  ‘”†‹‰Ž›™‹–Š‹–Š‹• ‘–‡š–ǡ ‘†Šƒ†̶„”‘—‰Š–̶–‘‰‡–Š‡”ˆ”‹ƒ‡”• ƒ† ̶‰‹˜‡̶ –Š‡ ̶Žƒ†̶ƒ† ̶Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡̶ ƒ† ‹–‹• –Š‡‹” †—–› –‘ ‡•—”‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡‹” ƒ–‹‘‹•‡’–’—”‡ƒ†‹–ƒ –ǤŠ‹•†‹”‡ –Ž‹–‘ƒŽ˜‹’”‘’–‡† –Š‡ ˆ”‹ƒ‡”•–‘˜‹‡™–Š‡ˆ”‹ƒƒ•Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒƒ• ‘† ‰‹˜‡ǡ –Š—• ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰ ƒ ƒ ‹‡– ‹„Ž‹ ƒŽ ’”‘‹•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘‹•‡Žƒ†Ǥ› ‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰–Š‡‹„Ž‹ ƒŽ‘–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘‹•‡Žƒ†–Šƒ– ‘†’”‘‹•‡†–‘–Š‡ Š‹Ž†”‡‘ˆ •”ƒ‡Žǡ–Š‡ˆ”‹ƒ‡”•ƒ•̶ƒ Š‘•‡’‡‘’Ž‡̶‡„ƒ”‡†‘ƒŒ‘—”‡› –‘ ˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡ ƒ† ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œ‡ –Š‡‹” ‘Ž‘‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒǤ ‘” ‘•– ˆ”‹ƒ‡” –Š‹‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‹‡ǡ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ ™ƒ• –Š‡ ’”‘‹•‡ Žƒ† ƒ† –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ”‹ƒƒ• Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ™ƒ• ƒ ‡Ž‡‡– ‹ ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰ –Š‡‹” ‘˜‡ƒ–™‹–Š ‘†ȋ‡’Ž‹ǡͳͻͻͻȌǤŠ—•ǡ–Š”‘—‰ŠŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡––Š‡ ƒ••‡• ƒ ‘—‹ ƒ–‡ƒ†‰Ž‘”‹ˆ› ‘†™Š‘Šƒ•„‡‡‰‡‡”‘—•–‘–Š‡–‘ ‰‹˜‡–Š‡Žƒ†ƒ†ƒŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‹†‡‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹–Š‡Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ”‹ƒƒ•™ƒ• ‡‘”‘—•Ǥ †‡‘Ž‘‰›ƒ•ƒ•‡–‘ˆ‹†‡ƒ•ƒ†„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•–Šƒ–‹•—•‡†–‘‡š’Žƒ‹̶•‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘†‹–‹‘• ƒ† Š‡Ž’• ’‡‘’Ž‡ —†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡‹” ’Žƒ ‡ ‹ •‘ ‹‡–›̶™ƒ• —•‡†‹ –Š‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆˆ”‹ƒ‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‘’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ’”‘‰”ƒˆ‘”•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ –‹‘ǡ–Š—•’”‘†— ‹‰‹†‡ƒ•ƒ† ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‰˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ™Šƒ–‹–‹•‡ƒ––‘ „‡ˆ”‹ƒ‡”Ǥ –Š‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆˆ”‹ƒ‡”•ǡ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‹†‡‘Ž‘‰›•‡”˜‡†ƒˆ— –‹‘ ’”‘†— ‹‰ ƒ •‡•‡ ‘ˆ ‡ƒ‹‰ ƒ† ‹†‡ƒŽ‹œ‡† ’ƒ•–Ǥ Š‹• •‘ ‹ƒŽŽ› ‘•–”— –‡† •‡•‡ ‘ˆ ‹†‡–‹–› ƒ† ’—”’‘•‡ ’”‘˜‹†‡† „‘–Š ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”• ˆ‘” —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ”‹ƒ‡” ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ† •‘ ‹ƒŽ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ƒ ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ‰—‹†‡ˆ‘”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ –‹‘Ǥ

6. Challenges for the Afrikaans language in the post-Apartheid era  Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‹•’ƒ’‡”™ƒ•–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡‹–‡”’Žƒ›„‡–™‡‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ǡ ‡–Š‹ ‹†‡–‹–›ǡƒ†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡™‹–Šƒ•’‡ ‹ƒŽˆ‘ —•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ”‹ƒƒ•Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒǤ ƒ” ˆ”‘ •‹’Ž› ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰ ƒ† ƒƒŽ›•‹‰ ƒ–Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ –Š‡‘”‹‡•ƒ† ‘ ‡’–•‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ǡ‡–Š‹ ‹–›ƒ†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ–Š‹•’ƒ’‡”‰ƒ˜‡ ƒ ‹ †‡’–Š ƒ† †‡–ƒ‹Ž‡† •›–Š‡•‹• ‹ˆ –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ ’”‘‘–‹‘ǡ ƒ† Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ”‹ƒƒ•Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒǤŠ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽȀ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™ ‰ƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ƒ•‡ •–—†› •‘‡ ‘–‡š–Ǥ ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ ˆ”‹ƒ‡” ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‘•–”— –‡†ǡ ‹– ‡š‹•–• ‹ –Š‡ ”‡ƒŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ͳͲ͸ ǤǤŠƒŽ‡ƒ

ˆ”‹ƒ‡”•ƒ†‹–‹•˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡†ƒ†Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œ‡†„›ƒ ‘‘ƒ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ ‹ –Šƒ– ‘•–”— –‹‘ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‹••—‡• ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•–Šƒ– „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ƒ”‡‹’‘”–ƒ– ‹ ’‘•–Ǧƒ’ƒ”–Š‡‹† ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ’‘Ž‹ ›ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ› ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ˆ”‹ƒƒ•˜‹–ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ ‹”•–Ž›ǡ–Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆˆ”‹ ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•‘–Š‡ˆ”‹ƒƒ•Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‹• ƒ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ ‘ ˆ”‹ƒ‡” ‹†‡–‹–› ‹ ’‘•–Ǧƒ’ƒ”–Š‡‹† ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒǤˆ”‹ ƒ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•‹–•”‘‘–•‹–Š‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘•–”—‰‰Ž‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‹• ƒ†‹’‡”‹ƒŽ‹•ǡ’‘•‡•ƒ‰”‡ƒ– ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡–‘ˆ”‹ƒ‡”‹†‡–‹–›ǤŠ‡ˆ”‹ƒƒ• Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡƒ•ƒ–‘‘Žˆ‘”ˆ”‹ƒ‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ǡ™Š‹ Š†‘‡•‘–‡š‹•– ™‹–Š–Š‡‡™’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ”‡ƒŽ‹–›‹‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ‹•˜‡”›‹–‡”‡•–‹‰Ǥ‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ –Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—••–ƒ–—•–Š‡ˆ”‹ƒƒ•Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Šƒ†ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ—•‡‘ˆ ˆ”‹ƒƒ•ǡƒ•ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹•“—‡•–‹‘ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ ƒ†‹„ƒȋͳͻͻ͹Ȍǡ‰Ž‹•Š‹•–Š‡‘•–™‹†‡Ž›—•‡†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡ ‡ƒ„Ž‹‰ ˆ”‹ƒƒ• —•ƒ‰‡ –‘ †‡ Ž‹‡ –”‡‡†‘—•Ž›Ǥ ‡ ‘†Ž›ǡ–Š‡‹†‡–‹–›ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆˆ”‹ƒ‡”•Šƒ• Šƒ‰‡†•‹ ‡–Š‡ †ƒ™‘ˆ–Š‡‡™†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ǡ‘Ǧ”ƒ ‹ƒŽǡ—Ž–‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽǡƒ†—Ž–‹Ž‹‰—ƒŽ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ‹‘”‹–› •–ƒ–—•ȌǤ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ ˆ”‹ƒƒ• Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ Šƒ• Ž‘•– ‹–• •–ƒ–—• ƒ• ƒ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’‘™‡”ǡ ’”‡•–‹‰‡ǡ ‘‡” ‡ǡ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ™‘”’Žƒ ‡Ǥ‹–Š–Š‡ͳͻͻ͸’‘•–ƒ’ƒ”–Š‡‹† ‘•–‹–—–‹‘–Šƒ–”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡•‡Ž‡˜‡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡• ȋ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ˆ”‹ƒƒ•ǡ ‰Ž‹•Šǡ ƒ† –Š‡ Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽŽ› ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œ‡† ˆ”‹ ƒ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•Ȍ ‡“—ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡ ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ƒƒ• ƒ• ƒ †‘‹ƒ–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ‹•‰”‹Ǥ Š‹”†Ž›ǡ †‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ • ™‹–Š‹ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ƒƒ••’‡ƒ‡”•ƒ”‡‘–ˆ”‹ƒ‡”‹‡–Š‹ –‡”•Ǥ ˆƒ –ǡ–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ ‹–••’‡ƒ‡”•ƒ”‡‘ˆ‘Ǧ—”‘’‡ƒ†‡• ‡–ȋ‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ‡•—•ǡͳͻͻ͸ȌǤŠ‡ ̶ ‘Ž‘—”‡†̶’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ•’‡ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ”‹ƒƒ•†‹ƒŽ‡ –•ƒ†ƒ ̶”‡‘Ž‡̶ •–ƒ–—• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ •‡‡• –‘ „‡ ‡‡”‰‹‰Ǥ Š‡ ̶ ‘Ž‘—”‡†•̶ ‘” ‹š‡† ”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ ˜‹‡™ ˆ”‹ƒƒ• ƒ• –Š‡ ˜‡”ƒ —Žƒ” ƒ†—•‡–Š‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž›‰‹˜‹‰–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ‡™‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ ‡˜‡”ƒŽ“—‡•–‹‘•‡‡”‰‡ˆ”‘–Š‹•ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ Ž‡ƒ”•‹‰•‘ˆŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ •Š‹ˆ–ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹–•—•ƒ‰‡Ǥ ‘™™‹ŽŽˆ”‹ƒƒ•ƒ•ƒŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‡˜‘Ž˜‡ǫ‘‡•Žƒ  ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ƒ‡” ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹• ƒ• ƒ ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰› ƒˆˆ‡ – ˆ”‹ƒƒ• —•ƒ‰‡ ‡˜‡ ƒ‘‰ ˆ”‹ƒ‡”•–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǫ‹ŽŽˆ”‹ƒƒ•˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•‘”†‹ƒŽ‡ –•‰ƒ‹‘‡–—‹ –Š‡‡™‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒǫŠƒ–‹•–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‘•–Ǧƒ’ƒ”–Š‡‹†‰‘˜‡”‡–‹ ’”‘–‡ –‹‰–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǫŠ—•ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡†‡‹•‡‘ˆˆ”‹ƒ‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•†—‡ –‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆƒ—Ž–‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽǡ‘Ǧ•‡š‹•–ǡƒ†—Ž–‹Ž‹‰—ƒŽ†‡‘ ”ƒ ›‹ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒǡ ƒ •–ƒ†ƒ”† ˆ”‹ƒƒ• •—”˜‹˜‡ǫ ˆ”‹ƒƒ• Ž‹‡ ƒ› ‘–Š‡” Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹• Šƒ‰‹‰ƒ†‹–•˜‹–ƒŽ‹–›†‡’‡†•‘–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡—•‹‰ ‹–Ǥ –™‘—Ž†„‡‡ ‡••ƒ”›ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡˆ‘”ˆ—–—”‡•–—†‹‡•–‘†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š„‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ •‘Ǧ ƒŽŽ‡† ˆ”‹ƒƒ• †‹ƒŽ‡ –• —•‡† „› –Š‡ ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ• ƒ† –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͻͳǦͳͳͲ ͳͲ͹

ˆ”‹ƒƒ• ‹–•‡ŽˆǤ Š‡•‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ƒŽŽ ˆ‘” ƒ –Š‘”‘—‰Š ƒ† ‘Š‡•‹˜‡ •‘ ‹‘Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  ‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Šƒ‰‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹†‡–‹–› ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ƒƒ••’‡ƒ‡”•Ǥ

7. Conclusion Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ‹– ‹• –Š‡ ƒ”‰—‡– ‘ˆ –Š‹• ’ƒ’‡” –Šƒ– ˆ—”–Š‡” •–—†‹‡• •Š‘—Ž† ‡šƒ‹‡–Š‹•‹†‡–‹–› Šƒ‰‡’Š‡‘‡‘ƒ†™Šƒ–‹•„‡‹‰†‘‡–‘•–‘’‘” ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡ –Š‡ ”‡Ǧ”‡‘Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ƒƒ•Ǥ ‘ •— —’ǡ –Š‡ ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ƒƒ•ˆ”‘ƒ—– Š˜‡”ƒ —Žƒ”–‘–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›†‘‹ƒ–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ƒ’ƒ”–Š‡‹† ƒ† ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ ’”‘˜‡† –‘ „‡ ƒ ‡š ‡ŽŽ‡– ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ‘ˆ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡’”‘‘–‹‘˜‹ƒ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†‹–™‹ŽŽ„‡‹–‡”‡•–‹‰–‘•‡‡™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ™‹ŽŽ •—”˜‹˜‡™‹–Š‘—– –Š‡ ƒ Š‹‡”› ‘ˆ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹• ƒ† ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ Œ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ

Notes: ͳǤ‘”†ˆ‘”Ž‘„•–‡”‹—– Š‹•”‡‡ˆ–ǡ‹ˆ”‹ƒƒ•‹•”‡‡ˆǡ˜‘™‡Ž Šƒ‰‡• ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ—– Š‘‘Ǣˆ”‹ƒƒ•‡—Ȍǡƒ†ƒ•ƒŽ“—ƒŽ‹–›ȋ†ƒ”Ǧ—– ŠǢ†‡”Ǧ ˆ”‹ƒƒ•ȌǤ

The Author ‡‡”‡•–ŠƒŽ‡ƒǡŠȋƒ‹Žǣ‡ŠƒŽ‡ƒ̷Š•” Ǥƒ ǤœƒȌ‹•ƒŠ‹‡ˆ‡•‡ƒ” Š ’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹•– ƒ– –Š‡ —ƒ  ‹‡ ‡• ‡•‡ƒ” Š ‘— ‹Ž ƒ† ƒ ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡ ƒ– –Š‡  Š‘‘Ž‘ˆ—‹Ž–˜‹”‘‡–ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡––—†‹‡•ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ™ƒ—Ž—Ǧ ƒ–ƒŽǤ ‹• ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ‹–‡”‡•– ƒ”‡ǣ ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ǡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‡’‹†‡‹‘Ž‘‰›ǡ •‘ ‹‘Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ •ǡƒ† ”‹–‹ ƒŽ”ƒ ‡Ȁ‡–Š‹ •–—†‹‡•Ǥ

References †ƒǡ Ǥȋͳͻ͹ͺȌǤ—”˜‹˜ƒŽ’‘Ž‹–‹ •ǣˆ”‹ƒ‡”†‘‹•‡ƒ” Š‘ˆƒ‡™‹†‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ Journal of Modern African Studiesǡͳ͸ȋͶȌǡ͸ͷ͹Ǧ͸͸ͻǤ ‹ƒǡ Ǥ ȋͳͻͻͷȌǤ ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ › ƒ† „‹Ž‹‰—ƒŽ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǣ  ƒœ‘ ’‡‘’Ž‡̵• •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ˆ‘” —Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡Ǥ International Journal of Educational Development, 15ȋͶȌǡͶͳͳǦͶʹʹǤ †‡”•‘ǡ Ǥ ȋͳͻͺ͵ȌǤ Imagined communities: Reflections on the origins and spread of nationalismǤ‘†‘ǣ‡”•‘Ǥ ƒŽŽǡǤǡƬƒ‰‰‡”ǡǤȋͳͻͻͷȌǤPolitical ideologies and the democratic idealǤ‡™ ‘”ǣ ƒ”’‡”‘ŽŽ‹•Ǥ Ž‘‘„‡”‰ǡ Ǥ ȋͳͻͻͲȌǤ Š”‹•–‹ƒǦƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹• ƒ† –Š‡ ”‹•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ˆ”‹ƒ‡” ”‘‡†‡”„‘†Ǥ  Ǥ —„‘™ ȋ†ǤȌǡ South Africa 1918–1948ǡ ȋ’’Ǥ ͸ǦͻȌǤ ͳͲͺ ǤǤŠƒŽ‡ƒ

‘†‘ǣŠ‡ ‹ŽŽƒ”‡••Ǥ ‘—”†‡‹—ǡǤȋͳͻͻͳȌǤŠ‡’”‘†— –‹‘ƒ†”‡’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆŽ‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ  ǤǤŠ‘’•‘ȋ†ǤȌǡLanguage and Symbolic Powerǡ ȋ’’Ǥ ͶͷǦͷʹȌǤ ƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣšˆ‘”†‘Ž‹–›”‡••Ǥ Š‘•›ǡ Ǥ ȋͳͻͺ͸ȌǤ Knowledge of language: Its nature and origin and useǤ šˆ‘”†ǣ”ƒ‡‰‡”Ǥ ‘‡–œ‡‡ǡ Ǥ Ǥȋͳͻ͹ͺȌǤ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ˆƒ –‘”•‹–Š‡‘”‹‰‹•ƒ†‰”‘™–Š‘ˆˆ”‹ƒ‡” ‡–Š‹ ‹–›Ǥ Ǥ†—‘‹–ȋ†ǤȌǡEthnicity in Modem Africaǡ ȋ’’Ǥ ʹ͵ͷǦʹͷʹȌǤ ‘—Ž†‡”ǡǤǣ‡•–˜‹‡™”‡••Ǥ ‘’Žƒǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋͳͻͻͺȌǤ ‹‡Ž†•‹‰Š–•ǣ Š‡ ƒ–Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒ””ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’‘•–Ǧ ’ƒ”–Š‡‹†‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒǤAfrican Studies, 5ȋʹȌǡͳ͵͵ǦͳͶͷǤ ‘” ‘”ƒǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲͳͳȌǤ ‘™‡” ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ‹ ”ƒœ‹Ž‹ƒ ‰Ž‹•Š Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‡ƒ Š‹‰Ǥ International Journal of Language StudiesǡͷȋʹȌǡͳǦʹ͸Ǥ †‡‡”ƒ”†‹ǡ ǤȋͳͻͻͳȌǤ‹‰—‹•–‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ǣŠ‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆ‘—–Š‡”‹ǤSino- Platonic papers, 25ǡͳǦʹʹǤ †‡‡”ƒ”†‹ǡ ǤȋͳͻͻͻȌǤ–Š‹ ‰”‘—’•‹ ‹•–‘”›ǣ ƒ•‡‘ˆ †‘‡•‹ƒǤLecture in anthropology 437: Language, ethnicity, and nationalismǤ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ Ž„‡”–ƒǤ †—‘‹–ǡǤȋͳͻͺ͵ȌǤ‘ Š‘•‡’‡‘’Ž‡ǣŠ‡›–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŽ˜‹‹•–‘”‹‰‹•‘ˆ ˆ”‹ƒ‡” ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹• ƒ† ”ƒ ‹ƒŽ ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ American Historical Review. 88ȋͳȌǡͻʹͲǦͻͷʹǤ †— ‘‹–ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋͳͻ͹ͲȌǤ ˆ”‹ƒ‡”•ǡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•ǡ ƒ† ’ƒ”–Š‡‹†Ǥ Journal of Modern African Studies, 8ȋͶȌǡͷ͵ͳǦͷͷͳǤ †™ƒ”†•ǡ Ǥȋ†ǤȌǤ ȋͳͻͺͷȌǤ Language issues around the world: A brief guide in language, society and identityǤšˆ‘”†ǣƒ•‹ŽŽƒ ™‡ŽŽǤ ‹„„‘•ǡǤǡƬ‘‰ƒǡǤȋͳͻͻ͸ȌǤMindscapesǤ‘”‘–‘ǣ ”ƒ™Ǧ ‹ŽŽ›‡”•‘Ǥ ‹Ž‹‘‡‡ǡ Ǥ ȋͳͻ͹ͻȌǤ Š‡ ˆ”‹ƒ‡” ‡ ‘‘‹  ƒ†˜ƒ ‡Ǥ  Ǥ ‹Ž‹‘‡‡ Ƭ Ǥ †ƒȋ†•ǤȌǡEthnic Power Mobilised: Can South Africa Changeǡȋ’’ǤͳͶͷǦ ͳ͹͸ȌǤ‘†‘ǣƒŽ‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ ƒ†Ž‡”ǡǤȋͳͻͺͺȌǤNationalism and the politics of culture in QuebecǤƒ†‹•‘ǣ ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‹• ‘•‹”‡••Ǥ ƒ””‹•‘ǡǤȋͳͻͺͳȌǤWhite tribe of Africa: South Africa in perspectiveǤ‡”‡Ž‡›ǣ ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ”‡••Ǥ ‘„•„ƒ™ǡǤȋͳͻͻͶȌǤŠ‡”‹•‡‘ˆ‡–Š‘Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•Ǥ Ǥ —– Š‹•‘Ƭ Ǥ Ǥ ‹–Š ȋ†•ǤȌǡ Nationalismǡ ȋ’’Ǥ ͳ͹͹ǦͳͺͶȌǤ ‘†‘ǣ šˆ‘”† ‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͻͳǦͳͳͲ ͳͲͻ

‘ˆ‹‡›”ǡ Ǥ ȋͳͻͺ͹ȌǤ —‹Ž†‹‰ ƒ ƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘ ™‘”†•ǣ ˆ”‹ƒƒ• Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡƒ†‡–Š‹ ‹†‡–‹–›ǡͳͻͲʹǦͳͻʹͶǤ ǤŠ—Žƒƒ”•ƬǤ–ƒŽ‡› ”ƒ’‹†‘ȋ†•ǤȌǡThe Politics of Race, Class & Nationalism in the Twentieth Century South Africaǡȋ’’ǤͻͷǦͳʹ͵ȌǤ‘†‘ǣ‘‰ƒǤ ‹’Ž‹‰ǡǤȋͳͻͳͶȌǤŠ‡˜‘‘”–”‡‡”Ǥ Ǥ‹’Ž‹‰ȋ†ǤȌǡSongs from Booksǡȋ’’Ǥ ͳͲͺȌǤ‘—„Ž‡†ƒ›ǣƒ‰‡Ƭ‘’ƒ›Ǥ ‘„‹ƒǡ ǤǤȋʹͲͲͻȌǤŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ˆƒ ‹‰–Š‡‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆʹͲͲʹ•‡ ‘†ƒ”› ‹•™ƒŠ‹Ž‹ —””‹ —Ž— ‹ ‡›ƒǤ International Journal of Language Studiesǡ͵ȋ͵Ȍǡ͵Ͳ͵Ǧ͵ͳ͸Ǥ ƒ†‹„ƒǡǤǤȋͳͻͻ͹ȌǤƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹ ’‘•–Ǧ’ƒ”–Š‡‹† ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒǣ  ƒ•‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ˆ”‹ ƒ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•Ǥ Department of African Language Working Paper Seriesǡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ ‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ”‡••Ǥ ƒ›„‡””›Ǧ‡™‹•ǡ Ǥ ȋͳͻͻ͹ȌǤ Indigenous peoples, ethnic groups, and the stateǤ ‘•–‘ǣŽŽ›ƒ†ƒ ‘Ǥ ‡‹‰ŠƒǡǤǡƬ‹”ƒŒǦŽƒ– Šˆ‘”†ǡ ǤȋͳͻͺͳȌǤSociology of educatingǤ ‘†‘ǣ ƒ••‡ŽŽǤ Š‘†‘ǡ Ǥ ȋͳͻͻ͵ȌǤ Reporting South AfricaǤ ‘†‘ǣ ƒ˜‹† Š‹ŽŽ‹’• —„Ž‹•Š‡”•Ǥ ‘‘†‹‡ǡǤǤȋͳͻ͹ͶȌǤThe rise of Afrikanerdom: Power, Apartheid, and Afrikaner civil religionǤ‘•‰‡Ž‡•ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ”‡••Ǥ ‰‡ˆƒ ǡǤȋʹͲͲͻȌǤ‘™ƒ”†•ƒ”‡Ǧ†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆƒ‡”‘‘’‹†‰‹ǤInternational Journal of Language Studiesǡ͵ȋ͵Ȍ͵ͶͷǦ͵ͷͺǤ ƒ„‹†‡ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋͳͻͻͺȌǤ Š‡ †‡•‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡• ‹ –Š‡ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǤSouth African Journal of African Languages, 18ȋ͵Ȍǡ ͹ͺǦͺͲǤ Ͳ̵ ”ƒ†›ǡ Ǥǡ Ƭ ‘„”‘˜‘Ž•› Ǥ ȋͳͻͻʹȌǤ Contemporary linguistic analysis: An introductionǤ‘”‘–‘ǣ‘’’Žƒ”‹–ƒǤ ̵‡ƒ”ƒǡ Ǥ ȋͳͻ͹͹ȌǤ Š‡ ˆ”‹ƒ‡” ”‘‡†‡”„‘†ǡ ͳͻʹ͹ǦͳͻͶͺǤ Journal of Southern African Studies, 3ȋʹȌǡͳͷ͸Ǧͳͺ͸Ǥ ƒ”•‘•ǡ Ǥ ȋͳͻͺʹȌǤ A new history of South AfricaǤ ‘†‘ǣ ƒ ‹ŽŽƒ †— ƒ–‹‘–†Ǥ Š‹ŽŽ‹’•‘ǡǤȋͳͻͺͺȌǤ‹‰—‹ ‹•ǣ–”— –—”‡•ƒ†‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‹ Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  ‹’‡”‹ƒŽ‹•Ǥ Ǥ—–ƒ„„ƒ‰ƒ•Ƭ Ǥ—‹•ȋ†•ǤȌǤMinority Education: From Shame to Struggleǡ ȋ’’Ǥ ͵͵ͻǦ͵ͷͺȌǤ Š‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒǣ —Ž–‹Ž‹‰—ƒŽƒ––‡”•Ǥ ͳͳͲ ǤǤŠƒŽ‡ƒ

ƒŠƒǡǤȋͳͻͻ͹ȌǤŠ‡‡†‹—‘ˆŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘–”‘˜‡”•›‹ƒ‹•–ƒǤJournal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 18ȋʹȌǡͳͶͷǦͳͷͶǤ ƒŒƒ†”ƒǡǤȋʹͲͲͺȌǤƒ‰—ƒ‰‡’Žƒ‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒŽƒ›Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹ƒŽƒ›•‹ƒ •‹ ‡ ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ International Journal of Language Studiesǡ  ʹȋʹȌǡ ʹ͵͹ǦʹͶͺǤ ‡‹†ǡ ǤǤȋʹͲͳʹȌǤ—‡•–‹‘‹‰ƒ™‘”Ž†•–ƒ†ƒ”†‰Ž‹•ŠǤInternational Journal of Language Studiesǡ͸ȋͳȌǡ͵ͳǦͶʹǤ ‘‹ǡǤǡƬƒ”ǡ ǤǤȋͳͻͻͻȌǤ‘ ‡„‘‹ •ǣ‹‰—‹•–‹ ”ƒ ‹•‹’ƒ”‘†‹‡• ‘ˆ‡„‘‹ •‘–Š‡ –‡”‡–ǤJournal of Sociolinguistics, 3ȋ͵Ȍǡ͵͸ͲǦ͵ͺͲǤ ‡”ˆ‘–‡‹ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ȋͳͻ͹ͺȌǤ Brotherhood of power: An expose of the secret Afrikaner BroederbondǤ Ž‘‘‹‰–‘ Ƭ ‘†‘ǣ †‹ƒƒ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ”‡••Ǥ —–ƒ„„Ǧƒ‰ƒ•ǡ Ǥ ȋͳͻͺͺȌǤ —Ž–‹Ž‹‰—ƒŽ‹• ƒ† –Š‡ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹‘”‹–› Š‹Ž†”‡Ǥ Ǥ—ƒ„„Ǧƒ‰ƒ•Ƭ Ǥ—‹•ȋ†•ǤȌǡMinority Education: From Shame to Struggleǡȋ’’ǤͻǦͶͶȌǤŽ‡˜‡–‘ǣ—Ž–‹Ž‹‰—ƒŽƒ––‡”•Ǥ ‹–ŠǡǤǤȋͳͻͺ͵ȌǤState and nation in the third worldǤ”‹‰Š–‘ǣŠ‡ƒ–•Š‡ƒˆ ‘‘•Ǥ ‹–ŠǡǤǤȋͳͻͺ͸ȌǤThe ethnic origins of nationsǤšˆ‘”†ǣƒ•‹ŽŽƒ ™‡ŽŽǤ ‹–Šǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋͳͻͻͻȌǤ –Š‹  ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ƒ† ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ †‡•–‹›ǣ ‘‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‘”‹‰‹•‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹†‡ƒŽ•ǤNations and Nationalism, 5ȋͳȌǡͳͲͷǦͳʹͷǤ ‹–ŠǡǤȋͳͻͺͺȌǤThe changing past: Trends in South African historical writingǤ ‘Šƒ‡•„—”‰ǣ‘—–Š‡”‘‘—„Ž‹•Š‡”•Ǥ ‘—–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ ‡•—•Ǥ ȋͳͻͻ͸ȌǤ Official languages in South Africa and their speakers Republic of South AfricaǤƒ’‡‘™ǣ ‘˜‡”‡–”‡••Ǥ ‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥȋͳͻͻ͸ȌǤConstitutional Assembly of the Republic of South AfricaǤƒ’‡‘™ǣ ‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ ƒ„ƒ–ƒǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋͳͻ͹ͶȌǤ Imperialist conspiracy in AfricaǤ —•ƒƒǣ ”‘‡–Š‡—• —„Ž‹•Š‹‰‘’ƒ›Ǥ ‡’Ž‹ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋͳͻͺͶȌǤ Ideology on a frontier: The theological foundation of Afrikaner nationalismǤ‡•–’‘”–ǣ ”‡‡™‘‘†”‡••Ǥ ‡’Ž‹ǡǤ ǤȋͳͻͻͻȌǤŠ‡‹†‡‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆƒ Š‘•‡’‡‘’Ž‡ǣˆ‹‹ƒ‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹• ƒ†–Š‡••‡™ƒ”‡ǡͳͻ͵ͺǤNations and Nationalism, 5ȋ͵Ȍǡ͵ͻ͹ǦͶͳ͹Ǥ ƒ ƒƒ”•˜‡Ž†ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋͳͻ͸ͳȌǤ The awakening of Afiikaner nationalism: 1868- 1881Ǥƒ’‡‘™ǣ —ƒƒ†‘—••‡ƒ—Ǥ International Journal of Language Studies ‘Ž—‡ͳͲǡ—„‡”ͳǡ ƒ—ƒ”›ʹͲͳ͸ǡ’’ǤͳͳͳǦͳʹͶ 

Improving English conversation skills through online conversation lessons and classroom interactions with English speakers ƒ›ƒ• ǡ”‹ ‡‘ˆ‘‰ŠŽƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡŠƒ‹Žƒ† ‡–‘‰  ǡ”‹ ‡‘ˆ‘‰ŠŽƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡŠƒ‹Žƒ†

Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‹••–—†›™ƒ•–‘‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡‘”ƒŽ‰Ž‹•Š’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆŠƒ‹Ž‘™‡”Ǧ•‡ ‘†ƒ”›•–—†‡–•ǤŠ‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•‹–Š‡•–—†›™‡”‡ͷͲ ”ƒ†‡ͺ•–—†‡–•ˆ”‘ƒŒƒ’”ƒ Šƒ—”‘Š‘‰ŠŽƒ”‘˜‹ ‡ Š‘‘Ž‹ ƒ ƒ†‡‹ ›‡ƒ”ʹͲͳͶǤŠ‡›™‡”‡’—”’‘•‹˜‡Ž›•ƒ’Ž‡†ƒ††‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘ –™‘‰”‘—’•ǡ‘‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š‘Ž‹‡ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘Ž‡••‘•ƒ†–Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ˜‹ƒ Žƒ••”‘‘ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ™‹–Š ƒ ‰Ž‹•Š •’‡ƒ‡”Ǥ Š‡› ™‡”‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽŽ›‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡†–‘ƒ••‡••–Š‡‹”‘”ƒŽ‰Ž‹•Š’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡„‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ –”‡ƒ–‡–• ƒ† ƒˆ–‡” ‘’Ž‡–‹‰ –Š‡ Ž‡••‘•Ǥ –—†‡–•̵ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™• ƒ† ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘• ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ™‡”‡ ˜‹†‡‘Ǧ”‡ ‘”†‡† ˆ‘” Ž‘•‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ ƒŽ›•‹• ȋȌ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡• ƒ† ”ƒ–‡† ‘ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ǣˆŽ—‡ ›ǡ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›ǡƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ ›ǡ’”‘— ‹ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ† ‰”ƒƒ”ǤŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹•–”—‡–•‡’Ž‘›‡†‹–Š‹••–—†›™‡”‡‘”ƒŽ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ –ƒ•• ˆ‘” ’”‡Ǧ ƒ† ’‘•–Ǧ–‡•–•Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ˆ‹†‹‰• „ƒ•‡†‘•–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽƒ†ƒƒŽ›•‡••Š‘™•–Šƒ––Š‡•–—†‡–•̵‘”ƒŽ ‰Ž‹•Š’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž›‹’”‘˜‡†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ‘Ž‹‡ Ž‡••‘•ƒ† Žƒ••”‘‘‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘™‹–Šƒ‰Ž‹•Š•’‡ƒ‡”ǤŠ‡Ž‡ƒ”‡”• ‡‰ƒ‰‡† ‹ Žƒ••”‘‘‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ „‡ ƒ‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›‘”‡ ˆŽ—‡–ƒ†Šƒ†ƒ™‹†‡””ƒ‰‡‘ˆ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›–Šƒ–Š‘•‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š ‘Ž‹‡ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡‹”’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡‹’”‘— ‹ƒ–‹‘ ™‡”‡ •‹‹Žƒ”Ǥ Š—•ǡ ‹– ‹• ”‡ ‘‡†‡† –Šƒ– –‡ƒ Š‡”• —–‹Ž‹œ‡ ‘Ž‹‡ Ž‡••‘•‘–ƒ•–Š‡•‘Ž‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ –‹˜‹–›„—–ƒ•ƒ•—’’Ž‡‡––‘ Žƒ••”‘‘‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘–‘•–”‡‰–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”•’‡‡ Šˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•Ǥ

Keywords: Ž‹‡ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ ‡••‘•Ǣ Žƒ••”‘‘ –‡”ƒ –‹‘Ǣ ’‡‡ Š ‡ƒ–—”‡•Ǣ”ƒŽ‰Ž‹•Š‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡

1. Introduction Š‹• •–—†› ‘’ƒ”‡• –Š‡ •’‡ƒ‹‰ ‹’”‘˜‡‡– ‘ˆ Ž‡ƒ”‡”• —•‹‰ ‘Ž‹‡ ‰Ž‹•Š ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ Ž‡••‘• ƒ† –Š‘•‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ –Š”‘—‰Š ˆƒ ‡Ǧ–‘Ǧˆƒ ‡ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ –‹•ƒ‹‡†ƒ–†‡–‡”‹‹‰™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• „‡–™‡‡ Ž‡ƒ”‡”• Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ ˜‹ƒ ‘Ž‹‡ Ž‡••‘• ƒ† –Š‘•‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰–Š”‘—‰Šˆƒ ‡Ǧ–‘Ǧˆƒ ‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘™‹–Š‰Ž‹•Š•’‡ƒ‡”•ǡƒ†ƒ– †‹• ‘˜‡”‹‰ Š‘™ ‡ƒ Š Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ƒ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž› „‡‡ˆ‹– Ž‡ƒ”‡”•̵

ǣʹͳͷ͹ǦͶͺͻͺǢ ǣʹͳͷ͹ǦͶͻͲͳ ̹ʹͲͳ͸ Ǣ”‹–‡†‹–Š‡„›—Ž—”‡••  Ǥ ͳͳʹ Ǥƒ‹„‘‘ƬǤ‹™‘‰•—™ƒ–

†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‹” ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•‹ŽŽ•ǤŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š“—‡•–‹‘•ƒ”‡ǣ

ͳȌƒ–Š‡‡’Ž‘›‡–‘ˆ‘Ž‹‡ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘Ž‡••‘•Š‡Ž’–‘‹’”‘˜‡ Ž‡ƒ”‡”•̵ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•‹ŽŽ• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘ˆƒ ‡Ǧ–‘Ǧˆƒ ‡ Žƒ••”‘‘ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘•™‹–Š‰Ž‹•Š•’‡ƒ‡”•ǫ ʹȌ”‡–Š‡”‡ƒ›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•‹–Š‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡‹’”‘˜‡‡–• ‘–”‹„—–‡† –‘ „› –Š‡ –™‘ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•ǫ Š‹ Š Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š „‡––‡” ‹’”‘˜‡•–Š‡Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ǯ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ǫ ͵ȌŠ‹ Šƒ•’‡ –‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ǯ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ƒ„‡ „‡––‡” •–”‡‰–Š‡‡†„›‡ƒ Šƒ’’”‘ƒ Šǫ

2. Background ‰Ž‹•ŠŠƒ•Ž‘‰„‡‡—•‡†ƒ•ƒŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ˆ‘”‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‹–Š–Š‡ —’ ‘‹‰‡”‰‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—‹–›ǡ‹–•”‘Ž‡ƒ•ƒ‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Šƒ• „‡‡‡˜‡‰”‡ƒ–‡”‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡†‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹–Š‡Šƒ‹‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•›•–‡ǤŠ‡ ‹‹•–”› ‘ˆ †— ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Šƒ‹Žƒ†ǡ ‹ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ǡ Šƒ• ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡† –Š‡ ƒ•‹  †— ƒ–‹‘‘”‡—””‹ —Ž—ǤǤʹͷͷͳȋǤǤʹͲͲͺȌƒ•ƒ‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡ˆ‘”’”‹ƒ”› ƒ† •‡ ‘†ƒ”› Ž‡˜‡Ž•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‡ˆ‘” ‡• Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‰Ž‹•Š ƒ• ƒ ˆ‘”‡‹‰ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ˆ”‘ ”ƒ†‡•ͳǦͳʹǤŠ‡ˆ‘ —•Šƒ•„‡‡’Žƒ ‡†‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰Ž‡ƒ”‡”•̵’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡•–‘™ƒ”†•Ž‡ƒ”‹‰–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ†ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ž› ‘—‹ ƒ–‡ ‹‰Ž‹•Šƒ†—•‡‹–ƒ•ƒ‡†‹—ˆ‘”Ž‹ˆ‡ǦŽ‘‰ƒ—–‘‘‘—•Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ȋ‹‹•–”› ‘ˆ†— ƒ–‹‘ǡʹͲͲͺȌǤ ‡‰ƒ”†Ž‡••‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆŽ‡ƒ”‡”•ǡ–Š‡ƒ‹‹•–‘‡ƒ„Ž‡–Š‡–‘‡š’”‡••‹†‡ƒ•ǡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‹‰Ž‹•Š ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘‘˜ƒ”‹‘—•–‘’‹ •ǡƒ†•‡ƒ” Šˆ‘”‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‡ ‡••ƒ”› ˆ‘” Š‹‰Š‡” •–—†‹‡• ƒ† ˆ—–—”‡ ƒ”‡‡” Š‘‹ ‡•Ǥ  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ —””‡– —””‹ —Ž—ǡ›‘—‰Ž‡ƒ”‡”•‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ––Š‡Ž‘™‡”•‡ ‘†ƒ”›Ž‡˜‡Žƒ”‡ ‡š’‡ –‡† –‘ „‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‘™ ʹǡͳͲͲ –‘ ʹǡʹͷͲ™‘”†• ƒ† –ƒŽ ƒ„‘—–‡˜‡”›†ƒ› –‘’‹ ••— Šƒ•‘‡•‡Žˆƒ†ˆƒ‹Ž›ǡ‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡˆ‘‘†ƒ††”‹ǡ Š‡ƒŽ–Šǡ ™‡ƒ–Š‡”ƒ† Ž‹ƒ–‡ȋ‹‹•–”›‘ˆ†— ƒ–‹‘ǡʹͲͲͺȌǤ ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••ǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘”ƒ’’ŠƒŽȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍǡ‡˜‡–Š‘—‰ŠŠƒ‹•–—†‡–•Ž‡ƒ” ‰Ž‹•Šˆ”‘’”‹ƒ”›‘”‡˜‡‹†‡”‰ƒ”–‡Ž‡˜‡Žǡƒ›•–‹ŽŽˆƒ‹Ž–‘—•‡–Š‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ™‹–Š ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡ ‹ ”‡ƒŽǦ™‘”Ž† •’‡‡ Š ‡˜‡–• ‘” ™Š‡ ”‡“—‹”‡† –‘ –ƒŽ ƒ„‘—– ‡˜‡”›†ƒ› –‘’‹ •Ǥ ‡‰ƒ”†Ž‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† —””‹ —Ž—ǡ ‹– ‹• ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž› ‹•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ˆ‘” •‡ ‘† Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ Ž‡ƒ”‡”• –‘ •’‡† ‘Ž› ƒ ˆ‡™ Š‘—”• ƒ ™‡‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ‰Ž‹•Š ‹ Žƒ••‡• –Šƒ– –›’‹ ƒŽŽ› ˆ‘ —• ˜‡”› Ž‹––Ž‡ ‘ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ȋ”‘‘•ǡʹͲͲͻǢ‡‹ƬŠ‘—ǡʹͲͲʹȌǤ—–•‹†‡–Š‡ Žƒ••”‘‘ǡ–Š‡› ƒŽ•‘ Žƒ  ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• –‘ ‹–‡”ƒ – ‹ ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ† ‘ˆ–‡ ˆƒ‹Ž –‘ ’‡”ˆ‘” ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ•’‡‡ Šƒ –•ȋƒŽƒ‹‘†‘—•ŠƒǡʹͲͳͶȌǤ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›ǡ–Š‡•‡Š‹†”ƒ ‡• ƒ„‡‘˜‡” ‘‡‹ˆ™‡ƒ•–‡ƒ Š‡”•–”›Šƒ”†‘–‘Ž›–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ Žƒ••”‘‘ ‡˜‹”‘‡–•™Š‹ Š‹˜‘Ž˜‡–Š‡‹‘”‡‹–‡•‡‰Ž‹•Š•’‡ƒ‹‰ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͳͳͳǦͳʹͶ ͳͳ͵

„—– ƒŽ•‘ –‘ ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡ –Š‡ –‘ ‡‰ƒ‰‡ ‹ ƒ—–‘‘‘—• Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ƒˆ–‡”™ƒ”†•Ǥ —Œ‹‹ ȋʹͲͳʹȌ ‘–‡† –Šƒ– ƒ• –‡ƒ Š‡”• ƒŽŽ‘™ •–—†‡–• –‘ •Šƒ”‡ –Š‡‹”‹†‡ƒ•™‹–Š ‘‡ ƒ‘–Š‡” ƒ† ’‘••‹„Ž› ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ •‘‡ ‡™ ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”› ™‘”†•ǡ –Š‡ ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ –‘ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ‘ˆ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ ™‹ŽŽ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ ƒ† –Š‹• ƒ „‡ •–”‡‰–Š‡‡†ˆ—”–Š‡”ƒ•–Š‡Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ƒ”‡‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡†–‘–ƒ‡”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›ˆ‘” –Š‡‹”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰„›‡‰ƒ‰‹‰‹ƒˆ–‡”Ǧ Žƒ••–ƒ••‘ˆ–Š‡‹” Š‘‹ ‡Ǥ ’ƒ”– ˆ”‘ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ Žƒ••”‘‘ •’‘‡ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ǡ Ž‡ƒ”‡”• ƒ”‡ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡† –‘ –ƒ‡ ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ „‘—–‹ˆ—Ž ‘’—–‡”Ǧ‡†‹ƒ–‡† Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ȋȌ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ –‡”‡– Ž‡ƒ”‡”• ‘ˆ ˜ƒ”‹‘—•‰”‘—’• ƒƒ ‡••ƒ™‹†‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ–ƒ”‰‡–™‡„Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‰Ž‹•ŠŽ‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•™‹–Š — Š‡ƒ•‡ǤŠ‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ‘Ž‹‡”‡•‘—” ‡•Šƒ•ƒ†‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ‡˜‡‘”‡ ‘˜‡‹‡–‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘” Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ǡ‘•–‘ˆ™Š‘Šƒ˜‡Ž‹‹–‡† ‘’’‘”–—‹–› –‘ ‰‡– ‡š’‘•‡† –‘ ‰Ž‹•Š ‘—–•‹†‡ –Š‡ Žƒ••”‘‘Ǥ —‡”‘—• ™‡„•‹–‡• ‘™ ‘ˆˆ‡” ‘Ž‹‡ ‰Ž‹•Š ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ Ž‡••‘•ǡ ‰‹˜‹‰ –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ”‡”• –Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡‹” ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•‹ŽŽ•”‹‰Š–ƒ––Š‡‹”ˆ‹‰‡”–‹’•Ǥ ˆƒ –ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡—‡”‘—•™‡„•‹–‡•’”‘˜‹†‹‰‰Ž‹•Š ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘Ž‡••‘• ˆ‘” Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ǯ•‡ŽˆǦ•–—†›ˆ”‡‡‘ˆ Šƒ”‰‡Ǥ Š‘‘‘••‹ǡ ‘‹œƒ†‡Š ƒ† ‡–ƒ„‹ ȋʹͲͲ͹Ȍ ƒ† ƒ””• ȋʹͲͳʹȌ ‘–‡†–Šƒ– ‘’—–‡”Ǧ‡†‹ƒ–‡† Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ Ž‡••‘• ƒ ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› ‘’Ž‡‡– ˆƒ ‡Ǧ–‘Ǧˆƒ ‡ Žƒ••”‘‘Ǧ„ƒ•‡†Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ǤŠ‹Ž‡ˆƒ ‡Ǧ–‘Ǧˆƒ ‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‘ˆ Ž‡ƒ”‡”•”‡ƒ‹• ‘•–Ž›‹–Š‡ Žƒ••”‘‘•‡––‹‰ƒ†”‡Ž‹‡•— Š‘–‡ƒ Š‡”•ǯ‹•–”— –‹‘ǡ ‘Ž‹‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ƒ „‡ †‘‡ ‘˜‡‹‡–Ž› ˆ”‘ ‹•‹†‡ ƒ† ‘—–•‹†‡ –Š‡ Žƒ••”‘‘–Š”‘—‰Šƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –”ƒ‹‹‰ ™‡„•‹–‡• ™‹–Š Ž‹––Ž‡ ”‡Ž‹ƒ ‡ ‘ –‡ƒ Š‡”•Ǥ ƒ›‡” ȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍ •—‰‰‡•–• –Šƒ–  ƒ‹ˆƒ –ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡Ž‡ƒ”‡”•‹‹’”‘˜‹‰˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›•‹ŽŽ•„‡––‡”–Šƒˆƒ ‡Ǧ –‘Ǧˆƒ ‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ǥ—†‹‘˜‹•—ƒŽ–‡š–•’”‘˜‹†‡†‘Ž‹‡™‘—Ž†ƒŽŽ‘™ˆ‘””‡ —””‹‰ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ƒ†Š‡Ž’ ‘””‡ –Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ǯ‹•—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒ”‰‡–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ ™Š‡”‡ƒ• ‹ ˆƒ ‡Ǧ–‘Ǧˆƒ ‡ –‡ƒ Š‹‰ –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ”‡”• ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ–‡ †‡’”‹˜‡† ‘ˆ •— Š ‘’’‘”–—‹–›ƒ†Šƒ˜‡–‘’ƒ› Ž‘•‡ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘–‡ƒ Š‡”•Ǥ • –Š‡ ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡• ‘ˆ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ‹ •‡ ‘† Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ Žƒ••”‘‘• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ •Š‹ˆ–‡† ˆ”‘ •‘Ž‡Ž› ‹’”‘˜‹‰ •–—†‡–•ǯ ƒ —”ƒ–‡ ’”‘†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  ˆ‘”•–‘‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡ƒ –‹˜‡’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž–ƒŽ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‰‘ƒŽ ‘ˆ ‹’”‘˜‹‰ –Š‡‹” ʹ ˆŽ—‡ ›ǡ‹– „‡ ‘‡• ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ‹’‘”–ƒ– ˆ‘” –‡ƒ Š‡”• –‘ —†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ǯ–ƒŽƒ†Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•‹ –Š‡ Žƒ••”‘‘Ǥ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ȋȌǡ ƒ• ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡™‘”•‘ˆ ƒ”˜‡›ƒ •ǡƒ—‡Ž Š‡‰Ž‘ˆˆǡƒ† ƒ‹Ž ‡ˆˆ‡”•‘ǡŠƒ•’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›•–ƒ”–‡† –‘’Žƒ›ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘Ž‡‹Š‡Ž’‹‰—•–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†ʹŽ‡ƒ”‹‰ ƒ† –‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ ʹ Žƒ••”‘‘• ƒ• ‹– ‘ˆˆ‡”• ƒ ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ”‡ ‘”†‹‰ǡ –”ƒ• ”‹„‹‰ǡ ƒ† ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰ ƒ–—”ƒŽŽ› ‘ —””‹‰ –ƒŽǦ‹Ǧ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ȋ‡‡†Š‘—•‡ǡ ʹͲͲͶȌǤ ‹• –Š‡ •–—†› ‘ˆ”‡ ‘”†‡†ǡ ƒ–—”ƒŽŽ› ‘ —””‹‰ –ƒŽ• –‘ †‹• ‘˜‡” Š‘™ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• —†‡”•–ƒ† ƒ†”‡•’‘† –‘ ‘‡ ƒ‘–Š‡”‹ ͳͳͶ Ǥƒ‹„‘‘ƬǤ‹™‘‰•—™ƒ–

–Š‡‹”–—”•ƒ––ƒŽǡ™‹–Šƒ ‡–”ƒŽˆ‘ —•‘Š‘™•‡“—‡ ‡•‘ˆƒ –‹‘ ƒ”‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†•— Š–Šƒ–•‘ ‹ƒŽ‘”†‡” ƒ„‡ ‘•–”— –‡†ƒ†ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡†ǤŠ—•ǡ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡• ‡ƒ„Ž‹‰ –‡ƒ Š‡”• –‘ ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡ –Š‡ ’ƒ––‡”• ‘ˆ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š ƒ† ƒ‹–ƒ‹ •‡ ‘† Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ Žƒ••”‘‘ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘•ƒ†–‘Š‡Ž’Ž‡ƒ”‡”•–‘ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ–Š‡‹”–ƒŽ‹–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘•Ǥ Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–‡ƒ Š‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ†‡•‹‰‘ˆ‹’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”’”‡•‡–•†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡• ‹ ƒ—†‹‘ ‘” ˜‹†‡‘ Ž‹’• –‘‰‡–Š‡” ™‹–Š –”ƒ• ”‹’–‹‘ǡ ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ Ž‡ƒ”‡”• –‘ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡  –Š‡‹” ƒ—–Š‡–‹ ‹–› ™Š‹Ž‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  ‡š’”‡••‹‘• ȋ‘‰ ʹͲͲʹ ‹–‡†‹‡‡†Š‘—•‡ʹͲͲͶǡ’ǤʹʹͺȌǤ ‹–Š–Š‡ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆǡ–‡ƒ Š‡”•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘ƒ„Ž‡–‘•‡Ž‡ –ƒ—–Š‡–‹  ‘Ž‹‡ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘Ž‡••‘•–‘ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡Ž›•—‹–Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ǯ‡‡†•ƒ†ƒ‡–Š‡„‡•– —•‡‘ˆ„‘—–‹ˆ—Ž‘Ž‹‡”‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ••—’’Ž‡‡–ƒ”›Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ˆ‘” Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ǯƒ—–‘‘‘—•Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ǥ ‹˜‡–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–—„‡”‘ˆ‘Ž‹‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰”‡•‘—” ‡•–‘†ƒ›ǡ–Š‡”‡Šƒ• Š‘™‡˜‡” „‡‡ ƒ †‡ƒ”–Š ‘ˆ •–—†‹‡• •’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ› ƒ••‡••‹‰ –Š‡‹” ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡••ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ‹ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‰ Ž‡ƒ”‡”•̵ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ •‹ŽŽ•ǡ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆƒ ‡Ǧ–‘Ǧˆƒ ‡ Žƒ••”‘‘Ǧ„ƒ•‡†–‡ƒ Š‹‰ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‹• •–—†› ƒ‹• –‘ †‡–‡”‹‡ ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡ ‡’Ž‘›‡– ‘ˆ ‘Ž‹‡ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ Ž‡••‘• ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ›Š‡Ž’–‘‡Šƒ ‡Ž‡ƒ”‡”•̵ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•‹ŽŽ• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘ ˆƒ ‡Ǧ–‘Ǧˆƒ ‡ Žƒ••”‘‘‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘•™‹–Š‰Ž‹•Š•’‡ƒ‡”•ǡƒ†‹™Šƒ–™ƒ›•ǡ‹ˆ ‹– ƒǤ –ƒŽ•‘ƒ––‡’–•–‘—˜‡‹ŽŠ‘™‡ƒ ŠŽ‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ƒŽ‡†‹–•‡Žˆ–‘ –Š‡‹’”‘˜‡‡–‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡ƒ”‡”•̵ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•‹ŽŽ•Ǥ

3. Method 3.1. Participants Š‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•‘ˆ–Š‹••–—†›™‡”‡ͷͲ Žƒ••ͺ•–—†‡–•ˆ”‘ ƒŒ Šƒ’”ƒ Šƒ—”‘Š Ͷ͵ ‘‰ŠŽƒ ’”‘˜‹ ‡ • Š‘‘Ž —†‡” –Š‡ —”‡ƒ—‘ˆ ’‡ ‹ƒŽ †— ƒ–‹‘ǡ ˆˆ‹ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ•‹  †— ƒ–‹‘ ‘‹••‹‘Ǥ Š‡› ™‡”‡ –ƒ‹‰‰Ž‹•Šƒ•ƒ ‘”‡ ‘—”•‡‘ˆƒˆ‘”‡‹‰Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡”‡“—‹”‡†ˆ‘”•‡ ‘†ƒ”› Ž‡˜‡Ž•–—†‡–•ǤŠ‡ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ•–—†‡–•”ƒ‰‡†ˆ”‘ͳ͵ǦͳͷǤŠ‡›™‡”‡•‡Ž‡ –‡†„› –Š‡ ’—”’‘•‹˜‡ •ƒ’Ž‹‰ ‡–Š‘† ˆ‘” ƒ “—ƒ•‹Ǧ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ –”‡ƒ–‡–Ǥ Š‡ •–—†‡–•™‡”‡†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘–™‘‰”‘—’•‘ˆʹͷǤ‡‰”‘—’™ƒ•ƒ••‹‰‡†–‘Ž‡ƒ” •’‡ƒ‹‰–Š”‘—‰Šˆƒ ‡Ǧ–‘Ǧˆƒ ‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘™‹–Š‰Ž‹•Š•’‡ƒ‡”•ƒ†–Š‡‘–Š‡” ˜‹ƒ‘Ž‹‡ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘Ž‡••‘•Ǥ

3.2. Instruments Š‡‹•–”—‡–•—•‡†‹–Š‹••–—†›™‡”‡Ž‡••‘’Žƒ•ƒ†‘”ƒŽ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ –ƒ••Ǥ Š‡”‡™‡”‡͸Ž‡••‘’Žƒ•’”‡’ƒ”‡†„›–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”Ǥƒ ŠŽ‡••‘’ŽƒŠƒ† –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͳͳͳǦͳʹͶ ͳͳͷ

†—”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ͳͷͲ ‹—–‡• ‹ Ž—†‹‰ –Š‡ –‘’‹ • ‘ˆ ‹–”‘†— ‹‰ ‘‡•‡Žˆ ƒ† ‘–Š‡”•ǡ‹–‡”˜‹‡™ǡˆ‘‘†ƒ†ˆƒ‹Ž›Ǥ Š‡‘”ƒŽ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘–ƒ••™‡”‡’”‡Ǧ–‡•–ƒ†’‘•–Ǧ–‡•–Ǥ –Š‡ ’”‡Ǧ–‡•– ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡ ƒ•‡† ƒ„‘—– –Š‡‹” ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘• ™‡”‡ ”‡ ‘”†‡† ˆ‘” •—„•‡“—‡– ƒ••‡••‡–Ǥ ˆ–‡” –Š‡ –”‡ƒ–‡– •–—†‡–• ™‡”‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡† ‹ ƒ ’‘•–Ǧ–‡•– –‘ •‡‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ‹’”‘˜‡‡–Ǥ

3.3. Procedures Š‡†ƒ–ƒ™ƒ• ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ͷͲ•–—†‡–•ƒ’Ž‡•Ǥ –Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰ǡ–Š‡’”‡Ǧ –‡•–™ƒ• ‘†— –‡†ƒ•ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†‡–•™‡”‡ƒ•‡†–‘ ‘˜‡”•‡ ™‹–Š ƒ ‰Ž‹•Š •’‡ƒ‡” –‘ †‡–‡”‹‡ –Š‡‹” ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡Ǥ Š‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡™ƒ•ƒ••‡••‡†„›ƒ‰Ž‹•Š•’‡ƒ‡”™Š‘™ƒ•‘––Š‡•–—†‡–•ǯ Žƒ••–‡ƒ Š‡”ƒ†˜‹†‡‘–ƒ’‡†ˆ‘”•—„•‡“—‡–• ‘”‹‰„›–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”‹–Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ǣ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ȋ•’‡‡ Š ˆŽ‘™Ȍǡ ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”› ȋ—•‡ ‘ˆ™‘”†•ƒ† ƒ —”ƒ ›Ȍǡƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ ›ȋ–—””‡•’‘†‹‰Ȍǡ’”‘— ‹ƒ–‹‘ȋ•‡‰‡–ƒŽ•‘—†•Ȍǡ ‰”ƒƒ” ȋ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ •–”— –—”‡• —•‡†ȌǤ Š‡ • ‘”‹‰ ”—„”‹  Šƒ† „‡‡ƒ†ƒ’–‡† ˆ”‘ ƒ””ƒŒƒǦ‘ŠƒȋʹͲͳͳȌǡ ǯ‘—‰ŠŽ‹ ȋʹͲͲͳȌǡ—‘ƒ ȋʹͲͲͶȌǡ ƒ† •ƒ‰ Ƭ ‘‰ ȋʹͲͲʹȌ ȋ‡‡ ’’‡†‹šȌǤ ˆ–‡” –Š‡ ’”‡Ǧ–‡•– ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ •–—†‡–• ™‡”‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡† ‹ ™‡‡Ž› ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ Ž‡••‘• ‘ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ –‘’‹ •ǣ ‹–”‘†— –‹‘ƒ†Ž‡ƒ˜‡–ƒ‹‰ǡŽ‹‡•ƒ††‹•Ž‹‡•ǡˆƒ‹Ž›ǡƒ† ‘—‹–›ǤŠ‡ –”ƒ‹‹‰–‘‘’Žƒ ‡–Š”‡‡Š‘—”•ƒ™‡‡‘˜‡”–Š‡ ‘—”•‡‘ˆˆ‘—” ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡ ™‡‡•Ǥ‡‰”‘—’‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†‡–•’”ƒ –‹ ‡†‰Ž‹•Š ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘‘Ž‹‡‹ƒ ‘’—–‡”Žƒ„™‹–Š‰—‹†‡„‘‘• ‘–ƒ‹‹‰•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‹•–”— –‹‘•ǡ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ • ”‹’–•ǡƒ†‡š‡” ‹•‡•’”‡’ƒ”‡†„›–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”Ǥ––Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•– •‡••‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡” ƒ• –‡ƒ Š‡” ‘”‹‡–‡† –Š‡ –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ –”ƒ‹‹‰ ‰‘ƒŽǤ Š‡ –‡ƒ Š‡” ™ƒ• ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ †—”‹‰ –Š‡‹” ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ‘Ž› –‘ Š‡Ž’ –Š‡ ™‹–Š –‡ Š‹ ƒŽ ’”‘„Ž‡•ǡ ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Š‡ –‘ ƒ‡—˜‡” ˆ”‡‡Ž› –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ Ž‡••‘ —–‹Ž–Š‡›ƒ•–‡”‡†–Š‡–ƒ”‰‡– ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡•–—†‡–•‹–Š‡‘–Š‡”‰”‘—’ Ž‡ƒ”– ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ ‘ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –‘’‹ • –Š”‘—‰Š Žƒ••”‘‘ ˆƒ ‡Ǧ–‘Ǧˆƒ ‡ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ™‹–Š ƒ ‰Ž‹•Š –‡ƒ Š‡” ƒ† –Š‡› ™‡”‡ ’”‘˜‹†‡† ‘Ž› ™‹–Š –Š‡ • ”‹’–•ƒ†‡š‡” ‹•‡•Ǥ Š‡”‡™‡”‡͸Ž‡••‘•’”‡’ƒ”‡†„›–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”ˆ‘”„‘–Š‰”‘—’•Ǥ ™‡‡ͷǡ ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡•–—†‡–• ‘’Ž‡–‡†–Š‡‹”–”ƒ‹‹‰ǡ–Š‡›™‡”‡‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹ƒ’‘•–Ǧ–‡•– ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‰Ž‹•Š •’‡ƒ‡” ƒ• ‹ –Š‡ ’”‡Ǧ–‡•–Ǥ Š‡‹” ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•™‡”‡˜‹†‡‘–ƒ’‡†ƒ†ƒ••‡••‡†„›–Š‡‰Ž‹•Š•’‡ƒ‡”ƒ†–Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”ǡ—•‹‰–Š‡•ƒ‡”—„”‹ ƒ•‹–Š‡’”‡Ǧ–‡•–Ǥ ••Š‘™‹ƒ„Ž‡ͳ„‡Ž‘™ǡ–Š‡•–—†‡–•‹„‘–Š‰”‘—’•‘„–ƒ‹‡†•‹‹Žƒ” • ‘”‡• ‹ –Š‡ ’”‡Ǧ–‡•–ǡ •Š‘™‹‰ –Šƒ– –Š‡› Šƒ† –Š‡ •ƒ‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ•’‡ƒ‹‰ ’”‘ˆ‹ ‹‡ ›Ǥ ͳͳ͸ Ǥƒ‹„‘‘ƬǤ‹™‘‰•—™ƒ–

ƒ„Ž‡ͳ Comparison between the Pre-Tests of Groups 1 & 2     ͳȋαʹͷȌ  ʹȋαʹͷȌ     ‡ƒ–—”‡• M SD M SD t df Sig. Ž—‡ › ͳǤʹͲ ͲǤͶͳ ͳǤͳ͸ ͲǤ͵͹ ͲǤ͵͸ Ͷͺ ͲǤ͹ʹ ‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”› ͳǤͳ͸ ͲǤ͵͹ ͳǤʹͶ ͲǤͶͶ ǦͲǤ͹Ͳ Ͷͺ ͲǤͶͻ ’’”‘’”‹ƒ › ͳǤʹͶ ͲǤͶͶ ͳǤʹͶ ͲǤͶͶ ͲǤͲͲ Ͷͺ ͳǤͲͲ ”‘— ‹ƒ–‹‘ ͳǤͷ͸ ͲǤͷͺ ͳǤͷʹ ͲǤ͹ͳ ͲǤʹʹ Ͷͺ ͲǤͺ͵ ”ƒƒ” ͳǤͲͺ ͲǤʹͺ ͳǤͳ͸ ͲǤ͵͹ ǦͲǤͺ͸ Ͷͺ ͲǤ͵ͻ ‘–ƒŽʹͷ͸ǤʹͶʹǤͳͷ ͳǤ͸Ͷ ͸Ǥ͵ʹ ǦͲǤͳͷ Ͷͺ ͲǤͺͺ ‘–ƒŽͳͲͲ ʹͶǤͻ͸ ͸Ǥͷ͸ ʹͷǤʹͺ ͺǤ͸ʹ ǦͲǤͳͷ Ͷͺ ͲǤͺͺ

††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡ ˜‹†‡‘–ƒ’‡† ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘• ˆ”‘„‘–Š –Š‡ ’”‡Ǧ ƒ† –Š‡ ’‘•–Ǧ –‡•–™‡”‡–”ƒ• ”‹„‡†ˆ‘”•—„•‡“—‡– ‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǤŠ‡ ‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹• –Š”‡™ Ž‹‰Š– ‘ –Š‡ •–”‘‰ ƒ† ™‡ƒ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–—†‡–• ƒ† †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–‹‡•–Š‡›ˆƒ ‡††—”‹‰–Š‡•‡•‡••‹‘•Ǥ

4. Results and discussion ‘’ƒ”‹•‘ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ˜‹†‡‘–ƒ’‡† ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† –Š‡ ’”‡Ǧ ƒ† ’‘•–Ǧ –‡•–•• ‘”‡•‘„–ƒ‹‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆƒ ‡Ǧ–‘Ǧˆƒ ‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘••Š‘™‡†–Šƒ–Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ –Š”‘—‰Š Žƒ••”‘‘‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘™‹–Šƒ–‡ƒ Š‡”ƒ†–Š”‘—‰Š‘Ž‹‡Ž‡••‘• ƒ „‘–Š‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ǯ‘”ƒŽ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ••Š‘™‹ƒ„Ž‡ʹǡ –Š‡Ž‡ƒ”‡”•’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰‹ˆƒ ‡Ǧ–‘Ǧˆƒ ‡ Žƒ••”‘‘‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘•‘—–’‡”ˆ‘”‡† –Š‘•‡‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹‘Ž‹‡Ž‡••‘•Ǥ

ƒ„Ž‡ʹ Comparison between the Post-Tests of Groups 1& 2    ͳȋαʹͷȌ  ʹȋαʹͷȌ     ‡ƒ–—”‡• M SD M SD t df Sig. Ž—‡ ›ʹǤͳ͸ͲǤ͹ͳ ͲǤͻͶ ͳǤ͸ͲͶͺʹǤ͵͹ ͲǤͲʹ ‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”› ͳǤͻ͸ ͲǤ͹ͻ ͳǤ͸ͺ ͲǤͺͲ ͳǤʹͶ Ͷͺ ͲǤʹʹ ’’”‘’”‹ƒ › ʹǤͲͶ ͲǤͺͶ ͳǤ͸ͺ ͲǤͺͲ ͳǤͷͷ Ͷͺ ͲǤͳ͵ ”‘— ‹ƒ–‹‘ʹǤ͵ʹͲǤ͸Ͷ ͲǤͻͻ ʹǤ͵͸ ǦͲǤͳ͹ ͶͳǤͲ͵͵ ͲǤͺ͹ ”ƒƒ” ͳǤͻ͸ ͲǤͺͶ ͳǤͷ͸ ͲǤ͹ͳ ͳǤͺʹ Ͷͺ ͲǤͲͺ ‘–ƒŽʹͷ ͳͲǤͶͶ ͶǤͳʹ ͺǤͺͺ ͵ǤͶͺ ͳǤͶͷ Ͷͺ ͲǤͳͷ ‘–ƒŽͳͲͲ ͶͳǤ͹͸ ͳ͸ǤͷͲ ͵ͷǤͷʹ ͳ͵Ǥͻʹ ͳǤͶͷ Ͷͺ ͲǤͳͷ

ˆ–‡” –Š‡ –”‡ƒ–‡– –Š‡ •–—†‡–• ™Š‘ ™‡”‡ ƒ••‹‰‡† Žƒ••”‘‘ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† „‡––‡” ‹ ƒŽŽ •’‡‡ Š ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•‡š ‡’–‹ ’”‘— ‹ƒ–‹‘™Š‡”‡ „‘–Š ‰”‘—’•™‡”‡‡“—ƒŽȋʹǤ͵ʹˆ‘” ”‘—’ͳƒ†ʹǤ͵͸ˆ‘” ”‘—’ʹȌǤ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š –Š‡ ‹’”‘˜‡‡– ‹ –Š‡ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •‹ŽŽ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –™‘ ‰”‘—’• ™ƒ• ‘– –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͳͳͳǦͳʹͶ ͳͳ͹

•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‘˜‡”ƒŽŽǡ–Š‡‹’”‘˜‡‡–‹‘‡ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡ǡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› ˆŽ—‡ ›ǡ ™ƒ• ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ‘–‹ ‡ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ”‡”• Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ –Š”‘—‰Š Žƒ••”‘‘‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡–‡ƒ Š‡”ȋt =2.37, sigαͲǤͲʹȌǤŠ‹•‹†‹ ƒ–‡•–Šƒ– Ž‡ƒ”‡”• ƒ •–‹ŽŽ ‰”‡ƒ–Ž› „‡‡ˆ‹– ˆ”‘ ˆ”‡“—‡– ˆƒ ‡Ǧ–‘Ǧˆƒ ‡ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ‘– ‘Ž›™‹–Š–Š‡‹”’‡‡”•„—–™‹–Š–Š‡‹”–‡ƒ Š‡”‹–Š‡ Žƒ••”‘‘ǤŠ‡ Žƒ••”‘‘ –‡ƒ Š‡” ‹ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” Š‡Ž’‡† ‘–‹˜ƒ–‡ –Š‡ –‘ –ƒŽǡ ’”‘˜‹†‡† •—’’‘”–‹˜‡ • ƒˆˆ‘Ž†‹‰ǡƒ† ”‡ƒ–‡† ‘–‡š–•‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡Ž‡ƒ”‡”• ‘—Ž†„‡ ‘‡ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ” ™‹–Š Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ –Š”‘—‰Š”‡’‡–‹–‹˜‡ –ƒ•• ƒ•™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ‰‹˜‹‰ –Š‡ ‘”ƒŽˆ‡‡†„ƒ ǤŠ‡•‡ Žƒ••”‘‘’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ ‘•‹†‡”‡†‡••‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”–Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‘”ƒŽˆŽ—‡ ›ȋ ƒ”„ƒ–‹Ƭƒ†›ǡʹͲͳͷȌǤ • ˆ‘” –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• ‹ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ‹’”‘˜‡‡–• ‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘„›–Š‡–™‘Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•ǡ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–••Š‘™‡†–Šƒ–„‘–Š ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• ƒŠ‡Ž’‡Šƒ ‡–Š‡Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ǯ‘”ƒŽ‰Ž‹•Š’”‘ˆ‹ ‹‡ ›Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡’”‡Ǧƒ†’‘•–Ǧ–‡•–• ‘”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•‹‡ƒ Š‰”‘—’ǡ–Š‡†‡‰”‡‡ ‘ˆ‹’”‘˜‡‡–˜ƒ”‹‡†ƒ‘‰–Š‡ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ǤŠ‘™‹ƒ„Ž‡͵„‡Ž‘™ǡˆŽ—‡ › ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†–‘„‡–Š‡‘•–‹’”‘˜‡†ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡‹ ”‘—’ͳǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•’”‘— ‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ › ‘ˆ –—” ”‡•’‘†‹‰ǡ ‰”ƒƒ”ǡ ƒ† ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”› ™‡”‡ ”‡ƒ†‹Ž› †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† –Š”‘—‰Š ˆƒ ‡Ǧ–‘Ǧˆƒ ‡ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ™‹–Š ƒ ‰Ž‹•Š •’‡ƒ‡”Ǥ • •—‰‰‡•–‡† ‹ ‡‰ƒŽ‘™‹–œ ƒ† ”‡‡† ȋʹͲͲͶȌǡ ˆ‘” ›‘—‰ Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ǡ ˆŽ—‡ › ‘” •’‡‡ ŠˆŽ‘™‹•‡ƒ•‹‡”–‘‹’”‘˜‡ƒ•–Š‡›„‡ ‘‡‘”‡ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹ ƒ—–Š‡–‹ ǡ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥ

ƒ„Ž‡͵ The Pre-Test and Post-Test Performance of Group 1    ͳ ”‡Ǧ–‡•–‘•–Ǧ–‡•– ‡ƒ–—”‡• M SD M SD M Diff. t df Sig. Ž—‡ › ͳǤʹͲ ͲǤͶͳ ʹǤͳ͸ ͲǤͻͶ ͲǤͻ͸ ͸ǤͲͺ ʹͶǤͲͲ ͲǤͲͲ ‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”› ͳǤͳ͸ ͲǤ͵͹ ͳǤͻ͸ ͲǤ͹ͻ ͲǤͺͲ ͷǤ͸͸ ʹͶǤͲͲ ͲǤͲͲ ’’”‘’”‹ƒ › ͳǤʹͶ ͲǤͶͶ ʹǤͲͶ ͲǤͺͶ ͲǤͺͲ ͷǤ͸͸ ʹͶǤͲͲ ͲǤͲͲ ”‘— ‹ƒ–‹‘ ͳǤͷ͸ ͲǤͷͺ ʹǤ͵ʹ ͲǤͻͻ ͲǤ͹͸ ͶǤͺͺ ʹͶǤͲͲ ͲǤͲͲ ”ƒƒ” ͳǤͲͺ ͲǤʹͺ ͳǤͻ͸ ͲǤͺͶ ͲǤͺͺ ͸ǤͲ͸ ʹͶǤͲͲ ͲǤͲͲ ‘–ƒŽȋʹͷȌ͸ǤʹͶͶǤͳʹ ͳǤ͸Ͷ ͳͲǤͶͶ͸Ǥ͵͸ͶǤʹͲ ʹͶǤͲͲ ͲǤͲͲ ‘–ƒŽȋͳͲͲȌ ʹͶǤͻ͸ ͸Ǥͷ͸ ͶͳǤ͹͸ ͳ͸ǤͷͲ ͳ͸ǤͺͲ ͸Ǥ͵͸ ʹͶǤͲͲ ͲǤͲͲ

‡‘•–”ƒ–‡†‹ƒ„Ž‡Ͷǡ–Š‡†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹’”‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ ”‘—’ ʹŠ‘™‡˜‡”™ƒ••ƒŽŽ‡”–Šƒ–Šƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‰”‘—’‹ƒŽŽ–Š‡ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•‡š ‡’– ˆ‘” ’”‘— ‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‹• •—‰‰‡•–• –Šƒ– ‘Ž‹‡ ”‡•‘—” ‡• •— Š ƒ• ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ Ž‡••‘• ƒ”‡ •–‹ŽŽ ’”‘˜‡ ‰”‡ƒ–Ž› „‡‡ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ ˆ‘” •–—†‡–•ǯ ’”‘— ‹ƒ–‹‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ȋŠ‡‰ǡʹͲͲ͵Ǣ ‹•ƒ‘‰Ž—ǡʹͲͳͲȌǤ ͳͳͺ Ǥƒ‹„‘‘ƬǤ‹™‘‰•—™ƒ–

ƒ„Ž‡Ͷ The Pre-Test and Post-Test Performance of Group2   ʹ ”‡Ǧ–‡•–‘•–Ǧ–‡•– ‡ƒ–—”‡• M SD M SD M Diff. T df Sig. Ž—‡ › ͳǤͳ͸ ͲǤ͵͹ ͳǤ͸Ͳ ͲǤ͹ͳ ͲǤͶͶ ͶǤ͵Ͷ ʹͶǤͲͲ ͲǤͲͲ ‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”› ͳǤʹͶ ͲǤͶͶ ͳǤ͸ͺ ͲǤͺͲ ͲǤͶͶ ͶǤ͵Ͷ ʹͶǤͲͲ ͲǤͲͲ ’’”‘’”‹ƒ › ͳǤʹͶ ͲǤͶͶ ͳǤ͸ͺ ͲǤͺͲ ͲǤͶͶ ͶǤ͵Ͷ ʹͶǤͲͲ ͲǤͲͲ ”‘— ‹ƒ–‹‘ ͳǤͷʹ ͲǤ͹ͳ ʹǤ͵͸ ͲǤ͸Ͷ ͲǤͺͶ ͺǤͺͻ ʹͶǤͲͲ ͲǤͲͲ ”ƒƒ” ͳǤͳ͸ ͲǤ͵͹ ͳǤͷ͸ ͲǤ͹ͳ ͲǤͶͲ ͶǤͲͲ ʹͶǤͲͲ ͲǤͲͲ ‘–ƒŽȋʹͷȌ͸Ǥ͵ʹ͵ǤͶͺ ʹǤͳͷ ͺǤͺͺʹǤͷ͸ʹͶǤͲͲ͸ǤͲ͵ͲǤͲͲ ‘–ƒŽȋͳͲͲȌ ʹͷǤʹͺ ͺǤ͸ʹ ͵ͷǤͷʹ ͳ͵Ǥͻʹ ͳͲǤʹͶ ͸ǤͲ͵ ʹͶǤͲͲ ͲǤͲͲ

Ž‘•‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜‹†‡‘–ƒ’‡† ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘• ‹ –Š‡ ’”‡Ǧ–‡•– ƒ† ’‘•–Ǧ–‡•– ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ƒˆˆ‹”‡†–Š‡‹’”‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡›‘—‰Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ǯ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •‹ŽŽ•Ǥ Š‡ ‹’”‘˜‡‡– ™ƒ• ‘„•‡”˜ƒ„Ž‡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› ‹ –Š‡‹” ”‡•’‘•‡• –‘ “—‡•–‹‘•ǡ–—”†‡Ž‹˜‡”›ǡ–—”•‹œ‡ǡ˜‘‹ ‡˜‘Ž—‡ǡƒ†•‡ŽˆǦ”‡’ƒ‹” ƒ•‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡† ‹–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‡š ‡”’–•‘„–ƒ‹‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡’”‡Ǧƒ†’‘•–Ǧ–‡•–‹–‡”˜‹‡™•‘ˆƒ •–—†‡–‹ ”‘—’•ͳƒ†ʹ™‹–Šƒˆ‘”‡‹‰–‡ƒ Š‡”Ǥ Š‡’”‡Ǧ–”ƒ‹‹‰‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘‘ˆ–‡•Š‘™‡†–Š‡•–—†‡–•ǯ†‡Žƒ›‹–—”†‡Ž‹˜‡”› ƒ†–Š‡‹”Žƒ ‘ˆ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ƒ’”‡˜‹‘—•–—”Ǥš ‡”’–ͳ„‡Ž‘™‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡• –Š‡ ’”‡Ǧ–‡•– ‹–‡”˜‹‡™ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ƒ •–—†‡– ˆ”‘ ”‘—’ͳǡ —‰ƒ”—‡‡ ȋ—Ȍǡ ƒ† –Š‡ –‡ƒ Š‡”Ǥ Š‡ Žƒ––‡” ƒ•‡† —‡”‘—• ‰‡‡”ƒŽ “—‡•–‹‘• –‘ ‡Ž‹ ‹– –Š‡ •–—†‡–ǯ• ”‡•’‘•‡•Ǥ  –Š‹• ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ǡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ‘–‹ ‡ƒ„Ž‡‹ ”‘’ƒ—•‡•‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰†‡Žƒ›‹–Š‡•–—†‡–ǯ•–—”†‡Ž‹˜‡”›ǡ ‡Ǥ‰ǤǡŽ‹‡•ʹǡͷǡƒ†ͻǤŠ‹Ž‡•Ž‘™‘Š‡”—’–ƒ‡ǡ‹Ž‹‡ͷ–Š‡Ž‘‰‡”’ƒ—•‡ƒŽ•‘ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡†—ǯ•Žƒ ‘ˆ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘Ǣ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡–‡ƒ Š‡”Šƒ† –‘”‡’‡ƒ–‹–ƒ†‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†–Š‡ƒ•™‡”™Š‹ Š—™ƒ•ƒ„Ž‡–‘ˆ‹‹•Š‹ƒŽ‘™˜‘‹ ‡ ‹Ž‹‡͹Ǥ•‹†‡ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Žƒ ‘ˆ ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡‹–—””‡•’‘†‹‰ǡ‹ Ž‹‡ͳͲ—ƒŽ•‘Žƒ ‡†–Š‡˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›–‘ˆ‹‹•ŠŠ‡””‡•’‘•‡‹‰Ž‹•ŠǤ‘ǡ–Š‡ –‡ƒ Š‡”ǯ•“—‡•–‹‘‹Ž‹‡ͺ™ƒ•”‡•’‘†‡†–‘‹Šƒ‹Ǥ

Excerpt 1 [Pre-test: Foreign teacher- Student] Group1  ͳ ǣ Šƒ–‹•›‘—”ƒ‡ǫ ʹ  ȋǤȌ ͵՜ —ǣ ›ƒ‡‹•—‰ƒ”—‡‡Š—”ƒ†ƒ Ͷ ǣ ‘™–‘•’‡ŽŽ‹–ǫ ͷ՜ —ǣ ȋͲǤͷȌȋȋ•‹Ž‡ȌȌ ͸ ǣ ‘™†‘›‘—•’‡ŽŽ›‘—”ƒ‡ǫ ͹՜ —ǣ ι ι ͺ ǣ Šƒ–‹†‘ˆˆ‘‘††‘›‘—Ž‹‡ǫ ͻ՜ —ǣ ȋǤȌȋȋ•‹Ž‡ȌȌ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͳͳͳǦͳʹͶ ͳͳͻ

ͳͲ՜  Ž‹‡Ǥ  ͳͳ ǣ Šƒ–†‘›‘—Ž‹‡ǫ ”‹‡† Š‹ ‡‘”Ǥ ͳʹ՜ —ǣ αkhow-padȋȋ–”ǣǤ ”‹‡†”‹ ‡ȌȌ

‹‹Žƒ”’”‘„Ž‡•™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡’”‡Ǧ–‡•–‹–‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆƒ•–—†‡–ˆ”‘ ”‘—’ʹǡƒ•‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡‡š ‡”’–„‡Ž‘™Ǥ

Excerpt 2 [Pre-test: Foreign teacher- Student] Group2 ͳ ǣ Šƒ–‹•›‘—”ƒ‡ǫ ʹ  ȋǤȌ ͵՜ —ǣ ›ƒ‡‹•— Šƒ†ƒ—•ƒ™ƒ–†‡‡ Ͷ ǣ Š‡”‡†‘›‘—Ž‹˜‡ǫ ͷ՜ —ǣ ȋȋ•‹Ž‡ȌȌ ͸ ǣ Š‡”‡†‘›‘—Ž‹˜‡ǫ‘‰ŠŽƒ‘”ƒ––ƒ‡‡ ͹՜ —ǣ α鑐‰ŠŽƒι ͺ ǣ Šƒ––‹‡†‘›‘—‰‘–‘•Ž‡‡’ǫ ͻ՜ —ǣ ȋȋ•‹Ž‡ȌȌmai ruȋȋ–”ǣǤ†‘ǯ–‘™ȌȌ ͳͲ ǣ Šƒ––‹‡ǫȋȋ•Š‘™’‹ –—”‡‘ˆ•Ž‡‡’‹‰ȌȌ ͳͳ՜ —ǣ sam tum ȋȋ–”ǣǤ‹‡’ǤȌȌ

Š‡ •–—†‡–•ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ „‡ ƒ‡ ‘”‡ ‘ˆ‹†‡– ‹ –Š‡ ’‘•–Ǧ–‡•–Ǥ Š‘™ ‹ ‡š ‡”’–͵ǡ—ǡ ”‘—’ͳ•–—†‡–ǡ’”‘’–Ž›†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡”‡•’‘•‡•–‘ –Š‡ˆ‘”‡‹‰–‡ƒ Š‡”ǯ•–—”•Ǥ‡‹–Š‡”Š‡•‹–ƒ–‹‘‘”ƒŒ‘”’”‘„Ž‡•™‡”‡ˆ‘—† ‹Š‡”•’‡‡ ŠǤ‡•’‹–‡ƒ‹‘”‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽ‹•–ƒ‡ǡƒ•‹Ž‹‡͸ǡ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽŠ‡” ”‡•’‘•‡™ƒ• ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›—†‡”•–ƒ†ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ

Excerpt 3 [Post-test: Foreign teacher- Student]Group1 ͳ ǣ ‘›‘—Šƒ˜‡ƒ›„”‘–Š‡”•ƒ†•‹•–‡”ǫ ʹ —ǣ Šƒ˜‡‘‡•‹•–‡”Ǥ ͵ ǣ Šƒ–‹•›‘—”ˆƒ˜‘—”‹–‡•’‘”–ǫ Ͷ —ǣ ƒ†‹–‘Ǥ ͷ ǣ Šƒ–ƒ”‡›‘—†‘‹‰‹›‘—ˆ”‡‡–‹‡ǫ ͸՜ —ǣ α Ž‹‡”‡ƒ†‹‰„‘‘Ǥ

Š‡•–—†‡–• ‹ ”‘—’ ʹǡ–”ƒ‹‡† –Š”‘—‰Š‘Ž‹‡ Ž‡••‘•ǡƒŽ•‘ •Š‘™‡† ‘”‡ ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡ ‹ –Š‡ ’‘•–Ǧ–‡•–Ǥ Š‹Ž‡ †‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‰ ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ ’‡”ˆ‘” •‡ŽˆǦ ”‡’ƒ‹”ǡƒ•‹Ž‹‡͸„‡Ž‘™ǡ–Š‡›ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†–‘„‡Ž‡••ˆŽ—‡––Šƒ–Š‘•‡‹ ”‘—’ͳ ‹”‡•’‘†‹‰–‘–—”•Ǥ‘‡Š‡•‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹•–ƒ‡•™‡”‡•–‹ŽŽ‘„•‡”˜ƒ„Ž‡‹ –Š‡‹”–—”†‡Ž‹˜‡”›ǡ•Š‘™‹— Šƒ†ƒǯ•’‘‹–‡†–—”•‹‡š ‡”’–Ͷ„‡Ž‘™Ǥ ͳʹͲ Ǥƒ‹„‘‘ƬǤ‹™‘‰•—™ƒ–

Excerpt 4 [Post-test: Foreign teacher- Student] Group2 ͳ ǣ Š‡”‡†‘›‘—Ž‹˜‡ǫ ʹ՜ —ǣ α Ž‹˜‡‘‰ŠŽƒǤ ͵ ǣ Šƒ–‹•›‘—”ˆƒ˜‘—”‹–‡ˆ‘‘†ǫ Ͷ —ǣ α Ž‹‡ ƒ‡•ƒ†’‹œœƒǤ ͷ ǣ Šƒ–ƒ”‡›‘—†‘‹‰‹›‘—”ˆ”‡‡–‹‡ǫ ͸՜ —ǣ α ȋǤȌȋȋ•‹Ž‡ȌȌ”‡ƒ†„‘‘Ǥ Ž‹‡”‡ƒ†‹‰„‘‘•Ǥ

5. Conclusion Š‡ •–—†› ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† –Š‡ ‹’”‘˜‡‡– ‘ˆ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ •‹ŽŽ• –Š”‘—‰Š Žƒ••”‘‘ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ™‹–Š ƒ ‰Ž‹•Š •’‡ƒ‡” ƒ† ‘Ž‹‡ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ Ž‡••‘•—•‹‰–Š‡ƒ••‡••‡–”—„”‹  ‘–ƒ‹‹‰ˆ‹˜‡†‹•–‹ –ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•Ǣƒ‡Ž›ǡ ˆŽ—‡ ›ǡ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›ǡƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ ›ǡ’”‘— ‹ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†‰”ƒƒ”ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ –Š‹• •–—†› •—‰‰‡•– –Šƒ– ‘Ž‹‡ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ Ž‡••‘• ƒ† Žƒ••”‘‘ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘• ™‹–Š ‰Ž‹•Š •’‡ƒ‡”• „‘–Š ƒ”‡ ˆŽ‡š‹„Ž‡ ƒ† ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ ™ƒ›• –‘ ‡Šƒ ‡Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ǯ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‹ŽŽ•ǤŠ‹Ž‡ Žƒ••”‘‘‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡ –‡ƒ Š‡”Šƒ• ’”‘˜‡ ‹†‹•’‡•ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ• –Š‡ •‘—” ‡ ‘ˆ • ƒˆˆ‘Ž†‹‰ •—’’‘”–• ƒ† ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘• –‘ Š‡Ž’ •–—†‡–• –‘ ƒ•–‡” ˆƒ ‡Ǧ–‘Ǧˆƒ ‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘Ž‹‡ Ž‡••‘• ƒ ƒŽ•‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ –Š‡ ‘”‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•–‘’”ƒ –‹ ‡™Šƒ––Š‡›Šƒ˜‡Ž‡ƒ”‡†ƒ†”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡™Šƒ– –Š‡› Šƒ˜‡Š‡ƒ”†‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›™Š‡‹– ‘‡•–‘’”‘— ‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒ”‰‡–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ  –‡ƒ Š‡” ƒ› ƒ ‘”†‹‰Ž› •‡”˜‡ ƒ• ƒ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‘” ƒ† ƒ ‰—‹†‡ ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰ Ž‡ƒ”‡”• –‘ ‡‰ƒ‰‡ ‹ ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ™‹–Š ‘–Š‡”• ƒ† –‘—•‡‘Ž‹‡ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘Ž‡••‘•–‘‡Šƒ ‡–Š‡‹”•’‡ƒ‹‰ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ —”–Š‡” •–—†‹‡• ‡šƒ‹‹‰ ‘Ž‹‡ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ Ž‡••‘• ƒ† Žƒ••”‘‘ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘•Š‘—Ž† ‘•‹†‡”Ž‡ƒ”‡”•™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ’”‘ˆ‹ ‹‡ › ƒ† Ž‘•‡Ž›Ǧ•—’‡”˜‹•‡†–”ƒ‹‹‰ƒ›„‡‡‡†‡†ˆ‘”’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‰”‘—’•‘ˆ•–—†‡–•Ǥ Š‡ ”—„”‹  —•‡† ˆ‘” ƒ••‡••‹‰ •–—†‡–ǯ• ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ •Š‘—Ž† ƒŽ•‘„‡ƒ†‡ ‘”‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‘ƒ–—”ƒŽŽ›‘ —””‹‰ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ

The Authors ƒ›ƒ• ƒ‹„‘‘ ȋ ƒ‹Žǣ ƒ‹•„‹–ƒ‰Šƒ›ƒ•̷‰ƒ‹ŽǤ ‘Ȍ ‹• •–—†›‹‰ ˆ‘” ƒ ƒ•–‡”‘ˆ”–•†‡‰”‡‡‹‡ƒ Š‹‰‰Ž‹•Šƒ•ƒ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹–Š‡ ƒ —Ž–›‘ˆ‹„‡”ƒŽ”–•ƒ–”‹ ‡‘ˆ‘‰ŠŽƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡŠƒ‹Žƒ†ǤŠ‡‹•ƒŽ•‘ ƒ‰Ž‹•Š–‡ƒ Š‡”ƒ–ƒŒ Šƒ’”ƒ Š”‘ŠͶ͵‘‰ŠŽƒ”‘˜‹ ‡ Š‘‘ŽǤ ‡–‘‰‹™‘‰•—™ƒ–ȋƒ‹Žǣ•‹™‘‰̷‰ƒ‹ŽǤ ‘ȌŠƒ•ƒŠǤǤ‹‰Ž‹•Š ™‹–Š•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‹‰Ž‹•Šƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ†‹‰—‹•–‹ •ˆ”‘–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ‹• ‘•‹Ǧƒ†‹•‘ǤŠ‡ —””‡–Ž›‹•ƒ••‹•–ƒ–”‘ˆ‡••‘”ƒ––Š‡ ƒ —Ž–›‘ˆ ‹„‡”ƒŽ”–•ǡ”‹ ‡‘ˆ‘‰Žƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǧ ƒ–ƒ‹ǡƒ†Šƒ••’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹–‡”‡•–‹ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ ƒŽ›•‹• ȋȌǡ ‘”’—• Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ •ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆŠƒ‹  Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ǯ‘”ƒŽ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘•‹ŽŽ•Ǥ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͳͳͳǦͳʹͶ ͳʹͳ

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••ƒƒǤǡƬ‹™‘‰•—™ƒ–ǡǤȋʹͲͳͶȌǤ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘’”‘ˆ‹ ‹‡ ›ƒ••‡••‡–ǣ  ‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡•–—†›‘ˆ–™‘Ǧ’ƒ”–›’‡‡”‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ƒ†‹–‡”˜‹‡™ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘‹’Ž‡‡–‡† ™‹–Š Šƒ‹   Ž‡ƒ”‡”•Ǥ International Journal of Language Studies,8ȋͶȌǡͻͷǦͳͲ͸Ǥ

‡‹ǡ Ǥǡ Ƭ Š‘—ǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲͲʹȌǤ •‹‰Š–• ‹–‘ ‰Ž‹•Š ’”‘— ‹ƒ–‹‘’”‘„Ž‡•‘ˆ Šƒ‹•–—†‡–•Ǥ‡–”‹‡˜‡†ˆ”‘‡”‹ Ǥ‡†Ǥ‰‘˜Ǥ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͳͳͳǦͳʹͶ ͳʹ͵

Appendix A Š‡–”ƒ• ”‹’–‹‘ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒ†ƒ’–‡†ˆ”‘‡‡†Š‘—•‡ȋʹͲͲͶȌƒ†ƒ””ƒŒƒǦ ‘ŠƒȋʹͲͳͳȌǣ  .ȋ’‡”‹‘†Ȍ ƒŽŽ‹‰‹–‘ƒ–‹‘ ǡ ȋ ‘ƒȌ‘–‹—‹‰‹–‘ƒ–‹‘ ǣǣ ȋ ‘Ž‘ȋ•ȌȌ”‘Ž‘‰‹‰‘ˆ•‘—†  ȋƒŽŽ ƒ’‹–ƒŽŽ‡––‡”•Ȍ‘—†•’‡‡ Š CAP ITALLICS ––‡”ƒ ‡‹•—„Œ‡ –ǯ•ͳ ι™‘”†ι ȋ†‡‰”‡‡•›„‘Ž•Ȍ—‹‡–•’‡‡ Š δε ƒ—•‡•‘ˆ‘”‡–Šƒͷ•‡ ‘†•ȋ‡Ǥ‰ǤǡδͺεȌ ȋȌ ȋ‡’–›’ƒ”‡–Š‡•‡•Ȍ‘Ǧ–”ƒ• ”‹„ƒ„Ž‡•‡‰‡–‘ˆ–ƒŽ ǫ †‹ ƒ–‡•”‹•‹‰‹–‘ƒ–‹‘ Bold’Šƒ•‹• α ȋƒȌ—” ‘–‹—‡„‡Ž‘™ǡƒ––Š‡‡š–‹†‡–‹ ƒŽ•›„‘Ž ȋ„Ȍ ˆ‹•‡”–‡†ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ‘‡•’‡ƒ‡”ǯ•–—”ƒ†ƒ––Š‡‡š– „‡‰‹‹‰•’‡ƒ‡”ǯ•ƒ†Œƒ ‡––—”ǡ‹†‹ ƒ–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•‘‰ƒ’ƒ– ƒŽŽ„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘–—”• ȋ Ȍ †‹ ƒ–‡•–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•‘‹–‡”˜ƒŽ„‡–™‡‡ƒ†Œƒ ‡–—––‡”ƒ ‡• ǣ ‡ƒ Š‡”  Appendix B  ‘”‹‰ ”‹–‡”‹ƒƒ††‡• ”‹’–‘”•ƒ†ƒ’–‡†ˆ”‘ƒ””ƒŒƒǦ‘ŠƒȋʹͲͳͳȌǡ ǯ‘—‰ŠŽ‹ȋʹͲͲͳȌǡ—‘ƒȋʹͲͲͶȌǡƒ†•ƒ‰Ƭ‘‰ȋʹͲͲʹȌ Ž—‡ › –—†‡–• ƒ•’‡ƒˆŽ—‡–Ž›ƒ†ƒƒ‰‡–‘‡‡’–Š‡ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘‰‘‹‰ •‘‘–ŠŽ›Ǥ ‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”› –—†‡–•Šƒ˜‡ƒ•–‡”‡†ƒ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›Ž‡ƒ”‡† ’’”‘’”‹ƒ › –—†‡–• ƒƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡Ž›”‡•’‘†–‘–Š‡‹”‹–‡”Ž‘ —–‘”ǯ•–—”•Ǥ ”‘— ‹ƒ–‹‘Ȁ –—†‡–• ƒ’”‘†— ‡•’‡‡ Š™Š‹ Š ƒ„‡—†‡”•–‘‘†„›–Š‡‹” ‘’”‡Š‡•‹„‹Ž‹–› ‹–‡”Ž‘ —–‘”Ǥ ”ƒƒ” –—†‡–• ƒ‡’Ž‘›ƒ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ•–”— –—”‡•Ž‡ƒ”‡†™‹–Š‘Ž›‹‘” ‹•–ƒ‡•Ǥ Criteria for assessment ‘–Š‰”‘—’•™‡”‡˜‹†‡‘–ƒ’‡†™Š‹Ž‡Šƒ˜‹‰ƒ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘™‹–Šƒ ‰Ž‹•Š •’‡ƒ‡”ƒ†”ƒ–‡†„›–™‘ƒ••‡••‘”•Ǥ ‘”‹‰ ”‹–‡”‹ƒƒ††‡• ”‹’–‘”•ˆ‘”‘”ƒŽ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ƒ†ƒ’–‡† ˆ”‘ ƒ””ƒŒƒǦ‘Šƒ ȋʹͲͳͳȌǡ ǯ‘—‰ŠŽ‹ ȋʹͲͲͳȌǡ —‘ƒ ȋʹͲͲͶȌǡ ƒ† •ƒ‰ Ƭ ‘‰ ȋʹͲͲʹȌ ™‡”‡ ‡’Ž‘›‡† –‘ ”ƒ–‡ •–—†‡–•ǯ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ǤŠ‡”ƒ–‡”•™‡”‡’”‘˜‹†‡†™‹–Š–Š‡”—„”‹ ™‹–Šˆ‹˜‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ •’‡ƒ‹‰ǣ ˆŽ—‡ ›ǡ ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›ǡ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ ›ǡ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹‘ƒ†‰”ƒƒ”ƒ†–Š‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘•Š‡‡–™ƒ•‰‹˜‡–‘–Š‡”ƒ–‡”• –‘‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡‡ƒ Š•–—†‡–ǯ•’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ǤŠ‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘•Š‡‡–‹• ‘’‘•‡†‘ˆƒ ͷǦ’‘‹–• ƒŽ‡ǣͳα˜‡”›’‘‘”Ȁ—ƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡Ǣʹα’‘‘”Ǣ͵αƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ǢͶቑ‘†ƒ†ͷα ‡š ‡ŽŽ‡–Ǥ ͳʹͶ Ǥƒ‹„‘‘ƬǤ‹™‘‰•—™ƒ–

Appendix C Oral Proficiency Interview Questions Š‡–‡•–‹•„ƒ•‡†‘ƒͳͲǦ‹—–‡ ƒ•—ƒŽ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘™‹–Šƒ‰Ž‹•Š•’‡ƒ‡” ‘’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡˜‡”›†ƒ›–‘’‹ •ǤŠ‡–‡•–‡”‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡†‡ƒ Š Ž‡ƒ”‡”™‹–Š•‹‹Žƒ”“—‡•–‹‘•‘–Š‡•ƒ‡–‘’‹ •Ǥ Topic 1 Personal information ͳǤ Šƒ–‹•›‘—”ƒ‡ǫ ‘™†‘›‘—•’‡ŽŽ‹–ǫ ʹǤ ‘™‘Ž†ƒ”‡›‘—ǫ ͵Ǥ Š‡”‡†‘›‘—Ž‹˜‡ǫ Topic 2 Family ͶǤ ‘›‘—Šƒ˜‡ƒ›„”‘–Š‡”•‘”•‹•–‡”•ǫ ͷǤ ‘‡•ƒ›‘‡‡Ž•‡Ž‹˜‡ƒ–Š‘‡™‹–Š›‘—ǫ ͸Ǥ ‘™‹•›‘—”‰”ƒ†’ƒ”‡–ǫ Topic 3 School ͹Ǥ ‘™†‘›‘—‰‘–‘• Š‘‘Žǫ ͺǤ ‘›‘—Šƒ˜‡ƒ›„”‘–Š‡”•‘”•‹•–‡”•‹–Š‹•• Š‘‘Žǫ ͻǤ Š‹ Š•—„Œ‡ –•†‘›‘—Ž‹‡–Š‡‘•–ǫŠ›ǫ ͳͲǤ ‘›‘—•–—†›‰Ž‹•Šƒ–›‘—”• Š‘‘Žǫ Topic 4 Food ͳͳǤ Šƒ–‹†‘ˆˆ‘‘††‘›‘—Ž‹‡ǫ ͳʹǤ Šƒ–†‘‡•›‘—”‘–Š‡” ‘‘ˆ‘”†‹‡”ǫ ͳ͵Ǥ ƒ›‘—–‡ŽŽ‡Š‘™•Š‡ ‘‘•‹–ǫ ͳͶǤ Š›†‘›‘—ƒŽŽ‡Œ‘›–Š‹•ˆ‘‘†‘•–ǫ Topic 5 Daily activities ͳͷǤ ‘™–‡ŽŽ‡ǡ™Šƒ–†‘›‘—ƒŽŽ†‘™Š‡›‘—‰‡–—’‹–Š‡‘”‹‰ǫ ͳ͸Ǥ Šƒ–†‘›‘—†‘‹–Š‡‡˜‡‹‰ǫ ͳ͹Ǥ Šƒ––‹‡†‘›‘—‰‘–‘•Ž‡‡’ǫŠ›ǫ Topic 6 Hobbies ͳͺǤ Šƒ–ƒ”‡›‘—†‘‹‰‹›‘—”ˆ”‡‡–‹‡ǫ ͳͻǤ ‘›‘—Ž‹•–‡–‘–Š‡”ƒ†‹‘Ȁ™ƒ– Š‹›‘—”Š‘—•‡ǫ ʹͲǤ Šƒ–‹•›‘—”ˆƒ˜‘”‹–‡’”‘‰”ƒǫ ʹͳǤ Šƒ–‹•›‘—”ˆƒ˜‘”‹–‡•’‘”–ǫȀŠ›†‘›‘—‡Œ‘›‹–‘•–ǫ International Journal of Language Studies ‘Ž—‡ͳͲǡ—„‡”ͳǡ ƒ—ƒ”›ʹͲͳ͸ǡ’’ǤͳʹͷǦͳͶͺ 

La bindi nga que tu know-là nyass jusqu'a le feu sort seulement: Examining strategies of intensification in Camfranglais ‘œœ‹ƒ”–‹ƒŽ  ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒ”‘—ƒǡƒ‡”‘‘

Š‹•’ƒ’‡”‡šƒ‹‡•–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‘—••–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•—•‡†–‘ƒ”‹–‡•‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‹ƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹•ǡƒ ‘’‘•‹–‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†„› ”‡ ŠǦ•’‡ƒ‹‰ ƒ‡”‘‘‹ƒ•‡ ‘†ƒ”›ƒ†Š‹‰Š• Š‘‘Ž•–—†‡–•ǤŠ‡†ƒ–ƒˆ‘”–Š‡ •–—†›™‡”‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†–Š”‘—‰Š’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ“—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡•ǡ ƒ†ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‘”’‘”ƒ‰ƒ–Š‡”‡†„›‘—‡‰ƒȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍƒ†–‘„‡ǡ‹Ž‘ƒƒ†  Š—ȋʹͲͲͺȌǤˆ–‡”ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ—•‹‰•–”— –—”ƒŽ‰”ƒƒ”ȋ—‹” ƒ† ”‡‡„ƒ—ͳͻ͹͵̵•‘†‡ŽȌƒ•–Š‡–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ǡ‹–‹•ˆ‘—† –Šƒ–‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•‹ƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹•ǡˆ”‘–Š‡•–ƒ†’‘‹–‘ˆ†‹• ‘—”•‡ǡ ƒ „‡ Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡† ‹–‘ ˆ‘—” ƒ‹ ‰”‘—’•ǣ ȋƒȌ •‹‰Ž‡Ǧ™‘”† ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ǡ ȋ„Ȍ ”‡†—’Ž‹ ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ǡ ȋ Ȍ ’Š”ƒ•ƒŽ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ǡ ƒ† ȋ†Ȍ •‡–‡–‹ƒŽ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•Ǥ ƒ Š ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‘†‹ˆ‹‡• •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ‹–‡• ‹ –Š‡ •‡–‡ ‡Ǥ ‹‰Ž‡Ǧ™‘”†‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡ˆ‘—†–‘„‡Ž‘‰–‘–Š‡™‘”† Žƒ••‡• ‘ˆ †‡–‡”‹‡”•ǡ ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡•ǡ ˜‡”„• ƒ† ƒ†˜‡”„• ƒ ƒ – ‡‹–Š‡” ƒ• ’”‡‘†‹ˆ‹‡”•ȋ™Š‡–Š‡‘†‹ˆ‹‡†‡Ž‡‡–•ƒ”‡‘—•Ȍ‘”ƒ• ’‘•–‘†‹ˆ‹‡”•ȋ‹ ƒ•‡–Š‡‘†‹ˆ‹‡†‡Ž‡‡–•ƒ”‡ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡•ƒ†˜‡”„•Ȍ ™Š‹Ž‡”‡†—’Ž‹ ƒ–‹˜‡‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡‰”‘—’‡†‹–‘–™‘ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ǡ ƒ ˆ— –‹‘ ‡‹–Š‡” ƒ• ‘— ’Š”ƒ•‡ ‘†‹ˆ‹‡”• ƒ† •—„Œ‡ –Ȁ‘„Œ‡ – ‘’Ž‡‡–ǡ‘–Š‡‘‡Šƒ†ǡƒ†ƒ†Œ— –‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǤŠ”ƒ•ƒŽ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ǡŽ‹‡”‡†—’Ž‹ ƒ–‹˜‡‘‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‰”‘—’‡†‹–‘–™‘ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ǣ–Š‡ˆ‹”•– ‘•‹•–‹‰‘ˆ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•™Š‹ Šˆ— –‹‘ƒ•ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ƒ†˜‡”„‘†‹ˆ‹‡”•™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡•‡ ‘†‰”‘—’‹ Ž—†‡•–Š‘•‡™Š‹ Š ˆ— –‹‘ ƒ• ‘— ‘†‹ˆ‹‡”•Ǥ Š‡ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •‡–‡–‹ƒŽ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•‹•ˆ‘—†–‘„‡Ž‹‹–‡†–‘ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡•ƒ†˜‡”„•Ǥ‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”†–‘ –Š‡ •‡ƒ–‹ • ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‹†‹‰• ”‡˜‡ƒŽ –Šƒ– –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ƒŽ‘•– ƒŽŽ •‡•‡Ǧ‘”‹‡–‡†ǡ ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ „‡‹‰ ƒ’Ž‹ˆ‹‡”•ǡ ƒ† ƒ „‡ Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†—†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•’Š‡”‡•ǣ˜‹•—ƒŽǡ–ƒ –‹Ž‡ǡ‡–ƒŽǡ‰—•–ƒ–‘”› ƒ†•’ƒ ‹‘Ǧ–‡’‘”ƒŽǤ

Keywords: –‡•‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǣƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹•Ǣ‡†—’Ž‹ ƒ–‹˜‡Ǣ‘†‹ˆ‹‡”•Ǣ‹• ‘—”•‡Ǣ ‡•‡Ǧ”‹‡–‡†Ǣ‡ƒ–‹ •

1. Introduction ‘”–Š‡’ƒ•––™‘†‡ ƒ†‡•‘”•‘ǡ–Š‡”‡Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ‰”‘™‹‰‹–‡”‡•–‘–Š‡’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”• ‘ ‡”‹‰ –Š‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ •’‘‡ „› –Š‡ ›‘—–ŠǤ Š‹• ‰”‘™‹‰

ǣʹͳͷ͹ǦͶͺͻͺǢ ǣʹͳͷ͹ǦͶͻͲͳ ̹ʹͲͳ͸ Ǣ”‹–‡†‹–Š‡„›—Ž—”‡••  Ǥ ͳʹ͸ ǤǤ‡—–‡ƒ– Š—‡‰

‹–‡”‡•– ƒ„‡˜‹‡™‡† –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ™‘”• ƒ””‹‡† ‘—–„› –‡•–”ڏ ȋͳͻͻͷȌǡ †‡”•‡ȋͳͻͻͷȌǡ–‡•–”ڏƒ††‡”•‡ȋͳͻͻ͸Ȍǡ†‡”•‡ȋͳͻͻ͹Ȍǡ”ƒ ȋͳͻͻ͹Ȍǡ ƒ‰Ž‹ƒ‘–‡ ȋͳͻͻͺȌǡ ƒ‰Ž‹ƒ‘–‡ ƒ† —†•‘ ȋͳͻͻͻȌǡ ‘†”‹‰—‡œ ȋʹͲͲʹȌǡ ‡””‡”‘ȋʹͲͲʹȌǡƒ”ƒ†‹•ƒ†‡”‰ƒ”ȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍǡƒ‰Ž‹ƒ‘–‡ȋʹͲͲͷȌǡ ƒ‰Ž‹ƒ‘–‡ ƒ† ǯ”Ž› ȋʹͲͲͶȌǡ Žƒ—• ƒ† ‘š ȋʹͲͲ͹Ȍǡ ƒ•‡ǦŠ‘ƒ• ȋʹͲͲͺȌǡ ƒŽƒ ‹‘• ƒ”–‹‡œ ȋʹͲͳͳȌǡ Œ—•– –‘ ƒ‡ –Š‡•‡ ˆ‡™Ǥ  ƒ‡”‘‘ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹‹–• ”‡ ŠǦ•’‡ƒ‹‰’ƒ”–ǡ–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ‘‰ ›‘—–Šǡ ƒŽŽ‡† ƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹•ǡ Šƒ• ƒŽ•‘ †”ƒ™ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•ǯ ƒ––‡–‹‘Ǥ Š‹• Š›„”‹† Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹•—•‡†„››‘—–Š–‘ ‘—‹ ƒ–‡ƒ‘‰–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•–‘–Š‡‡š Ž—•‹‘ ‘ˆ‘Ǧ‡„‡”•Ǥ‡•‹†‡•ǡ–Š‡•‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡—•‡”•’—–ƒ–™‘”•‡˜‡”ƒŽŽ‹‰—‹•–‹  ’”‘ ‡••‡•–‘›•–‹ˆ›–Š‡‹”•’‡‡ Šƒ†”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‹ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹„‹Ž‹–›ȋ‘—‡‰ƒǡ ʹͲͲ͵ǡ’ǤͳȌǤ‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ ’Š‡‘‡ƒ–Š”‘—‰Š™Š‹ Š–Š‡”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡– ‘ˆ–Š‹•‹ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹„‹Ž‹–› ƒ„‡‘„•‡”˜‡†‹•ƒ––Š‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•—•‡† „›ƒˆ”ƒ‰Ž‘’Š‘‡•–‘‹–‡•‹ˆ›–Š‡‹”—––‡”ƒ ‡•ǤŠ‹•’ƒ’‡”–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡•‡–• ‘—––‘‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•—•‡†„›–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”•‘ˆ –Š‹• Š›„”‹† Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‘ ƒ” ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰ –Š‡•‡ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ǡ ‹– ‹• ‡ ‡••ƒ”›–‘’”‘˜‹†‡„ƒ ‰”‘—†‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—–ƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹•Ǥ

2. What is Camfranglais? Š‡–‡”Dzƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹•dz‹•ƒ™‘”†™Š‹ Š”‡•—Ž–•ˆ”‘–Š‡Œ—š–ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š”‡‡ Ž‡š‹ ƒŽ ‹–‡•ǡ ƒ‡Ž› Dzƒ‡”‘—ƒ‹•dzǡ Dzˆ”ƒ­ƒ‹•dz ƒ† Dzƒ‰Žƒ‹•dz ‹ –Š‡‹” ƒ„„”‡˜‹ƒ–‡† ˆ‘”ȋ„ƒŠ ƒƒ Ƭ „ƒŠ ƒƒ ͳͻͻͶǡ ’Ǥ ʹͻȌǤ Š‹• –‡”™ƒ• ‘‹‡†„›‡˜‡ŽƒȋͳͻͺͻȌ–‘†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š„‡–™‡‡ƒ‡™•’‡‡ Šˆ‘”–Šƒ– ™ƒ• ”‘’’‹‰ —’ ‹ ƒ‡”‘‘ ƒ† ™Šƒ– ™ƒ• ‘™ ƒ• ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹•ǡ –Š‡ — ‘• ‹‘—•–”ƒ•ˆ‡”‡ ‡‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Š‹–‡•‹–‘ ”‡ Š‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‘†‡Ǧ‹š‹‰ ƒ† ‘†‡Ǧ•™‹– Š‹‰„›„‹Ž‹‰—ƒŽ•‹ƒƒ†ƒƒ† ”ƒ ‡ȋ‘—‡‰ƒǡʹͲͲ͵ǡ’ǤͳȌǤ ‹‡‹†‰‹Ǧ‰Ž‹•Šǡƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹•‹•ƒ ‘–ƒ –Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ††‘‡•‘–Šƒ˜‡ƒ› ƒ–‹˜‡•’‡ƒ‡”Ǥ –‹•ƒ ‘’‘•‹–‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡™Š‹ Š‹•ƒ†‡—’‘ˆƒ‡”‘‘‹ƒ Ž‘ ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ǡ ‹†‰‹Ǧ‰Ž‹•Šǡ ”‡ Š ƒ† ‰Ž‹•ŠǤ ‡•‹†‡•ǡ ‹–‹•ƒŠ›„”‹† Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•’‘‡„›Šƒ™‡”•ǡ„Ž—‡ ‘ŽŽƒ”™‘”‡”•ǡ—‡’Ž‘›‡†ƒ‡”‘‘‹ƒ ’—’‹Ž•ƒ†•–—†‡–•ȋ‹Ž‘ƒǡʹͲͲͶǡ’Ǥ͵ȌǤ •ˆƒ”ƒ•–Š‡‘”‹‰‹‘ˆƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹•‹• ‘ ‡”‡†ǡ ‡—‡ˆ”‹“—‡ ƒ‰ƒœ‹‡ ȋͳͻͺͺǡ ’Ǥ ͵ͲȌǡ ƒ• “—‘–‡† „› –•‘„‡ǡ ‹Ž‘ƒ ƒ†  Š— ȋʹͲͲͺȌǡ Š‘Ž†• –Šƒ– ƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹•ǡ ƒ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ™Š‹ Š ‘„‹‡• —ƒŽƒǡ ”‡ Š ƒ† ‰Ž‹•Š ™ƒ• •’”‡ƒ†‘”‡ƒ†‘”‡‹ƒ‡”‘‘Ǥ ‹”•–—•‡†ƒ••Žƒ‰ˆ‘”Dz ƒ‘—ˆŽƒ‰‡dzƒ– –Š‡‘—ƒŽƒ•‡ƒ’‘”–ǡ‹–‹•‘™ƒ†ƒ›••’‘‡„›ƒŽŽ›‘—–Š•Ǥ ‘ ‡”‹‰ –Š‡ –Š‡ƒ–‹  ‰”‘—’‹‰ ‘ˆ Ž‡š‹ ƒŽ ‹–‡• ‹ ƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹•ǡ ‘—‡‰ƒ ȋʹͲͲ͵ǡ’ǤͷͳʹȌǡ‘–‡•–Šƒ––Š‡‘•–ˆ”‡“—‡–‹••—‡•†‹• —••‡†„›ƒ†‘Ž‡• ‡–• ™Š‘•’‡ƒƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹•‹ Ž—†‡ˆ‘‘†ƒ††”‹•ǡ‘‡›ƒ†™ƒ›•‘ˆŽƒ›‹‰ Šƒ†•‘‹–ǡ•‡šƒ†”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•™‹–Š™‘‡ǡ’Š›•‹ ƒŽŽ‘‘‘ˆ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ† –Š‡‹”ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•ƒ†™ƒ›•‘ˆƒ††”‡••‹‰’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͳʹͷǦͳͶͺ ͳʹ͹

ƒ”‹‘—••–—†‹‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ ƒ””‹‡†‘—–‘–Š‹•Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ –•’Š‘‘Ž‘‰› ™ƒ• •–—†‹‡†„›‹ƒ›‘‡‘—„‘—ȋͳͻͺͷȌƒ†–•‘„‡ǡ‹Ž‘ƒƒ† Š—ȋʹͲͲͺȌ™Š‘ Šƒ˜‡ ˆ‘—† –Šƒ– –Š‹• Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘’”‹•‡• ‡‹‰Š– ˜‘™‡Ž•ǡ –™‘ •‡‹Ǧ˜‘™‡Ž• ƒ† –™‡–›Ǧ‘‡ ‘•‘ƒ–•Ǣͳƒ†–Šƒ–ƒ›‰Ž‹•Šƒ† ”‡ Š™‘”†•—•‡†‹ ƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹• —†‡”‰‘ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ‘ˆ ’”‡ƒ•ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘ ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ Dz„‘”†‡Ždz ‹ ”‡ Š „‡ ‘‡• Dz„ᣨdz ‹ ƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹•Ȍǡ‘‘’–Š–Š‘‰‹•ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ †‹’Š–Š‘‰• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ Dz ƒ‡ȏ‡‹Ȑ‹• ’”‘‘— ‡† ȏᡅȐȌǡ ˜‘™‡Ž ‡’‡–Š‡•‹• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ Dz• Š‘‘Ž ȏ•—ŽȐ‹• ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ–‡† ƒ• ȏ•——ŽȐǡ ‡–ƒ–Š‡•‹• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ Dzƒ• ȏƒ•Ȑ Šƒ‰‡• ‹ȏƒ•Ȑǡ‡–  ȋ–•‘„‡ǡ‹Ž‘ƒƬ Š—ǡʹͲͲͺǡ’’Ǥ͸͹Ǧ͸ͺȌǤŠ‡Ž‡š‹ ‘Ǧ•‡ƒ–‹ •‘ˆ–Š‹•Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‹• •–—†‹‡† „›  ‘—‡‰ƒ ȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍ ™Š‘ Šƒ• ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ǣ „‘””‘™‹‰ ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ƒ’’—›‡” ȋˆ”‘ ”‡ ŠȌǣ –‘ Šƒ˜‡ •‡š—ƒŽ ‹–‡” ‘—”•‡ ™‹–Š ƒ ‰‹”ŽȌǡ ‘‹ƒ‰‡•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ’‘—ǣ–‘•‡ƒƒ™ƒ›Ȍǡ•Š‘”–‡‹‰ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ „Ž‡ǣ ’”‘„Ž‡Ȍǡ ƒˆˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ‰Š‡––‘•ƒ”†ȋ‰Š‡––‘Ϊ •ƒ”†Ȍǡ ‹˜‡”•‹‘ ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ”±ˆ”± ȋˆ”‘ –Š‡ ”‡ Š Dzˆ”°”‡dzȌǡ ‹†‹‘ƒ–‹  ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ †±’‘•‡Ǧ‘‹ǣ Ž‡ƒ˜‡ ‡ ƒŽ‘‡Ȍǡ ”‡†—’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ †Œ‹Ǧ†Œ‹ǣ ˜‡”› „‹‰Ȍǡ  ‘’‘—†‹‰ ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ –ƒš‹ƒǣ –ƒš‹Ǧ †”‹˜‡”ǡ „Ž‡†‹‰ ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ Šƒ’‹ ‘–‡”ǣ –‘ •‹’ Šƒ’ƒ‰‡ǡ ‡ƒ‹‰ Šƒ‰‡ ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ƒƒ••‹ǣ ƒ› †ƒ‰‡”‘—• ’Žƒ ‡ ȋ‘—‡‰ƒǡ ʹͲͲ͵ǡ ’’Ǥ ͷͳͶǦͷʹͶȌȌǤ Š‡ •›–ƒš ‘ˆ ƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹• ™ƒ• ƒƒŽ›•‡† „› ‹Ž‘ƒ ȋͳͻͻͻȌ ƒ† –•‘„‡ǡ ‹Ž‘ƒ ƒ† Š— ȋʹͲͲͺȌ ™Š‘ ’‘‹– ‘—– –Šƒ– –‡•‡ǡ ‰‡†‡”ǡ —„‡”ǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• –Š‡’”‘‘—• —•‡†‹ƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹•ƒ”‡–Š‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡ ŠŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ‡•‹†‡•ǡ–Š‡•‡–‡ ‡ ’ƒ––‡”‘ˆ–Š‹•Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹•„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡ ”‡ ŠŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ–”‹šŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ†™‹–Š‘–Š‡”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰‹–Š‡•Ž‘–•Ǥ

3. Intensification defined –‡•‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‹• –Š‡ Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  ’”‘ ‡•• ™Š‹ Š ‘•‹•–• ‹ —•‹‰ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”• ‡‹–Š‡”–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‘””‡†— ‡–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ—––‡”ƒ ‡•Ǥ –‡•‹ˆ‹‡”ǡ‘‹–•’ƒ”–ǡ‹• Dzƒ ‘˜‡” –‡” ˆ‘” ƒ’Ž‹ˆ‹‡”• ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”• ™‹–Š • ƒŽ‹‰ —’ ‡ˆˆ‡ –•Ȍ ƒ† †‘™–‘‡”• ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ Ǯ†‡–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ǯ ‘” ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•™‹–Š • ƒŽ‹‰ †‘™ ‡ˆˆ‡ –•ȌǤ  –Š‡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ –Š‡ –‡” †‘™–‘‡”• ‹• •›‘›‘—• –‘ Š‡†‰‡• ȋ‹ƒ‘ Ƭ ƒ‘ǡ ʹͲͲ͹ǡ’ǤʹͶͶȌǤ•—‹”ƒ† ”‡‡„ƒ—ȋͳͻ͹͵ǡ’ǤʹͳͶȌƒ••‡”–ǡDz –‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ƒ”‡ ‘–Ž‹‹–‡†–‘‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹‹–‡•‹–›Ǣ–Š‡›‹†‹ ƒ–‡ƒ’‘‹–‘–Š‡ ‹–‡•‹–›• ƒŽ‡™Š‹ Šƒ›„‡Š‹‰Š‘”Ž‘™dzǤŠ‡›‰‘ˆ—”–Š‡”–‘†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š–Š”‡‡ •‡ƒ–‹  Žƒ••‡• ‘ˆ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ǡ ƒ‡Ž› ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡”•ǡ ƒ’Ž‹ˆ‹‡”• ƒ† †‘™–‘‡”•Ǥ Šƒ– †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡• ƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ –Š”‡‡ •—„ Žƒ••‡• ‹•–Šƒ– Dz‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡”• Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ Š‡‹‰Š–‡‹‰ ‡ˆˆ‡ – ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›ȌǢ ƒ’Ž‹ˆ‹‡”•• ƒŽ‡—’™ƒ”†•ˆ”‘ƒƒ••—‡†‘”ȋ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›ǡ˜‡”›— ŠȌ ™Š‹Ž‡†‘™–‘‡”•Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ‘™‡”‹‰‡ˆˆ‡ –ǡ—•—ƒŽŽ›• ƒŽ‹‰†‘™™ƒ”†•ˆ”‘ƒ ƒ••—‡†‘”ȋ‡Ǥ‰ǤǡŠƒ”†Ž›ǡ’ƒ”–Ž›Ȍdzȋ—‹”Ƭ ”‡‡„ƒ—ǡͳͻ͹͵ǡ’ǤʹͳͶȌǤ –‹• ƒŽ•‘™‘”–Š•–ƒ–‹‰–Šƒ–ƒ’Ž‹ˆ‹‡”•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘•—„†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘–™‘ •—„ Žƒ••‡•ǡ ƒ‡Ž›ƒš‹‹œ‡”•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡƒ„•‘Ž—–‡Ž›ǡƒŽ–‘‰‡–Š‡”Ȍƒ†„‘‘•–‡”•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ †‡‡’Ž›ǡ ‰”‡ƒ–Ž›Ȍ™Š‹Ž‡–Šƒ–‘ˆ†‘™–‘‡”• ‘’”‹•‡•–Š‡•—„ Žƒ••‡•‘ˆ ‘’”‘‹œ‡”• ȋ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ˜‡‘Ž›ƒ•Ž‹‰Š–Ž‘™‡”‹‰‡ˆˆ‡ –ǡ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡƒ‹†‘ˆǡƒ•‘”– ‘ˆǡ ”ƒ–Š‡”Ȍǡ ͳʹͺ ǤǤ‡—–‡ƒ– Š—‡‰

†‹‹‹•Š‡”• ƒ† ‹‹‹œ‡”• ȋ™Š‹ Š • ƒŽ‡ †‘™™ƒ”† ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž›ǡ ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ Dz’ƒ”–Ž›dzǡDz•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›dzˆ‘”†‹‹‹•Š‡”•ƒ†Dz„ƒ”‡Ž›ǡŽ‹––Ž‡dzˆ‘”‹‹‹œ‡”•Ȍ ƒ† ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‘”• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ‡ƒ”Ž›ǡ ƒŽ‘•–Ȍȋ—‹” Ƭ ”‡‡„ƒ—ǡ ͳͻ͹͵ǡ ’Ǥ ʹͳͺȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ•‹–‹•’‘‹–‡†‘—–„›‹ƒ‘ƒ†ƒ‘ȋʹͲͲ͹ǡ’ǤʹͶͶȌǡ–Š‡†‹•–‹ –‹‘ ƒ‘‰–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‘—••—„ Žƒ••‡•‘ˆ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•‹•‘– Ž‡ƒ”Ǧ —–Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ–Š‡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”Dz‡š–”‡‡Ž›dz‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•ƒƒš‹‹œ‡”‹—‹”‡– ƒŽ ȋͳͻͺͷǡ ’Ǥ ͷͻͲȌ™Š‹Ž‡‡‡†›ȋʹͲͲ͵ǡ’ǤͶ͹ʹȌ˜‹‡™•‹–ƒ•ƒ„‘‘•–‡”Ǥ‘ǡ‹‘”†‡”–‘ƒ˜‘‹† „‡‹‰ Ž‘•– ‹–‘ –Š‡ ‹––›Ǧ‰”‹––› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• •—„ Žƒ••‡• ‘ˆ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ǡ –Š‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹•™‹ŽŽ„‡”‡•–”‹ –‡†–‘–™‘‰”‘—’•‘ˆ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ƒ‡Ž› ƒ’Ž‹ˆ‹‡”• ȋ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”• ™‹–Š ƒ Š‡‹‰Š–‡‹‰ ‡ˆˆ‡ –Ȍ ƒ† †‘™–‘‡”• ȋ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•™‹–Š ƒ Ž‘™‡”‹‰‡ˆˆ‡ –ȌǤ  ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ† ”‡ Šǡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”• ‘ —” ‡‹–Š‡” ƒ• ’”‡‘†‹ˆ‡”•‘” ’‘•–‘†‹ˆ‹‡”•Ǥ Š‡› ƒ„‡ ƒ†˜‡”„• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ Š‡ ™ƒŽ• fast ȋ‰Ž‹•ŠȌǡ Ž‡•–très ±‡”˜± ȋ ”‡ ŠȌȌǡ ’”‡’‘•‹–‹‘ƒŽ ’Š”ƒ•‡• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ‡ ‹• ”‹‰Š– to some extent ȋ‰Ž‹•ŠȌǡ Žƒ‹‡ ƒ”›à la folieȋ ”‡ ŠȌǡƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ‘‡Š‡”‡ǡlittle „‘›Ǩȋ‰Ž‹•ŠȌǡ Ž ‘†—‹–•ƒpropre ˜‘‹–—”‡ ȋ ”‡ ŠȌǡ ‘— ’Š”ƒ•‡• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ƒȌ ƒ”›†‹†‘–•Ž‡‡’a winkŽƒ•–‹‰Š–ȋ‰Ž‹•ŠȌǡ„ȌŠ‹•ƒ†‘‡•‘–‘™‡›‘— a thingȋ‰Ž‹•ŠȌǤ ‘ǡ–Š‡ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”‘ˆ–Š‹••–—†›‹••–”— –—”ƒŽ‰”ƒƒ”ȋ—‹”Ƭ ”‡‡„ƒ—ǯ• ͳͻ͹͵ ‘†‡ŽȌǤ Š‡ ‡Ž‡‡–• ˆ‘—† ‹ –Š‹• ˆ”ƒ‡™‘” ƒ† ™Š‹ Š ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‘–Š‡™‘”ƒ”‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›†‹• —••‡†‹–Š‹••‡ –‹‘ȋ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ǡ ƒ’Ž‹ˆ‹‡”•ǡ †‘™–‘‡”•ǡ ‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ ’”‡‘†‹ˆ‹‡”•ǡ ’‘•–‘†‹ˆ‹‡”•ǡ Œ—•– –‘ ƒ‡ƒˆ‡™ȌǤ –‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘†”ƒ™–Š‡ƒ––‡–‹‘‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•™Š‘ƒ”‡‹–‡”‡•–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡–™‡‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ† ‰‡†‡”Ǥ – Šƒ• „‡‡ ˆ‘—† –Šƒ– ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ƒ„‘—†‘”‡‹–Š‡•’‡‡ Š‘ˆˆ‡ƒŽ‡•’‡ƒ‡”•‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Š–Šƒ‹ –Šƒ–‘ˆƒŽ‡Ǥ ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡˆ‡ƒŽ‡•’‡ƒ‡”•‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Š—•‡‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•‘”‡ –ŠƒƒŽ‡‘‡•ȋ”‹‡•ǡͳͻͻͺǢ ‡•’‡”•‡ǡͳͻʹʹǢ‡›ǡͳͻ͹ͷǢƒ‘ˆˆǡʹͲͲͶǢŠƒ”’ǡ ʹͲͳʹȌǤŠ‹•ˆ‹†‹‰‹• ‘’Ž‡‡–‡†„›–Šƒ–‘ˆ‹ƒ‘ƒ†ƒ‘ȋʹͲͲ͹ǡ’Ǥʹ͸͸Ȍ ™Š‘’‘‹–‘—––Šƒ–‰‡†‡”ƒŽ‘‡ ƒ‘–„‡–Š‡‘Ž›’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”™Š‹ Š ƒŠ‡Ž’ †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š„‡–™‡‡–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ƒ†‰‡†‡”Ǥ–Š‡”•‘ ‹‘Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡••— Šƒ•ƒ‰‡ǡ•‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ†‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ž‡˜‡Ž•ǡƒ†’‘••‹„Ž›ƒŽ•‘ ”ƒ ‡ƒ†‡–Š‹ ‹–› ‘‡‹–‘’Žƒ›Ǥ‡•‹†‡•ǡ ‘–‡š–—ƒŽ ‘•–”ƒ‹–• •— Š ƒ• †‹• ‘—”•‡‘†‡ǡ ‰‡”‡ǡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ –‘’‹ ƒ† ‹–‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ ƒ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ –Š‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ —•‡† „› ˜ƒ”‹‘—• •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‰”‘—’•Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ –Š‡ •–—†› ƒ””‹‡†‘—–„›–‡•–”ڏǡ†‡”•‡ƒ† ƒ•—†ȋʹͲͲʹǡ’ǤͳͶͲȌ”‡˜‡ƒŽ• –Šƒ–ƒ†—Ž–•—•‡‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•–™‹ ‡ƒ•— Šƒ•–‡‡ƒ‰‡”•Ǥ

4. Methodology Š‡†ƒ–ƒˆ‘”–Š‹••–—†›™‡”‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†ˆ”‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ “—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡•ǡƒ†ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‘”’‘”ƒ‰ƒ–Š‡”‡†„›•‘‡’”‡˜‹‘—•”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•Ǥ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͳʹͷǦͳͶͺ ͳʹͻ

Š”‘—‰Š’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹–™ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘ ‘ŽŽ‡ –ƒ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ–ƒǤ‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡–Š‹•ǡ Šƒ†–‘Ž‹•–‡–‘›‘—‰ ”‡ ŠǦ•’‡ƒ‹‰ ƒ‡”‘‘‹ƒ• ‘—‹ ƒ–‡ƒ‘‰–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•‹• Š‘‘Ž’”‡‹•‡•ǡ’—„Ž‹  ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡•ȋ‹‹•–”‹‡•ǡ’‘•–‘ˆˆ‹ ‡•ǡ‡–‡”’”‹•‡•ǡ‡– ǤȌƒ†‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ•‡––‹‰••— Šƒ• ƒ”‡–•ǡ•–ƒ†‹ƒǡ„ƒ”•ǡ”‘ƒ†•‹†‡•ǡ„—••–ƒ–‹‘•ǡ•Š‘’•ƒ†‹‰Š– Ž—„•Ǥ – •‡˜‡”ƒŽ‘ ƒ•‹‘•ǡƒ–ƒ’‡”‡ ‘”†‡”™ƒ•—•‡†–‘”‡ ‘”†–Š‡ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ›‘—‰ ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ ˆ–‡ǡ  Šƒ† –‘ Œ‘– †‘™ –Š‡ •‡–‡ ‡• ’”‘†— ‡† „› ƒˆ”ƒ‰Ž‘’Š‘‡•ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ™Š‡ –Š‡› ‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•Ǥ • ƒ •’‡ƒ‡”‘ˆƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹•ǡ  ‘—Ž†‡ƒ•‹Ž›‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹–Š‡‹”‘”ƒŽ’”‘†— –‹‘•ǡ–Š‡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘•–”— –‹‘•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡‹”‡ƒ‹‰•Ǥ Ž•‘ǡ ͳͲͲ Š—†”‡† ƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹• •’‡ƒ‡”• ‘ˆ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ”‡‰‹‘• ‘ˆ ƒ‡”‘‘ ™‡”‡‰‹˜‡ƒ“—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡™Š‹ Š ‘’”‹•‡•ʹͲ•‡–‡ ‡•‹™Š‹ Š •‘‡ ‡Ž‡‡–• ƒ”‡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡†Ǥ Š‡•‡ •‡–‡ ‡• ƒ”‡ ™”‹––‡ ‹ ”‡ Š ȋ•‹ ‡ –Š‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–•Šƒ˜‡ ”‡ Šƒ•–Š‡‹”ˆ‹”•–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ȍ•‘ƒ•–‘ƒ˜‘‹† ‘’”‡Š‡•‹‘ ’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ ˆ‘”ƒ–•™‡”‡ ƒ•‡† –‘ ’—– –Š‡ •‡–‡ ‡• ‹ ƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹• ȋ•‡‡ –Š‡ƒ‡š’ƒ‰‡ˆ‘”–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡ȌǤ—–‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͲͲ“—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡• ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡†ǡ ͺͲ ™‡”‡ ”‡–—”‡†Ǥ – ‘—Ž† „‡ ‘–‹ ‡† –Šƒ– †‡•’‹–‡ –Š‡ †‹•’ƒ”‹–‹‡•™Š‹ Š ‘—Ž†„‡’‡” ‡‹˜‡†ƒ––Š‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ–Š‡•’‡ŽŽ‹‰•‘ˆ™‘”†•‹ ƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹• •‡–‡ ‡•ǡ ƒ• ™”‹––‡ „› –Š‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–•ǡ –Š‡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘•–”— –‹‘•—•‡†™‡”‡”‡ —””‡–Ǥ ‡•‹†‡•ǡ ƒ’ƒ”– ˆ”‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ– ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† “—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡• ȋ•‡‡ –Š‡ ƒ’’‡†‹šȌǡ–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‘”’‘”ƒ‰ƒ–Š‡”‡†„›‘—‡‰ƒ ȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍ ƒ† –•‘„‡ǡ ‹Ž‘ƒ ƒ†  Š— ȋʹͲͲͺȌǤ ‘—‡‰ƒǯ• ‘”’—• ™ƒ• ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡† ˆ”‘•Š‘”–•‡“—‡ ‡•‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•‘˜‡”ƒ’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ–Š”‡‡›‡ƒ”• ‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ•‡––‹‰•™Š‡”‡›‘—‰•–‡”•ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›‹–‡”ƒ –ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ• Š‘‘Ž ’”‡‹•‡•ǡ„—••–ƒ–‹‘•ǡŠ‡ƒŽ–Š ‡–‡”•ƒ†’‘Ž‹ ‡•–ƒ–‹‘ȋ‘—‡‰ƒǡ ʹͲͲ͵ǡ ’Ǥ ͷͳͳȌǤ Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ˆ‘—† ‹ –•‘„‡ǡ ‹Ž‘ƒ ƒ†  Š—ǯ• ‘”’—• ™ƒ• ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡† ˜‹ƒ –ƒ’‡Ǧ”‡ ‘”†‹‰ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’”‘†— –‹‘• ‘ˆ ƒ‡”‘‘‹ƒ •‡ ‘†ƒ”›ǡ Š‹‰Š ƒ† —‹˜‡”•‹–›•–—†‡–•ǡ‘ˆ–Š”‡‡”‡‰‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›ƒ‡Ž›ƒ‘—†‡ǡ‘—ƒŽƒ ƒ† ƒˆ‘—••ƒǤ Ž•‘ǡ –Š‡•‡ ƒ—–Š‘”• ‰‘– •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” †ƒ–ƒ ˆ”‘ ™”‹––‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ •— ŠCameroon Tribuneǡ ƒ †ƒ‹Ž› ‡™•’ƒ’‡”Ǥ ȋ–•‘„‡ǡ ‹Ž‘ƒ Ƭ  Š—ǡ ʹͲͲͺǡ’Ǥͳ͸ȌǤ

5. Strategies of Intensification • ”—–‹›‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ ƒ‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘†‹• —••‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•—†‡”ˆ‘—”Š‡ƒ†‹‰•ǡ ‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”•–”— –—”ƒŽƒ‡Ǧ—’ǡƒ‡Ž›•‹‰Ž‡Ǧ™‘”†‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ǡ ”‡†—’Ž‹ ƒ–‹˜‡‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ǡ’Š”ƒ•ƒŽ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ƒ†•‡–‡–‹ƒŽ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•Ǥ

5.1. Single-word intensifiers •–Š‡ƒ‡‹†‹ ƒ–‡•ǡ•‹‰Ž‡™‘”†‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ƒ”‡–Š‘•‡™Š‹ Š ‘•‹•–‘Ž›‘ˆ ‘‡ Ž‡š‹ ƒŽ ‹–‡ ƒ• –Š‡ ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ’”‘˜‹†‡† ‹ –Š‡ •‡–‡ ‡• „‡Ž‘™ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡Ǥ ͳ͵Ͳ ǤǤ‡—–‡ƒ– Š—‡‰

Š‡‰Ž‹•Š–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡ƒ Šƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹••‡–‡ ‡‹•’”‘˜‹†‡†‹„”ƒ ‡– „‡Ž‘™‹–Ǥ  ͳǤ ƒǤ ƒ„—›ƒ†—†Œ‘Ǧ ‹‡•–‘‘malǤ Š‡ ƒ”‘ˆƒǦ–Š‹•‹•‰‘‘†„ƒ†   DzŠ‡ ƒ”‘ˆ–Š‹•ƒ‹•very‹ ‡Ǥdz   ȋ‘—” ‡ǣ“—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡ǡ•‡–‡ ‡ͳǡ ˆǤƒ’’‡†‹šȌ   „Ǥ Dz‘ ‘’‘ƒ˜ƒ‹–„ƒ””±Žƒ‰ǦŽ‡–ƒ‹–‡ƒ–ǡ‹Ž”‡‰”‡––‡maldz    ›ˆ”‹‡†Šƒ††‹– Š‡†–Š‡‰‹”Žˆ”‹‡†Ǧ–Šƒ–ƒ†‘™Š‡”‡‰”‡–•„ƒ†   ›ˆ”‹‡†Šƒ††‹– Š‡†–Šƒ–‰‹”Žˆ”‹‡†‘ˆŠ‹•ƒ†‘™Š‡‹•”‡‰”‡––‹‰   ȋ•‘—” ‡ǣ–•‘„‡ǡ‹Ž‘ƒƬ Š—ǡʹͲͲͺǡ’ǤͳͶ͹ǡ‡šƒ’Ž‡ͳ͵͵Ȍ  ʹǤ ƒǤ ‡‰”ƒ††‡ƒ–”‹ ‡•–•Š‘”–graveǤ   Š‡‡Ž†‡”‘ˆƒ–”‹ ‹••Š‘”–„ƒ†   DzŠ‡‡Ž†‡”„”‘–Š‡”‘ˆƒ–”‹ ‹•very •Š‘”–Ǥdz   ȋ•‘—” ‡ǣ‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘Ȍ  „Ǥ ǯƒ‹†ŒƒˆˆŽƒ†ƒ±ǦŽgraveǤ   Šƒ˜‡‡ƒ–‡–Š‡ˆ‘‘†Ǧ–Šƒ–„ƒ†   Dz Šƒ˜‡‡ƒ–‡–Šƒ–ˆ‘‘†too muchǤdz   ȋ•‘—” ‡ǣ‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘Ȍ  ͵Ǥ ƒǤ ‹Œ‡†‘Ž‡™‘”Ǧ ‹ǡŒ‡•‡”ƒ‹••‹ casseǤ   ˆ †‘–Š‡™‘”Ǧ–Š‹• ™‹ŽŽ„‡•‹ –‹”‡†   Dz ˆ †‘–Š‹•™‘”ǡ ™‹ŽŽ„‡very •‹ Ǥdz   ȋ•‘—” ‡ǣ‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘Ȍ   „Ǥ ‘—••ƒ’‹ˆˆŽ‡•‰ƒ casseǤ   ‘—••ƒŽ‹‡•–Š‡™‘‡„”‘‡   Dz‘—••ƒŽ‘˜‡•™‘‡too muchǤdz   ȋ•‘—” ‡ǣ“—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡ǡ•‡–‡ ‡ͳͻȌ  ͶǤ ƒǤ ‡•‡š‘†—’”‘ˆ†ǯƒ‰Žƒ‹••‘––‘—Œ‘—”•–”‘‰jusqu’aǤ   Š‡‡š‡” ‹•‡•‘ˆ’”‘ˆ‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Šƒ”‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–—–‹Ž   DzŠ‡‡š‡” ‹•‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‰Ž‹•Š–‡ƒ Š‡”ƒ”‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•very†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–Ǥdz ȋ‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘Ȍ   „Ǥ Dz‡†ƒ›ǦŽǡ‘ƒ™ƒƒjusqu’àdz   Š‡†ƒ›Ǧ–Šƒ–ǡ‘‡Šƒ˜‡™ƒŽ—–‹Ž   Dz–Šƒ–†ƒ›ǡ™‡–”‡‡†–‘‘— Šdz   ȋ–•‘„‡ǡ‹Ž‘ƒƬ Š—ǡʹͲͲͺǡ’ǤͳͷͲǡ‡šƒ’Ž‡ͳͻ͵Ȍ  ͷǤ ƒǤ DzFlop †‡‰ƒ”•‡‘™’ƒ•Ž‡’‘’‘†‡•Ǽƒ” ƒ‡•ǽdz   ‘‘ƒ›‘ˆ„‘›•‡‰Ǥ‘™‡‰Ǥ–Š‡ƒ—–Š‡–‹ –Š‡Dzƒ” ƒ‡•   Dz‘‘ƒ›„‘›•†‘‘–‘™–Š‡ƒ—–Š‡–‹ ƒ” ƒ‡•dz   ȋ–•‘„‡ǡ‹Ž‘ƒƬ Š—ǡʹͲͲͺǡ’ǤͳͶͶǡ‡šƒ’Ž‡͹ͳȌ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͳʹͷǦͳͶͺ ͳ͵ͳ

 „ǤDz‡•‰ƒ”•Flop ‡‘™’ƒ•Ž‡’‘’‘†‡•Ǽƒ” ƒ‡•ǽdz   Š‡„‘›•–‘‘ƒ›‡‰Ǥ‘™‡‰Ǥ–Š‡ƒ—–Š‡–‹ –Š‡Dzƒ” ƒ‡•   Dz‘‘ƒ›„‘›•†‘‘–‘™–Š‡ƒ—–Š‡–‹ ƒ” ƒ‡•dz   ȋƒ†ƒ’–‡†ˆ”‘–•‘„‡ǡ‹Ž‘ƒƬ Š—ǡʹͲͲͺǡ’ǤͳͶͶǡ‡šƒ’Ž‡͹ͳȌ  ͸Ǥ  ƒ”•ǡ™ƒƒeasyǦ‡ŠǨ   ‘›™ƒŽ•Ž‘™Ž›Ǧ‡Š   Dz‘›ǡ™ƒŽ•Ž‘™Ž›dz   ȋ•‘—” ‡ǣ‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘Ȍ  ͹Ǥ  ‡†Œ‘†‡ƒ”±•±‡•–amer‡ƒ–ŠǤ   Š‡ƒ‘ˆ›•‹•–‡”‹•„‹––‡”‹ƒ–Š•   DzŠ‡„‘›ˆ”‹‡†‘ˆ›•‹•–‡”‹•very‰‘‘†ƒ–ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ •Ǥdz   ȋ•‘—” ‡ǣ‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘Ȍ  ͺǤ  ‡ƒǦŽ‡•– prêt‡’Š›•‹“—‡Ǥ   Š‡ƒǦ–Š‹•‹•”‡ƒ†›‹’Š›•‹ • DzŠƒ–ƒ‹•very‰‘‘†ƒ–’Š›•‹ •Ǥdz   ȋ•‘—” ‡ǣ‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘Ȍ  ͻǤ  ŽŽ‡–‡ŽŽ“—‡•‘‰ƒ”•‡•– lourdǤ   Š‡•ƒ›–Šƒ–Š‡”„‘›‹•Š‡ƒ˜›   Š‡•ƒ›•–Šƒ–Š‡”„‘›ˆ”‹‡†‹•very richǤdz   ȋ•‘—” ‡ǣ‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘Ȍ    Ž‘•‡‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡•‡–‡ ‡••Š‘™•–Šƒ––Š‡•‡•‹‰Ž‡Ǧ™‘”† ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ƒ”‡ƒŽŽƒ’Ž‹ˆ‹‡”•ƒ†–Š‡›„‡Ž‘‰–‘–Š‡™‘”† Žƒ••‡•‘ˆƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡• ȋ•‡‡•‡–‡ ‡•ȋͳǤƒȌǡȋͳǤ„ȌǢȋʹǤƒȌǡȋʹǤ„ȌǢȋ͵ǤƒȌǡȋ͵Ǥ„ȌǢȋ͸Ȍǡȋ͹ȌǡȋͺȌƒ†ȋͻȌǡƒ†˜‡”„ ȋ•‡‡ •‡–‡ ‡• ȋͶȌ ƒ† ȋͷƒȌ ƒ† †‡–‡”‹‡” ȋ“—ƒ–‹ˆ‹‡”ǡ •‡‡ •‡–‡ ‡ ȋͷ„ȌǤ ‡•‹†‡•ǡ‹– ƒ„‡‘„•‡”˜‡†–Šƒ–ƒ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘•‡–‡ ‡•ȋͷǤƒȌDzFlop †‡ ‰ƒ”• ‡ ‘™’ƒ•Ž‡’‘’‘†‡•Ǽƒ” ƒ‡•ǽdzǡȋͷ„ȌDz‡•‰ƒ”•Flop ‡‘™’ƒ•Ž‡ ’‘’‘†‡•Ǽƒ” ƒ‡•ǽƒ†ȋ͸Ȍȋ ƒ”•ǡ™ƒƒeasyǦ‡ŠǨȌ ‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ƒ”‡ƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹•ȋ•‡‡•‡–‡ ‡•ȋͷǤƒȌǡȋͷǤ„Ȍƒ†‰Ž‹•Š –‡”• ȋ•‡‡•‡–‡ ‡ȋ͸ȌȌǡ–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ƒ”‡‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ›†”ƒ™ˆ”‘ ”‡ Šǡ –Š‡ƒ–”‹šŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹•Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡˆ”‘–Š‡•‡–‡ ‡•ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ ‘‡ ƒ’‘‹–‘—––Šƒ––Š‡•‡•‹‰Ž‡Ǧ™‘”†ƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹•‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”• ƒ‡‹–Š‡” ƒ –ƒ•’‘•–‘†‹ˆ‹‡”•ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ–Š‡›‘ —”ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡•‡–‡ ‡‡Ž‡‡––Š‡›‘†‹ˆ›Ȍ ‹ ƒ•‡–Š‡‘†‹ˆ‹‡†‡Ž‡‡–•ƒ”‡ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡•ƒ†˜‡”„•ȋ•‡‡•‡–‡ ‡• ȋͳǤƒȌǡ ȋͳǤ„ȌǢ ȋʹǤƒȌǡ ȋʹǤ„Ȍǡ ȋ͵ƒȌǡ ȋ͵Ǥ„Ȍǡ ȋͶƒȌǡȋͶǤ„Ȍǡ ȋ͸Ȍ ƒ† ȋͻȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡› ƒ – ƒ• ’”‡‘†‹ˆ‹‡”•™Š‡–Š‡›‘†‹ˆ›‘—’Š”ƒ•‡•ƒ†’”‡’‘•‹–‹‘ƒŽ’Š”ƒ•‡•ȋ•‡‡ •‡–‡ ‡• ȋͷǤ„Ȍǡ ȋ͹Ȍ ƒ† ȋͺȌǤ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ ‹– ‹• ™‘”–Š ’‘‹–‹‰ ‘—– –Šƒ– •‡ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ› •’‡ƒ‹‰ǡ –Š‡•‡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”• ƒ”‡ ‹•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰Ǥ  ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ ƒ Ž‹–‡”ƒŽ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹•‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ǡ‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”†‘‘” ͳ͵ʹ ǤǤ‡—–‡ƒ– Š—‡‰

Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ǡ ƒ‘–Ž‡ƒ†–‘–Š‡‹–‡†‡†‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹••‡–‡ ‡ ‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡›ƒ”‡ˆ‘—†Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡŽ‡–—• ‘•‹†‡”•‡–‡ ‡•ȋͳǤƒȌƒ„—›ƒ †‡†Œ‘Ǧ ‹‡•–‘‘mal. ȋŠ‡ ƒ”‘ˆ–Š‹•ƒ‹•very‹ ‡Ȍƒ†ȋͳǤ„ȌDz‘ ‘’‘ ƒ˜ƒ‹– „ƒ””± Žƒ ‰ǦŽ ‡– ƒ‹–‡ƒ–ǡ ‹Ž ”‡‰”‡––‡ maldzǤ  •‡–‡ ‡• ȋͳǤƒȌ ƒ† ȋͳǤ„Ȍǡ –Š‡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡” DzƒŽdzǡ ‹ –Š‡ ”‡ Š Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ ‘˜‡›• ƒ ”‡†— –‹˜‡Ȁ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‡ƒ‹‰•‹ ‡‹–‹•–Š‡‰Ž‹•Š‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–ˆ‘”Dz„ƒ†ǡ’‘‘”Ž›dzǤ ‘ǡ ‹ˆ –Š‡•‡ •‡–‡ ‡• ƒ”‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–‡† ‘ –Š‡ „ƒ•‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‘‘” Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”ǡ•‡–‡ ‡•ͳǦƒƒ†„‹‰Š–„‡‹–‡”’”‡–‡†”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ƒ•DzŠ‡ ƒ” ‘ˆ–Š‹•ƒ‹•‘–‹ ‡Ȁ—‰Ž›dzƒ†Dz–Š‹•ƒ–‡ŽŽ•Ž‹‡•™”‘‰Ž›dzǡ™Š‹ Š‹•‘–ƒ– ƒŽŽ –Š‡‹” ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡ ‹–‡†‡† ‡ƒ‹‰ ‹ ƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‹• ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡” ‹ ƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹• ‹•–‡ƒ† •Š‘™• ƒ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ ‹–‡•‹–›Ǥ  ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ‹–Šƒ•ƒ—’™ƒ”†• ƒŽ‹‰‡ˆˆ‡ –ǤŽ•‘ǡ‹– ƒ„‡‘–‡†–Šƒ–ƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹• ‹–‡•‹ˆ›‹‰ ‹–‡•ǡ‹ –Š‡‹””‡•’‡ –‹˜‡ †‘‘” Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ †‘ ‘– ‘ŽŽ‘ ƒ–‡™‹–Š –Š‡™‘”†–Š‡›‘†‹ˆ›‹ƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹••‡–‡ ‡•Ǥ‡–—• ‘•‹†‡”ǡˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ •‡–‡ ‡•ȋ͸Ȍȋ ƒ”•ǡ™ƒƒeasyǦ‡ŠǨȋ‘›ǡ™ƒŽ•Ž‘™Ž›Ȍǡȋ͹Ȍȋ‡†Œ‘†‡ƒ”±•± ‡•–amer‡ƒ–ŠȋŠ‡„‘›ˆ”‹‡†‘ˆ›•‹•–‡”‹•very‰‘‘†ƒ–ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ •Ȍ ƒ†ȋͺȌ‡ƒǦŽ‡•– prêt‡Š›•‹“—‡ȋŠƒ–ƒ‹•very‰‘‘†ƒ–Š›•‹ •ǤȌǤ  ‰Ž‹•Šǡ–Š‡™‘”†Dz‡ƒ•›dz ƒ‘– ‘ŽŽ‘ ƒ–‡™‹–Š–Š‡˜‡”„Dz™ƒŽdz–‘‡ƒDz™ƒŽ •Ž‘™Ž›dzǤ ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ –Š‡ ”‡ Š ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡ Dzƒ‡”dz ƒ† Dz’”²–dz ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›–Š‡‰Ž‹•Š™‘”†ˆ‘”Dz„‹––‡”dzƒ†Dz”‡ƒ†›dz ƒ‘– ‘ŽŽ‘ ƒ–‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ƒ‡‘ˆ•—„Œ‡ –•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ’Š›•‹ •ǡƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ •Ȍǡ„‡‹–‹ ”‡ Š‘”‹‰Ž‹•ŠǤ ‘ǡƒ••–ƒ–‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ǡƒŽ‹–‡”ƒŽ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‡ƒ‹‰• ‹ –Š‡ ”‡ Š ‘” –Š‡ ‰Ž‹•Š Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡• ‹• ‹•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰Ǥ Š‡•‡ Ž—‡• ‰‘ ‹ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ˜‡‹ ™‹–Š ‘—‡‰ƒǯ• ȋʹͲͲ͵ǡ Ǥ ͳȌ ˆ‹†‹‰• ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ™Š‹ Š ƒˆ”ƒ‰Ž‘’Š‘‡• —•‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  –‡ Š‹“—‡• –‘ ”‡†‡” –Š‡‹” Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡›•–‡”‹‘—•ƒ†–‘”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‹ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ

5.2. Reduplicative intensifiers •‘’’‘•‡†–‘–Š‡‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•†‹• —••‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ™Š‹ Š ‘•‹•–‘Ž›‘ˆƒ•‹‰Ž‡ Ž‡š‹ ƒŽ ‹–‡ǡ –Š‡ ‘‡• Šƒ†Ž‡† ‹ –Š‹• •‡ –‹‘ ‘’”‹•‡ –™‘ ‹†‡–‹ ƒŽ Ž‡š‡• ™Š‹ Š Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ „‘—† –‘‰‡–Š‡”ƒ• ‘‡ Ž‡š‹ ƒŽ —‹–Ǥ Š‡•‡ Ž‡š‹ ƒŽ—‹–•ƒ”‡ ”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘‹–Š‹•™‘”ƒ•”‡†—’Ž‹ ƒ–‹˜‡‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•Ǥ•Žƒ––‡–ƒŽȋͳͻͺͶǡǤ ͳͳͶȌ‘„•‡”˜‡ǡDz”‡†—’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ȏǥȐ ‘•‹•–•‹”‡’‡ƒ–‹‰–Š‡•ƒ‡™‘”†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ –‹‡•ǡ‘ˆ–‡‹‘”†‡”–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒˆ‡‡Ž‹‰‘ˆ‹–‡•‹–›ƒ•‹DzŠ‘–Š‘– ‘ˆˆ‡‡dzǡDzŽ‘‰ Ž‘‰ Šƒ‹”dz ‹ †‹ƒ ‰Ž‹•ŠdzǤ ‡†—’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• –Šƒ– •’‡ƒ‡”•‘ˆƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹•ƒ‡—•‡‘ˆ‹‘”†‡”–‘ƒ”‹–‡•‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ• ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ •‡–‡ ‡• „‡Ž‘™Ǥ ƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”• —•‡† ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•‡–‡ ‡•ƒ”‡ˆ‘—†‹‘—‡‰ƒȋʹͲͲ͵ǡǤͷʹ͵ǡ•‡ –‹‘ͶǤͷȌǤ   ͳͲǤ ƒǤ Ž–‡ŽŽ“—‡ƒƒ–‡”‡•–dzam-dzam/djim-djimǤ   ‡•ƒ›–Šƒ–›‘–Š‡”‹•„‹‰Ǧ„‹‰Ȁ„‹‰Ǧ„‹‰   Dz ‡•ƒ›•–Šƒ–›‘–Š‡”‹•very bigdz –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͳʹͷǦͳͶͺ ͳ͵͵

„Ǥ‡dzam-dzamȀdjim-djim †Œ‘ǦŽ‘™•Šƒ‡Ǧ‡ŠǤ   Š‡ˆƒ–Ǧˆƒ–Ȁˆƒ–Ǧˆƒ–ƒǦ–Šƒ–‘™†ƒ ‡Ǧ –‡”Œ‡ –‹‘ DzŠƒ–very fat ƒ ƒ†ƒ ‡Ǥdz  ͳͳǤ ƒǤ ‘—•Ž‡•—ƒ†‡ƒ”±•±•‘–longo-longoǤ   ŽŽ–Š‡ Š‹Ž†”‡‘ˆ›•‹•–‡”ƒ”‡Ž‘‰ǦŽ‘‰   DzŽŽ–Š‡ Š‹Ž†”‡‘ˆ›•‹•–‡”ƒ”‡very talldz  „Ǥ ‘’ƒ–‡”ƒƒ Ž‡longo-longo †Œ‘ǦŽǤ   ›ˆƒ–Š‡”Šƒ˜‡„‡ƒ––Š‡–ƒŽŽǦ–ƒŽŽƒǦ–Šƒ–Ǥ   Dz›ˆƒ–Š‡”Šƒ•„‡ƒ–‡–Šƒ–very tallƒǤdz  ͳʹǤ ƒǤ ƒ‰ƒ†—†Œ‘ǦŽ‡•–nyama-nyamaǤ Š‡‰‹”Žˆ”‹‡†‘ˆƒ–Šƒ–‹••ƒŽŽǦ•ƒŽŽǤ   DzŠ‡‰‹”Žˆ”‹‡†‘ˆ–Š‹•ƒ‹•very small.dz  „Ǥ ‡—ƒ†‡Žƒƒ–‡”Ǧ ‹ˆ‹„ƒŽ‡nyama-nyama †Œ‘Ǧ ‹Ǥ   Š‡ Š‹Ž†‘ˆ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Ǧ–Š‹•”‡•‡„Ž‡•–Š‡•ƒŽŽǦ•ƒŽŽƒǦ–Š‹•Ǥ   DzŠ‡ Š‹Ž†‘ˆ–Š‹•™‘ƒ”‡•‡„Ž‡•–Š‹•very smallƒdz  ͳ͵Ǥ ƒǤ ƒ„—›ƒ†‡‘„‹‰‡•–penya-penya/gnang-gnangǤ   Š‡ ƒ”‘ˆ›‡Ž†‡”„”‘–Š‡”‹•‡™Ǧ‡™Ǥ   DzŠ‡ ƒ”‘ˆ›‡Ž†‡”„”‘–Š‡”‹•brand new.dz  „Ǥ ǯƒ‹›‡—‡˜‘‹–—”‡penya-penyaǤ   Šƒ˜‡•‡‡ƒ ƒ”‡™Ǧ‡™   Dz Šƒ˜‡•‡‡ƒ„”ƒ†‡™ ƒ”Ȍdz  ͳͶǤ ƒǤ ‡‡’‹ˆˆ’ƒ•Žƒ‰ƒǦ ‹ǡ‡ŽŽ‡‡•–tok-tokǤ   ‡‰ǤŽ‹‡‡‰Ǥ–Š‡‰‹”ŽǦ–Šƒ–•Š‡‹•†—ŽŽǦ†—ŽŽǤ   Dz †‘‘–Ž‹‡–Š‹•‰‹”Žǡ•Š‡‹•very dullǤdz  „Ǥ ‡ƒǦ ‹›ƒŽƒtok-tok ‰ƒǦŽǤ   Š‡ƒǦ–Š‹•Ž‘˜‡–Š‡†—ŽŽǦ†—ŽŽ‰‹”ŽǦ–Šƒ–Ǥ   DzŠ‹•ƒŽ‘˜‡•–Šƒ–very dull‰‹”Ždz  ͳͷǤ  ‡™ƒƒnayo-nayoǤ   ™ƒŽ•Ž‘™Ž›Ǧ•Ž‘™Ž›Ǥ Dz ƒ™ƒ‹‰very slowlyǤdz  ͳ͸Ǥ  ƒǡƒŽŽ‘•molo-moloǤ   —›ǡ‰‘Ϊͳ•–’‡”•Ǥ’Ž—”ƒŽ‹’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‰‡–Ž›Ǧ‰‡–Ž›Ǥ   Dz —›ǡŽ‡–ǯ•‰‘very gentlyǤdz  ͳ͹Ǥ  ƒ”•ǡ™ƒ‹–‘‹ǡŒ‡ ƒ‡là-là-làǤ   ‘›ǡ™ƒ‹–‡  ƒ‡–Š‡”‡Ǧ–Š‡”‡Ǧ–Š‡”‡Ǥ   Dz‘›ǡ™ƒ‹–ˆ‘”‡ǡ ƒ ‘‹‰immediately.dz  ͳͺǤ  ǯƒ‹†‘‘™‘”wassa-wassaǤ   Šƒ˜‡†‘›ƒ••‹‰‡–ˆƒ•–Ǧˆƒ•–   Dz Šƒ˜‡†‘‡›ƒ••‹‰‡–very fastǤdz ͳ͵Ͷ ǤǤ‡—–‡ƒ– Š—‡‰

 Š‡†ƒ–ƒ’”‡•‡–‡†‹†‹ ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡‹‡”‡†—’Ž‹ ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘• ™Š‹ Š ‘•–‹–—–‡–Š‡†ƒ–ƒǡŒ—•––™‘Šƒ˜‡ ”‡ Šƒ•–Š‡‹”†‘‘”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ‘”‡ ’”‡ ‹•‡Ž›ǡlongo-longoȋͳͳƒǤ„Ȍȋˆ”‘–Š‡ ”‡ Šƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡DzŽ‘‰dzȌƒ†là-là-là ȋͳ͹Ȍȋˆ”‘–Š‡ ”‡ Šƒ†˜‡”„DzŽdzȌǤ‘†‘‘”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ˆ”‘™Š‹ Š–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘• ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ• „‡‡ –”ƒ ‡†Ǥ ›–ƒ –‹ ƒŽŽ› •’‡ƒ‹‰ǡ –Š‡•‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘• ƒ „‡ ‰”‘—’‡† ‹–‘ –™‘ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ǡ ƒ‡Ž›ǡ –Š‡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”• ™Š‹ Š ƒˆ— –‹‘ƒ•‘—’Š”ƒ•‡‘†‹ˆ‹‡”•ƒ†•—„Œ‡ –Ȁ‘„Œ‡ – ‘’Ž‡‡–ǡ ‰‹˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡†‡• ”‹’–‹˜‡ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡•™Š‹ ŠŠƒ˜‡„‡‡‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡†ǡ‘–Š‡ ‘‡Šƒ†ǡƒ†–Š‘•‡™Š‹ Š ƒ‘Ž›’‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆƒ†Œ— –ǡ‘–Š‡‘–Š‡” Šƒ†Ǥ†‡”–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‰”‘—’‘ˆ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”• ƒ„‡‹ Ž—†‡†Dz†œƒǦ†œƒȀ†Œ‹Ǧ †Œ‹dz ȋͳͲƒǦ„Ȍǡ DzŽ‘‰‘ǦŽ‘‰‘dz ȋͳͳƒǦ„Ȍǡ Dz›ƒƒǦ›ƒƒdz ȋͳʹƒǦ„Ȍǡ ’‡›ƒǦ’‡›ƒ ȋͳ͵ƒǦ„Ȍǡ–‘Ǧ–‘ȋͳͶƒǦ„ȌǤ –Š‡ˆ‹”•–•‡–‡ ‡‘ˆ‡ƒ Š’ƒ‹”ǡ–Š‡”‡†—’Ž‹ ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘•ˆ— –‹‘ƒ••—„Œ‡ – ‘’Ž‡‡–™Š‹Ž‡‹–Š‡•‡ ‘†•‡–‡ ‡‘ˆ ‡ƒ Š’ƒ‹”ǡ–Š‡›ˆ— –‹‘ƒ•‘—’Š”ƒ•‡‘†‹ˆ‹‡”•Ǥ –‹•ƒŽ•‘™‘”–Š’‘‹–‹‰‘—– –Šƒ––Š‡•‡”‡†—’Ž‹ ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘• ƒƒŽŽƒŽ•‘ˆ— –‹‘ƒ•‘„Œ‡ – ‘’Ž‡‡–•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǣ  ͳͻǤ ‡’”‘ˆ†‡ƒ–Š‡ ‘•‹†°”‡tok-tok ’ƒ” ‡“—‡Œ‡‡›ƒƒ’ƒ••ƒ ƒ–‹°”‡Ǥ  Š‡–‡ƒ Š‡”‘ˆƒ–Š•‡ ‘•‹†‡”†—ŽŽǦ†—ŽŽ„‡ ƒ—•‡ ‡‰Ǥƒ”Ǥ—†‡”•–ƒ† ‡‰Ǥƒ”ǤŠ‹••—„Œ‡ –Ǥ  ȋŠ‡–‡ƒ Š‡”‘ˆƒ–Š• ‘•‹†‡”•‡˜‡”› dull„‡ ƒ—•‡ ƒ‘–‰‘‘†ƒ–Š‹• •—„Œ‡ –Ȍ   –Š‹• ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ –Š‡ ”‡†—’Ž‹ ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡” Dz–‘Ǧ–‘dz ‡‹–Š‡” ˆ— –‹‘• ƒ• •—„Œ‡ – ‘’Ž‡‡–ǡ ƒ• ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– •‡–‡ ‡• ‘ˆ ‡ƒ Š ’ƒ‹”ǡ ‘”ƒ•ƒ‘— ’Š”ƒ•‡‘†‹ˆ‹‡”ƒ•‹–‹•–Š‡ ƒ•‡‹–Š‡•‡ ‘†•‡–‡ ‡‘ˆ‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡•‡’ƒ‹”Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‘†‰”‘—’‘ˆ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”• ‘’”‹•‡•”‡†—’Ž‹ ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘••— Š ƒ•Dzƒ›‘Ǧƒ›‘dzȋ˜‡”›•Ž‘™Ž›ȌǡDz‘Ž‘Ǧ‘Ž‘dzȋ˜‡”›‰‡–Ž›ȌǡDz™ƒ••ƒǦ™ƒ••ƒdzȋ˜‡”› ˆƒ•–Ȍǡ™Š‹ Šˆ— –‹‘ƒ•ƒ†Œ— –‘ˆƒ‡”ƒ†DzŽǦŽǦŽdzȋ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ‘–Š‡ •’‘–Ȍ™Š‹ Šˆ— –‹‘ƒ•’Žƒ ‡ƒ†Œ— –Ǥ

5.3. Phrasal intensifiers ‘–”ƒ”› –‘ •‹‰Ž‡Ǧ™‘”† ƒ† ”‡†—’Ž‹ ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”• ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ „—‹Ž– ‘ ƒ •‹‰Ž‡ Ž‡š‹ ƒŽ ‹–‡ǡ ’Š”ƒ•ƒŽ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”• –ƒ‡ –Š‡ •–”— –—”‡ ‘ˆ ’Š”ƒ•‡•Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”• ƒ„‡ ‰”‘—’‡†‹–‘ –™‘ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ǡ ‘ –Š‡ „ƒ•‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹† ‘ˆ ‡Ž‡‡–• –Š‡› ƒ ‘†‹ˆ› ‹ –Š‡ •‡–‡ ‡Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ƒ–‡‰‘”› ‘’”‹•‡• ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•™Š‹ Š ƒ‘†‹ˆ›ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡•ƒ†˜‡”„•ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•–Š‡•‡ ‘†‰”‘—’ ‡ ‘’ƒ••‡•–Š‘•‡™Š‹ Š ƒ‘Ž›‘†‹ˆ›‘—•Ǥ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͳʹͷǦͳͶͺ ͳ͵ͷ

5.3.1. Phrasal intensifiers which function as adjective and verb modifiers †‡”–Š‹•‰”‘—’ ƒ„‡‹ Ž—†‡†‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•™Š‹ Š‘ —”‹–Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‘•–”— –‹‘•ǣ †Œ‡ –‹˜‡Ȁ˜‡”„ Ϊ ƒ••‡ •‡—Ž‡‡–ǡ †Œ‡ –‹˜‡Ȁ˜‡”„Ϊ‰”ƒ˜‡ •‡—Ž‡‡–ǡ †Œ‡ –‹˜‡Ȁ˜‡”„ΪŽƒ ƒ‰‹‡ •‡—Ž‡‡–ǡ †Œ‡ –‹˜‡Ȁ˜‡”„ΪŽƒ‘”– •‡—Ž‡‡–ǡ †Œ‡ –‹˜‡Ȁ˜‡”„ΪŽ‡• ‡”ˆ• •‡—Ž‡‡–ǡ †Œ‡ –‹˜‡Ȁ˜‡”„ ڝ Š‹‡” •‡—Ž‡‡–ǡ †Œ‡ –‹˜‡Ȁ˜‡”„Ϊ ƒŽ ƒ—˜ƒ‹•Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘•ǡ ‘„–ƒ‹‡† ‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ›ˆ”‘‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ”‡—•‡†‹–Š‡•‡–‡ ‡•„‡Ž‘™ǣ  ʹͲǤ ƒǤ ‡’‹ˆˆŽƒ‰ƒǦ ‹‘casse seulementǤ   Ž‘˜‡–Š‡‰‹”ŽǦ–Š‹•‰‘‘†–‹”‡†‘Ž›   Dz Ž‘˜‡–Š‹•‰‹”Ž–‘‘— ŠǤdz  „Ǥ ǯƒ‹Œ‘‰Ž„‹°”‡Š‹‡”casse seulement.   Šƒ˜‡†”‹–Š‡„‡‡”›‡•–‡”†ƒ›–‹”‡†‘Ž›   Dz‡•–‡”†ƒ›ǡ †”ƒ„‡‡”–‘‘— ŠǤdz  ʹͳǤ ƒǤ Ž‡••Š‘‡•†—ƒǦ ‹•‘–›ƒ‰ƒgrave seulementǤ   Š‡•Š‘‡•‘ˆƒǦ–Š‹•ƒ”‡‹ ‡•‡”‹‘—•‘Ž›   DzŠ‡•Š‘‡•‘ˆ–Š‹•ƒƒ”‡˜‡”›‹ ‡Ǥdz  „Ǥ ǯƒ‹’Žƒ›Žƒ†ƒ„ƒƒ—Œ‘—”†ǯŠ—‹grave seulementǤ   Šƒ˜‡’Žƒ›–Š‡„ƒŽŽ–‘†ƒ›•‡”‹‘—•‘Ž›   Dz Šƒ˜‡’Žƒ›‡†ˆ‘‘–„ƒŽŽ–‘†ƒ›˜‡”›— ŠǤdz  ʹʹǤ ƒǤ ƒ†ƒ±ǦŽ‡•–‘‘mal mauvaisǤ   Š‡ˆ‘‘†Ǧ–Šƒ–‹•‰‘‘†„ƒ†Ž›„ƒ†   DzŠƒ–ˆ‘‘†‹•˜‡”›†‡Ž‹ ‹‘—•Ǥdz  „Ǥ ‡†Œ‘Ǧ ‹Ž‘mal mauvaisǤ   Š‡ƒǦ–Šƒ–Ž‹‡„ƒ†Ž›„ƒ†   DzŠ‹•ƒ–‡ŽŽŽ‹‡•–‘‘— ŠǤdz  ʹ͵Ǥ ƒǤ ‘’ƒ–‡”ƒˆƒ‹la magie seulementǤ   ›†ƒ†Šƒ˜‡Š—‰‡”–Š‡ƒ‰‹ ‘Ž›   Dz›†ƒ†‹•˜‡”›Š—‰”›Ǥdz  „Ǥ ǯƒ‹†ŒƒˆˆŽƒ†ƒ‡ǦŽla magie seulementǤ   Šƒ˜‡‡ƒ––Š‡ˆ‘‘†Ǧ–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ‰‹ ‘Ž›   Dz Šƒ˜‡‡ƒ–‡–Šƒ–ˆ‘‘†–‘‘— ŠǤdz  ʹͶǤ ƒǤ ‡•‰ƒ”•†—Ž‡‹– Š•‘–‰±±la mort seulementǤ   Š‡„‘›•‘ˆ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ƒ”‡’‘‘”–Š‡†‡ƒ–Š‘Ž›   Dz‹ŽŽƒ‰‡„‘›•ƒ”‡‡š–”‡‡Ž›’‘‘”Ǥdz  „Ǥ ‘„‹‰Žǯƒƒ la mort seulementǤ   ‹•‡Ž†‡”„”‘–Š‡”’”‘ǤŠƒ˜‡„‡ƒ––Š‡†‡ƒ–Š‘Ž›   Dz ‹•‡Ž†‡”„”‘–Š‡”Šƒ•„‡ƒ–‡Š‹˜‡”›•‡”‹‘—•Ž›Ǥdz  ʹͷǤ ƒǤ Ž–‡ŽŽ“—‡•‘’ƒ–‡”‡•–”‹ Š‡les nerfs seulementǤ   ‡•ƒ›–Šƒ–Š‹•ˆƒ–Š‡”‹•”‹ Š–Š‡‡”˜‡•‘Ž›   Dz ‡•ƒ›•–Šƒ–Š‹•ˆƒ–Š‡”‹•˜‡”›”‹ ŠǤdz ͳ͵͸ ǤǤ‡—–‡ƒ– Š—‡‰

 „Ǥ ǯƒ‹„‘•ŠŽƒ’Š›•‹“—‡Ž‡•nerfs seulementƒ—Œ‘—”†ǯŠ—‹Ǥ   Šƒ˜‡•–—†›–Š‡’Š›•‹ •–Š‡‡”˜‡•‘Ž›–‘†ƒ›   Dz Šƒ˜‡•–—†‹‡†–‘‘— Š’Š›•‹ •–‘†ƒ›Ǥdz  ʹ͸Ǥ ƒǤ ‡•†‘“—‡–—ǯƒ•‰—‹•‘–„‹†‹à chier seulement.   Š‡‘‡›–Šƒ–›‘—’”‘ǤŠƒ•‰‹˜‡ƒ”‡•ƒŽŽ–‘†‡ˆ‡ ƒ–‡‘Ž›   DzŠ‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ‘‡››‘—‰ƒ˜‡‡‹•˜‡”›•ƒŽŽǤdz  „Ǥ ‡†Œ‘Ǧ ‹ƒ •ƒ‰ƒà chier seulement   Š‡ƒǦ–Š‹•„‡ƒ–Š‹•‰‹”Žˆ”‹‡†–‘†‡ˆ‡ ƒ–‡‘Ž›   ȋŠ‹•ƒ„‡ƒ–•Š‹•‰‹”Žˆ”‹‡†–‘‘— ŠȌ  – ƒ„‡‘–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡•‡‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ƒ”‡ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜ƒŽ’Š”ƒ•‡•ȋ•‡‡ ȋʹͲƒǦ„Ȍǡ ȋʹͳƒǦ„ȌǡȋʹʹƒǦ„Ȍǡ‘—’Š”ƒ•‡•ȋ•‡‡ȋʹ͵ƒǦ„ȌǡȋʹͶƒǦ„Ȍƒ†ȋʹͷƒǦ„Ȍƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ• ’”‡’‘•‹–‹‘ƒŽ’Š”ƒ•‡•ȋ•‡‡ȋʹ͸ƒǦ„Ȍƒ†–Š‡›ƒ”‡ƒŽŽƒ’Ž‹ˆ‹‡”•ǤŽ•‘ǡˆ”‘–Š‡ •–ƒ†’‘‹–‘ˆ•‡ƒ–‹ •ǡ‹–‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘‹†‹ ƒ–‡–Šƒ––Š‡•‡ ’Š”ƒ•ƒŽ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ǡ ™Š‹ Š Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ •–”— –—”ƒŽ ƒ‡Ǧ—’ ‘ˆ ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜ƒŽ ’Š”ƒ•‡• ȋ•‡‡ ȋʹͲƒǦ„ȌǡȋʹͳƒǦ„ȌǡȋʹʹƒǦ„Ȍƒ”‡ƒŽŽƒ†Œ— –•‘ˆƒ‡”Ǥ •ˆƒ”ƒ•–Š‡•–”— –—”ƒŽƒ‡Ǧ—’‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡‹–‡•‹ˆ›‹‰ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜ƒŽ’Š”ƒ•‡•‹• ‘ ‡”‡†ǡ‘‡ ƒ‘„•‡”˜‡–Šƒ–ƒŽ‘•–ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ†‡—’‘ˆ ƒ ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡ Ϊ –Š‡ ”‡ Š ƒ†˜‡”„ Dz•‡—Ž‡‡–dz ȋ‘Ž›Ȍ ȋƒ• ‹ Dz ƒ••‡ •‡—Ž‡‡–dzǡ Dz‰”ƒ˜‡•‡—Ž‡‡–dzȌǡ‡š ‡’––Š‡‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”DzƒŽƒ—˜ƒ‹•dz™Š‹ Š‹•ƒ†‡—’‘ˆ ƒƒ†˜‡”„ȋƒŽȌΪƒƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡ȋƒ—˜ƒ‹•ȌǤ –‡•‹ˆ›‹‰‘—’Š”ƒ•‡•ǡ‘–Š‡‹” ’ƒ”–ǡƒ”‡ƒ†‡—’‘ˆƒ†‡–‡”‹‡”ȋ‡Ǥ‰ǤǡŽƒȌڐ‘—ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡƒ‰‹‡ȌΪ–Š‡ ”‡ Š ƒ†˜‡”„ Dz•‡—Ž‡‡–dz ȋƒ• ‹ DzŽƒ ƒ‰‹‡ •‡—Ž‡‡–dzǡ DzŽƒ ‘”– •‡—Ž‡‡–dzǡ DzŽ‡• ‡”ˆ• •‡—Ž‡‡–dzȌ ™Š‹Ž‡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ›‹‰ ’”‡’‘•‹–‹‘ƒŽ ’Š”ƒ•‡• ‘•‹•– ‘ˆ ƒ ’”‡’‘•‹–‹‘ȋ‡Ǥ‰ǤǡȌΪ˜‡”„ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ Š‹‡”Ȍƒ†ƒƒ†˜‡”„ȋ•‡—Ž‡‡–ȌǤ  ‹–Š ”‡‰ƒ”†–‘–Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ǡ‹– ƒ„‡’‘‹–‡†‘—––Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ ’‘•–‘†‹ˆ‹‡”• ‹””‡•’‡ –‹˜‡ ‘ˆ ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡› ˆ— –‹‘ ƒ• ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ‘”˜‡”„ ‘†‹ˆ‹‡”•Ǥ – ‹• ™‘”–Š ‡–‹‘‹‰ –Šƒ– –Š‡ Šƒ‰‡ ‹ –Š‡ ’Žƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ›‹‰‡Ž‡‡–‹–Š‡•‡–‡ ‡™‹ŽŽƒ‡–Š‡•‡–‡ ‡—‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽǤ ˆ ˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡’Š”ƒ•ƒŽ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•‹•’Žƒ ‡†„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡‘” –Š‡ ˜‡”„ ‹– ‘†‹ˆ‹‡• ƒ• ‹ ȋʹ͹ ƒǦ„Ȍ ǡ –Š‡ •‡–‡ ‡• ‘„–ƒ‹‡† ™‹ŽŽ „‡ —‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽ ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ‹– ™‹ŽŽ ‡ƒ•‡ –‘ „‡ ƒ ƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹• •‡–‡ ‡ǡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •–ƒ†’‘‹–‘ˆ•›–ƒšȌǤ  ʹ͹Ǥ ƒǤ ȗ ‡’‹ˆˆŽƒ‰ƒǦ ‹casse seulement ‘   Ž‘˜‡–Š‡‰‹”ŽǦ–Š‹•–‹”‡†‘Ž›‰‘‘†   Dz Ž‘˜‡–Š‹•‰‹”Ž–‘‘— ŠǤdz „ǤȗŒǯƒ‹casse seulement Œ‘‰Žƒ„‹°”‡Š‹‡”   Šƒ˜‡–‹”‡†‘Ž›†”‹–Š‡„‡‡”›‡•–‡”†ƒ›   Dz‡•–‡”†ƒ›ǡ †”ƒ„‡‡”–‘‘— ŠǤdz ȋʹ͹ƒȌǡ–Š‡’Š”ƒ•ƒŽ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”Dz ƒ••‡•‡—Ž‡‡–dz’”‡‘†‹ˆ‹‡•–Š‡ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡ Dz‘dzȋ‰‘‘†Ȍȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ‹–‹•’Žƒ ‡†ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡‹–‘†‹ˆ‹‡•Ȍ™Š‹Ž‡‹ȋʹ͹„Ȍǡ–Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͳʹͷǦͳͶͺ ͳ͵͹

’Š”ƒ•ƒŽ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡” Dz ƒ••‡ •‡—Ž‡‡–dz ’”‡‘†‹ˆ‹‡• –Š‡˜‡”„ƒŽDzŒ‘‰dz ȋ†”‹ȌǤ ”‘–Š‡•–ƒ†’‘‹–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹••›–ƒšǡ‹– ƒ„‡’‘‹–‡†‘—––Šƒ– •‡–‡ ‡• ȋʹ͹ƒǦ„Ȍ ƒ”‡ —‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽǤ ˆ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ƒ†‡ ‹ ȋʹͳƒǦ„ȌǡȋʹʹƒǦ„Ȍǡȋʹ͵ƒǦ„ȌǡȋʹͶƒǦ„Ȍƒ†ȋʹͷƒǦ„Ȍǡȋʹ͸ƒǦ„Ȍǡ–Š‡•ƒ‡”‡•—Ž–•™‹ŽŽ „‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†Ǥ

5.3.2. Phrasal intensifiers which function as noun modifiers • ‘’’‘•‡† –‘ –Š‡ ’Š”ƒ•ƒŽ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”• †‹• —••‡† ‹ ȋ͵ǤͳǤͳȌǡ™Š‘•‡ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‡š–‡†‡† –‘ ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡• ƒ† ˜‡”„•ǡ –Š‡ ‘‡• Šƒ†Ž‡† ‹ –Š‹• •—„•‡ –‹‘‘†‹ˆ›‘Ž›‘—•ǡƒ•‡š‡’Ž‹ˆ‹‡†‹–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•‡–‡ ‡•Ǥ   ʹͺǤ ‡‘™“—‡‡›ƒ”‡•–un sac deŒ‘—‡—”Ǥ  ‘™–Šƒ–‡›ƒ”‹•ƒ„ƒ‰‘ˆ’Žƒ›‡”  Dz ‘™–Šƒ–‡›ƒ”‹•ƒ˜‡”›Ȁ‰‘‘†Ȁ•‹ŽŽˆ—ŽȀ–ƒŽ‡–‡†’Žƒ›‡”Ǥdz  ʹͻǤ ‡ƒǦ ‹–‡ŽŽ“—‡‘”‹Š‘ǡ ǯ‡•–les problèmes du ‘ƒ ŠǤ  Š‡ƒǦ–Š‹•–‡ŽŽ–Šƒ–‘”‹›‘’”‘Ǥ‹•–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡•‘ˆ ‘ƒ ŠǤ  DzŠ‹•ƒ•ƒ›•–Šƒ–‘”‹›‘‹•ƒ˜‡”›‰‘‘†Ȁ•‹ŽŽˆ—ŽȀ–ƒŽ‡–‡† ‘ƒ ŠǤdz  ͵ͲǤ ‘’ƒ–‡”ƒ„‡›la mort deŽƒ˜‘‹–—”‡Ǥ  ›ˆƒ–Š‡”Šƒ˜‡„—›–Š‡†‡ƒ–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ”  Dz›ˆƒ–Š‡”Šƒ•„‘—‰Š–ƒ˜‡”›‹ ‡ ƒ”Ǥdz  ͵ͳǤ ‘—–Ž‡‘†‡‘™“—‡‡—‡” ǯ‡•–la dimension du‰ƒ”†‹‡Ǥ  ŽŽ–Š‡™‘”Ž†‘™–Šƒ–‡—‡”’”‘Ǥ‹•–Š‡†‹‡•‹‘‘ˆ‰‘ƒŽ‡‡’‡”  Dz˜‡”›„‘†›‘™•–Šƒ–‡—‡”‹•ƒ˜‡”›–ƒŽ‡–‡†Ȁ•‹ŽŽˆ—Žǡ‰‘‘†‰‘ƒŽ‡‡’‡”Ǥdz  ͵ʹǤ ‡ƒǦ ‹ƒla magie de Žƒƒ‹•‘Ǥ  Š‡ƒǦ–Š‹•Šƒ•–Š‡ƒ‰‹ ‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘—•‡  DzŠ‹•ƒ‘™•ƒ˜‡”›„‹‰Ȁ‹ ‡ȀŽ—š—”‹‘—•Š‘—•‡Ǥdz  ͵͵Ǥ ‡˜ƒ‹•– Šƒ‡•†‘Žƒƒ–‡”’‘—”„‡›la tension deŽƒ•Š‘‡•Ǥ  ‰‘‹‰–ƒ‡›‘‡›–‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”ˆ‘”„—›–Š‡–‡•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•Š‘‡•  Dz ƒ‰‘‹‰–‘–ƒ‡›‘‡›ˆ”‘›‘–Š‡”‹‘”†‡”–‘„—›ƒ˜‡”› ‡š’‡•‹˜‡Ȁ‹ ‡’ƒ‹”‘ˆ•Š‘‡•Ǥdz  ͵ͶǤ Œ‘ǡŒ‡–‡–‡ŽŽ“—‡Œǯƒ‹–±‘‹‰±la sorcellerie deŽǯ‘”†‹Ǥ  —› ’”‘Ǥ–‡ŽŽ–Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡™‹–‡••–Š‡™‹– Š ”ƒˆ–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘’—–‡”Ǥ  Dz —›ǡ ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹‰›‘—–Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡•‡‡ƒ˜‡”›’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž ‘’—–‡”Ǥdz  ͵ͷǤ ƒ”±•±ƒŽƒtuerie du ’Š‘‡Ǥ  ›•‹•–‡”Šƒ•–Š‡„—– Š‡”›‘ˆ’Š‘‡  Dz›•‹•–‡”Šƒ•ƒ˜‡”›Ȁ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž’Š‘‡Ǥdz  ͳ͵ͺ ǤǤ‡—–‡ƒ– Š—‡‰

͵͸Ǥ ƒ„‹†‹‰ƒ“—‡–—‘™ƒles nerfs deŽƒˆ”‹‰—‡Ǥ  ›•ƒŽŽ‰‹”Žˆ”‹‡†–Šƒ–›‘—‘™Šƒ•–Š‡‡”˜‡•‘ˆ–Š‡†”‡••‡•  Dz›•ƒŽŽ‰‹”Žˆ”‹‡†–Šƒ–›‘—‘™Šƒ•˜‡”›‹ ‡†”‡••‡•Ǥdz  ͵͹Ǥ ‘‘ƒŽƒ„‡›le grand-frère deŽƒ„—›ƒǤ  ›— Ž‡Šƒ˜‡„—›–Š‡‡Ž†‡”„”‘–Š‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ”  Dz›— Ž‡Šƒ•„‘—‰Š–ƒ˜‡”›‹ ‡Ȁ‡š’‡•‹˜‡Ȁ•‘’Š‹•–‹ ƒ–‡† ƒ”Ǥdz  ͵ͺǤ ‘”±’±ƒla maman deŽƒƒ‹•‘Ǥ  ›ˆƒ–Š‡”Šƒ˜‡–Š‡‘–Š‡”‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘—•‡  Dz›ˆƒ–Š‡”Šƒ•ƒ˜‡”›Žƒ”‰‡ȀŽ—š—”‹‘—•Ȁ‹ ‡Š‘—•‡Ǥdz  ͵ͻǤ Œ‘ǡŒǯƒ‹ ‘ˆ‹”±ƒ—Œ‘—”†ǯŠ—‹“—‡ –ƒ‰‡ ǯ‡•–les cacas du‰ƒ”†‹‡  —›ǡ Šƒ˜‡ ‘ˆ‹”–‘†ƒ›–Šƒ– –ƒ‰‡’”‘Ǥ‹•–Š‡‡š ”‡‡–•‘ˆ ‰‘ƒŽ‡‡’‡”  Dz —›ǡ Šƒ˜‡ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡–‘†ƒ›–Šƒ– –ƒ‰‡‹•ƒ˜‡”›„ƒ†’Žƒ›‡”’Žƒ›‡”Ǥdz  ͶͲǤ ‡–ǯƒ˜ƒ‹•†±Œ–‡ŽŽ“—‡Žƒˆ‹ŽŽ‡Ǧ ‹ ǯ‡•–le ndutu deŽƒ‰ƒǡ ‘ǫ  ’”‘ǤŠƒ˜‡Ϊ’ƒ•–ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›–‡ŽŽ–Šƒ––Š‡‰‹”ŽǦ–Š‹•’”‘Ǥ‹•–Š‡‹ŽŽŽ— ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‰‹”Žˆ”‹‡†’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡  Dz Šƒ†ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›–‘Ž†›‘—–Šƒ––Š‹•‰‹”Ž‹•ƒ‡š–”‡‡Ž›„ƒ†‰‹”Žˆ”‹‡†Ǥdz  ͶͳǤ Ž–‡ŽŽ“—‡Ž‡ƒ“—‡ ƒ‡‡•–un chichi de ’”‘ˆǤ  ‡–‡ŽŽ–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ–Šƒ– ‘‡‹•ƒƒˆˆ‡ –‡†ƒ‡”•‘ˆ–‡ƒ Š‡”  Dz ‡•ƒ›•–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ™Š‘‹• ‘‹‰‹•ƒ˜‡”›‹ŽŽǦƒ‡”‡†Ȁ‹ ‘’‡–‡– –‡ƒ Š‡”Ǥdz  ͶʹǤ Ž–‡ŽŽ“—‡–‘’ƒ–‡”ƒle ndem de Žƒ˜‘‹–—”‡Ǥ  ‡•ƒ›–Šƒ–›‘—”ˆƒ–Š‡”Šƒ• –‡•‹ˆ‹‡”–Š‡ ƒ”  Dz ‡•ƒ›•–Šƒ–›‘—”ˆƒ–Š‡”‘™•ƒ‘Ž†Ǧ•Šƒ––‡”‡† ƒ”Ǥdz  Ͷ͵Ǥ ‘™“—‡ †”‹••‘— ǯ‡•–Ž‡•pet-pet du Œ‘—‡—”Ǥ  ‘™–Šƒ– †”‹••‘—’”‘Ǥ‹•–Š‡ˆƒ”–‘ˆ’Žƒ›‡”  Dz‘—•Š‘—Ž†‘™–Šƒ– †”‹••‘—‹•ƒ˜‡”›„ƒ†’Žƒ›‡”Ǥdz   –Š‡ „ƒ•‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ƒ‹‰ ‘˜‡›‡† „› –Š‡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”• ‹ –Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡ ƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹• •‡–‡ ‡•ǡ ‹– ƒ „‡ •–ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ›‹‰ ‡Ž‡‡–• ‹ ȋʹͺȌǦȋ͵ͺȌƒ”‡ƒ’Ž‹ˆ‹‡”•™Š‹Ž‡–Š‘•‡ˆ‘—†‹ȋ͵ͻȌ–‘ȋͶ͵Ȍƒ”‡†‘™–‘‡”•Ǥ  ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ–Š‡‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ˆ‘—†‹ȋʹͺȌ–‘ȋ͵ͺȌŠƒ˜‡ƒ—’™ƒ”† • ƒŽ‹‰ ‡ˆˆ‡ –ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‘•‡ ‹ ȋ͵ͻȌǦȋͶ͵Ȍ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ †‘™™ƒ”† • ƒŽ‹‰ ‡ˆˆ‡ –Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ™Šƒ–‹• ‘‘–‘ƒŽŽ–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•‹•–Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ‘—’Š”ƒ•‡ ’”‡‘†‹ˆ‹‡”••‹ ‡–Š‡› ƒ‘Ž› ‘Ǧ‘ —”™‹–Š–Š‡‘—•–Šƒ––Š‡›‘†‹ˆ›Ǥ ˆ ™‡ Šƒ‰‡–Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”‹–Š‡’Š”ƒ•‡ǡ–Š‡†‹• ‘—”•‡‘„–ƒ‹‡† ™‹ŽŽ‘–‘Ž›„‡—‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽ„—–ƒŽ•‘™‹ŽŽ‘–Šƒ˜‡–Š‡‹–‡†‡†‡ƒ‹‰Ǥ – –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͳʹͷǦͳͶͺ ͳ͵ͻ

•Š‘—Ž†„‡”‡ ƒŽŽ‡†–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ƒ”‡‘—’Š”ƒ•‡•ƒ†–Š‡‹” •–”— –—”‡ ƒ„‡ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣDeterminer + noun + element to be intensifiedǤ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ unȋ†‡–‡”‹‡”Ȍ sacȋ‘—Ȍde joueurȋ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡† ‡Ž‡‡–Ȍ ȋʹͺȌǡ laȋ†‡–‡”‹‡”Ȍ dimension ȋ‘—Ȍ du gardien ȋ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡† ‡Ž‡‡–Ȍȋ͵ͳȌǡŽ‡ȋ†‡–‡”‹‡”Ȍ†—–—ȋ‘—Ȍ†‡Žƒ‰ƒȋ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡†‡Ž‡‡–Ȍ ȋͶͲȌǤ Š‹• •–”— –—”‡ Š‘Ž†• –”—‡ ˆ‘” ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”• †‹• —••‡† ‹ –Š‹• •—„•‡ –‹‘Ǥ

5.4. Sentential intensifiers •‡–‡–‹ƒŽ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”‹•ƒ‘†‹ˆ‹‡”™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•–Š‡•–”— –—”ƒŽ ‘•–‹–—‡–•‘ˆƒ •‡–‡ ‡Ǥ –Š‡ ‘”’—•ǡ–Š‡•‡ˆ‘”•‘ˆ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ƒ”‡‘ˆ‹‹ƒŽ‡˜‹†‡ ‡Ǥ Š‡‘‡•‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹–Š‡•‡–‡ ‡•„‡Ž‘™Ǥ  ͶͶǤ ƒǤ ƒ‰ƒǦ ‹‡•–‘(jusqu’à) le feu sort seulementǤ   Š‡‰‹”ŽǦ–Š‹•‹•‰‘‘†—–‹Ž–Š‡ˆ‹”‡ ‘‡•‘—–‘Ž› DzŠ‹•‰‹”Ž‹•˜‡”›„‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—ŽǤdz  „Ǥ ‡—ƒ†‡Žƒƒ–‡”Ǧ ‹Ž‘ȋjusqu’à) le feu sort seulement   Š‡ Š‹Ž†‘ˆ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Ǧ–Š‹•Ž‹‡—–‹Ž–Š‡ˆ‹”‡ ‘‡•‘—–‘Ž›   DzŠ‡ Š‹Ž†‘ˆ–Š‹•™‘ƒ–‡ŽŽ•Ž‹‡•–‘‘— ŠǤdz  ͶͷǤ ƒǤ ƒ„—›ƒ†—’”‘ˆǤ†‡ˆ”ƒ­ƒ‹•‡•–›ƒ‰ƒȋjusqu’à) ce n’ est plus bonǤ   Š‡ ƒ”‘ˆ–‡ƒ Š‡”‘ˆ ”‡ Š‹•‹ ‡—–‹Ž’”‘Ǥ‡‰Ǥ‹•‡‰Ǥ ‰‘‘†   DzŠ‡ ƒ”‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡ ŠŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–‡ƒ Š‡”‹•˜‡”›‹ ‡Ǥdz  „Ǥ ‡†Œ‘ǦŽ‘™Ž‡•ƒ–Šȋjusqu’à) ce n’ est plus bonǤ   Š‡ƒǦ–Šƒ–‘™–Š‡ƒ–Š•—–‹Ž’”‘Ǥ‡‰Ǥ‹•‡‰Ǥ‰‘‘†   DzŠ‹•ƒ‹•˜‡”›‰‘‘†ƒ–ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ •Ǥdz  ƒ‡ ‘–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆƒ – –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ •‡–‡–‹ƒŽ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”• ƒ”‡ ƒ†‡ —’ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ›‘ˆ ”‡ ŠŽ‡š‡•Ǥ•‡–‹‘‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ƒ• •‡–‡–‹ƒŽ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”• „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—‡– •–”— –—”‡ ‘ˆ ƒ •‡–‡ ‡Ǥ‘ǡ–Š‡‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•“(jusqu’à) le feu sort seulement”ƒ†“(jusqu’à) ce n’est plus bon” ƒ„‡•ƒ‹†–‘Šƒ˜‡–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡† ‘’‘‡–•‘ˆƒ ”‡ Š •‡–‡ ‡ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ subjectȋŽ‡ˆ‡—ȌΪverbȋ•‘”–ȌΪadverbialȋ•‡—Ž‡‡–Ȍƒ† subjectȋ ‡ȌΪverbȋǯ‡•–ȌΪqualifier (plus bon)ǡ –Š‡ ‹–”‘†— ‡” “jusqu’a” „‡‹‰‘’–‹‘ƒŽ‹–Š‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘dzǤ•ˆƒ”ƒ•–Š‡ ‘Ǧ‘ —””‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•™‹–Š•‡–‡ ‡‡Ž‡‡–•‹• ‘ ‡”‡†ǡ‹– ƒ’‘‹–‡†‘—––Šƒ––Š‡ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ •‡–‡–‹ƒŽ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”• ‹• Ž‹‹–‡† –‘ ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡• ƒ† ˜‡”„•Ǥ  ȏͶͶƒȐ ƒ† ȏͶͷƒȐǡ –Š‡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”• “(jusqu’a) le feu sort seulement” and “(jusqu’a) ce n’est plus bon” ‘†‹ˆ›Dz–Š‡ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡Dz‘dzƒ† Dz›ƒ‰ƒdz”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ• ‹ ȋͶͶ„Ȍ ƒ† ȋͶͷ„Ȍǡ –Š‡•‡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•‘†‹ˆ› –Š‡˜‡”„•DzŽ‘dzƒ†Dz‘™dz”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ‡•‹†‡•ǡ ‘ ‡”‹‰–Š‡ ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ͳͶͲ ǤǤ‡—–‡ƒ– Š—‡‰

–Š‡•‡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”• ‹ –Š‡ •‡–‡ ‡ǡ ‘‡ ƒ ‘„•‡”˜‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡› „‘–Š ‘ —” ƒ• ’‘•–‘†‹ˆ‹‡”•‹””‡•’‡ –‹˜‡‘ˆ™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡›‘†‹ˆ›˜‡”„•‘”ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡•Ǥ‘ǡƒ› Šƒ‰‡‹–Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•‹–Š‡ƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹••‡–‡ ‡™‹ŽŽ ƒ‡‹–—‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽƒ•‹ȋͶ͸Ȍƒ†ȋͶ͹ȌǤ  Ͷ͸Ǥ ȗƒ‰ƒǦ ‹‡•–(jusqu’à) le feu sort seulement ‘  Š‡‰‹”ŽǦ–Š‹•‹•—–‹Ž–Š‡ˆ‹”‡ ‘‡•‘—–‘Ž›‰‘‘† DzŠ‹•‰‹”Ž‹•˜‡”›„‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—ŽǤdz  Ͷ͹Ǥ ȗ‡†Œ‘ǦŽ(jusqu’à) ce n’ est plus bon ‘™Ž‡•ƒ–Š  Š‡ƒǦ–Šƒ–—–‹Ž’”‘Ǥ‡‰Ǥ‹•‡‰Ǥ‰‘‘†‘™–Š‡ƒ–Š•  DzŠ‹•ƒ‹•˜‡”›‰‘‘†ƒ–ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ •Ǥdz  ȋͶ͸Ȍƒ†ȋͶ͹Ȍǡ–Š‡’Žƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡’Š”ƒ•ƒŽ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•Šƒ•„‡‡ Šƒ‰‡†Ǥ‘„‡ ‘”‡’”‡ ‹•‡ǡ‹ȋͶ͸Ȍǡ–Š‡‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”Dz(jusqu’à) le feu sort seulement” ‹• ’Žƒ ‡† „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡ Dz‘dzǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹• –Š‡ •‡–‡ ‡ ‡Ž‡‡–™Š‹ Š‹– ‘†‹ˆ‹‡•™Š‹Ž‡‹ȋͶ͹Ȍ–Š‡‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”Dz(jusqu’à) ce n’ est plus bondz‹•’Žƒ ‡† „‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡˜‡”„Dz‘™dzǡ™Š‹ Š‹•–Š‡•‡–‡ ‡‡Ž‡‡––Šƒ–‹–‘†‹ˆ‹‡•ǤŠ‹• Šƒ‰‡ ‹ –Š‡ ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”• ‹ ȋͶ͸Ȍ ƒ† ȋͶ͹Ȍ ƒ‡• –Š‡•‡ •‡–‡ ‡•—‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽǤ

6. Semantic Classification of intensifiers ‡ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ› •’‡ƒ‹‰ǡ –Š‡ ™‘”† Dz‹–‡•‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘dz‹• ƒ ƒ„•–”ƒ – ‘ ‡’–Ǥ ‘ǡ ˆ‘”‹––‘„‡™‡ŽŽƒ’’”‡Š‡†‡†„›–Š‡Š‡ƒ”‡”•ǡ‹–—•–„‡‡š’”‡••‡† —•‹‰ ‘ ”‡–‡–‡”•Ǥ ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•Dz–‘ ‘—‹ ƒ–‡ȏ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘Ȑ ”‡“—‹”‡• ‘ ”‡–‡ ƒ† –ƒ‰‹„Ž‡ ‡š’”‡••‹‘• –Šƒ– ƒ „‡ ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ Š‡ƒ”‡”ǯ• ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡ–‘ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹‘dzȋ‘‘Žƒ”’ǡʹͲͲͻǡǤʹͺ͵ȌǤŠ‹•ƒ—–Š‘” ‰‘‡•ˆ—”–Š‡”–‘’‘‹–‘—––Šƒ–•‹ ‡–Š‡„‘†›’Žƒ›•ƒ ‡–”ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡–Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ‡ƒ‹‰ǡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”• ƒ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ „‡ Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡† ‹–‘ –Š‡ †‘ƒ‹• ‘ˆ ’‡” ‡’–‹‘•ǣ˜‹•—ƒŽǡƒ—†‹–‘”›ǡ‘Žˆƒ –‘”›ǡ–ƒ –‹Ž‡ǡ‰—•–ƒ–‘”›ƒ† ‡–ƒŽ ȋ‘‘Žƒ”’ǡʹͲͲͻǡǤʹͺ͵ȌǤŠ‹• Žƒ••‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽŠ‡Ž’–‘†‹• —••‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•‹ ƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹•Ǥ ˆ–‡” • ”—–‹‹œ‹‰ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ‘ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹•ǡ‹– ƒ„‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡†–Šƒ–ƒŽ‘•–ƒŽŽ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•‹–Š‹•Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ’’‡ƒŽ–‘Š—ƒ•‡•‡ ‘”‰ƒ• ƒ† ƒ „‡ Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡† —†‡” –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ •’Š‡”‡•ǣ ˜‹•—ƒŽǡ –ƒ –‹Ž‡ǡ ‡–ƒŽǡ‰—•–ƒ–‘”›ƒ†–Š‡•’ƒ ‹‘Ǧ–‡’‘”ƒŽǤ

6.1. The visual sphere Š‡ ˜‹•—ƒŽ •’Š‡”‡ ‹ Ž—†‡• –Š‡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”• ™Š‹ Š ”‡ˆ‡” –‘ “—ƒ–‹–›ǡ —„‡” ƒ†ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ƒ†•‘‡‹•Š‹’–‡”•Ǥ•’‘‹–‡†‘—–„›‘‘Žƒ”’ȋʹͲͲͻǡǤ ʹͺ͵Ȍǡ Dz“—ƒ–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘•–‹–—–‡• –Š‡ „ƒ•‹  Š—ƒ ˆƒ —Ž–›Ǥ ‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡ ‹–”‹‰—‡†„›ƒ‰‹‰ƒ–‹ •‹œ‡‘”ƒŽƒ”‰‡“—ƒ–‹–›ǤdzŠ‡•ƒ‡Š‘Ž†•–”—‡ˆ‘”™Šƒ– –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͳʹͷǦͳͶͺ ͳͶͳ

‹••–”‹‹‰ˆ”‘‹–•ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ǤŠƒ– ƒ‡š’Žƒ‹™Š›ƒˆ”ƒ‰Ž‘’Š‘‡•ƒ‡ —•‡‘ˆŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹–‡•™Š‹ Š”‡Žƒ–‡–‘“—ƒ–‹–›ǡ—„‡”ǡƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ƒ†•‘‡ ‹•Š‹’–‡”•™Š‹ Š”‡Žƒ–‡–‘•‹œ‡‘”ƒ‰‡–‘‹–‡•‹ˆ›–Š‡‹”—––‡”ƒ ‡•Ǥ†‡” –Š‹• ƒ–‡‰‘”› ƒ”‡ ‹ Ž—†‡† –Š‡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”• ’”‘˜‹†‡† „‡Ž‘™Ǥ Š‡‹” Ž‹–‡”ƒŽ ‡ƒ‹‰‹•’”‘˜‹†‡†‹„”ƒ ‡–•Ǥ x —ƒ–‹–›ƒ†—„‡”ǣun sac deȋƒ„ƒ‰‘ˆȌǡflop deȋƒ›‘ˆȌǡla dimension deȋ–Š‡†‹‡•‹‘‘ˆȌǡdzam-dzamȋˆƒ–Ǧˆƒ–ȌȀdzim-djimȋˆƒ–Ǧˆƒ–Ȍ x ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ǣpenya-penyaȋ‡™Ǧ‡™Ȍ x ‹•Š‹’–‡”•ȋ•‹œ‡Ȁƒ‰‡Ȍǣ‰”ƒ†Ǧˆ”°”‡ȋ‡Ž†‡”„”‘–Š‡”Ȍǡƒƒȋ‘–Š‡”Ȍ

6.2. Tactile sphere Š‡–ƒ –‹Ž‡•’Š‡”‡‹ Ž—†‡•‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•™Š‹ ŠŠƒ˜‡–‘†‘™‹–Š™‡‹‰Š–ǡŠ‡‹‰Š–ǡ ˆ‘” ‡ƒ†ƒ –‹‘ǡƒ•‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡†„‡Ž‘™ǣ x ‡‹‰Š–ǣlourdȋŠ‡ƒ˜›Ȍ x ‡‹‰Š–ǣlongo-longoȋŽ‘‰ǦŽ‘‰Ȍ x ‘” ‡ƒ†ƒ –‹‘ǣmolo-moloȋ‰‡–Ž›Ǧ‰‡–Ž›Ȍǡƒ›‘Ǧƒ›‘(slowly-slowly) x ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǣŽ‡• ƒ ƒ•ȋ‡š ”‡‡–ȌǡŽ‡•’‡–Ǧ’‡–ȋˆƒ”–Ȍ

6.3. The mental sphere †‡”–Š‡‡–ƒŽ•’Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‹ Ž—†‡†–Š‡‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•™Š‹ ŠŠƒ˜‡–‘†‘™‹–Š ”‡Œ‡ –‹‘ƒ††‹•„‡Ž‹‡ˆƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•˜ƒŽ—‹‰Ǥ

x ‡Œ‡ –‹‘ƒ††‹•„‡Ž‹‡ˆ

 •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ’”‘’‘”–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”• ‹ ƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹• Šƒ˜‡ –‘ †‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ”‡ƒŽ‹–‹‡•–Šƒ–Š—ƒ„‡‹‰•”‡Œ‡ –„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡› ƒ ”‡ƒ–‡ˆ‡ƒ”‘”†‹•‰—•–ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ †‡ƒ–Šǡ†‹•‡ƒ•‡•ǡ™‹– Š ”ƒˆ–ǡ„‘†‹Ž›™ƒ•–‡•ǡ’‘‘”’Š›•‹ ƒŽƒ†‡–ƒŽ •–ƒ–‡ǡ ‡– ǤȌǤ Š‡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”• „‡Ž‘™ ƒ”‡ ‹•–”— –‹˜‡ ‹ –Š‹• ”‡•’‡ –Ǥ Š‡‹” Ž‹–‡”ƒŽ ‡ƒ‹‰‹•’”‘˜‹†‡†‹„”ƒ ‡–•Ǥ ǦCasseȋ–‹”‡†Ȍǡcasse seulementȋ–‹”‡†‘Ž›Ȍǡla magie seulement ȋ–Š‡ ƒ‰‹  ‘Ž›Ȍǡ la sorcellerie seulement ȋ–Š‡ ™‹– Š ”ƒˆ– ‘Ž›Ȍǡ la mort seulement ȋ–Š‡ †‡ƒ–Š ‘Ž›Ȍǡ les nerfs seulement ȋ–Š‡ ‡”˜‡• ‘Ž›Ȍǡ à chier seulementȋ–‘ †‡ˆ‡ ƒ–‡‘Ž›Ȍǡjusqu’àȋ—–‹ŽȌǡle feu sort seulementȋˆ‹”‡ ‘‡•‘—–‘Ž›Ȍǡles problèmes de ȋ–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡•‘ˆȌǡla sorcellerie deȋ–Š‡™‹– Š ”ƒˆ–‘ˆȌǡla magie deȋ–Š‡ƒ‰‹ ‘ˆȌǡla mort deȋ–Š‡†‡ƒ–Š‘ˆȌǡla tension deȋ–Š‡–‡•‹‘‘ˆȌǡla tuerie deȋ–Š‡„—– Š‡”›‘ˆȌǡles nerfs deȋ–Š‡‡”˜‡•‘ˆȌǡà mortȋ–‘†‡ƒ–ŠȌǤ

x ƒŽ—‹‰ǣmalȋ„ƒ†Ž›Ȍǡgraveȋ•‡”‹‘—•Ȍǡgrave seulementȋ•‡”‹‘—•‘Ž›Ȍǡmal mauvaisȋ„ƒ†Ž›„ƒ†Ȍǡȋjusqu’à) ce n’ est plus bon. ͳͶʹ ǤǤ‡—–‡ƒ– Š—‡‰

6.4. Gustatory and spacio-temporal spheres ˜‡”›• ƒ–›—„‡”‘ˆ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ƒ”‡ˆ‘—†—†‡”–Š‡•‡•’Š‡”‡•Ǥ

x —•–ƒ–‘”›ȋ–ƒ•–‡Ȍǣamerȋ„‹––‡”Ȍ x ’ƒ ‹‘Ǧ–‡’‘”ƒŽǣlà-là-làȋ–Š‡”‡Ǧ–Š‡”‡Ǧ–Š‡”‡Ȍ

Š‡–ƒ„Ž‡„‡Ž‘™’‘”–”ƒ›•–Š‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–›’‡•‘‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”• ’‡” •‡ƒ–‹ †‘ƒ‹•Ǥ

ƒ„Ž‡ͳ Distribution of the Types of Intensifiers on the Basis of Semantics    ›’‡•‘ˆ –‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•  ‡ƒ–‹ †‘ƒ‹•  ‹‰Ž‡Ǧ™‘”† ‡†—’Ž‹ ƒ–‹˜‡ Š”ƒ•ƒŽ ‡–‡–‹ƒŽ Total ‹•—ƒŽ —ƒ–‹–›ƒ†—„‡” Ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͳ 8 ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ‹œ‡Ȁƒ‰‡ ʹ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ƒ –‹Ž‡ ‡‹‰Š– ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ  ‡‹‰Š– Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ 7  ‘” ‡ƒ†ƒ –‹‘ Ͳ ʹ Ͳ Ͳ  ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ Ͳ Ͳ ʹ Ͳ ‡–ƒŽ ‡Œ‡ –‹‘ƒ††‹•„‡Ž‹‡ˆ ͵ Ͳ ͳʹ ͳ 20 ƒŽ—‹‰ ʹ Ͳ ͳ ͳ —•–ƒ–‘”›  ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ 1 ’ƒ ‹‘Ǧ–‡’‘”ƒŽ  Ͳ ͳ Ͳ Ͳ 1 Total 9 8 18 2 37

Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡–ƒ„Ž‡‹†‹ ƒ–‡•–Šƒ––Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ƒ––‡•–‡†‹

ƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹• ƒ”‡ ’Š”ƒ•ƒŽ ȋͳͺ –‘‡•Ȍ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† „› •‹‰Ž‡Ǧ™‘”† ȋͻ–‘‡•Ȍǡ ”‡†—’Ž‹ ƒ–‹˜‡ ȋͺ –‘‡•Ȍ ƒ† •‡–‡–‹ƒŽ ȋʹ –‘‡•Ȍ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•Ǥ ‡•‹†‡•ǡ –Š‡ •’Š‡”‡™Š‹ Š —––Š‡Ž‹‘ǯ••Šƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•‹•–Š‡‡–ƒŽ•’Š‡”‡ȋʹͲ –‘‡•ȌǤ ‘”‡ ’”‡ ‹•‡Ž›ǡ –Š‡ †‘ƒ‹ ‘ˆ ”‡Œ‡ –‹‘ ƒ† †‹•„‡Ž‹‡ˆ ȋͳͺ –‘‡•Ȍǡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† „› –Š‡ ˜‹•—ƒŽ •’Š‡”‡ ȋͺ –‘‡•Ȍǡ –Š‡ –ƒ –‹Ž‡ •’Š‡”‡ ȋ͹ –‘‡•Ȍǡ –Š‡ ‰—•–ƒ–‘”›ƒ†•’ƒ ‹‘Ǧ–‡’‘”ƒŽ•’Š‡”‡•ȋͳ–‘‡‡ƒ ŠȌǤ – ƒ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡„‡•ƒ‹† –Šƒ– –Š‡ •’Š‡”‡ ‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”• ‹ ƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹• ƒ”‡ ƒ––‡•–‡† ‹• –Š‡ ‡–ƒŽ ‘‡ ƒ† ‘”‡ ’”‡ ‹•‡Ž› –Š‡ †‘ƒ‹ ‘ˆ ”‡Œ‡ –‹‘ ƒ† †‹•„‡Ž‹‡ˆǤ ‘ǡ ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ‹–‡•‹ˆ›ǡ ƒˆ”ƒ‰Ž‘’Š‘‡• ƒ”‡ ‘”‡‹ Ž‹‡†–‘ —•‹‰ Ž‡š‡• ™Š‹ Š ”‡ˆ‡” –‘ ’Š‡‘‡ƒ ™Š‹ Š ƒ „‡ †‡–”‹‡–ƒŽ –‘ Š—ƒ „‡‹‰••— Šƒ•†‡ƒ–Šȋ‡Ǥ‰ǤǡDzŽƒ‘”–•‡—Ž‡‡–dzȌǡ†‹•‡ƒ•‡•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ Ž‡• ‡”ˆ• •‡—Ž‡‡–Ȍǡˆ‹”‡ȋŒ—•“—ǯŽ‡ˆ‡—•‘”–•‡—Ž‡‡–Ȍǡ™‹– Š ”ƒˆ–ȋŽƒ •‘” ‡ŽŽ‡”‹‡ •‡—Ž‡‡–Ȍǡƒ‰‹ ȋŽƒƒ‰‹‡•‡—Ž‡‡–Ȍǡ„‘†‹Ž›™ƒ•–‡ȋ Š‹‡”•‡—Ž‡‡–Ȍ‡– Ǥ Š‹• ‘ —”•‘‘Žƒ”’ȋʹͲͲͻǡǤʹͺͶȌ’‘‹–ǯ•ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘™Š‹ Šǣ

ȏǥȐ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ Ž‡š‡• ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ”‡Œ‡ –‹‘ǡ –Šƒ–‹•ǡˆ‡ƒ”‘”†‹•‰—•–Ǥ•™‡ƒŽŽ‘™ǡ–”ƒ—ƒ–‹ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡ•— Šƒ• –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͳʹͷǦͳͶͺ ͳͶ͵

†‡ƒ–Šǡ‹•ƒ‹–›ǡ‘”‡š–”‡‡’Š›•‹ ƒŽ’ƒ‹•ǡ—•—ƒŽŽ›Ž‡ƒ˜‡•ƒŽ‘‰ǦŽƒ•–‹‰ ‹’”‹–‘–Š‡Š—ƒ‹†ǡƒ†’‡‘’Ž‡–‡†–‘ƒ˜‘‹†–Š‡•‡•—„Œ‡ –•‹ ‘”ƒŽ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•Ǥ ƒ„‘‘ –‘’‹ • •— Š ƒ• •‡š—ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜‹–›ǡ „‘†‹Ž› ™ƒ•–‡•ǡ ‡’‹†‡‹  ƒ† †‹•ƒ•–‡” ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ •Š—‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”‡ƒ•‘ ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‡‡••‘–Š‡‰”‘—†–Šƒ––Š‡‡–‹‘‹‰‘ˆ•— Š–‘’‹ •ƒ›„”‹‰ —’‘‹•ˆ‘”–—‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‡˜‘‹‰–Š‡•‡‹••—‡••—‰‰‡•––Š‡‹–‡•‹–›‘ˆ ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•‹‡‘–‹˜‡—––‡”ƒ ‡•Ǥ

•’‘‹–‡†‘—–ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ–Š‡˜‹•—ƒŽ•’Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‘–Š‡”•‘—” ‡‘ˆ’”‘˜‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•‹ƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹•Ǥ –‹• ‘‘‘™Ž‡†‰‡–Šƒ–™Šƒ–‹•”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ „›‹–•“—ƒ–‹–›ǡ—„‡”ǡ˜‘Ž—‡ƒ†ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ǡ•‹œ‡ƒ†ƒ‰‡†‘‡•‘–Ž‡ƒ˜‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ǥ‘ǡ—•‹‰™‘”†•™Š‹ Š”‡Žƒ–‡–‘•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ un sac de’”‘ˆǡflop de—ƒȌǡ•‹œ‡ȋŽƒndzam-dzam ‰ƒǦŽȌȌ ƒ† •–”‹‹‰ ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ȋ—‡˜‘‹–—”‡penya-penyaȌ ƒ„‡—•‡†–‘‹–‡•‹ˆ›•— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›Ǥ ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ‹–Šƒ•„‡‡‘„•‡”˜‡†–Šƒ–•‘‡‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ƒ––‡•–‡†‹ƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹• ˆƒŽŽ —†‡” –Š‡ –ƒ –‹Ž‡ •’Š‡”‡Ǥ Š‹• ‹• †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ ˆƒ – –Šƒ– Ž‡š‡•™Š‹ Š †‡‘–‡ Š—‰‡™‡‹‰Š–ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ—†Œ‘lourdȌǡ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Š‡‹‰Š–ȋ‡‰Ǥ——ƒlongo-longoȌǡ ˆ‘” ‡ƒ†ƒ –‹‘ȋ‡‰Ǥ‡ŽŽ‡™ƒƒmolo-moloȌǡƒ–‡”‹ƒŽȋ‡‰Ǥles cacas†—‰ƒ”†‹‡Ȍ –‘‰‹˜‡‘”‡‡’Šƒ•‹•–‘™Šƒ–‹•‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡†Ǥ —–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ Ž‡š‡•™Š‹ Š „‡Ž‘‰ –‘ –Š‡ ‰—•–ƒ–‘”› •’Š‡”‡ǡ ˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡™Š‹ Š †‡‘–‡ †‡‘–‡ „‹––‡”‡••ǡ ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ‡ †Œ‘ǦŽ ‡•– amer ‡ ƒ–ŠȌ ƒ† •’ƒ ‹‘Ǧ –‡’‘”ƒŽ‹–› ȋŽǦŽǦŽȌ ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ —•‡† „› ƒˆ”ƒ‰Ž‘’Š‘‡• –‘ ƒ” ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

7. Conclusion Š‡•–—†›‘ˆ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•‹ ƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹•Šƒ•”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–Šƒ–ƒˆ”ƒ‰Ž‘’Š‘‡• ƒ”‡ ˜‡”› Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ ƒŽŽ› ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ•”‡‰ƒ”†• –Š‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘• –Šƒ– –Š‡› —•‡ –‘ ‹–‡•‹ˆ› –Š‡‹” —––‡”ƒ ‡•Ǥ ”‘ –Š‡ •–ƒ†’‘‹– ‘ˆ †‹• ‘—”•‡ǡ ˆ‘—” –›’‡• ‘ˆ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”• ƒ„‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†‹–Š‹•Š›„”‹†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡƒ‡Ž›•‹‰Ž‡Ǧ™‘”† ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ǡ ”‡†—’Ž‹ ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ǡ ’Š”ƒ•ƒŽ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”• ƒ† •‡–‡–‹ƒŽ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ǡ –Š‡ ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ „‡‹‰ ƒ’Ž‹ˆ‹‡”•Ǥ ‹‰Ž‡Ǧ™‘”† ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”• „‡Ž‘‰ –‘ –Š‡ ™‘”† Žƒ••‡• ‘ˆ †‡–‡”‹‡”•ǡ ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡• ƒ† ƒ†˜‡”„•ƒ† ƒ ‡‹–Š‡”ƒ –ƒ•’”‡‘†‹ˆ‹‡”•‘”ƒ•’‘•–‘†‹ˆ‹‡”•Ǥ‹–Š”‡•’‡ ––‘”‡†—’Ž‹ ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹†‹‰•‹†‹ ƒ–‡–Šƒ–ǡ‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”•›–ƒ –‹ ˆ— –‹‘•ǡ –Š‡› ƒ „‡ Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†‹–‘ –™‘ ‰”‘—’•ǡ ƒ‡Ž› –Š‘•‡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ ˆ— –‹‘ ƒ• ‘—’Š”ƒ•‡‘†‹ˆ‹‡”•ƒ†•—„Œ‡ –Ȁ‘„Œ‡ – ‘’Ž‡‡–ǡ‘–Š‡‘‡Šƒ†ǡƒ† –Š‘•‡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ ‘Ž› ’‡”ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ ƒ†Œ— – ‘ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Šƒ†Ǥ ‹‡ ”‡†—’Ž‹ ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ǡ ’Š”ƒ•ƒŽ ‘‡• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ‰”‘—’‡† ‹–‘–™‘ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ǡƒ‡Ž›ǡ’Š”ƒ•ƒŽ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•™Š‹ Šˆ— –‹‘ƒ•ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡ƒ†˜‡”„ ‘†‹ˆ‹‡”•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‘•‡™Š‹ Šˆ— –‹‘ƒ•‘—‘†‹ˆ‹‡”•ǤŠ‡•‡ ’Š”ƒ•ƒŽ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”• –ƒ‡ –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ‘— ’Š”ƒ•‡•ǡ ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜ƒŽ ’Š”ƒ•‡• ƒ† ͳͶͶ ǤǤ‡—–‡ƒ– Š—‡‰

’”‡’‘•‹–‹‘ƒŽ’Š”ƒ•‡•Ǥ‘ ‡”‹‰•‡–‡–‹ƒŽ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•ǡ‹–‹•ˆ‘—†–Šƒ––Š‡‹” ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‹•Ž‹‹–‡†–‘ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡•ƒ†˜‡”„•ǤŠ‡•–”— –—”ƒŽ ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”•‹ƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹•†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡•„‡›‘††‘—„––Šƒ––Š‹• ‘’‘•‹–‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‹• ”—Ž‡Ǧ‰‘˜‡”‡†Ǥ Š‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ƒŽ•‘ ”‡˜‡ƒŽ• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘˜‡”™Š‡Ž‹‰ ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”• ‹ ƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹• ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ”‡ Š Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡™Š‹ Š‹• –Š‡ƒ–”‹š Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹•Ǥ ‡ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ› •’‡ƒ‹‰ǡ ‹– ‹• ˆ‘—† –Šƒ– ƒŽ‘•– ƒŽŽ –Š‡•‡ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”• ƒ”‡ ƒ†‡ —’ ‘ˆ Ž‡š‡• ™Š‹ Šƒ’’‡ƒŽ–‘•‡•‡‘”‰ƒ•ƒ†ǡƒ••— Šǡ–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‰”‘—’‡†‹–‘ˆ‹˜‡ ƒ‹ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ǡ ƒ‡Ž› –Š‘•‡ „‡Ž‘‰‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ˜‹•—ƒŽǡ –ƒ –‹Ž‡ǡ‡–ƒŽǡ ‰—•–ƒ–‘”› ƒ† •’ƒ ‹‘Ǧ–‡’‘”ƒŽ •’Š‡”‡•ǡ –Š‡ †‘‹ƒ– •’Š‡”‡ „‡‹‰ –Š‡ ‡–ƒŽ‘‡ǡ‘”‡’”‡ ‹•‡Ž›–Š‡†‘ƒ‹‘ˆ”‡Œ‡ –‹‘ƒ††‹•„‡Ž‹‡ˆǤ –—†‹‡• •Š‘—Ž†„‡‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡†‘‘–Š‡”—”„ƒ˜‡”ƒ —Žƒ”••‘ƒ•–‘ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ ‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡ •–—†‹‡• ƒ‘‰ –Š‡•‡ ˜‡”ƒ —Žƒ”•Ǥ — Š •–—†‹‡• ™‹ŽŽ ‡ƒ„Ž‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š–Š‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•™Š‹ Š‰‘˜‡”‹–‡•‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‹—”„ƒ ˜‡”ƒ —Žƒ”•Ǥ

Notes: ͳǤ ‘”ƒ•‹’Ž‡‹–”‘†— –‹‘–‘‰Ž‹•Š’Š‘‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†’Š‘‡–‹ •ǡ’Ž‡ƒ•‡•‡‡ƒŽƒ‹ ‘†‘—•Šƒƒ†‹”Œƒ†‹ȋʹͲͲͷȌǢˆ‘”ƒ‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡‘‰Ž‹•Š™‘”† ƒ ‡–ǡ’Ž‡ƒ•‡•‡‡ƒŽƒ‹‘†‘—•ŠƒȋʹͲͲͻȌǤ

The Author ‘œœ‹ƒ”–‹ƒŽ‡—–‡ƒ– Š—‡‰ȋƒ‹ŽǣŽ‘œœ‹ƒ”–‹ƒŽ̷›ƒŠ‘‘Ǥˆ”Ȍ™ƒ• „‘” ‹ƒˆ‘—••ƒǡƒ‡”‘‘Ǥ ‡‹•ƒŠ‘Ž†‡”‘ˆ–™‘†‹’Ž‘ƒ•‹‰Ž‹•Š ƒ† ”‡ ŠŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–‡ƒ Š‹‰ȋ  ǡʹͲͲͶƒ†  ǡʹͲͲ͸Ȍˆ”‘–Š‡ ‹‰Š‡” ‡ƒ Š‡”•ǯ”ƒ‹‹‰ ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒ‘—†‡ ǡƒ‡”‘‘ƒ•™‡ŽŽ ƒ•ƒȋ‹Ž‹‰—ƒŽ‡––‡”•Ǧ‰Ž‹•Šƒ† ”‡ ŠȌǡƒƒ‹–”‹•‡ȋ‰Ž‹•Šƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –—†‹‡•ǡʹͲͲ͸ȌǡƒȀƒ•–‡”ǯ•‡‰”‡‡ȋ‰Ž‹•Šƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡʹͲͲͺȌƒ† ƒ Š ȋ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –—†‹‡•ǡ ʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ ‡ ‹• ‹–‡”‡•–‡† ‹ ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ† ”‡ Š Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ —•‡ ‹ ‘Ǧƒ–‹˜‡ ‘–‡š–•ǡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ƒ† ‘–”ƒ•–‹˜‡•–—†‹‡•Ǥ”‡•‡–Ž›ǡŠ‡‹•ƒ•‡‹‘”‡ –—”‡”‹‰Ž‹•Š‹‰—‹•–‹ •‹ –Š‡‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‹Ž‹‰—ƒŽ‡––‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒ”‘—ƒǡƒ‡”‘‘Ǥ

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ƒ”ƒ†‹•ǡǤǡƬ‡”‰ƒ”ǡǤȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤǮ ”‡ƒŽŽ›”‡ƒŽŽ›ƒ–—”‡‘”•‘‡–Š‹‰ǯǣ ‡ƒŽŽ›‹‡‡–ƒŽǤ Ǥ‹Œ‡”ƬǤŽ‹†‡”ȋ†•ǤȌǡProceedings from the 8th Conference on English Studiesǡ ȋ’’Ǥ ͹ͳǦͺ͸ȌǤ ږ‡„—”‰ǣ  –ƒ ‹˜‡”•‹–ƒ–‹• ‘–Š‡„—”‰Š‡•‹•Ǥ

Žƒ––ǡ Ǥǡ‡„‡”ǡ ǤǡƬ ‘ǡǤǤȋͳͻͺͶȌǤThe new EnglishesǤ‘†‘ǣ‘—–Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ

‘‘Žƒ”’ǡ  Ǥ ȋʹͲͲͻȌǤThe transfer of expressive meaning in the translation of English intensifiers into ThaiǤ —„Ž‹•Š‡† Š –Š‡•‹•ǡ Š—ŽƒŽ‘‰‘” ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡƒ‰‘ǡŠƒ‹Žƒ†Ǥ

—‹”ǡ Ǥǡ Ƭ ”‡‡„ƒ—ǡ Ǥ ȋͳͻ͹͵ȌǤ A university grammar of EnglishǤ ••‡šǣ ‘‰ƒǤ

—‹”ǡ Ǥǡ ”‡‡„ƒ—ǡ Ǥǡ ‡‡ Šǡ Ǥǡ Ƭ –ƒ”˜‹ǡ Ǥ ȋͳͻͺͷȌǤ A comprehensive grammar of the English language. ‘†‘ǣ‘‰ƒǤ

‘†”À‰—‡œǡ Ǥȋ†ǤȌǤȋʹͲͲʹȌǤEl lenguaje de los jóvenesǤƒ” ‡Ž‘ƒǣ”‹‡ŽǤ

ƒŽƒ‹‘†‘—•ŠƒǡǤǤȋʹͲͲͻȌǤ‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ‡Ǧ—’ƒ•–Š‡’”‡†‹ –‘”‘ˆ ‰Ž‹•Š™‘”†ƒ ‡–ǤTESL Canada Journal, 26ȋʹȌǡͳ͵Ǧʹ͵Ǥ

ƒŽƒ‹‘†‘—•ŠƒǡǤǤǡƬ‹”Œƒ†‹ǡǤȋʹͲͲͷȌǤAn introduction to phoneticsǤ ‡Š”ƒǣƒ„ƒƒ†‡Š’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͳʹͷǦͳͶͺ ͳͶ͹

Šƒ”’ Ǥ ȋʹͲͳʹȌǤ Šƒ– ‹• •‘ ˆ‡‹‹‡Ǩ  ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡”• ƒ• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •‘ˆˆ‡ƒŽ‡•’‡‡ Š–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ•‘ƒ†”‡ƒŽŽ› ‹ ‘†‡”–‡Ž‡˜‹•‹‘’”‘‰”ƒ‹‰ǤGriffith Working Papers in Pragmatics and Intercultural Communicationǡ5ȋͳȌǡͳͶǦʹͲǤ

–‡•–”ڏǡ Ǥ ȋͳͻͻͷȌǤ ƒ„‘‘• ‹ ‡‡ƒ‰‡ ƒŽǤ  Ǥ ‡Ž Š‡”• Ƭ Ǥ ƒ””‡ ȋ†•ǤȌǡ Studies in Anglisticsǡ ȋ’’Ǥ ͹ͳǦ͹ͻȌǤ –‘ Š‘Žǣ Ž“˜‹•– ƒ† ‹•‡ŽŽǤ

–‡•–”ڏǡ Ǥǡ †‡”•‡ǡ Ǥǡ Ƭ ƒ•—†ǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲͲʹȌǤ Trends in teenage talkǤ •–‡”†ƒǣ ‘Š‡Œƒ‹•Ǥ

–‡•–”ڏǡǤǡƬ†‡”•‡ǡ Ǥȋͳͻͻ͸ȌǤ‘”‡–”‡†•‹–‡‡ƒ‰‡–ƒŽǣ ‘”’—•Ǧ „ƒ•‡†‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡†‹• ‘—”•‡‹–‡• ‘•ƒ†‹‹–Ǥ Ǥ‡” ›ǡǤ Ǥ ‡›‡” Ƭ Ǥ ƒ ƒ•Š‹”‡ ȋ†•ǤȌǡ Synchronic Corpus Linguisticsǡ ȋ’’Ǥ ͳͺͻǦ ʹͲ͵ȌǤ•–‡”†ƒǣ‘†‘’‹Ǥ

ƒ‰Ž‹ƒ‘–‡ǡ Ǥ ȋͳͻͻͺȌǤ ƒ•Ȁ™‡”‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘ ƒ ”‘•• –Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǣ ‹‡™• ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‹–›‘ˆ‘”ǤLanguage Variation and Changeǡ10ǡͳͷ͵ǦͻͳǤ

ƒ‰Ž‹ƒ‘–‡ǡǤȋʹͲͲͷȌǤ‘™Š‘ǫŽ‹‡Š‘™ǫ‹—•–™Šƒ–ǫǣ‹• ‘—”•‡ƒ”‡”•‹ –Š‡ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ‰Ž‹•ŠǦ•’‡ƒ‹‰›‘—–ŠǤJournal of Pragmaticsǡ37ǡ ͳͺͻ͸ǦͻͳͷǤ

ƒ‰Ž‹ƒ‘–‡ǡ Ǥǡ Ƭ —†•‘ǡ Ǥ ȋͳͻͻͻȌǤ ‡ Ž‹‡ ‡– ƒŽǤ „‡›‘† ‡”‹ ƒǣ Š‡ “—‘–ƒ–‹˜‡ •›•–‡ ‹ ”‹–‹•Š ƒ† ƒƒ†‹ƒ ›‘—–ŠǤ Journal of Sociolinguistics,3ȋʹȌǡͳͶ͹Ǧ͹ʹǤ

ƒ‰Ž‹ƒ‘–‡ǡǤǡƬǯ” ›ǡǤȋʹͲͲͶȌǤ ‡ǯ•Ž‹‡ǡ•Š‡ǯ•Ž‹‡ǣŠ‡“—‘–ƒ–‹˜‡•›•–‡ ‹ƒƒ†‹ƒ‘—–ŠǤJournal of Sociolinguistics, 8ȋͶȌͶͻ͵ǦͷͳͶǤ

‹ƒ›‘‰ Ǥ ȋͳͻͺͷȌǤ Camspeak: A speech reality in CameroonǤ ±‘‹”‡ †‡ ƒ‹–”‹•‡ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–±†‡ƒ‘—†‡ǡƒ‡”‘‘Ǥ

‹ƒ‘ǡǤǡƬƒ‘ǡ ǤȋʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ ‘”’—•Ǧ„ƒ•‡†•‘ ‹‘Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ •–—†›‘ˆƒ’Ž‹ˆ‹‡”•‹ ”‹–‹•Š‰Ž‹•ŠǤSociolinguistic StudiesǡͳȋʹȌǡʹͶͳȂʹ͹͵Ǥ

‡˜‡ŽƒǡǤȋͳͻͺͻȌǤ‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘•‘–Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ„‹Ž‹‰—ƒŽ‹•‹ –Š‡‡’—„Ž‹ ‘ˆƒ‡”‘‘ǤAnnales de la Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines, 5ȋʹȌǡͳ͸Ǧ͵ͶǤ ͳͶͺ ǤǤ‡—–‡ƒ– Š—‡‰

Appendix: The Questionnaire

”ƒ†—‹•‡œŽ‡œ’Š”ƒ•‡••—‹˜ƒ–‡•‡ƒˆ”ƒ‰Žƒ‹•Ǥ2 ”‹˜‡œ˜‘•”±’‘•‡•†ƒ• Žǯ‡•’ƒ ‡ ”±•‡”˜± ‡Ǧ†‡••‘—• †‡ Šƒ“—‡ ’Š”ƒ•‡Ǥ ‘‡œ Ž‡• †‹ˆˆ±”‡–‡• –”ƒ†— –‹‘•’‘••‹„Ž‡•Ǥ

ͳȌ‡––‡˜‘‹–—”‡‡•––”°•„‡ŽŽ‡Ǥ ʹȌǯƒ”‰‡–Ž‡•––”°•‹•—ˆˆ‹•ƒ–Ǥ ͵Ȍ Ž›ƒ–”‘’†ǯ±Ž°˜‡•†ƒ• ‡––‡ Žƒ••‡Ǥ ͶȌ‡––‡ƒ‹•‘‡•––”°•„‡ŽŽ‡Ǥ ͷȌ‡–‡ˆƒ–‡•––”°•ƒŽƒ†‡Ǥ ͸Ȍ ǯƒ‹—‡‡˜‹‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‡†‡ƒ‰‡”†—’ƒ‹Ǥ ͹Ȍ‡––‡ˆ‹ŽŽ‡‡•––”°•Œ‘Ž‹‡Ǥ ͺȌ Žˆƒ‹––”‘’ Šƒ—†Ǥ ͻȌƒˆ²–‡Ž±–ƒ‹––”°•„‡ŽŽ‡Ǥ ͳͲȌ ǯƒ‹„‡ƒ— ‘—’‡˜‹‡†‡ƒ‰‡”Ǥ ͳͳȌ‡––‡ˆ‹ŽŽ‡‡•––”‘’‰”ƒ••‡Ǥ ͳʹȌ‡–Š‘‡‡•––”°•‰”ƒ††‡–ƒ‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ ͳ͵Ȍ ‡‰ƒ”•‡•––”°•’‡–‹–†‡–ƒ‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ ͳͶȌ ‡•—‹•–”°•’ƒ—˜”‡Ǥ ͳͷȌ‡‰ƒ”•‡•––”‘’”‹ Š‡Ǥ ͳ͸Ȍ‡›ƒ”‡•–—–”°•‰”ƒ†Œ‘—‡—”Ǥ ͳ͹Ȍƒ˜‘‹–—”‡“—‡‘’°”‡ƒƒ Š‡–±‡‡•––”°•„‡ŽŽ‡Ǥ ͳͺȌ –ƒ‰‡—’‹°–”‡‰ƒ”†‹‡†‡„—–Ǥ ͳͻȌ ǯƒ‹‡„‡ƒ— ‘—’ ‡––‡ˆ‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ ʹͲȌ‡•‰ƒ”•‘––”‘’˜‹–‡ˆƒ‹–•‘–”ƒ˜ƒ‹ŽǤ International Journal of Language Studies ‘Ž—‡ͳͲǡ—„‡”ͳǡ ƒ—ƒ”›ʹͲͳ͸ǡ’’ǤͳͶͻǦͳͷͷ 

Book Review

 ƒ›ǡǤǤǡƬ”‘™ǡ ǤǤȋʹͲͳͷȌǤTeaching and assessing EIL in local contexts around the worldǤ ‡™ ‘”ǣ ‘—–Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ ȏš‹‹‹ Ϊ ͳͺͳ’’Ǣ ǣ ͻ͹ͺǦͳǦͳ͵ͺǦ͹ͺʹ͸͹ǦͻȐ

‡˜‹‡™‡†„›ƒ–Šƒ”ƒ‘”ƒ–Šƒ”ƒ‘”Ƭ‡†‹ ‘ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ƒ™ƒ‹̵‹ ƒ– ¢‘ƒǡ

‰Ž‹•Š —•‡‹ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡–Ǧ†ƒ› Šƒ• „‡‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†‹ ƒ› ™ƒ›•Ǥ Š”‡‡ –‡”‹‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ‘•– ™‹†‡Ž› —•‡† ƒ”‡ ‘”Ž† ‰Ž‹•Š‡• ȋȌǡ ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ• ƒ ‹‰—ƒ ”ƒ ƒ ȋ Ȍǡ ƒ† ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ• ƒ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ȋ ȌǤ ‘ —•‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ ’”‘Ž‹ˆ‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ’Š‡‘‡ƒǡ –Š‡•‡ –Š”‡‡ –‡”‹‘Ž‘‰‹‡• •Šƒ”‡ –Š‡‹” ‘ ‡”• ‘ˆ Š‘™ ‰Ž‹•Š Šƒ• –”ƒ• ‡†‡† –Š‡ ‘‡ ‘—–”› ‘‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰› –Šƒ– ‹– ƒ –ƒ‡ ‘ —Ž–‹’Ž‡ —Ž–—”‡•ƒ†•–ƒ†ƒ”†•–Šƒ–‘Ž‘‰‡”„‡Ž‘‰–‘ƒ›•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‰”‘—’• ‘ˆ‹–•—•‡”•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––‡”‹‘Ž‘‰‹‡•†‘Šƒ˜‡–Š‡‹”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Š‹•–‘”‹‡• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘” ’‡†ƒ‰‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ ƒ ˜ƒ”› ™‹†‡Ž›Ǥ  ˆ‘ —•‡•‘–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Šƒ•ƒ’”‘†— –‘ˆ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ ”‡ƒ–‹‰ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Šƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‘”Ž†ȋ ƒ›ǡʹͲͳͲȌǤ –‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡• –Š‡’Ž—”ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Š•–ƒ†ƒ”†•ǡŽ‡‰‹–‹‹œ‹‰Ž‘ ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Š—•‡† ‹—–‡”‹” Ž‡ƒ†š’ƒ†‹‰‹” Ž‡ ‘—–”‹‡•ȋˆ‘”†‡–ƒ‹Ž•‘ǡ•‡‡ƒ Š”—ǡ ͳͻͺ͸Ǣ•‡‡ƒŽ•‘‹—ǡʹͲͳͷȌǤ  ‘”‡ ”‡ ‡– †‹• —••‹‘ ‘ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‘ˆ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ ‰Ž‹•Š ‹•  ǡ ™Š‹ Š ’ƒ›• ƒ––‡–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘• ƒ‘‰ •‡ ‘† Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ȋʹȌ •’‡ƒ‡”• ‘ˆ ‰Ž‹•ŠǤ   ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ƒ‰‡†ƒ• ‹ Ž—†‡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰ ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹ ǡ ‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽǡ ƒ† ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ‘ˆ   –ƒŽǤ ‘”’—• •–—†‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ ‘–”‹„—–‡† — Š –‘ –Š‡ —””‡– —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ  ǡ ƒ† ƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–—†‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ ’‘‹–‡† –‘ ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ ’”ƒ‰ƒŽ‹‰—‹•–‹  ȋŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ˆ‘”• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡—•‡†–‘ ƒ””›‘—– ‡”–ƒ‹’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹ ƒ –‹‘•Ȍƒ†•‘ ‹‘’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ •‘ ‹‘ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‘†‹–‹‘• –Šƒ– ƒŽŽ ˆ‘” ‡”–ƒ‹ ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹ ƒ –‹‘•Ȍ—‹“—‡ ˆ‘”   ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘• ȋˆ‘” ‘”‡ ‹ †‡’–Š ”‡ƒ†‹‰ ‘  ǡ •‡‡ ‹”–Šǡ ͳͻͻ͸Ǣ ‡‹•ǡʹͲͲͲǢ‡‹†ŽŠ‘ˆ‡”ǡʹͲͲͶȌǤ ‡› ‘‘ȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ–™Š‹Ž‡ƒ† †‘•Šƒ”‡–Š‡•ƒ‡‰‘ƒŽ‹ ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‹‰–Š‡Š‡–‡”‘‰‡‡‹–›‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Šǡ–Š‡‹”–”‡ƒ–‡–‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Šƒ•–Š‘—‰Š ‹–‘ —’‹‡•ƒ‡—–”ƒŽ•’ƒ ‡‹‰‘”‡•–Š‡„”‘ƒ†‡”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘–‡š–ƒ†’‘™‡” •–”—‰‰Ž‡„‡Š‹†˜ƒŽ—‡•ƒ†•–ƒ†ƒ”†•‘ˆ‰Ž‹•ŠǤŠƒ”‹‰–Š‹••‹‹Žƒ” ‘ ‡”ǡ  ƒ›ȋʹͲͳͲȌ—•‡•–Š‡–‡” ƒ•ƒ—„”‡ŽŽƒ–‡”ˆ‘”ƒ† ™‹–Šƒ ǣʹͳͷ͹ǦͶͺͻͺǢ ǣʹͳͷ͹ǦͶͻͲͳ ̹ʹͲͳ͸ Ǣ”‹–‡†‹–Š‡„›—Ž—”‡••  Ǥ ͳͷͲ Ǥƒ–Šƒ”ƒ‘”ƬǤ ‘

”‡“—‹”‡†ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘Dz‰Ž‘„ƒŽƒ†Ž‘ ƒŽƒ•’‡ –‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Šƒ†ȏǥȐ –Š‡ ™ƒ›‹ ™Š‹ Š•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ —•‡‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Š‹•‹’ƒ –‡†„›‹••—‡•‘ˆ’‘™‡”ƒ†•–”—‰‰Ž‡dzȋ’Ǥ ͻͷȌǤ‹–Šƒ‰”‘™‹‰„‘†›‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ” Šǡ •–—†‹‡•Šƒ˜‡•‘—‰Š––‘—†‡”•–ƒ† “—‡•–‹‘• ‘ˆ Ž‡ƒ”‡” ‹ ‡–‹˜‡• ˆ‘” Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ‰Ž‹•Šǡ Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ǯ ‹†‡–‹–›ǡ ƒ† Š‘™‡™–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ƒŠ‡Ž’™‹–ŠŽ‡ƒ”‹‰‰Ž‹•Š‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›Ǥ ‹–Š–Š‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽƒˆ‘”‡‡–‹‘‡†•–ƒ–—•‘ˆ‰Ž‹•ŠŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†ƒ•  ǡ–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‡••ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‹•„‘‘‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡•–Š‡’Ž—”ƒŽ‹•ƒ† ‘–‡š– •‡•‹–‹˜‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Š–‡ƒ Š‹‰ƒ†Ž‡ƒ”‹‰™‘”Ž†™‹†‡Ǥ—””‡˜‹‡™™‹ŽŽ Žƒ–‡”‡š’Žƒ‹–Š‡‹”’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ•™‡•—ƒ”‹œ‡–Š‡ ‘–‡–™‹–Š‹‡ƒ Š Šƒ’–‡” „‡Ž‘™Ǥ˜‡”ƒŽŽǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‹•˜‘Ž—‡•–ƒ”–•‘ˆˆ„›‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ƒ —””‡–•ƒ’•Š‘– ‘ˆ–”‡†•ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‘ˆ‰Ž‹•ŠŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ Žƒ••”‘‘•ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǡ‹–• ’—”’‘•‡‹•–‘•—‰‰‡•–ƒƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡–‘•— Š’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǤŠ‹•„‘‘‹•ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‹‰ ˆ‘” ƒ  Ǧ ‘’ƒ–‹„Ž‡ –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ƒ† ƒ••‡••‡– ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ‘ˆ ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ• ‹– ‘ˆ”‘–•ƒ›‹• ‘ ‡’–‹‘•’‘’—Žƒ”Ž›Š‡Ž†„›”‡Žƒ–‡†’ƒ”–‹‡•™‹–Š‹–Š‡ ˆ‹‡Ž† ȋ‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ ”‘™ǡ ʹͲͳ͸Ǣ ”‘™ ™‹–Š ƒŽƒ‹ ‘†‘—•Šƒǡ ʹͲͳͷȌǤ ˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š–Š‡‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‹•˜‘Ž—‡‹•–‘ ƒŽŽˆ‘”ƒ Šƒ‰‡‹–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–•ƒ”‘—† ™Š‹ Š ‰Ž‹•Š Žƒ••”‘‘• ƒ”‡ —””‡–Ž› ‘†— –‡†ǡ –Š‹• †‘‡• ‘–‡ƒ–Šƒ– ™‡Šƒ˜‡–‘–Š”‘™ƒ™ƒ›‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰™‡‘™Ǥ ˆƒ –ǡ™‡ˆ‹†–Šƒ––Š‡–‘‡‘ˆ –Š‹•„‘‘‹•˜‡”›‡’‘™‡”‹‰ˆ‘”„‘–Š–‡ƒ Š‡”•ƒ†Ž‡ƒ”‡”•‘ˆ‰Ž‹•ŠǤ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š‹–• ‘–‡–†‹”‡ –Ž›–ƒ Ž‡• ‘’Ž‡š‹••—‡•’—–ˆ‘”–Š‹‘—” ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”†‹• —••‹‘‘ˆǡ ǡƒ† ǡ–Š‹•„‘‘”‡ƒ‹•˜‡”›ƒ ‡••‹„Ž‡ –‘ ‰Ž‹•ŠŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–‡ƒ Š‡”•ƒ–ƒ›Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ Š‡–™‘ƒ—–Š‘”•‘ˆ–Š‹•„‘‘ƒ”‡Š‹‰ŠŽ›’”‘Ž‹ˆ‹ • Š‘Žƒ”•‹–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†‘ˆƒ’’Ž‹‡† Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ •Ǥ ƒ†”ƒ  ƒ› ‹• ƒ ”‘ˆ‡••‘” ‡”‹–—• ƒ– ƒ ”ƒ ‹• ‘ –ƒ–‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ƒ† ƒ ƒˆˆ‹Ž‹ƒ–‡ ‡„‡” ƒ– –Š‡ †‡’ƒ”–‡– ‘ˆ ‡ ‘† ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –—†‹‡•ƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ƒ™ƒ‹Ǯ‹ƒ–¢‘ƒǤŠ‡‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›’‹‘‡‡”• ƒ†‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–ƒ–‹˜‡˜‘‹ ‡•‘ ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤŠ‡Šƒ•–ƒ—‰Š–‹ƒ› ‘–‡š–•ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‘”Ž†‘–‘’‹ •”ƒ‰‹‰ˆ”‘•‘ ‹‘Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ •–‘”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰› ƒ† •‡ ‘† Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ’‡†ƒ‰‘‰›Ǥ ƒ‡• ‡ƒ ȋ Ȍ ”‘™‹•ƒ ’”‘ˆ‡••‘”ƒ––Š‡†‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‡ ‘†ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ƒ™ƒ‹Ǯ‹ƒ–¢‘ƒǤ ‡Šƒ•™”‹––‡ƒŽƒ”‰‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ„‘‘•‹ –Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‡•–‹‰ ƒ† ƒ••‡••‡–ǡ ’”‘‰”ƒ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ǡ —””‹ —Ž— †‡•‹‰•ǡ ƒ† “—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ† ‹š‡† ‡–Š‘† ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‹ ƒ’’Ž‹‡† Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ •Ǥ ‡ Šƒ• ƒŽ•‘ ‰‹˜‡ Ž‡ –—”‡• ƒ† ‘†— –‡† ƒ› ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ’”‘Œ‡ –• ‹ —‡”‘—• ‘—–”‹‡•‹ Ž—†‹‰ ƒ’ƒǡ”ƒœ‹ŽǡŠ‹ƒƒ†ƒ›‘–Š‡”•ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ – ‹• ‡˜‹†‡– –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”•̵ ƒ†˜‘ ƒ › ˆ‘” ƒ†‘’–‹‰   ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šˆ‘”Ž‘ ƒŽ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ‘‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”•‡ƒ•‘‡†‡š’‡”–‹•‡ǡ‘–‘Ž›ƒ•• Š‘Žƒ”•ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘ ƒ• Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‡ƒ Š‡”• ƒ† –‡ƒ Š‡” –”ƒ‹‡”•Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ –Š‹• „‘‘‹•˜‡”› ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ‹–Š‡’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡–Šƒ–‹––ƒ‡•–‘’”‘‘–‡ Šƒ‰‡•ƒ†’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘•‹‰Ž‹•ŠŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ Žƒ••”‘‘•ƒ† —””‹ —Ž—ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ Teaching and assessing EIL in local contexts around the world ‘•‹•–•‘ˆ•‡˜‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͳͶͻǦͳͷͷ ͳͷͳ

Šƒ’–‡”•Ǥ  ‡ƒ Š Šƒ’–‡”ǡ ’‡†ƒ‰‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡Ž› †‹• —••‡†ǡƒ†–Š‡‹”ƒ”‰—‡–•ƒ”‡–Š‘—‰Š–ˆ—ŽŽ›•—ƒ”‹œ‡†‹”‡ƒ†›Ǧ–‘Ǧ—•‡ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•ˆ‘” Žƒ••”‘‘ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ‡ƒ Š Šƒ’–‡”ǡ–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”• ’”‘˜‹†‡ †‹• —••‹‘ “—‡•–‹‘• ƒ† ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ –ƒ•• ˆ‘” ”‡ƒ†‡”• –‘ ƒ –‹˜‡Ž› ‡‰ƒ‰‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ Šƒ’–‡”ǯ• ‘–‡– ™Š‹Ž‡ ”‡ˆŽ‡ – ‘ –Š‡‹” —””‡– ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ‘ˆ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‘”–‡ƒ Š‹‰‰Ž‹•Š‹–Š‡‹” ‘–‡š–•ǤŽŽ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‡š’Žƒ‹‡†ƒ––Š‡ „ƒ ‘ˆ‡ƒ Š Šƒ’–‡”™‡”‡‰ƒ–Š‡”‡†ˆ‘”‡ƒ•›”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ƒ––Š‡‡† •‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡„‘‘ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Šƒ‹†‡šˆ‘”–‡”‹‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ†’”‘’‡”ƒ‡•–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”• Šƒ˜‡‡–‹‘‡†Ǥ –Š‡ˆ‹”•– Šƒ’–‡”ǡDzŠ‡•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ†‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘–‡š–ǡdz–Š‡› ‡š’Žƒ‹ Š‘™ ‰Ž‹•Š‹• ‘™ Šƒ˜‹‰ –Š‡ •–ƒ–—• ‘ˆ ƒ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ™Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡› ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•‘ˆ ƒ”‡ǡƒ†™Šƒ– —””‡––”‡†•‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Š–‡ƒ Š‹‰ƒ†Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ž‘‘Ž‹‡ǤŠ‡•–ƒ–—•‘ˆ ‹•ˆ‹”•–•—’’‘”–‡†„›–Š‡‘•– —„‡”‘ˆ•‡ ‘†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•’‡ƒ‡”••’”‡ƒ†‹‰ƒŽŽƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǡƒ†–Š‡ ™ƒ›–Šƒ–‰Ž‹•Š‹•ƒ Šƒ‡Ž–Š”‘—‰Š™Š‹ Šƒ–‹‘•’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘—‹–›Ǥ ‡‘’Ž‡ ™ƒ– –‘ •’‡ƒ ‰Ž‹•Š –‘ „‡ ‘‡ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Œ‘‹–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽƒ”‡–Ǥ ‘”•‘‡ǡ–Š‹•”‡’”‡•‡–•ƒ—’™ƒ”† ‘„‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘‡ –‹‰–Š‡‹” ‘”‡”‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†™‹–Š–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡‰Ž‘„‡Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‘†’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ Šƒ’–‡”–Š‡†‹• —••‡•–Š‡”‡’‡” —••‹‘‘ˆ•— Š•–ƒ–—•ǣ –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡• ‘ˆ ‰Ž‹•Šǡ ƒ† —ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ„Ž›ǡ –Š‡ ‘–‡–‹‘ ‘˜‡” ‹–• •–ƒ†ƒ”†•Ǥ ‡ˆ‹‹‰ ‘” ƒ†‘’–‹‰ ƒ› •–ƒ†ƒ”†• ‹• ƒ ‘’Ž‡š —†‡”–ƒ‹‰Ǣ ‘‡–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ –Š‹•–ƒ•Šƒ•–‘„‡–ƒ‡—’„›–‡ƒ Š‡”•ǡ‘” —””‹ —Ž—†‡•‹‰‡”•ǡ ™Š‘ —†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡ •–—†‡–•ǯ ‡‡†• ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• –Š‡ •‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ †‡ƒ†• ˆ‘” –Šƒ– ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‘–‡š––Š‡‘•–ǤŠ‡ Šƒ’–‡”ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›–—”•–‘ ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ —””‡– ”‡ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Šƒ•ƒˆ‘”‡‹‰Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ȋ Ȍ‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘”ƒ› ‘—–”‹‡• ‹ ™Š‹ Š ‰Ž‹•Š ‹• ƒ ”‡“—‹”‡† ˆ‘”‡‹‰ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ ‰Ž‹•Š ‹• ’Žƒ›‹‰ ƒ ‰ƒ–‡‡‡’‹‰ ”‘Ž‡ ˆ‘” Š‹‰Š‡” ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ‰”‘™–ŠǤ ‘•– ‰‘˜‡”‡–• ƒ”‡ ‘™ ’—•Š‹‰ ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ›‘—–Š• –‘ •–ƒ”– Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ– ›‘—‰‡”ƒ‰‡•ǡƒ†’ƒ”‡–•ƒ”‡†‡ƒ†‹‰‘”‡„‹Ž‹‰—ƒŽ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡‹” Š‹Ž†”‡ǤŠ‡ —””‡––”‡†ˆ‘”‰Ž‹•Š‡†— ƒ–‹‘‹•more‰Ž‹•Š‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ – ‹•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‹’‘”–ƒ––‘”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡–Šƒ–‰Ž‹•ŠŽ‡ƒ”‹‰Šƒ•„‡ ‘‡ƒŠ—‰‡Ž› Ž— ”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹†—•–”› ™Š‹ Š ‹• ˆƒ” ˆ”‘ „‡‹‰ ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǤ •   –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ’”ƒ –‹–‹‘‡”•ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡‡š–”ƒ ƒ”‡ˆ—Ž™Š‡•‡Ž‡ –‹‰Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‘” ƒ†‘’–‹‰ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹•–ƒ†ƒ”†ǡƒ†ƒŽ™ƒ›• ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡’‡†ƒ‰‘‰‹ ƒŽ•—‹–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘‘—”•–—†‡–•ǯ‡‡†•Ǥ  –Š‡ •‡ ‘† Šƒ’–‡”ǡ Dz  –‡ƒ Š‡”•ǡ Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ǡ ƒ† Žƒ••”‘‘ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ǡdz –Š”‡‡Ž‘‰ǦŠ‡Ž†„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ƒ„‘—––‡ƒ Š‡”•ǡŽ‡ƒ”‡”•ǡƒ† Žƒ••”‘‘‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ƒ”‡ †‡›•–‹ˆ‹‡†Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ›–Š ‹• ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ •—’‡”‹‘”‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ–‹˜‡ •’‡ƒ‡”• ƒ• –‡ƒ Š‡”•‘ˆ‰Ž‹•ŠŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ •–‡ƒ†‘ˆ—•‹‰–Š‡–‡”Dz‘Ǧƒ–‹˜‡–‡ƒ Š‡”•dzǡ –Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”•‘’–‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡–‡”Dz„‹Ž‹‰—ƒŽ–‡ƒ Š‡”•dz–‘‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡–Š‡•–”‡‰–Š• –Šƒ– –Š‡•‡ –‡ƒ Š‡”• Šƒ˜‡ ˆ‘” —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ –Š‡‹” Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ǯ ‡‡†•Ǥ • ‡–‹‘‡† ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡ •— Š —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‹• ”— ‹ƒŽ ˆ‘” –‡ƒ Š‡”• –‘ ƒ‡ ͳͷʹ Ǥƒ–Šƒ”ƒ‘”ƬǤ ‘

’‡†ƒ‰‘‰‹ ƒŽ†‡ ‹•‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ„‹Ž‹‰—ƒŽ–‡ƒ Š‡”••Š‘—Ž†„‡ ‡’‘™‡”‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡–Š‡ ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡–‘–‡ƒ Šƒ†–‘ˆ‡‡Ž–Šƒ–‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡› ƒ”‡‘–ƒDzƒ–‹˜‡dz•’‡ƒ‡”‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Šǡ–Š‡› ƒ„‡ ‘‡ƒ‡š’‡”–—•‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ƒ† †‘ƒ‹ ‘ˆ ‰Ž‹•Š —•ƒ‰‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡› ƒ”‡ –‡ƒ Š‹‰Ǥ ‘” –Š‡ •‡ ‘† ›–Š–Šƒ– Ž‡ƒ”‡”•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›Šƒ˜‡Ž‘™‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ –Š‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ –Š‹• Šƒ’–‡” ’”‡•‡–• ‘—–‡”‡˜‹†‡ ‡ •Š‘™‹‰ –Šƒ– Ž‡ƒ”‡”• ƒ Šƒ˜‡ •–”‘‰ ‹•–”—‡–ƒŽ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‘„–ƒ‹ Š‹‰Š ‰Ž‹•Š ’”‘ˆ‹ ‹‡ ›Ǥ • Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ƒŽ•‘•Šƒ”‡–Š‡‹• ‘ ‡’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•—’‡”‹‘”‹–›‘ˆƒ–‹˜‡‘˜‡”‘Ǧ ƒ–‹˜‡•’‡ƒ‡”•ǡ•‘‡Š‹‰ŠŽ›‘–‹˜ƒ–‡†Ž‡ƒ”‡”•‡˜‡ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›•‡––Š‡‹”‰‘ƒŽ• –‘„‡ ‘‹‰Dzƒ–‹˜‡ǦŽ‹‡dzǤŠ‹•„”‹‰•„ƒ –Š‡‹••—‡‘ˆ•–ƒ†ƒ”†• ƒ† —†‡”Ž‹‡•–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ‹–•†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•„‡‡†‹• —••‡†Žƒ–‡”‘ ‹ –Š‡ Šƒ’–‡”• ‘ ƒ••‡••‡– –‘’‹ •Ǥ Š‡ Žƒ•– ›–Š Šƒ• –‘ †‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡š Ž—•‹˜‡—•‡‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Š‹–Š‡ Žƒ••”‘‘ǤŠ‡ƒ—–Š‘”•ˆ‹”Ž›„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ–•— Š ’‘•‹–‹‘‹•ƒˆƒŽŽƒ ›ǡˆ‘”— Š”‡ ‡–”‡•‡ƒ” ŠŠƒ•’‘‹–‡†–‘–Š‡ „‡‡ˆ‹– ‘ˆ —•‹‰ˆ‹”•–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ‘”•™‹– Š‹‰„‡–™‡‡ˆ‹”•–ƒ†•‡ ‘†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•–‘ƒ‹† –Š‡ ƒ “—‹•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡ ‘† Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ —†‡” ƒ ‰‹˜‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŽ‡ƒ”‡”•ǯ’”‘ˆ‹ ‹‡ ›Ž‡˜‡Žƒ†–Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ–Šƒ–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰–ƒ••ǡ•–—†‡–•ǯˆ‹”•–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡–”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ•ƒ”‡•‘—” ‡‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ„‡‹‰’”‘Š‹„‹–‡†Ǥ Š‡–Š‹”† Šƒ’–‡”ǡDz‡›ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ •–—†‡–•ǯ‰Ž‹•Š‡‡†•ǡdz’”‘‘–‡•–Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ ‡‡†• ƒ••‡••‡– ‹ •›•–‡ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ› ‰ƒ–Š‡”‹‰ †ƒ–ƒ –Šƒ– ™‹ŽŽ Š‡Ž’ –‡ƒ Š‡”•—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡‹”Ž‘ ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ‘–‡š–•Ǥ‡‘ˆ–Š‡„‘‘ǯ•ƒ‹ ’‘‹–•‹•–Šƒ–Dz†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•™‹ŽŽ„‡„‡––‡”•‡”˜‡†„›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–   ’”‘‰”ƒ•Ǥdzȋ’ǤͷͲȌǤ•’”‡˜‹‘—• Šƒ’–‡”•Šƒ˜‡ ‘–‹—‘—•Ž›‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡† –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆŽ‘ ƒŽŽ›†‡ˆ‹‡†•–ƒ†ƒ”†•ƒ†Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ǯ‡‡†•ǡƒ†–Šƒ––‡ƒ Š‡”• ƒ”‡‹–Š‡„‡•–’‘•‹–‹‘–‘ƒ‡’‡†ƒ‰‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ›‹ˆ‘”‡††‡ ‹•‹‘•–‘ˆ‹––Š‘•‡ ‡‡†• ƒ† •–ƒ†ƒ”†•ǡ –Š‹• Šƒ’–‡” ‰—‹†‡• –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ’”ƒ –‹–‹‘‡”•‘Š‘™–‘ ‘†— – ƒ ‡‡†• ƒ••‡••‡–Ǥ – ’”‘˜‹†‡• ‹•–ƒ– •—”˜‡› “—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡• –‘ ‰ƒ—‰‡ •–—†‡–• ƒ† –‡ƒ Š‡”ǯ• ƒ––‹–—†‡• ƒ† „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ˆ‘” Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ƒ† –‡ƒ Š‹‰  –Šƒ– ƒ‡ƒ•‹Ž›„‡ƒ†ƒ’–‡†–‘ˆ‹–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘–‡š–•Ǥ –Š‡ˆ‘—”–Š Šƒ’–‡”ǡDz‡ƒ Š‹‰ƒ†ƒ••‡••‹‰‰”ƒƒ”ǡdz ‹•†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡† ˆ”‘‘”Ž†‰Ž‹•Š‡•ȋȌƒ†‰Ž‹•Šƒ•ƒ‹‰—ƒ ”ƒ ƒȋ Ȍ‹–Š‡‡‡† –‘•—’’‘”–•–—†‡–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ˆ‘”—–—ƒŽ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‹„‹Ž‹–› ‹ –Š‡ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘–‡š–ǤŠ‡ƒ—–Š‘”••Š‘™Š‘™‰”ƒƒ”Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ƒ„‡‹ˆ—•‡†™‹–Š ƒˆ‘ —•‘‡ƒ‹‰ǡˆ‘”ǡƒ†‹–‡” —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‘’‡–‡ ›„›‡š’‘•‹‰Ž‡ƒ”‡”• –‘ ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡• ‘ˆ ‰Ž‹•Š‡• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ —•‡Ǥ Š‹• ‹ Ž—†‡• Ž‘ ƒŽ •‘ ‹‘’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹  ‘’‡–‡ ‡ǡ •— Š ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ –Š‡ ‘”• ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‡‡••ǡ ƒ† ’”ƒ‰ƒŽ‹‰—‹•–‹  ‘’‡–‡ ‡ǡ –Š‡ ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ —•‡ Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  ˆ‘”•ǡ •— Š ƒ• Š‡†‰‹‰ǡ ˆ‘” ’‘Ž‹–‡‡••Ǥ Š‡ •—‰‰‡•–‡†   ‰‘ƒŽ•ƒ”‡–‘ ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ‹ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ǯ ‡š’”‡••‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‘™ ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹ ‘”•Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡ Šƒ’–‡””‡ˆ”ƒ‡•Š‹‰Š•–ƒ‡••–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œ‡† ƒ••‡••‡–ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”—•‡‹‡ƒ•—”‹‰ ‘’‡–‡ ›‹ ‡”‹” Ž‡ ‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͳͶͻǦͳͷͷ ͳͷ͵

‹ƒŽŽ›ǡƒˆ–‡”‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰Ž‘ ƒŽƒ†‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‰”ƒƒ”‡‡†•ƒ†—•‡•‘ˆ ǡ–Š‡ Šƒ’–‡” ‘ Ž—†‡•™‹–Š‰—‹†‹‰’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•ˆ‘” Žƒ••”‘‘–‡ƒ Š‹‰ ƒ† ƒ••‡••‡–Ǥ –Š‡ˆ‹ˆ–Š Šƒ’–‡”ǡDz‡ƒ Š‹‰ƒ†ƒ••‡••‹‰‘”ƒ ›ǡdz–Š‡–‡” ”ƒ ›‹•—•‡† –‘”‡ˆ‡”–‘ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘Ž‹•–‡ƒ†•’‡ƒ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‹„Ž›‹–Šƒ–’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”  ‘–‡š–Ǥ – ‹• ’”‘’‘•‡† –Šƒ– ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ ƒ†‘’–‹‰ –Š‡ †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆŽ—‡ › ƒ• ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‹‰‘”ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹‰–Š‡native•’‡ƒ‡”ǯ••–ƒ†ƒ”†•ƒ†‘”•ǡ  —””‹ —Ž—•–ƒ†ƒ”†••Š‘—Ž†”‡ˆŽ‡ –™Šƒ–‹•ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡‹–Š‡‹” ‘–‡š–•ƒ† †‘ƒ‹• ‘ˆ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ —•‡Ǥ ‡ƒ Š‹‰   ‘”ƒ › •Š‘—Ž† ‘– ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡ ‘ ‘””‡ –‹‰•–—†‡–•ǯƒ ‡–•‘”ˆ‘ —•‹‰‘–Š‡ƒ —”ƒ ›‘ˆ–Š‡‹” ’”‘†— –‹‘ –Šƒ–†‘‡•‘–ƒˆˆ‡ –‹–•‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‹„‹Ž‹–›ǤŠ‡ƒ––‡–‹‘‹•–‡ƒ†•Š‘—Ž†„‡ †‹”‡ –‡†–‘™Šƒ– ƒ”‡ƒŽ‹•–‹ ƒŽŽ›„‡–ƒ—‰Š–ǡƒ†‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡–‹‡ǡ‹–‹•–‘”ƒ‹•‡ –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ǯ ƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• ‘ˆ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ •–ƒ†ƒ”†• ‹ –Š‡  ǡ ƒ† –Šƒ– –Š‡› —†‡”•–ƒ†Š‘™†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•–ƒ†ƒ”†•ƒ”‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘–‡š–•Ǥ ‡ ‘‰‹œ‹‰–Šƒ–‹––ƒ‡•–Š‡‡ˆˆ‘”–ˆ”‘„‘–Š–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”ƒ†–Š‡Ž‹•–‡‡”–‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡—–—ƒŽ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‹„‹Ž‹–›‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ‡›ǡ„—–‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž›ǡ–‡ƒ Š‹‰  ‘”ƒ › •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ„‘—–ȋƒȌ ˆ‘•–‡”‹‰ ƒ •‡•‡ ‘ˆ ‘™‡”•Š‹’ ‘ˆ –Š‡˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•‘ˆ ‰Ž‹•Š–Šƒ––Š‡›•’‡ƒǡȋ„Ȍ’”‘˜‹†‹‰‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘” ‘–‹—‘—•Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ǡƒ† ȋ Ȍ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰•–—†‡–•–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ ˆŽ—‡ ›ǤŠ‹•‡ƒ•–Šƒ–ƒ••‡••‡– •–ƒ†ƒ”†•Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡”‡ˆ‹‡†–‘”‡ˆŽ‡ –Ž‘ ƒŽ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‹„‹Ž‹–›‹•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ †‘ƒ‹• ƒ† ‘–‡š–•Ǥ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡ Šƒ’–‡”ƒˆ‡™ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‘”•ˆ‘” Žƒ••”‘‘ ‘”ƒ › ƒ••‡••‡–• ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ”—„”‹ • ˆ‘” • ‘”‹‰ –Š‘•‡ –ƒ•• ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡†Ǥ –Š‡•‹š–Š Šƒ’–‡”ǡDz‡ƒ Š‹‰ƒ†ƒ••‡••‹‰Ž‹–‡”ƒ ›ǡdz–Š‡ Šƒ‰‹‰˜‹‡™•‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ˆ —Ž–—”‡ ‘ „‘–Š ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ Ž‹–‡”ƒ ›ǡ ™”‹–‹‰ ƒ† ”‡ƒ†‹‰ǡ ƒ”‡ ƒ††”‡••‡†Ǥ  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• –‘ „—‹Ž† ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ‹–‹œ‡• –Š”‘—‰Š Ž‹–‡”ƒ › ƒ”‡ ‰‹˜‡Ǥ —Ž–—”‡ ‹••—‡• ‹ ™”‹–‹‰ ƒ”‡ †‹• —••‡† ‹ •Š‘™‹‰ –Š‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡•‘ˆ ‘–”ƒ•–‹˜‡”Š‡–‘”‹ ƒ†–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ‰‡”‡ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••‹ —Ž–—”‡Ǧ„‘—†   ‰‘ƒŽ•Ǥ  ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰ •–—†‡–• –‘ —•‡ –Š‡‹” Ž‘ ƒŽ ”Š‡–‘”‹ ƒŽ ‘˜‡• ƒ”‡ †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡† ‹ „—•‹‡•• ™”‹–‹‰Ǥ ‘ •—’’‘”– •–—†‡–•ǯ ™”‹–‹‰ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ ‡–ƒŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ••‡••‡–• •— Š ƒ• ’‘”–ˆ‘Ž‹‘• ƒ† Žƒ”‰‡Ǧ• ƒŽ‡ ’”‘Œ‡ –•™‹–Š”—„”‹ •ƒ”‡•—‰‰‡•–‡†Ǥ ‘””‡ƒ†‹‰ǡ ”‘••Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•‹ „ƒ ‰”‘—† ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‘ˆ ‘–‡–‹  –‡š–„‘‘•ƒ”‡ Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡† –‘ ‰—‹†‡ ”‹–‹ ƒŽŽ‡ƒ”‹‰•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ˆ‘”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ”‡ƒ†‹‰Ǥ••‡••‡– ‘ˆ ”‡ƒ†‹‰ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹‘ˆ‘ —•‡•‘™Šƒ––Š‡Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ƒ”‡ƒ––‡’–‹‰–‘†‘‹ ‹–‡•‹˜‡ ƒ†‡š–‡•‹˜‡”‡ƒ†‹‰ ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ‹ ƒ••‹‹Žƒ–‹‘‹•– –‡†‡ ‹‡• –‘ ‘ˆ‘”–‘ˆ‹š‡†ƒ–‹˜‡•’‡ƒ‡”Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ ‰‘ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‡ •‡˜‡–Š Šƒ’–‡”ǡ Dz –‡‰”ƒ–‹‰ ‘’—–‡” ‡†‹ƒ–‡† ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‹–‘   Žƒ••”‘‘•ǡdz —Ž‹ƒ–‡• –Š‡ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡• ‘ˆ   –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ƒ† ƒ••‡••‡– „› ‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‰ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡• ‘ˆ   Ž‹–‡”ƒ › ƒ† ˆŽ—‡ › ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ •‹ŽŽ• ƒ† ”‘••Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••Ǥ Š‡ ͳͷͶ Ǥƒ–Šƒ”ƒ‘”ƬǤ ‘

ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ ‹• Žƒ‹† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹–”‘†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡• ‘ˆ Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  ‘”’‘”ƒǡ™”‹––‡ƒ†‘”ƒŽǡƒ†•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ˆ‘”—•‹‰–Š‡•‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡”‡•‘—” ‡•‹ –Š‡ Žƒ••”‘‘ǤŠ‡•‡”ƒ‰‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‘”’‘”ƒ–‘ƒ–‡ƒ Š‡”Ǧƒ†‡ ‘”’‘”ƒ –‘ˆ‘ —•‘‘”‡Ž‘ ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡—•‡•‘ˆ‰Ž‹•ŠǤ ƒ™ƒ‹Ǯ‹”‡‘Ž‡ ‰Ž‹•Š ‘” ‹†‰‹‹•—•‡†ƒ•ƒ‡šƒ’Ž‡–‘•Š‘™Š‘™ƒˆ”‡‡ ‘ ‘”†ƒ ‡–‘‘Žǡ •— Š ƒ• –‘ ǡ ƒ„‡—•‡†‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ ‹–‡•ˆ‘” „‹Ž‹‰—ƒŽ –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ‘”‹‰‹–ƒŽ ‹”‡ –‡†‡ƒ”‹‰ ȋȌǤ  ƒ††‹–‹‘ ”‡•‘—” ‡• ƒ”‡ ‰‹˜‡ ˆ‘” Ž‘ ƒŽ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘ ‘”†ƒ ‡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Ž‘™ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡˜‹”‘‡–•Ǥ ‘ ‰—‹†‡ –‡ƒ Š‡”•‹ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‰–Š‡˜ƒ•–”‡’‡”–‘‹”‡‘ˆ‘Ž‹‡”‡•‘—” ‡•–‘–Š‡‹”•–—†‡–•ǡ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ ‘Ž‹‡ ™‡„•‹–‡• ƒ† ™ƒ›• ‘ˆ ƒ••‡••‹‰ •–—†‡–•ǯ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‡†‹ƒƒ† –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›—•‡‹•‰‹˜‡Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”••Š‘™Š‘™–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›‹•ƒ–‘‘Ž–‘ Š‡Ž’–‡ƒ Š‡”•†‡˜‡Ž‘’  —””‹ —Žƒ™‹–Š ‘”ƒ ›ƒ†Ž‹–‡”ƒ ›•–ƒ†ƒ”†•Ǥ  ƒ›ƒ†”‘™‰‹˜‡ƒ„”‘ƒ†•™‡‡’‘ˆ”‡–Š‹‹‰‰Ž‹•Š–‡ƒ Š‹‰ ƒ† ƒ••‡••‡–‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›Ǥƒ Š Šƒ’–‡”ˆ‘ —•‡•‘ ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ ‹••—‡• ˆ‘” Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ Žƒ••”‘‘ ƒ† ‘–”‹„—–‡• –‘ ”‘••Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ   ˆ‘” ƒŽŽ •–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•ǡ •–—†‡–•ǡ –‡ƒ Š‡”•ǡ ƒ† ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‘”•–‘•—’’‘”–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰Ž‘ ƒŽ  —””‹ —ŽƒǤ‡ˆ‘—†–Š‡„‘‘ –‘ „‡ •–”ƒ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”™ƒ”† ‹ ‘ˆ”‘–‹‰ ’‘’—Žƒ” ‹• ‘ ‡’–‹‘• ƒ„‘—– ƒ–‹˜‡ •’‡ƒ‡”‘”•‹Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–‡ƒ Š‹‰ƒ†Ž‡ƒ”‹‰„›’”‡•‡–‹‰’‡†ƒ‰‘‰‹ ƒŽ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡• ‰”‘—†‡† ‹ ‰Ž‹•Š Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ Ž–Š‘—‰Š –Š‡ ‘–‹‘ ‘ˆ   —””‹ —Ž— Šƒ• „‡‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ˆ‘” “—‹–‡ •‘‡ –‹‡ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ›‡ƒ”•ǡ –Š‹• „‘‘ †‹”‡ –Ž› ‘‡ –•   ‰‘ƒŽ• ƒ† ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡• –‘ –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ƒ† ƒ••‡••‡–Ǥ•‰Ž‹•ŠŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–‡ƒ Š‡”•ǡ™‡ ƒ‡ƒ•‹Ž›ƒ’’Ž›–Š‡”‡•‘—” ‡• ƒ†•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•–‘‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡‘—”•–—†‡–•–‘‡„”ƒ ‡–Š‡‹”‘™Ž‘ ƒŽ‰Ž‹•Š ‘”•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–‘„‡‘”‡ ”‘••Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽŽ›ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ‘ˆ —•‹‰ •›•–‡ƒ–‹  ‡‡†• ƒ••‡••‡– –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’  ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‹„‹Ž‹–› —””‹ —Ž—‰‘ƒŽ••Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ†‘’–‡†„›ƒŽŽ–‡ƒ Š‡”•ˆ‘”–Š‡ ƒ†˜ƒ ‡‡–‘ˆ ’”‘‰”ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ

The Authors ƒ–Šƒ”ƒ‘” ƒ–Šƒ”ƒ‘” ȋƒ‹Žǣ ’’ƒ–Šƒ”ƒ̷Šƒ™ƒ‹‹Ǥ‡†—Ȍ ‹• ƒ Š •–—†‡– ‹ –Š‡†‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‡ ‘†ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ȋȌƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ƒ™ƒ‹̵‹ ƒ–¢‘ƒȋ ȌǤŠ‡™‘”•ƒ•ƒ ƒ†–‡ƒ Š‡”ˆ‘”—‹˜‡”•‹–›•–—†‡–• ‹Šƒ‹Žƒ†ƒ†–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǡƒ†–‡ƒ Š‡•—†‡”‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡ ‘—”•‡•‹–Š‡  †‡’ƒ”–‡– ƒ–  Ǥ ‡” ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‹–‡”‡•–• ‹ Ž—†‡ Žƒ••”‘‘ ƒ••‡••‡–ǡ ‘”ƒŽ ƒ••‡••‡–ǡ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ƒŽ ‘’‡–‡ ‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ ƒ† •‡ ‘†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡†‹ ‘ȋƒ‹Žǣ‡†‹Š̷Šƒ™ƒ‹‹Ǥ‡†—Ȍ‹•ƒȀ –‡ƒ Š‡”™‹–Š‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‹–‡ƒ Š‹‰ƒ†—Ž–‹‹‰”ƒ–•ˆ‘” ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ƒ† ƒ”‡‡””‡ƒ†‹‡••ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ƒ ƒ†‡‹  ‰Ž‹•Š ‹ ‹‡–ƒǤ Š‡ ‹• —””‡–Ž› ‹ –Š‡ †‘ –‘”ƒŽ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ǡͳͲȋͳȌǡͳͶͻǦͳͷͷ ͳͷͷ

’”‘‰”ƒ ‹ –Š‡ ‡ ‘† ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –—†‹‡• †‡’ƒ”–‡– ƒ– –Š‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ™ƒ‹Ǯ‹ƒ–¢‘ƒǤ ‡””‡•‡ƒ” Š‹–‡”‡•–•‹ Ž—†‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡’”‘‰”ƒ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ† ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‰Ž‹•Š ˆ‘” ‡†‹ ƒŽ —”’‘•‡• ȋȌǡ‘™Ǧ †— ƒ–‡† ‡ ‘† ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ† ‹–‡”ƒ ›  “—‹•‹–‹‘ ȋȌǡ ƒ†‘„‹Ž‡ ••‹•–‡†ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‡ƒ”‹‰ȋȌǤ

References ”‘™ǡ ǤǤȋʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘ǣ ‘”–››‡ƒ”•‹ƒ’’Ž‹‡†Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ •Ǥ International Journal of Language Studies, 10ȋͳȌǡͳǦͳͶǤ ”‘™ǡ Ǥ Ǥǡ ™‹–Š ƒŽƒ‹ ‘†‘—•Šƒǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋʹͲͳͷȌǤ ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‡•–‹‰ǣ Š‡ •–ƒ–‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–ȋ–ƒŽ™‹–Š ƒ‡•‡ƒ”‘™ȌǤInternational Journal of Language Studies, 9ȋͶȌǡͳ͵͵ǦͳͶ͵Ǥ ‹”–Šǡ Ǥ ȋͳͻͻ͸ȌǤ Š‡ †‹• —”•‹˜‡ ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š‡– ‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ  ̵Ž‹‰—ƒ ˆ”ƒ ƒ̵ ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ† ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ ƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ Journal of Pragmatics, 26ǡ ʹ͵͹ǦʹͷͻǤ ‡‹•ǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲͲͲȌǤ The phonology of English as an international languageǤ šˆ‘”†ǣšˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ ‹—ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋʹͲͳͷȌǤ Š”‡‡ ‘ ‡–”‹  ‹” Ž‡•ǣ ‘—‰ Š‹‡•‡ ‰Ž‹•Š Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ǯ ’‡” ‡’–‹‘• ‘ˆ ’—”’‘•‡ˆ—Ž ƒ—†‹‡ ‡•Ǥ International Journal of Language Studies, 9ȋ͵Ȍǡͺ͵ǦͳͲͲǤ ƒ Š”—ǡǤǤȋͳͻͺ͸ȌǤThe alchemy of EnglishǤšˆ‘”†ǣ‡”‰ƒ‘”‡••Ǥ  ƒ›ǡǤǤȋʹͲͳͲȌǤ‰Ž‹•Šƒ•ƒ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ‘”„‡”‰‡” ƬǤǤ ƒ›ȋ†•ǤȌǡSociolinguistics and language education,ȋ’’ǤͺͻǦ ͳͳͷȌǤ”‹•–‘Žǣ—Ž–‹Ž‹‰—ƒŽƒ––‡”•Ǥ ‡› ‘‘ǡǤȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ‡›‘†Š‘‘‰‡›ƒ†Š‡–‡”‘‰‡›ǣ‰Ž‹•Šƒ•ƒ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ƒ† ™‘”Ž†Ž› Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ  Ǥ ƒ‹” ȋ†ǤȌǡ The politics of English as a world languageȋ’’Ǥ͵Ǧͳ͹ȌǤ•–‡”†ƒǣ‘†‘’‹Ǥ ‡‹†ŽŠ‘ˆ‡”ǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲͲͶȌǤ ‡•‡ƒ” Š ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡• ‘ –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ‰Ž‹•Šƒ•ƒŽ‹‰—ƒ ˆ”ƒ ƒǤAnnual Review of Applied Linguistics, 24ǡʹͲͻǦʹ͵ͻǤ