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Final Copy 2020 06 23 Shan This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from Explore Bristol Research, http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk Author: Shanmugam, Anisha Title: Exploring institutional change through practice-based institutional work the emergence and decline of activity based learning (ABL) in Tamilnadu, India General rights Access to the thesis is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International Public License. A copy of this may be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode This license sets out your rights and the restrictions that apply to your access to the thesis so it is important you read this before proceeding. Take down policy Some pages of this thesis may have been removed for copyright restrictions prior to having it been deposited in Explore Bristol Research. However, if you have discovered material within the thesis that you consider to be unlawful e.g. breaches of copyright (either yours or that of a third party) or any other law, including but not limited to those relating to patent, trademark, confidentiality, data protection, obscenity, defamation, libel, then please contact [email protected] and include the following information in your message: •Your contact details •Bibliographic details for the item, including a URL •An outline nature of the complaint Your claim will be investigated and, where appropriate, the item in question will be removed from public view as soon as possible. EXPLORING INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE THROUGH PRACTICE-BASED INSTITUTIONAL WORK: THE EMERGENCE AND DECLINE OF ACTIVITY BASED LEARNING (ABL) IN TAMILNADU, INDIA By Anisha Shanmugam A dissertation submitted to the University of Bristol in accordance with the requirements for awards of the degree of Doctorate in Philosophy in the Faculty of Social Science and Law School of Economic, Finance and Management University of Bristol February 2020 Word Count: 83,713 i ii AUTHOR’S DECLARATION I declare that the work in this dissertation was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the University's Regulations and Code of Practice for Research Degree Programmes and that it has not been submitted for any other academic award. Except where indicated by specific reference in the text, the work is the candidate's own work. Work done in collaboration with, or with the assistance of, others, is indicated as such. Any views expressed in the dissertation are those of the author. SIGNED: ANISHA SHANMUGAM DATE: 2nd February, 2020 iii iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I was told that the PhD. journey would be like going on a roller coaster and my experience was nothing short of that! I am deeply grateful for the guidance and support from various individuals throughout this journey. My supervisors, Dr Humphrey Bourne and Prof. Deborah Wilson have been the most understanding individuals throughout this process. Thank you for reading numerous drafts and providing constructive feedback. Most importantly, thank you for believing in me when I never did. Your kind words of encouragement and reassurance helped me cross the finish line. I’d also like to thank Dr Fiona Spotswood for taking the time to discuss my research and provide valuable inputs. Special thanks to my former supervisor, Dr Christopher Durugbo. You are the reason I started this PhD. Wherever you are, I hope you are well. Thank you, Julia Crockett, for proof-reading my work. I’d like to thank all my research participants who gave their valuable time to be a part of this research. Special thanks to the officials of the education department in Chennai and Puducherry for granting me permission to conduct this study. My family in Chennai and Bangalore have been a constant source of love and support. Mom and Dad, both of you have given me only the best and I will always be grateful for your love and support. THANK YOU FOR EVERYTHING! Special thanks Perima, Mama Mia and Ritu for your love, prayers and most importantly for regularly checking on me. Mami, I cherish our conversations on philosophy and thank you for taking the time to proof-read and edit my thesis. Thatha and Mama, your absence has created a permanent void in our family; wherever you are, I hope both you are happy and well. Sanjay, I’m grateful for our connection and thank you for being a wonderful mentor/coach! To my grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins (you know who you are!) thank you for visiting me in the UK and encouraging me to finish this thesis. Thank you Hasu uncle and Prem aunty, my guardians in the UK, for welcoming me into your home and ensuring I never left Hemel Hempstead without food. I will always be grateful for the countless weekend getaways and numerous Christmas and Diwali get-togethers. It was one of the major reasons why I never got homesick! My friends in Bristol have been my support system throughout this journey-Trang, Izah, Jie, Pink, Abeer, Zoe, Dale, Yllka, Shimmi, Zibah, Raji, Shruthi, Julia and Hasan. I share a special relationship with each one of you and I truly cherish our friendship. Thank you for being there! I’d also like to thank my colleagues at 0C3 (old and new) for making office a comfortable and supportive working space. Special thanks to Harish and Catherine; I hope you both are doing well. To my friends (and their respective spouses) in Chennai- Roopa, Amritha, Soundarya, Shilpa, Sharmili, Mikhila, Preethi, Pradeep and Po- thank you for being in touch and for the numerous sleepovers and trips. Coming home has and will always be special because of all you! To my best friend, soulmate and partner in crime, thank you Vijay Chander (VC) for accepting and loving me at my strongest and weakest. You have been my source of comfort and encouragement! Love you loads and let the magic continue… Lastly, I’d like to thank God for resolving and aligning a number of events to work in my favour. None of this would have been possible if it wasn’t for this universal force. You have reassured my faith that everything happens for a reason and I will be grateful for that. Thank you! v vi DEDICATIONS To all the government school teachers in India who try to make a difference… vii viii ABSTRACT This research draws on the concept of institutional work that refers to the purposive actions of individuals aimed at creating, maintaining and disrupting institutions in order to explore institutional change. As approaches to institutional change were either mechanistic and contingent (caused by external structural forces) or voluntaristic and dramatic (brought about by individual agency), this research responds to the call to develop a micro-dynamic approach to institutional change which can be exhibited through individuals’ daily work practices. Although numerous studies have explored institutional change through an institutional work lens, they loosely draw on the concept of practice and fail to explore in-depth the elements that constitute work such as skills of individual, material used; the latter element having gained prominence amongst institutional scholars. Based on the practice foundation of institutional work, this research adopts a three-element framework (meaning, material and competence) to foreground the elements that constitute institutional work. As a theoretical framework, it responds to the demand to account for the role of materials within institutional work and change and through this micro-perspective it contributes to the growing institutional scholars’ interest in exploring the ‘coalface’ of institutions. The unfolding nature of institutional change is explored in the context of ABL, a teaching-learning practice implemented in Government schools in two cities- Chennai and Puducherry in India. Based on a case study methodology, semi-structured interviews were conducted in order to gather experiences of participants involved in the implementation of the ABL practice. Empirical findings explore the different forms of institutional work that contribute to creating and maintaining the ABL practice and also highlight the role of materiality in relation to the decline of ABL that occurred sooner in the case of Puducherry than Chennai. Theoretical contributions of these empirical findings are discussed in relation to different facets of institutional change. ix x TABLE OF CONTENTS AUTHOR’S DECLARATION .............................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................... v DEDICATIONS ...................................................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................ xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................ xv TABLE OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... xvi LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................ xvii Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................. 1 1.1. Motivation for research: Personal and contextual rationale ............................................. 1 1.2. Overview
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