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The Moral and Political Status of Microaggressions

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The Moral and Political Status of Microaggressions Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 7-29-2021 10:00 AM The Moral and Political Status of Microaggressions Heather Stewart, The University of Western Ontario Supervisor: McLeod, Carolyn, The University of Western Ontario A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Philosophy © Heather Stewart 2021 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Ethics and Political Philosophy Commons, and the Feminist Philosophy Commons Recommended Citation Stewart, Heather, "The Moral and Political Status of Microaggressions" (2021). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 7963. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/7963 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ii Abstract This dissertation offers a robust philosophical examination of a phenomenon that is morally, socially, and politically significant – microaggressions. Microaggressions are understood to be brief and routine verbal, behavioral, or environmental indignities that, whether intentional or unintentional, convey hostility toward or bias against members of marginalized groups. Microaggressions are rooted in stereotypes and/or bias (whether implicit or explicit) and are connected to broader systems of oppression. Microaggressions are philosophically interesting, since they involve significant ambiguity, questions about speech and communication, and the ability for our speech to encode and transmit bits of meaning. Microaggressions prompt reflection about the nature of blameworthiness and responsibility, especially for unintended acts and harms. They involve questions about how we perceive and treat one another, and whether or not people are treated as true equals in our social and political worlds. For all of these reasons, microaggressions are a critical area in need of philosophical reflection, specifically reflection in feminist philosophy, philosophy of language, moral philosophy, and social and political philosophy. This dissertation seeks to advance the philosophy of microaggressions through three distinct aims: a conceptual aim (chapters 2 and 3), an epistemological aim (chapters 1 and 2), and a moral aim (chapters 4 and 5). The conceptual aim involves clarifying how we should understand and categorize microaggressions. The epistemological aim involves identifying some of the epistemological assumptions undergirding discussions of microaggressions in the literature, including assumptions made by critics of microaggression theory, and arguing for an alternative epistemological framework for theorizing about microaggressions. The moral aim involves better understanding the harms of microaggressions, including their role in reinforcing structures of oppression and unjust social hierarchy. Taken together, these chapters make some progress on the conceptual, epistemological, and moral questions that microaggressions generate, and which philosophers have not yet adequately analyzed. It thus offers a meaningful contribution to the conversations philosophers are beginning to have about the morally and politically salient phenomenon of microaggressions. iii Keywords Microaggressions, speech, oppression, harm, power, privilege, standpoint epistemology iv Summary for Lay Audience My research focuses on the power that language has to shape our social and political worlds, often in subtle and difficult to detect ways. Our society is stratified along lines of race, ethnicity, religious affiliation, socioeconomic class, gender identity, sexual orientation, dis/ability status, body size, and more. I am interested in the ways that our linguistic practices (e.g., how we use speech and engage in communication with one another) contribute to, or reinforce, problematic forms of social stratification and hierarchy. One speech phenomenon that I argue contributes to oppression and reinforces social hierarchy is what has been called “microaggressions.” Microaggressions are frequent and subtle comments (or gestures or features of our social environments) which function to reinforce stereotypes or biases about members of structurally marginalized groups. My work aims to get clear on what microaggressions are, how we should understand and study them, in what ways they can be harmful to their targets, and why they warrant our moral concern. v Co-Authorship Statement The original versions of two chapters included in this thesis were co-authored by myself and Dr. Lauren Freeman, Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Louisville. These are Chapter 1: “Sticks and Stones Can Break Your Bones and Words Can Really Hurt You: A Standpoint Epistemological Reply to Critics of the Microaggression Research Program” and Chapter 3: Microaggressions in Clinical Medicine.” In both cases, the development of the research, from the initial thinking through the publication process, was perfectly collaborative; both authors contributed fifty percent to the research, writing, and revisions. My co-author is a regular collaborator and we provide equal contributions to all of the work we do together. Permission has been granted by the publishers to include these pieces (see appendix A to this thesis) and the co- authorship and original publication information has been included as footnotes in both chapters. I have revised and updated both chapters on my own, building upon our original publications. vi Dedication This dissertation, and the perseverance and dedication it took to see it through, are dedicated in the honor of my father, Dave Stewart; my Nan, Juanita Rose Buechel; and my best bub, Norman Percival Stewart. If only y’all could see me now! vii Acknowledgments I am excited, proud, humbled, and admittedly terrified to be drafting these acknowledgements. Sitting down to reflect on the many people who have played a role in seeing my graduate education through to this final stage means that I have nearly arrived at a very strange point of finality. Soon, I will relinquish my identity as “student,” formally turning the page on a 24-year long educational journey. From kindergarten to doctoral studies, I have always found significant meaning and value in my educational pursuits – in learning new things, expanding my horizons, and engaging in the often-messy process of becoming (what is I hope) a better person along the way. As I end this chapter, I anticipate that something of significance will feel absent from my life – no longer having time devoted exclusively to the pursuit of knowledge, without too many other strings attached. It has been an immense honor and privilege that I have had to be able to devote so much of my life to this sort of unadulterated learning and growth. I am grateful every day for the educational opportunities that I have had, which now culminate in the finalizing and submission of this dissertation. Typing that, and reflecting on it, still feel incredibly surreal. Without much further ado, let me acknowledge with my upmost gratitude the many people who have supported me in the various stages of this process. It is a product of their invaluable support, advice, mentorship, and in many cases, stern talking-tos that I am finding myself at this particular juncture. First, I owe immense gratitude to all of the educators at all levels who invested in me and nurtured my curiosity, creativity, and incessant questioning. While this of course includes my primary and secondary teachers, I want to express a particular degree of gratitude for the faculty in the philosophy department at my undergraduate institution, the University of Louisville. The members of the faculty there, and particularly Nancy Potter, Lauren Freeman, John Gibson, and Avery Kolers, helped me see a future where I could pursue my intellectual interests down whatever rabbit holes they led me – even the rabbit hole of graduate study. They made me believe that despite the odds and the obstacles, I could do philosophy and be a philosopher. I never would have come to believe this without their helping me see it. The members of this department shaped my philosophical interests, helped me develop my broader moral, political, and social commitments, viii laughed with and at me through some awkward college moments, and, perhaps most importantly, caught me when I fell… again and again and again. In innumerable ways, I would not be where I am, or indeed, who I am, without the time I spent in this department and with these incredible, life- changing humans. I will feel indebted to them forever, even as they insist I shouldn’t. I am also deeply indebted to those who took me under their wings during my graduate training, at both the MA and PhD levels. This includes my truly remarkable MA advisor, the legendary Alison Jaggar, who helped see me through to the end of a master’s degree in the face of a tumultuous time in both my personal and professional lives. I wanted to give up, but she helped me forge a path forward. Without her believing I could finish and encouraging me not to throw in the towel the many times I seriously considered doing so, I not only finished the MA, but I am now putting the finishing touches on a PhD. Even as I type that, I still can’t really believe it. Thinking about the transition from my MA to my PhD brings into focus another utterly invaluable person along this journey, my glorious PhD Mom (as I adoringly refer to her as, mostly behind her back), Carolyn McLeod. Carolyn has mentored me, molded me, and supported me, at times in ways that I doubt have been fully transparent to her. She has made space for my persistent stubborn desire to do things my own way, only inserting herself to issue painful-but-entirely-necessary reminders of when I need to slow down, or say “no” to some next commitment, or prioritize myself and my increasingly limited time. I have these reminders to thank for my now [nearly] completed PhD. Carolyn supported me as a student, and as a person. She opened herself, and her home, up to me on many occasions.
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