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Home , Sonnet 18

Volume 6: 2015-2016 Arts and Humanities JUROS Thou: The Connection between Shakespeare and his Gregory Scott Wobser II

ABSTRACT ’s were written from an autobiographical point of view that represents his personal struggles with love. Most notably defining this idea is the use of the word “thou”, that which indicates identity, ownership and things one is owned. Shakespeare uses the friendship with the Lovely Young Man to showcase his desires for love and an everlasting saga for the young man. The spirit of the relationship between the two was perfectly normal for the time period, and a very strong relationship as Shakespeare’s strong language suggests. A relationship that reaches its climax in Sonnet 18, “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day…..” Was the end of Shakespeare’s struggle with love truly defined in the end of The Sonnets? The world will never know, but poetic art and love can both be present in an autobiographical work, one which truly encompasses the word “thou”.

One of William Shakespeare’s most interesting revolves around the boy and his future. Shakespeare is works was his Sonnets, most notably the Sonnets writ- asking the reader to think about these characters as real ten to the Lovely Young Man. Is this Young Man actual- human beings so that the reader is able to connect with ly real or just an imaginary figure? Scholars have debat- the friendship -- to see the value in a real relationship ed long and hard over this topic since the 19th Century. that may resemble something found in the reader’s life. The word in the Sonnets that suggests they are auto- The friendship theme would support the classifying biographical is “thou,” which indicates identity, own- of Shakespeare sonnet sequence as an autobiographical ership and things one is owed. Without Shakespeare’s work. Heather Dubrow has been exploring how culture use of “thou,” the Sonnets would not reflect his personal and history combine in literary pieces and has several struggles and the development of the friendship with notable pieces on Shakespeare and Twentieth Century the young man. Shakespeare is relying on the reader to Politics. Dubrow presents the following about Shake- understand the context with which the Sonnets were speare’s Sonnets: “The axiom that the first 126 poems written to truly understand the friendship with the involve the Friend and subsequent lyrics concern the Lovely Young Man. The Sonnets are a balancing act be- generates assumptions about the presence tween love and poetic art: without one, you don’t have of a linear plot (Dubrow, 1)”. Although Dubrow argues the other. that we do not always have to be bound by reading the Close reading and analysis of the text reveals the Sonnets as following this pattern, there is a strong case importance of the friendship with the Young Man and to be made for the existence of a narrative. Even if the the delicate balance between love and poetic art. In “Ed- poems weren’t written in the order in which they were iting as Cultural Formations: The Sexing of Shakespeare’s printed, they were deliberately sequenced in the 1609 Sonnets,” Peter Stallybrass wrote: “The construction of Quarto to produce a narrative. Shakespeare is clearly the individual and the making of the genders and sex- telling the reader a story, a personal story of friendship. ualities are materially embedded in the historical pro- Shakespeare first illustrates the importance of duction and reproduction of texts (Stallybrass, 2)”. A finding a mate for the Lovely Young Man. The Speaker writer becomes an author through what is written in the is the channel through which Shakespeare is communi- texts. In the construction of papers, there is an essence cating his wishes in . of purpose that becomes clear when the writer takes ownership of the work. For Shakespeare, a relationship “His tender heir might bear his memory. But thou, con- worth writing about was as important as a relationship tracted to thine own bright eyes, feed’st thy light’s flame with self-substantial fuel, Making a famine where abun- with a significant other. In the process, Shakespeare is dance lies, thyself thy foe, to thy sweet self too cruel (1-3)” making an investment in the friendship with the Lovely Young Man. Because Shakespeare had been involved in The young man has big beautiful eyes but they are his writing, he uses “the boy as a central figure” (Stal- too blind to see that young lady waiting for him. The lybrass, 3). This is because everything in the Sonnets JUROS Arts and Humanities Volume 6: 2015-2016 Volume 6: 2015-2016 Arts and Humanities JUROS

speaker uses “thou” and “thine” to emphasize that the and craft many sonnets talking about it. Shakespeare which the Sonnets were written. When reading Shake- belong to Shakespeare himself. If the Lovely Young Man eyes belong to the boy, and that he is too focused on truly wants the Lovely Young Man to be happy while he speare in historical context, there is simply no way to were to come to hate himself, then Shakespeare would himself to notice the world around him. A truly remark- has time remaining in his life. distinguish friendships between men and a homoerotic come to hate himself, because Shakespeare could never able friendship is one in which each person has an equal The autobiographical nature of Shakespeare’s relationship that involved sexual desire. Reading Shake- love someone the Lovely Young Man hated. This friend- vision of each other: mutual respect, understanding and work tells us that the Lovely Young Man will not live speare’s work as autobiographical, the reader should fo- ly and sincere relationship that Shakespeare and the responsibility to look out for the well-being of the other on forever, but hopefully his legacy will. The Love- cus on the friendship and not any other issues that may young man share reaches its climax in Sonnet 18: “Shall person. Shakespeare is emphasizing the importance of ly Young Man himself (just as Shakespeare) must die arise today in order to fully understand the purpose of I compare thee to a summer’s day (1)” tells us how much finding a mate, and Sonnet 1 clearly presents the urgen- one day soon. In the end of , Shakespeare tells Shakespeare’s writing. love Shakespeare truly has for the young man. Shake- cy of the situation. the Lovely Young man clearly “But, if thou live not to In Sonnet 80, Shakespeare belittles himself before speare believes this young man is resolved to live a won- This Lovely Young Man has made many mistakes, be remembered, die single, and thine image dies with the Lovely Young Man while not being able to find the derful life, and that perhaps he should find the young and without Shakespeare in his heart, he would contin- thee (11-12).” If the young man does not start thinking right words to communicate his true respect for the lady. While time may continue to not help the case for ue to do so. Beauty and time have opposite effects, and about the future, time will run out before he can find a Lovely Young Man: “O How I faint when I of you do the Lovely Young Man—“Rough Winds do shake the the young man is tempted by fate. Sonnet 41 is further woman. This friendship will not last forever. In Sonnet write; Knowing a better spirit doth use your name, and darling buds of May, and a summer’s lease all too hath emphasizing why the young man should reproduce: 77, Shakespeare is making a reference to how fast time in the praise thereof spends all his might, to make me short a date”—Shakespeare continues to tell the young “Gentle, thou art, and therefore to be won: Beauteous truly is going by: “Thy dial how they precious minutes tongue-tied speaking of your fame (1-5).” Shakespeare man that he is too precious to be forgotten to the sands thou are, therefore to be assailed.” Lines 5 and 6 show waste (2).” Shakespeare is underscoring the need for the has illustrated a shift from his desire for the Lovely of time. “But thy eternal summer shall not fade.” Shake- us the deep affection and love Shakespeare wishes for Lovely Young Man to act quickly before his dial runs out Young Man to have a child to underscoring the impor- speare is trying to tell the Lovely Young Man his name the young man to achieve. The Lovely Young Man is of time. For the reader, there can also be a connection tance of the friendship between them. will live on forever if he finds a young woman. good natured and the perfect match for the young lady. made with the young man and how time flies away. If Shakespeare is telling the reader throughout the By this point in his work, Shakespeare knows time Shakespeare uses the word “assailed” to emphasize his no action is taken, the Lovely Young Man will die lonely Sonnets that his spirit is restless; it wanders and is not is running out for the Lovely Young Man and the Son- desire for the two, as if he wanted to take him over in a and Shakespeare will be devastated. The Sonnets show capable of being tied down. The Lovely Young Man nets are nearly finished. Sonnet 126 presents that time is strong attack. Again, using the word assailed with the how important friendship was during the time period shares this trait with Shakespeare, interested in wan- nearly up: “Thy loves withering as thy sweet self-grow’st word “thou” further emphasizes Shakespeare is taking in which Shakespeare was writing. A friendship was a dering and exploring, not thinking about the future. (4).” The boy and Shakespeare are growing old, and ownership of his work. Shakespeare is using the Son- sacred thing, and should not be broken under any cir- This would be consistent with a personal struggle that their love is about to run out, and the time for the Love- nets to take ownership over the Young Man’s actions: cumstances (Dubrow, 296). Shakespeare may have been experiencing. The Sonnets ly Young Man is almost over. Certainly Shakespeare it gives him the power to control his friend’s behavior. Shakespeare was a master at using the power of were a way to release his energy and his sorrow. In Son- has to feel sorry for himself and the Lovely Young Man Shakespeare is persuading the Lovely Young Man language as art. However, modern analysis has brought net 89, Shakespeare wants the reader to again feel sorry at this point. Shakespeare ends Sonnet 126 with one fi- to take action to secure his legacy. In Sonnet 44, Shake- new elements into Shakespeare’s writing. Margaretta for him, “Say thou didst forsake me for some fault. (89)” nal statement about the Lovely Young Man: “Her audit, speare emphasizes his desires by use of vivid language: de Grazia has many publications relating Shakespeare He wants the reader to believe he has done something though delayed, answered must be, and her quietus is to the cultural context with which he wrote his piec- wrong, and that he will spend the rest of his life wasting to render thee (11-12)”. When Shakespeare was writ- “If the dull substance of my flesh were thought, Injuri- es. She clearly explains her position: “I wish to propose away. By calling on the reader, Shakespeare is asking for ing this final love Sonnet, was he truly giving up on the ous distance should not stop my way; for then despite of the reader to consider his state and to draw a parallel to struggle he presented in the previous Sonnet, or was he space I would be brought, from limits far remote where that modern treatments of the sonnets have displaced thou dost stay. No matter then although my foot did stand a singularly modern dilemma: what to do with the in- the Lovely Young Man and how they are both wasting just moving on to another topic? The world will never Upon the farthest earth removed from thee; For nimble admissible secret of Shakespeare’s deviant sexuality away. Shakespeare feels the blame for what is happen- know. thought can jump both sea and land As soon as think the (de Grazia, 37).” As Stallybrass would agree, modern ing to the Lovely Young Man: By showing the reader an insight into his person- place where he would be. But ah! Thought kills me that I analysis has revealed new insight into the relationship al life and writing style, William Shakespeare is able am not thought, to leap large lengths of miles when thou “Say that thou didst forsake me for some fault, and I will to develop a picture of his relationship with the young art gone, But that so much of earth and water wrought between the young man and Shakespeare. It is not sur- comment upon that offence: Speak of my lameness, and I boy, and truly take ownership of his work. By making I must attend time’s leisure with my moan, receiving prising that with the rise of LGBT issues within the 21st straight will halt, against thy reasons making no defense. nought by elements so slow but heavy tears, badges of ei- Century people would assume Shakespeare was writing Thou canst not, love, disgrace me half so ill, to set a form reference to the boy as a Lovely Young Man, Shake- ther’s woe. (1-9)” as a homosexual, but the Sonnets support Shakespeare’s upon desired change, As I’ll myself disgrace; knowing thy speare establishes the beauty of the friendship with the desire for the Lovely Young Man and his mate alone. will, I will acquaintance strangle, and look strange; Be boy. Shakespeare takes this effect to new heights with Shakespeare is telling us that this love the Lovely As mentioned before, during the time in which Shake- absent from thy walks; and in my tongue, thy sweet be- references to the universe, yet Shakespeare still main- Young Man is capable of is something that goes wher- loved name no more shall dwell, lest I, too much profane, tains the urgency of the situation for the Lovely Young speare was writing, relationship status was not as im- should do it wrong, and happily of our old acquaintance ever he goes. It is clear that this love is not a temporary portant as the foundation of the relationship: a strong, tell. For thee, against myself I’ll vow debate, for I must Man. The Lovely Young Man’s time is all too short and feeling or desire, but a long lasting desire for happiness. loving and caring relationship was the most important ne’er love him whom thou dost hate (1-6)”. Shakespeare wants him to be remembered. The Lovely Love is something that a person cannot predict nor con- thing. The reader is free to draw any conclusion one Young Man’s central role in the Sonnets accomplishes trol: it happens. For somebody like Shakespeare, this may wish from reading Shakespeare’s Sonnets, but it is He believes that everything the Lovely Young Man that much in the same way that Shakespeare is remem- theme can be taken and used to create bright imagery important to remember the context and time period in has to offer, including the self-pity and his restlessness, bered today. Rather than simply creating a work of fic- JUROS Arts and Humanities Volume 6: 2015-2016

tion, Shakespeare uses the Sonnets to write of a very important personal experience. The word “thou” truly illustrates that the Sonnets reflect not only the writing, but the very life of William Shakespeare.

References

Dubrow, Heather. “Incertainities now crown themselves assur’d: The Politics of Plotting Shakespeare’s Sonnets.” 47.3 (1996): 291-301. Web. de Grazia, Margreta. “The Scandal of Shakespeare’s Sonnets.” Shakespeare’s Survey 46 (1994): 35-49. Stallybrass, Peter. “Editing as Cultural Formations: The Sexing of Shakespeare’s Sonnets.” Modern Language Quarterly 54.1 (1993): 92-103. Web. “The Sonnets.” The Sonnets. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2016.