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Substrates for and packaging Product enhancement – a glossary for print providers Bedruckstoffe.e6.qxd 16.09.2008 15:50 Uhr Seite 2

2 Glossary of printing and packaging substrates Substrates for printing and packaging Product enhancement – a glossary for print providers

Print pr oviders raise their pr ofiles either by br oadening the spec trum of offset-related materials, applications, issues, trends, characteristics, proper- materials they c an process or by specialising in selec ted materials and/or ties and standards along with pr ocedures for testing workability and print- formats. However, substrates are often the c ause of v ociferous complaints ability.A list of web addresses where further information can be obtained is from cust omers. This supplement t o KBA R eport provides an o verview of also provided.

Abrasion/rub resistance The mechanical ability of the sur- face to withstand abrasion. Abrasion/rub resistance test Used to test the adhesion of t o the substrate; the prin ted image is rubbed against the unprin ted substr ates for 48 hours (DIN 53109: abrasion wheel t est, wet/dry; DIN 6723, Prüfbau abrasion test); evaluation with image analysis. ABS,acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene Thermoplastic copolymer; an ABS film can be printed with UV or waterless offset . Absorbency The ability of a substr ate to accept ink and fount solution thr ough its sur face and ensure ink adhesion;depends on the vol- ume of  in the substr ate; if foun t solution is adsorbed and r emains on the surface, during wet-on-wet offset this may result in ink r epulsion in the final prin ting units; test: of sizing (DIN 53126, Zellcheming V/15/60), capillary rise (DIN ISO 8787,DIN 53106). Acclimatisation,acclimation Introducing a ma terial into the pr oduction climate well in adv ance, primarily to allow In the value-added chain and the life cycle of printing and packaging substrates,printing plants function as specialised materials buyers moisture lev els t o equalise . equilibrium and processors moisture content,conditioning. Additional substrate handling packages ing materials and r anging from freely per- Anisotropy ash comprises the inorganic residue of the Options available with KBA sheetfed offset meable to hermetically sealed;resistance to The property of being directionally depend- . presses to enable special substr ates to be the passage of air [in µm/(Pa·s)] as per ent. With r eference t o , properties paper printed; the packages can be cust om-con- Bendtsen (DIN 53120, ISO 5636-1/-3,TAPPI influenced by the direction of the grain. High-grade  inc orporating figured for specific press formats and types 460m-46). Antique finish paper ,metal strips and a high pro- (table 1). Airmail paper White, wood-free uncoated stock with a portion of rags for added str ength; UV- Adhesion Thin, lightweight w ood-free and rough,minimally calendered surface. and age-resistant. The phenomenon that keeps inks and coat- paper. Antistatic agents,anti-electrostatic Base paper ings on the substrate surface; indirect test: Alabaster paper/board agents Paper manufactured specifically for coat- the drying speed of inks and c oatings that A popular choice for business cards;the sur- Separating or anti-friction agents occasion- ing or for pr ocessing in to corrugated dry by penetration and oxidation,the cross- face pattern resembles alabaster. ally inc orporated in polymer films t o board. linking speed of r adiation-cured and sol- Allowance,overcount,oversheets,plus counteract elec trostatic char ge; however, Basis weight vent inks and c oatings; no standar dised sheets they r educe ink adhesion, so static US term defining paper weights:the weight tests; fast: nail test (more reliable than the Additional paper r equired t o c ompensate eliminators are a better choice. (in pounds) of a ream (500 sheets) of paper sticky tape t est), wipe test; testing devices for sheets inevitably spoiled during mak e- APCO II/II cut to the basic size for a particular grade of for UV syst ems: Fogra UV curing t ester, ready,start-up and production (waste). Art paper developed by Scheufelen for test- paper. The metric equiv alent is gram- SID UV tester. Aluminium ing compliance with DIN 16519-2. Free of mage (grams per square metre). Ageing A metal e xtracted from bauxite ore; along mechanical and whiteners,it is used Beermat board,coaster board,softboard The deterioration of substrates and packag- with  the primar y packaging material as a reference for various standards. Soft, thick and highly absorbent board; can ing o ver time , eg yellowing, embrittle- used in metal decorating; often used in Art paper be per fect prin ted in c olour on an offset ment. BS ISO 9706 r elates to permanence, flexible packaging as a r einforcement (on Wood-free paper c oated on both sides; litho pr ess (cheaper if ganged) or digital BS 6388 and ISO 5630 t o the simulation of the inside) or mirrored surface (on the out- uniform gloss or semi-ma tt (min. press. accelerated ageing. side), most c ommonly in the of 20g/m2 per side) with lo w absorbenc y; Bending stiffness,flexural strength, Air conditioner metallised p aper ( also u sed t o g reat outstanding prin tability and w orkability; rigidity System used to create a standard atmos- effect in promotional products) and lam- ideal for photorealistic offset litho. Resistance of a substrate to bending paral- phere in a prin tshop warehouse, press hall inated board for drinks car tons; when ex- Ash content lel or perpendicular t o the grain (ISO and finishing department. posed to air, aluminium instantly forms an The percentage by mass remaining when a 5628; three-point beam method; TAPPI Air permeability,air permeance oxide layer;when metallised paper is print- sample of paper (100%) is ignited at 900°C T 489 om-92: Taber test); crucial for worka- Property of particular relevance in packag- ed,the ink adheres to the aluminium oxide. (ISO 2144, Zellcheming IV/40/77); the bility and sheet travel. Bedruckstoffe.e6.qxd 16.09.2008 15:50 Uhr Seite 3

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Table 1: Substrate-related options available for KBA sheetfed offset presses Option Application Infeed/feeder* Printing units/coaters* Delivery* CX package** Heavier,thicker board Nonstop facility,guide rollers,capacitive double-sheet Mechanical sheet guides with air blasts,sheet travel Height-adjustable nonstop roller, control,higher pile load capacity,lifting sucker tilting monitoring higher pile load capacity Microflute Rigid,single-ply fine Special sheet-guide rollers,polished cover lays Special blankets — package** corrugated Film/ Non-absorbent surfaces Static eliminator,roller (eg chrome),hold-down Mechanical board guides with air blasts,sheet-travel Guide plates with controlled airflow, printing (gloss-coated ,film or shaft with rollers,rollers above cover lays,timed guide monitoring,modified grippers,static eliminator, convertible suction/blowing,suction roller, package laminates with -like bars with rollers,air blasts UV conditioner (ink agitator,rollers,washing device, static eliminator,air extractor system, rigidity) interdeck UV dryer,coating feed) extended delivery with end-of-press UV dryer Lightweight Paper from 0.05 mm thick Special sheet-guide rollers — Suction roller package Sheeter Cheaper web stock Web unwinder and rotary cutter prior to feeder — — Slitter Slits large sheets in half — — Rotating blade prior to delivery * Features vary according to press type,format and customer specs. ** For thicker substrates additional options are available,eg press plinth, pile logistics.

Bible paper Building material class smooth the paper web and sometimes also on thin sheet stock that can be glued in lay- 25 to 60g/m2 lightweight paper with a high For the purposes of fire prevention and with the paper c oating; production err ors: ers to create “sandwich”cards). proportion of filler and, possibly, rags respect to their st orage, printing and utili- cockling,greying. Carrier for gr eater opacity (unlik e man y ligh t- sation,polymer films are classified under Calendered/glazed with a handle and often a base; offset- weight ); commonly used for , BS EN 13501 as non-c ombustible (A1, A2), Smooth,glossy uncoated stock. printed carrier made of chromo but also suitable for direct mail. flame-retardant (B,C) or normally flamma- Calendering paper or boar d are generally the pr eferred Blistering ble (D,E2). The use of  rollers to smooth the choice for luxury goods. More specifically , of the c oating on w eb Bulking thickness,apparent bulk dry or surface. Cartonboard, stock in the hot-air dryer due to the evapo- density,apparent sheet density Calliper A substr ate c omprising one or mor e ration of foun t solution, most probably at This is calcula ted b y dividing the pile Thickness (in µm;USA in mil = 25.4µm) of a (couched or glued) la yers of w ood-pulp or not less than 160° C; bonding strength can height by the number of sheets , and is not single s heet ( paper a nd b oard: DIN E N wood-free material, and thicker (>0.3mm) be tested using the Scott method,evapora- necessarily the same as the thickness or 20534,ISO 534;corrugated:FEFCO 3). or heavier (150 - 600g/m 2) than paper; tive tendencies using a Fogra Hex device. calliper of the individual sheets (BS/EN Carbonless paper,self-copy paper surface-coated or -struc tured; preferred Blocking 20534). Paper with a microcapsule coating, com- applications ar e as packaging ( folding A phenomenon where sheets stick together Bulky paper monly used for business forms, 50 - cartons, laminated drinks cartons), dis- in the deliv ery pile; can be r emedied b y High-volume paper made from long fibres, 175g/m2; various t ypes: CB (coated back), plays, cups, covers etc; the pack- applying powder,improving ink drying,and eg esparto grass (esparto paper). CFB (c oated fr ont and back), CF (c oated aging ma terial most fr equently processed in UV offset b y reducing the application of Burst(ing) strength front), SC (self-c ontained, ink applica tors in offset litho. heat (“ cold” lamps r educe pile t empera- (in kPa) at which a substr ate rup- and receptors both on fr ont), SC-CB (self- Cast-coated paper/board ture). tures; used to ascertain burst fac tor (burst contained,coated back). Paper or board with a white coating cast on Bonding strength,split resistance strength divided b y gr ammage); can be Cards one side . The sur face can be either high- The internal strength of a paper , board or tested using the Mullen method (ISO 2758 Rapidly growing group of printed products gloss (not calender ed) or r eflective (hot laminate; the abilit y of the fibr es t o for paper, ISO 2759 for boar d, BS 3137 for based on car ton (carpark tick ets) and chrome-cylinder calender ed); cast-coated adhere t o one another . Good bonding both),or the Schopper method (DIN 53113, polymer films (cust omer/bank/tele- paper has the maximum possible c oating strength prevents fibres from coming loose expired); ISO 3689 and FEFC O 4 apply t o phone car ds, tags, plant ); can be volume (over 24 g/m2);has high bulk at 70 (picking) when the substrate is subjected to paper and boar d follo wing immersion in printed economically in waterless UV offset - 400g/m 2 and is used for high-qualit y perpendicular stress (TAPPI T 541) or shear- water. on KBA-Metronic’s OC 100/200 (direct off- labels,covers and folding cartons. ing stress (Scott bond test:TAPPI T 403 and Calender set in car d format), KBA-Metronic’s Genius Catalogue paper T 569,Brecht-Knittweis split resistance:DIN Roller syst em used in t o 52UV or KBA’s Rapida 74G UV (direct offset Thin yet tear-resistant wood-pulp paper for 54516). web offset or gr avure, may be c oated Table 2: Gloss-coated paper and board (-printing) paper (LWC, ULWC) or unc oated ( SC-A, Soft- or hard-sized uncoated stock made Coating quality and volume Substrate type Application improved ). from high-gr ade pulp and with a high Blade-coated on one side, Chromo duplex board,from 1.45 cm3/g (GD1) Folding cartons/ Chalk-surfaced paper 2 mechanical resilience. > 12 g/m displays paper c oated on one side and Blade-coated on one side, Chromo duplex board,1.3 -1.45 cm3/g (GD2) Folding cartons/ Breaking length > 12 g/m2 displays used for prin ting stamps and dust jack ets The amoun t b y which a paper strip of Blade-coated on one side, Chromo duplex board,- 1.3 cm3/g (GD3) Folding cartons/ (up to 300g/m2). predefined width lengthens before > 12 g/m2 displays China clay,kaolin breaking under its own weight (DIN 53112, Blade-coated on one side, Chromo triplex board (GT1,GT2,GT3) Folding cartons/ White clay used as a filler and c oating pig- ISO 1924-2). > 12 g/m2 displays ment. Braille printing Blade-coated on one side, Chromo board (GC1,GC2,GC3) Folding cartons/dis- China paper, ca.18 g/m2 plays,commercials The production on folding cartons of tactile Blade-coated on one side, Chromo paper Commercials,labels Thin,absorbent,yellowish paper made from texts for the blind en tails the use of r otary > 20 g/m2 bleached abaca (Manila hemp), rice leaves embossing t ools in offset pr esses or die- Blade-coated on one side, Coated pulp board (GZ) Folding cartons/ or linters (short hairs on c otton seeds after cutting machines, or of relief coatings in > 20 g/m2 displays ginning);used for artistic prints. screen p rinting. Spelling a nd e mbossing Cast-coated on one side, Cast-coated chromo board (GG1,GG2) Folding cartons/ Chromo(lux) 2 height can be check ed with a PTS > 24 g/m displays Paper or boar d that is c oated on one side Cast-coated on one side, Uncalendered high-gloss paper Commercials,labels BrailleTester. > 24 g/m2 and used for quality labels,folding cartons, Cast-coated on one side, Cast-coated pulp board (GGZ) Folding cartons/ displays,promos etc (table 2);differences in A boar d c omprising a minimum of thr ee > 24 g/m2 displays the c oating pr ocess (blade , cast), coating glued layers with wood-free calendered lin- Roller-coated on both sides, Illustration printing paper Commercials, volume (12 - 24g/m 2), bulk (1.3 to more ers; available in differ ent gr ades (inde x, 5 - 20 g/m2 picture books than 1.45cm 2/g) and boar d struc ture wedding,cover,; coated or uncoat- Roller-coated on both sides, Art paper Commercials, (wood-free top liner, number of intermedi- 5 - 20 g/m2 picture books ed). ate and base la yers c ontaining r ecycled Bedruckstoffe.e6.qxd 16.09.2008 15:50 Uhr Seite 4

4 Glossary of printing and packaging substrates

fibres);the range includes coated paper and with hot stamping foils,but cold foils are board (GC), duplex board (GD) and triple x also a more economic alternative to met- board (GT); an alternative is uncoated imi- allised paper,with its printability issues. tation chr omo boar d (UC) c overed with Colour cast,off shade wood-free liners on one or both sides. Deviation from paper white (DIN 55980: Clouds,mottling absolute; DIN 55981: relative; ISO 11475: 1.Non-uniform paper surface and structure determination of CIE whiteness). (formation),eg poor sizing.2.mottling in Colour densitometry full or screen in offset litho can ha ve Measurement of the optical densit y of a various causes:a) see 1;b) ink resplitting on colour by shining light on it and measuring coated paper; c) inadequa te water its transmission. absorption b y c oated paper in the first Colour guide/swatch/chart Datacolor Elrepho 450X CAD schematic of a from FEFCO’s catalogue printing unit; d) incorrect roller setting or An aid to colour selection; invaluable when printing pressure. reproducing colours on different substrates, Corrugated board ly loaded str aight strips of ma terial: SCT Coated paper/board eg newsprint, uncoated/coated/continuous Packaging ma terial c ontaining sec ondary (ISO 9895, DIN 54518), circular strips of Paper or board,finished on one (chromo) stock.Examples are HKS and . fibres (DIN 6735) and c omprising one or material: RCT (DIN 53134); flat corrugated: or both sides (illustration paper and art Colour tone,shade,hue,tint more layers of paper c orrugated bet ween FCT (EN ISO 7263, DIN EN 23035, FEFCO 6); paper) with a sur face applica tion (5 - 25 Colorimetric values for tinted substrates,eg two knurled r ollers and glued t o a liner of corrugated base paper : CMT (DIN EN ISO g/m2) of white coating slip;distinguished CIE L*a*b* or colour difference DeltaE* (ISO smooth paper, the topmost one of which is 7263);corrugated board edges:ECT (DIN EN according to gloss (ma tt, semi-matt, gloss 7724,DIN 5033 or 53140,or DIN 53145 with usually made of kr aft paper. Available as ISO 3037,FEFCO 8);top liner and corrugated or high gloss , with or without subsequen t Elrepho), diffuse r adiance/reflectance open- or single-face corrugated (with liner paper: CCT ( TAPPI T 824 om-93); crush glazing),workflow (coated inside or outside factor (ISO 2469; for C/2 degrees ISO 5631: on just one side of the c orrugated layer),or resistance :STFI (in kNm/kg). the papermaking machine), coating diffuse reflectance method). single-, double- or triple-w all c orrugated CSWO,coldset wet offset process and number of c oats (single, dou- Coloured paper (with liner on both sides of one , two or Term applied in the paper industr y to web ble,triple). Beater- or sur face-dyed w ood-pulp or three layers of corrugated).Only single wall stock prin ted on c onventional w et offset Coating wood-free paper, eg sign paper; ideal for corrugated can be prin ted in dir ect offset, presses. The inline or offline applica tion of coat- flyers. on KBA pr esses only e xtra-fine and micr o- Curling,sheet curl ing slip by any one of v arious methods: via Conditioning flute;the requisite properties are defined in Caused by changes in humidit y or shrink- pigmentation (up t o 5g/m 2), dipping (of Preparing a substr ate for the pr oduction DIN 55468. age through polymerisation of the printed the w eb in a v at) or casting (a t o ver environment t o enhanc e prin tability and Cracked coating UV inks and c oatings (ISO 14968: curl in a 24g/m2), with a brush, air-knife (with noz- workability; it can include acclimatisation A fla w associa ted with inc orrect folding pack of sheets; DIN 6723: paper for use in zles), roller (from roller nip) or blade (fr om (to balance the moisture content), heating (paper),folding without prior creasing (car- optical character recognition systems. doctored dip roller or gravure cylinder);also or c ooling (t o align the t emperature), an tonboard) or weakened coating as a result Cutting/trimming quality (application of a separate antistatic charge (to eliminate static elec- of a chemical r eaction and heat input dur- Edge qualit y (BS/ISO 22414), eg rounding polymer emulsion as a w ater and gr ease tricity), relaxation (t o ensur e flatness) ing UV curing. for concave fore-edge. barrier. and  priming (preprinting). Cracked fold De-inking, Coating slip/colour/slurry Continuous The result of substrate brittleness caused by Process for r emoving the ink fr om recy- Aqueous solution made fr om calcium car- Wood-free or w ood-pulp unc oated r oll the excessive extraction of moisture in the cled paper; various chemicals ar e added bonate, pigments (chalk, kaolin), , paper for computer print-outs (DIN 6723-1, hot-air dr yers on w eb offset pr esses, and during flotation to dissolve both water- and casein and synthetic and used to coat -2) most noticeable during folding; cracks dur- oil-based inks. paper and board. Convertibility,finishability ing folding occur most frequently on Cobb test/method The ability of printed sheets and sections to and board weighing over 170g/m 2 if they Substrate density is defined by DIN 53105 Method for det ermining the w ater be mechanically finished with no loss of have n ot b een cr eased b eforehand: DIN (in g/cm3) and EN ISO 534 (in kg/m3);print- absorbency of paper, board and corru- quality once the ink has dried;can be accel- 55437,Fogra fold tester. ing paper averages 800kg/m3;relative den- gated board (EN 20535, ISO 535, FEFCO 7); erated by applying a quick-dry top coating. Creasability sity is the ratio of the weight of one type of the C obb number c orresponds t o the Corona surface treatment The ability of board to be creased to form a paper to another. amount of water (in g) absorbed by 1m2 of An electric charge applied to the surface of hinge without tearing its surface coating or Diffuse reflectance/radiance factor substrate in a pr especified time; the Cobb- non-absorbent metallic foil and polymer fibrous structure (DIN 55437-2:crease-test- Optical property of substr ates; it is meas- Unger method performs the same function film to increase the surface tension (table ing device; DIN 55437-3: folding behaviour ured i n a ccordance w ith I SO 2 469, DIN for oil absorbency. 12) and thus improve ink adhesion; even of creased samples). 53145-1/-2. Cockling,creasing,waviness where substrates have been pr etreated by Crush resistance Dimensional stability A defect primarily seen in thick, adhesive- the manufac turer, it ma y be advisable t o There are various standards for testing the The ability of a substr ate to resist changes bound heatset products caused by disre- configure the press with a corona unit (KBA crush resistance of board packaging; in its dimensions under the impact of mois- garding the grain, too high a dr yer tem- recommends Ahlbrandt) because the effect stacked :BCT (ISO 2234,EN ISO 12048, ture (ISO 18903); following c ontrolled perature, excessive or no r emoistening; in diminishes over time. EN 24180-1/-2, FEFCO 50, EN 22874); axial- immersion in water (ISO 5635) it is possible sheetfed stock caused by moisture seeping to det ermine the per centage change in in from the edges. length,width and thickness (swelling). Table 3: Corrugated board flutes Coextruded film, co-ex film Directory paper Bonded film created through the extru- Type Description Flute pitch Flute frequency Flute height Thin, uncoated w eb offset w ood-pulp sion of two similar or different molten poly- O Graphics flute 1.3 - 1.4 mm 714 - 769/m 0.3 mm stock (approx. 35g/m2) used for t elephone mers. N Graphics flute 1.6 - 1.8 mm 555 - 625/m 0.4 - 0.6 mm directories and address books. G max.1.8 mm min.555/m max.0.55 mm Graphics flute Document paper Cold (stamping) foil F Extra-fine flute 1.9 - 2.6 mm 384 - 526/m 0.6 - 0.9 mm Material used t o inline finish prin ts in E* Microflute 3.0 - 3.5 mm 283 - 333/m 1.0 - 1.8 mm Wood-free, hard-sized, writable/printable sheetfed offset (KBA CF for Rapida presses); D* Midi-flute 3.8 - 4.8 mm 208 - 263/m 1.9 - 2.1 mm and age-r esistant paper w eighing 60 t o the metallic pigmen ts (for gold , silver, B* Fine flute 5.5 - 6.5 mm 153 - 182/m 2.2 - 3.0 mm 120g/m2. bronze effects) are transferred from the car- C* Medium flute 6.8 - 7.9 mm 126 - 147/m 3.1 - 3.9 mm Dot gain * rier to the substrate by the adhesive force of A Coarse flute 8.0 - 9.5 mm 125 - 105/m 4.0 - 4.9 mm A t ypical offset phenomenon wher e each K Maxi-flute min.10.0 mm max.100/m min.5.0 mm the print varnish; much finer detail r epro- dot of ink spreads when printed.Influenced duction is possible (offset qualit y) than * DIN 55468 by various factors such as the substrate Bedruckstoffe.e6.qxd 16.09.2008 15:50 Uhr Seite 5

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Table 4: Proofing substrates as per FograCert Quality Gloss CIELAB Gloss min.60% L* > 95;a* = 0;b* = 0 Semi-matt 21 - 59% L* > 95;a* = 0;b* = 0 Matt max.20% L* > 95;a* = 0;b* = 0 Tolerance — L* u.a* ± 2;b* +2/– 4 Gloss measurement as per ISO 8254-1/TAPPI 75

Kersten Elektrostatik static eliminators at the feeder and infeed on a KBA Rapida

(ISO paper types), screen (l/cm, and bending stiffness. Felt side,top side reports on faulty production processes (eg light-trapping effect),screen modulation Electrical properties The side of a sheet or web of paper that had an online catalogue of paper and prin t fin- (autotypical,FM) and ink (offset litho,heat- Primarily relevant for film,more specifically no contact with the forming wir e; usually, ishing err ors), standardised t ests on sub- set, coldset, UV, waterless); the compensa- with reference to its volume resistivity (DIN but not always,the better side for printing; strates,including plastic ID cards and proof- tion cur ves for differ ent c ombinations of 53482, DIN IEC 93), surface resistance (DIN two-sidedness. ing media (FograCert). factors are specified in Fogra characteri- 53482), relative permittivit y (DIN 53483) Fibre lifting FograCert sation tables. and punc ture str ength (DIN 53481); Thermal dr ying can cause fibr es to lift on Certification by Fogra of pr oofing media Double-coated paper static electricity. the surface of the paper,impairing gloss. as per ISO 12647-7:2007 (table 4). Wood-free paper with a double c oating on Elrepho 450X Fibres (Folding) boxboard one or both sides c omprising a primer plus Datacolor’s (www.datacolor.ch) dual-beam Threadlike structures whose abili- Single- or multilayer board made from pri- matt or gloss t op c oat; allows ultr afine spectrophotometer with measur ement ty to bond together (fibre-to-fibre bond) is mary or secondary fibres,sometimes with a screens in offset and high-qualit y digital geometry,diffuse illumination and 0° view- exploited to make paper and boar d; soft- wood-free or c oated top liner tha t can be prints. ing; a reference measuring devic e used in wood fibres are two to three times as long easily cr eased and sc ored; printed on Duplex and triplex paperboard ISO standar ds 2469 ( diffuse r adiance/ as har dwood fibr es, bast fibr es ar e the sheetfed or narrow-web offset presses. Board made fr om t wo or thr ee la yers of reflectance fac tor) and 2470 ( bright- longest. /strength waste paper; also the base for chromo ness). Fillers,loading material The number of times a strip of paper or board. Embossed paper Fine particles of inorganic materials such as board can be folded backw ards and for- Duplex paper Paper that has been giv en a thr ee-dimen- clay, blanc fixe, talcum or titanium dio xide wards under t ension before it br eaks; test: Paper comprising two layers with their wire sional sur face, eg hammer ed, imitation that settle among the fibres in paper ISO 5626: Köhler-Molin,Lhomargy,MIT and sides glued t ogether; usually layers of dif- linenweave, by an embossing calender and modify properties such as opacity, Schopper testers,TAPPI T 423cm-07. ferent colour t ones or r eactivity (in ten- roller. brightness and smoothness;the higher Formation tional two-sidedness). Envelope paper the filler content,the cheaper the paper. The alignment and structure of the fibres in Dusting,powdering,whitening,linting This can be white, unbleached or coloured, Film homogeneity a sheet of paper, visible when held against The detachmen t of poorly bonded fibr es and made fr om w ood pulp or w ood-free The uniformit y of polymer films when the light; a distinction is made between and filler par ticles fr om the sur face of pulp; opaque, writable and prin table, rela- printed,stretched or deep drawn. well-closed and cloudy or wild. uncoated st ock and their deposit on tively stiff. Fine board Ghosting blankets and formes. Equilibrium moisture content Hardboard or fibr eboard (rigid, split-resist- A faint replica of a prin ted image; may be Dynox treatment moisture c ontent (in %) of paper or ant, surface-hardened, eg with polymer due to lack of ink r eplenishment following Process developed by Klöckner (www. board after acclimatisation (Zellcheming emulsions) with sur face finishing (calen- an ink-in tensive applica tion. Mechanical kpfilms.com) to improve the UV printability V/30/9). dered, coated or embossed); not usually ghosting is the appearance of a secondary, of har d PVC film b y incr easing the Extrusion printed,it is used as bookbinder’s board. “phantom”image on the printed side of the surface tension to more than 45mN/m; A pr ocess wher eby a ma terial is ejec ted sheet and is usually traceable to conditions unlike a corona sur face tr eatment the under pressure from a no zzle or die with Wood-free (max. 10% w ood pulp) r ag on the and/or layout of the effect i s u nimpaired b y l engthy s torage the desir ed cr oss-section. Used t o cr eate paper whose sur face can be c oated or forme. Chemical, or gloss , ghosting can (over one year) and processing. polymer film from molten polymer. uncoated, white or c oloured, embossed, occur when inks c ontaining drying oils are ECMA code FC paper,film-coated paper, matt, calendered; 80 - 400g/m 2; for high- used in production:vapours from drying ink CAD catalogue (www.ecma.org) of folding- size-press coated paper quality prints. on one side of a sheet ma y interact chemi- carton designs,comparable to the FEFCO- In papermaking , offset paper tha t has Flatness cally with the ink prin ted on the r everse ESBO codes. received a thin pigmented coating on both A desirable property of paper and film,both side or on the sheet above,creating a phan- Edge curl sides in an integrated size press. as a single sheet or in the pile; opposite: tom image . Usually tak es the form of a If the ambient climate is too humid, rollers FEFCO-ESBO Codes curling,buckling,edge curl,cockling. change in gloss or slight yellowing; not the and paper will absorb moistur e and curl a t Codes published by European associations Fogra same as set-off or show-through. the edges. FEFCO (www .fefco.org) and ESBO (www . Forschungsgesellschaft Druck, Munich Gloss Edge shrinkage esbo.nl) for folding-car ton and displa y (www.fogra.org). Activities: the dev elop- Optical phenomenon cr eated b y dir ected If the ambient climate is too dry,rollers and samples made of c orrugated and solid ment of t esting devices, the management reflection on the surface of film and coated paper will shrink and become tight-edged. board; CAD files a vailable as a CD-ROM of char acterisation tables for ISO paper substrates;gloss levels (in % or with no unit Edge tearing resistance catalogue;ECMA Code. types and prin ting pr ocesses, appraisal of measurement) are determined by meas- The r esistance offer ed b y a substr ate t o uring the in tensity of the r eflected ligh t tearing where a cut has been made parallel where the angle of incidenc e equals the or perpendicular t o the grain; thermo- angle of r eflection; customary geometries: plastic flexible film:ISO 11897. 20°/20° (for high gloss), 85°/85° (matt Elasticity/Young’s modulus,elasticity,E gloss), 60°/60° (medium gloss), 75°/75° or Rise (in N/mm 2) in the cur ve showing the 45°/45° (prints, substrates and packaging quotient of changes in t ension relative to materials); various standar ds (ISO 8254, How grain (M) elongation (ISO 1924); can be det ermined may be indicated DIN 54502, TAPPI 75°; reflectometry as per from the breaking load;allows inferences on packs of ISO 2813, ASTM D523, DIN 67530, to be made as to dimensional stability sheets Zellcheming V 22/72). 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6 Glossary of printing and packaging substrates

Gluability Table 5:The five paper types for the processes defined in ISO 12647-2, with their reference values and uses More specifically of c orrugated boar d, in Type Quality Paper white (CIELAB) Whiteness Gloss Examples (irrespective of ) and uses kN/m (TAPPI T821 pm). PT1 Illustration,gloss-coated,115 g/m2 L* = 93;a* = 0;b* = –3 85% ISO 65% Illustration,rarely MWC,HWC (sheetfed offset,heatset,gravure) Grain,machine papermaking direction PT2 Illustration,matt-coated,115 g/m2 L* = 92;a* = 0;b* = –3 83% ISO 38% Illustration,matt,rarely MWC,HWC (sheetfed offset, The direction in which most of the fibres continuous,heatset,gravure) in a piece of paper are oriented and the axis PT3 LWC web offset,lightly coated,70 g/m2 L* = 87;a* = –1; b* = 3 70% ISO 55% FC,LWC,ULWC,MWC,HWC (heatset,gravure) along which the paper t ears and fle xes PT4 Offset,uncoated white,115 g/m2 L* = 92;a* = 0;b* = –3 85% ISO 6% Wood-free,wood-pulp,SC-A (sheetfed offset,heatset, most easily; determined by the direction in coldset,hybrid h/c,continuous,gravure) PT5 Offset,uncoated yellowish,115 g/m2 L* = 88;a* = 0;b* = 6 85% ISO 6% SC-A,SC-B,NP,improved NP (coldset,heatset,hybrid,gravure) which the forming paper web moves on the — Tolerance L* ± 3;a* ± 2;b* ±2 — ± 5% — forming wire in a papermaking machine .It CIELAB values:D50/2°,no polish; white measuring underlay for profile generation, for production print can be established by moistening (tends to swell across the width), tearing or folding (neatest parallel to the papermaking direc- wet offset w eb stock used on c ommercial tilayered  film, which after ances) in sheetfed,web and continuous off- tion) and fle xing (easiest acr oss). long and narrow-web presses fitted with hot-air being printed are inserted in a mould in to set printing; they support the standardised grain,short grain. dryers. which the host material (eg for deep-drawn reproduction of colours in print and also Grammage HTR,PHEMA,hard tissue replacement /, drinks , blow-mould- their faithful simulation in digital proofs; The area-related weight (in g/m2) of a sub- Polyhydroxyl ethyl methacrylate;extremely ed ) is injected and cured; printable the tar geted CIELAB chr omaticity c oordi- strate aft er c ontrolled conditioning, ie tear- and UV-resistant film for flexo and off- with conventional inks in sheetfed offset nates of the ISO c olour scales ar e clearly with a moisture c ontent as per EN ISO set printing;suitable for deep- and (trend) or photopolymer letterpress and UV defined (with recommended full-solid den- 536, ISO 12625-6 (); ISO 5638 laminating. inks in sheetfed and narr ow-web offset , sities); in practice, paper properties tend to (single layers of fibreboard); ISO 3039 (cor- Humidity gravure, flexo and lett erpress; distortion- vary enormously from those defined by the rugated fibreboard),EN 22286;the densi- Ambient humidit y affec ts the moisture free in-mould labels with a ma tt textured ISO, so for qualit y assurance purposes the ty can be calcula ted fr om the gr ammage content of paper;acclimatisation,equi- surface are known as soft touch labels. classifications ar e t oo gener al and ar e and thickness;basis weight. librium moisture content. Improved stock therefore often superseded b y much mor e Gravure paper, paper Hybrid printing Calendered, uncoated w eb offset st ock rigorous criteria. Lightly s ized a nd t hus h ighly a bsorbent A t echnology dev eloped and signally with defined brightness. Ivory board paper with a soft sur face and large propor- advanced by KBA; in sheetfed offset, print- Inert UV/gas curing technology Stiff boar d (240 - 320g/m 2) super calen- tion of filler; there are both coated (LWC, ing with h ybrid inks which can be dried A method for curing UV inks in a pr otective dered with waxed rollers and with a yellow- ULWC) and unc oated ( SC-A/-B) t ypes conventionally or cur ed b y UV r adiation nitrogen atmosphere, displacing the ambi- ish or greyish tinge; used for greetings and with good ink tak e-up and str ength a t then UV-coated without a primer t o create ent oxygen which impedes cross-linking;as business cards. maximum web speeds. unusual gloss effec ts on gloss- or ma tt- a r esult as much as 80% less hea t is Japanese ,Chinese vellum Grease permeability coated substrates; in newspaper offset, the required to cure the inks, and the pile tem- Long-fibred paper impor ted from Japan or The length of time that paper and board production of and supple- perature is up t o 50% c ooler. Benefits: China,usually handmade of bast fibres;can repel gr ease and oil (ISO 16532-1); TAPPI ments using the same ink, either a) b y enables heat-sensitive polymer films to be exceptionally thin,absorbent,burst- and UM 557 (KIT Test) also includes resistance to printing supplements using the same paper be prin ted and allo ws higher pr oduction tear-resistant; in offset litho it is good for wax. as for newspapers and with waterless cold- speeds;developed for narrow-web offset,it printing sophistica ted, upmarket pr oducts Grey board set inks but with a hea tset dr yer (KBA was first used on a sheetfed pr ess – a KBA with enhanced tactile appeal. Board that is rough on both sides or smooth Cortina), whereby dot gain r emains the Rapida 105 at Belgian Crea Kraft liner on one side and made of recycled fibres; same,or b) by printing supplements on dif- – in 2002. Paper w eighing 120g/m 2 or mor e and used eg for calendar backing ferent (improved) paper with c oldset inks tearing strength made from sulphate pulp; used as liner for Handmade paper and no hea tset dryer, but in an FM scr een The resistance to tearing offered by a sub- corrugated board. Paper with a regular mesh impressed upon and with a different dot gain. strate when tension is applied to the edges Kraft/sulphate paper it b y the dandy r oller in a papermaking Hygroexpansion,wet expansion (flap, laminating film); tensile strength as A par ticularly tear-resistant, easily printed machine. Produced in a similar w ay t o a Partially reversible dimensional change (in determined by Bekk. paper made fr om softwood sulphate pulp ; used for qualit y business %) caused by water penetrating the bond- Ink absorbency/receptivity and used for sacks and carrier bags. forms. ed fibres in paper or board,eg during faulty A substrate characteristic that determines paper Hardboard acclimatisation or travel through the print- how much ink will penetr ate its sur face. Used for prin ting labels on sheetfed and Solid board made of couched fibrous layers ing units (ISO 8226). oil absorbency. narrow w eb offset , gravure and digital that are par ticularly rigid; 0.9 - 3.5mm Hygroscopicity Ink penetration time presses; well-sized, coated or laminated on thick,suitable for embossing; cover materi- The a bility o f p aper t o a bsorb m oisture Ink absorption b y substrates can be t ested one side , water- and alkali-r esistant (but al for office files. from the air. statically using a t est press (IGT, Prüfbau) easily removed in -rinsing machines Hardness Hysteresis and dynamically using an ultr asound and bottling plan ts), can be easily c oated, A property influencing prin tability, impor- Hygroscopicity c ycle associa ted with device (emc oDPM), which measur es the bronzed and die-cut. tant with thick elastic film; testing process: swelling a nd c ross-grain hygroex- depth penetrated in a specific unit of time. ball inden tation har dness (in MP a or pansivity, where a residual expansion or (Ink) trapping Machine-finished paper with par allel lines N/mm2, EN ISO 2039-1, DIN 53456); Shore swelling r emains ev en if the moisture In pr ocess c olour prin ting, the ac tion of formed in a watermark process to simu- hardness (DIN 53505,DIN EN ISO 868:Shore content drops back t o the original or t o a printing one ink film on top of another, so late the wir e struc ture of handmade A for soft elastomers,Shore D for hard elas- minimum; depicted graphically as a hys- that the adhesion of the first film on the paper;printed laid is used as gift-wrapping tomers). teresis loop. substrate ensures adhesion of subsequen t paper,unprinted as . Hot (stamping) foil Illustration printing paper films. Laminability Material used in prin t finishing; pigments Perfect-coated paper for high-qualit y ISO paper types The ability of a substrate to accept a full- (gold/silver effect, opaque inks) ar e trans- prints in sheetfed (grades:ISO paper type As defined in ISO norm 12647-2, five paper solid application of adhesive followed by a ferred on a carrier to the substrate by a hot 1, standard, consumer) a nd w eb o ffset types whose paper white, brightness liner (eg tr ansparent polymer film for embossing t ool (in tandem with die- (MWC/HWC); gloss, matt or silk-ma tt and gloss, but not nec essarily gram- gloss/protection, or printed paper eg on stamping in folding car ton pr oduction) coating, max. 20g/m2 per side; the base mage (table 5) correspond to the average of corrugated boar d); one crit erion when along with a hea t-reactive film of glue; paper is wood-free, wood-pulp or laminat- the t ypes most c ommonly used for prin t- selecting substrates and inks. cold foil. ed;80 to 250g/m2. ing; developed t o calcula te univ ersally Laminate HSWO,heatset wet offset IML,in-mould labels available ICC standar d pr ofiles for v arious Printing or packaging substrate in which Abbreviation used in the paper for Labels predominantly made of drawn mul- parameters (dot gain, screen width, toler- identical or differ ent layers of ma terial are Bedruckstoffe.e6.qxd 16.09.2008 15:50 Uhr Seite 7

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glued or welded together with the aim of Loan paper Metal-laminated paper Table 6: Lenticular film thickness  creating op timum, split-resistant s ub- High-grade w ood-free, writable paper Paper on which a silv er- or gold-c oloured Resolution 140 lpi 100 lpi 75 lpi 60 lpi strates with the printability,strength,barri- (often rag paper) used for c ertain security matt,gloss or structured has Thickness 255 µm 355 µm 475 µm 508 µm er functions, colouring or gloss of the c om- documents such as loans and bonds. been glued ( laminate), usually on one Resolution 3D 100 lpi 3D 62 lpi 3D 40 lpi ponent ma terials; options: polymer/poly- Long grain, MD,machine direction side;can be printed with UV and IR inks; for Thickness 580 µm 687 µm 832 µm mer (food st orage bags), paper/polymer Where the paper grain runs par allel t o labels, sweet wr appers, coffee packaging , Source:DPLenticular.com (eg gr easeproof micr owave bags), the longer side;opposite:short grain. decorations and c onspicuous pr omotional board/aluminium/polymer (drinks car- Low-grade paper products (primarily reflective cartons). Notched impact strength tons),paper/aluminium (metallised paper), Base stock for various types of corrugated Metallised paper Temperature-dependent r esistance (in paper/paper (corrugated board), fibre board,made from unsorted waste paper. Paper tha t has been c oated on one side kJ/m2) of polymer films to a lateral flex- pulp/paper (solid boar d, duplex/triplex LWC paper,lightweight coated paper with hot aluminium vapour at over 1,000°C ural impact (ISO 179:Charpy;ISO 180:Izod); carton). Lightweight (approx. 50 - 70g/m2) paper in a v acuum chamber t o cr eate a fine , a distinction is made between brittle,semi- Laminated board for drinks cartons thinly c oated on both sides and used for opaque, mirrored sur face; can be prin ted impact-resistant, impact-resistant and A composite of wood-free board (75%,with long print runs in w eb offset and gr avure; with UV inks; used for e xclusive labels , extremely impact-resistant; the higher the antibacterial PE c oating, printable on for high-qualit y , newspaper wrappers and decorations. notched impac t str ength, the bett er the flexo and narr ow-web pr esses), 6µm alu- supplements and catalogues. Milking printability in offset litho. minium foil (5%, acts as barrier against Machine coated paper,MC paper The gr adual build-up of c oating or filler Number of folds light, heat, air and migr ation) and poly- Paper that has been coated on both sides in material from the paper on the non-image The number of times a substr ate can be mer film (20%,sterile seal). the papermaking machine. areas of the blank et. Over time this can be folded mechanically without impairing Machine-finished/-glazed paper, abrasive to the lithogr aphic plate, and can productivity.Depends on substrate thick- The process whereby two or more layers are unglazed paper,MF/UG paper sensitize the non-image ar eas of the pla te ness and bending stiffness (ISO 5628/9). bonded t ogether t o form a c omposite, or Machine-smooth, ie r ough, uncalendered, resulting in scumming.Milking can result Office paper,copy/copier/copying paper where a la yer of substr ate is sealed uncoated st ock for lo w-quality prin ted from the soft ening of a c oated paper Wood-free uncoated stock used for mak- between two layers of plastic. laminated products. surface b y the foun t solution in the first ing copies in copiers, and inkjet print- board for drinks cartons. Machine-glazed paper/board printing unit(s), and only bec ome evident ers; may be whit e or c oloured; 70 t o Lenticular film Paper or board with a high-gloss finish pro- in later or the last printing unit(s). dust- 150g/m2. PET film which is smooth on one side and duced b y allo wing the w et w eb t o dr y ing. Severe milking or dusting is called Oil absorbency has an array of lenticules on the other; the against a highly-polished metal c ylinder, piling. A paper’s receptivity to ink can be deter- smooth side can be printed in conventional also called a . Millboard mined using the Cobb-Unger method for UV offset (KBA Rapida 74 to 205),waterless paper Multilayered ma terial made of w ood or testing oil absorbency. offset (KBA Rapida 74G,46 and 74 Karat) or Web stock,usually LWC, MWC or SC. recycled fibres, the solid v ersion of which One-side coated paper waterless UV offset (KBA-Metr onic Genius Map/chart paper (solid board) is thicker (>1.5mm) and/or Often used for jobs wher e the paper will 52UV,KBA Rapida 74G UV),and registration A dimensionally stable, moisture-resist- heavier (>600g/m 2) than cartonboard; only be printed on one side.One example is must be absolutely precise;special software ant or moistur e-proof paper used t o print corrugated boar d can be thinner and chromo(lux) paper. is used to split the multiple images into fine land maps and nautical char ts (sheetfed lighter. Opacity strips and in terleave them in the r elevant speciality);good folding endurance. Mirror paperboard A substrate’s impermeability to light;oppo- order. Each image strip is then positioned Marbled paper metal-laminated paper. site of transparency;the percentage ratio beneath a len ticule, eg 12 strips for 12- Paper with a pa ttern cr eated b y adding Moisture content of the r eflectance factors of a single sheet phase images; the more phases there are, darker fibres. Determined by oven-drying paper or board above a black underla y and of a pile of a t the higher the r esolution must be and the Mechanical paper,wood-pulp paper at 105°C and comparing this with the c on- least twenty sheets (DIN 53146, ISO 2471), finer the gauge of the len ticule (table 6); Paper that contains more than 5% mechan- ditioned state (EN 20287,ISO 287). radiation i mpermeability i n t he U V VIS effects possible: flip-flop images, animated ical wood pulp; there is currently a strong Monofilm range (DIN 10050-9); opacity can be sequences,morphing,zoom,3D views;fast- demand for medium-fine litho paper along Polymer film composed of just one t ype of increased by using more fillers and a thick- growing market. with improved newsprint and SC-A. polymer;opposite:coextruded film. er coating slip. Light-fastness Metal decorating Mottled paper Optical density Here,the ability of white and coloured sub- Specialist offset applica tion for c onverting Paper pa tterned with finely distribut ed Indirect measure of the thickness of an ink strates t o r esist y ellowing or bleaching metal sheets bet ween 0.12 and 0.5mm coloured fibres; used for prin ting bank- film; when measuring densit y, paper when exposed to UV radiation;the compar- thick into metal packaging; KBA-Metal- notes and security documents. white density must be calibrated as zero. ative scale established us ing eigh t blue Print, the market leader, offers a c omplete Mottling test PA,polyamide strands of wool (EN ISO 105-B02, Xenotest range of syst ems that can handle both UV A t est based on image analysis (eg Only Thermoplastic, a hard version of which can Alpha) ranges from 8 (high resistance) to 1 inks and c oatings and c onventional ones Solutions’ Mottling Viewer) for assessing be formed into film suitable for offset print- (very low resistance). that are baked in inline ovens; one to eight mottling in paper , full solids and scr een ing; often combined with PE in a c om- Light-trapping effect colours; Metalstar 2 (1,000 x 1,200mm), solids. pound film for food bags; PA 6.6 fibres are A property of prin ted paper wher eby dif- Sprint (1,000 x 1,220mm), Mailänder 120A MWC/HWC paper,medium-/ used in synthetic paper. fuse ligh t penetr ating the upper la yers is (970 x 1,145mm) and Metalwing 2 (modi- heavyweight coated paper Packaging materials prevented fr om escaping because it is fied KBA R apida, 965 x 1,200 or 1,000 x Wood-pulp paper w eighing 70 - 130g/m 2 Materials for primar y packaging (out er absorbed by the layers of ink. 1,400mm); offline (Sprin t, Mailänder) or and coated on both sides. casing for packaged goods), secondary Lightweight paper inline (F lexocoat) c oating syst ems, sheet Newsprint,NP packaging (visually appealing , stackable Thin paper w eighing 40g/m 2 or less and and plate handling,exhaust air filtration. uncoated stock entirely or partially com- display packaging), transport packaging with l ow opacity; commonly u sed f or Metal packaging prising recycled fibres,available in standard (eg c orrugated car tons) and padding; the high- books; KBA offers remote- Drums, , canisters and hobbocks made and impr oved qualit y (higher degr ee of most common are stiff paper , solid/corru- ly adjustable suc tion rings for optimum of steel plate (>0.5mm thick) for industrial brightness, smoothness and opaci- gated board, film and rigid lamina tes with sheet travel. and consumer goods,or cans and boxes (for ty);40 - 55g/m2. the necessary chemical resistance and food and drinks , household chemicals and Nominal weight physical durability. Component of wood which is removed dur- cosmetics),screw caps,vacuum caps,crown In the US, the w eight a t which paper is Packaging,flexible ing the pulping process in order to enhance corks, decorations, promotional pr oducts billed. A plus or minus tolerance relative to Packaging ma terial with poor crush whiteness and prevent yellowing. and t oys made of fine sheet metal its basis w eight is permitt ed unless other resistance and relatively soft walls that may LLWC (<0.5mm), tin pla te or aluminium; arrangements ha ve been made bet ween be made of a laminate; it is possible t o ULWC metal decorating. the mill and the customer. print the base ma terial (sheetfed offset: Bedruckstoffe.e6.qxd 16.09.2008 15:50 Uhr Seite 8

8 Glossary of printing and packaging substrates

Offset-printed with a slip made of Priplak, a polypropylene film (photo:Papier Union)

Photo paper of substr ate t o the pr ess b y r oller Inkjet or laser paper used t o print photos; conveyor, a manual nonst op facility at the depending on the manufac ture and appli- feeder, a heigh t-adjustable nonst op r oller cation, it is c oated, hard-sized hard paper facility at the deliv ery and r emoval of the with a clear tr ansparent PE micr o-pore printed piles by roller conveyor;on straight- Natural-Print packing paper (90 g/m2),printed on the compact KBA Commander CT top layer (wipe-resistant, protects against on presses pile turners facilitate verso print- newspaper press at the Main-Post in Würzburg scratches and fingerprin ts) or bar yta coat- ing. ing (for monochrome prints).Not to be con- Piling plastic boxes,luxury paper carrier bags and Paperonline.org fused with phot ographic paper , which is Severe build-up of paper dust or coating gift packaging; flexo, narrow web, gravure: Educational website and portal link provid- coated with ligh t-sensitive chemicals and slip on the rubber blank et; milking, drinks cartons, bags, sacks, ), ed by the Confederation or European Paper used for making photographic prints. dusting the final product (pad/:plas- Industries. Pick(ing) resistance Pinholes tic bottles and tubes) or labels. PC,polycarbonate Perpendicular resistance of the paper or Small holes in the paper or car ton surface Packaging,rigid Thermoplastic from which colourless trans- board to surface rupturing or deforma tion, which may result in missing dots. In a web Packaging ma terial with good crush parent films can be made; can be used as a depends on the size in the paper or ink tack; product, the holes made b y the folding resistance and r elatively stiff w alls; it is substrate in sheetfed offset. good c orrelation bet ween IGT (ISO 3783) pins. possible to print the base ma terial (sheet- PE, and Prüfbau testers. PLA,polylactic acid fed offset: cartonboard, microflute bo xes Thermoplastic with a soft,wax-like surface; Pigment Compostable biopoly ester obtained fr om and displa ys, metal bo xes; narrow w eb: the hardness and chemical resistance of Inorganic or or ganic c oloured solid tha t renewable r esources; can be made in to folding cartons;flexo:pre-printed corrugat- pure white low-density PE (LDPE) make it imparts colour to paper etc. hard, high-gloss, high-strength films; can ed [laminated] or post-prin ted corrugated an ideal ma terial for carrier bags (narr ow Pile,stack also be printed in offset litho. [direct offset]), the final pr oduct (pad/ web, flexo) and self-adhesive film (also for Technologically the best way to store sheets Plasma surface treatment screen prin ting: caps, seals, bottles , offset litho), while high-density PE (HDPE) or sections prior t o (infeed pile) and aft er The ion bombar dment of non-absorben t wooden crates) or labels. is used as fibr e stock for synthetic paper (delivery p ile) p rinting o r f inishing; the metal foils and polymer films in order to Paper (eg DuPont’s ). sheets are piled on standar dised pallets or increase surface t ension a nd th us in k A non-woven material with a large surface PEEK,polyetheretherketone trolleys; the use of auxiliar y piles allo ws adhesion;substrates can be pretreated by area and made of cellulose and/or synthet- Thermoplastic, films of which can be prin t- presses to run continuously. the manufacturer and remain stable over a ic fibres along with fillers, binding ed in UV flexo and used as . Pile-logistics system long period of time; an alt ernative t o agents and, in some cases, whiteners or PET,PETP,polyethylene terephthalate System tha t fr ees pr ess personnel fr om corona surface treatment. dyes; maximum t hickness 0 .3mm, maxi- thermoplastic fr om which it is strenuous logistical tasks (KBA par tner: PMMA,polymethylmethacrylate, mum grammage 150g/m 2; the most possible t o mak e fine film with a high www.krifft-zipsner.de); at its most ad- acrylic glass common print substrate. degree of t ear resistance (flavourseal food vanced level it encompasses the delivery of A clear transparent or coloured thermoplas- Paper sizes,paper formats storage bags) or drinks bottles with a w all ISO 216 (which is based on DIN 476-2, calliper of 500µm ; in sheetf ed offset it Table.7:ISO and USA sheet formats (in mm) (table 7) defines the standar d metric siz es mainly takes the form of lenticular film of sheet stock for printing;the length divid- and film with differ ent lev els of gloss No. A series B series C series D series USA traditional formats ANSI ed by the width of all formats is the square front and back; modifications: transparent 4A0 1682 x 2378 — — — — E 864 x 1118 root of two,with the surface area of format PET (inkjet/laser prin ting film, debit/credit 2A0 1189 x 1682 — — — — D 559 x 864 A0 841 x 1189 917 x 1297 508 x 635 L = royal 2 1000 x 1414 771 x 1091 — A0 being 1m .The USA has its own standard card l aminating f ilm, deep-drawn f ilm), A1 594 x 841 707 x 1000 648 x 917 545 x 771 431,8 x 558.8 L = broadsheet C 432 x 559 sizes. PETG (poly ethylene t erephthalate gly col: A2 420 x 594 500 x 707 458 x 648 385 x 545 394 x 489 L = post — Paper white shrink labels), APET (amorphous polyethyl- A3 297 x 420 353 x 500 324 x 458 272 x 385 381 x 508 L = crown — 1. In colour densit ometry, calibration ene terephthalate: in barrier c ompounds), A4 210 x 297 250 x 353 229 x 324 192 x 272 304.8 x 228.6 P = 12 by 9 — value 0 for measuring c olour densit y in GAG-PET (gly col amorphous gly col poly- long 210 x 99 — 229 x 115 — 279.4 x 431.8 L= ledger, B 279 x 432 printed images; 2. White point in the r ela- ester:blister packaging). P = tabloid A5 148 x 210 176 x 250 162 x 229 136 x 192 215.9 x 355.6 L = legal — tive colorimetric map when digital pH value A6 105 x 148 125 x 176 114 x 162 96 x 136 215.9 x 279.4 L = letter A 216 x 279 proofs are adapted to production stock. Negative c ommon logarithm of OH A7 74 x 105 88 x 125 81 x 114 68 x 96 184.2 x 268.0 L = executive — Papermaking,paper production (hydroxyl) ion c oncentration; pH <7 = A8 52 x 74 62 x 88 57 x 81 — 76.2 x 177.8 L = $ bill, — A mechanical pr ocess for making paper acidic/sour, pH 7 = neutr al, pH >7 = alka- P = and board in the sequence pulp prepara- line/basic (max. 14); the pH value of paper, A9 37 x 52 44 x 62 40 x 57 — 139.7 x 215.9 L = invoice, — tion, wire sec tion, press sec tion, drying board and pulp can be det ermined using half letter A10 26 x 37 31 x 44 28 x 40 — 108 x 139.7 L = quarter letter — section (possibly with siz e pr ess), surface aqueous e xtracts (DIN 53124: hot; DIN treatment (sizing , coating) and finishing 53124, ISO 6588: cold); paper sur faces for Tolerance:±1.5mm up to 150mm edge length, ±2mm from L = landscape (calendering,sheeting). should be slightly alkaline. 150 to 600mm, ±3mm over 600mm P = portrait Bedruckstoffe.e6.qxd 16.09.2008 15:50 Uhr Seite 9

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Table 8: Substrates handled by KBA sheetfed offset presses Format (ISO) KBA max.format Standard substrates Optional substrates Ink Coating options B3 (380 x 520 mm),2-up Genius 52UV 360 x 520 mm Paper/board/film ca.0.1 - — WLUV UV 0.8 mm (substrate-dependent) SRA2 (450 x 640 mm) Performa 66 485 x 660 mm Paper/board 0.05 - 0.45 mm — Oil-based Aqueous B2 (500 x 707 mm),4-up Performa 74 520 x 740 mm Paper/board/film 0.05 - 0.6 mm — Oil-based,UV Aqueous,UV B2 (500 x 707 mm),4-up Rapida 74/75 520 x 740/750 mm Paper/board 0.06 - 0.5 mm Board/film up to 1.0 mm Oil,UV,hybrid,WL,WLUV Aqueous,UV,double B2 (500 x 707 mm),4-up Rapida 74G 520 x 740 mm Paper/board 0.06 - 0.5 mm Board/film up to 1.0 mm WL,WLUV Aqueous,UV B2 (500 x 707 mm),4-up 74 Karat 520 x 740 mm Paper/board 0.06 - 0.3 mm Paper/board/ABS,PC,PET,PS,PVC film up to 0.5 mm WL;film with Aqueous,film with Zeller+Gmelin Toracard TF Tipadur P-1203 B3 B1 (707 x 1000 mm),8-up Ra 105/105u 720-740 x 1050 mm Paper/board 0.06 - 0.5 mm Heavy board/microflute/film up to 1.2 mm Oil,UV,hybrid,WL,WLUV Aqueous,UV,double B1 (707 x 1000 mm),8-up Rapida 106 740 x 1060 mm Paper/board 60 - 350 g/m2 Heavy board/film up to 1.2 mm Oil,UV,hybrid,WL,WLUV Aqueous,UV,double 5 (920 x 1300 mm) Rapida 130 910 x 1300 mm Paper/board 0.06 - 0.9 mm Lightweight paper from 0.04 mm;heavy board up to Oil-based,UV,hybrid,WL Aqueous,UV,double 1.2 mm;microflute up to 1.6 mm;film 5B (920 x 1300 mm) Rapida 130a 965 x 1300 mm Paper/board 0.06 - 0.9 mm Lightweight paper from 0.04 mm;heavy board up to Oil-based,UV,hybrid,WL Aqueous,UV,double 1.2 mm;microflute up to 1.6 mm;film 6B (102 x 1400 mm),16-up Rapida 142 1020 x 1420 mm Paper/board 0.06 - 0.9 mm Lightweight paper from 0.04 mm;heavy board up to Oil-based,UV,hybrid,WL Aqueous,UV,double 1.2 mm;microflute up to 1.6 mm;film 7 (1100 x 1600 mm) Rapida 162 1120 x 1620 mm Paper/board 0.06 - 0.9 mm Lightweight paper from 0.04 mm;heavy board up to Oil-based,UV,hybrid,WL Aqueous,UV,double 1.2 mm;microflute up to 1.6 mm;film 7B (1200 x 1600 mm) Rapida 162a 1200 x 1620 mm; Paper/board 0.06 - 0.9 mm Lightweight paper from 0.04 mm;heavy board up to Oil-based,UV,hybrid,WL Aqueous.,UV,double P 1120 x 1620 mm 1.2 mm;microflute up to 1.6 mm;film 8 (1300 x 1850 mm) Rapida 185 1300 x 1850 mm Paper/board 0.1 - 0.6 mm Heavy board up to 1.2 mm,microflute up to 1.6 mm;film Oil-based,UV,hybrid,WL Aqueous,UV 9 (1500 x 2050 mm),32-up Rapida 205 1510 x 2050 mm Paper/board 0.1 - 0.6 mm Heavy board up to 1.2 mm,microflute up to 1.6 mm;film Oil-based,UV,hybrid,WL Aqueous,UV P = shortened format for perfecting;WL = waterless

tic tha t can be formed in to rigid sheets tions: folding car tons, flexible packaging , aqueous glues; formats:(table 9). Primer (Perspex, Plexiglas) and e xtruded in to a cards and promotional products. PP,polypropylene A suitable primer c oating or opaque whit e thick film;printable in sheetfed offset. Polymers Thermoplastic, weldable syn thetic with a applied t o the sur face of a syn thetic or Polyester Organic macr omolecules based on simple high degree of har dness, rigidity and hea t metallic substrate prior t o printing (offset, A ca tegory of thermoplastic polymers hydrocarbon molecules (monomers) tha t resistance; following it is screen,flexo printing,metal decorating);an containing esters, the most common being develop useful properties, including a high suitable for printing in conventional and UV alternative to corona surface treatment. PET (poly ethylene t erephthalate). They degree of rigidit y, following ca tenation, offset (eg ArjoW iggins P riplak, overhead Print quality include PB T (polybut ylene t erephthalate, branching or cr oss-linking; homopolymers projector film); oriented polypr opylene Image r eproduction influenc ed b y the often used as an insulator against heat and (made from one t ype of monomer): PE, (OPP) and biaxially oriented polypropylene homogeneity and brightness of the chemicals),PEN (polyethylene naphthalate, P P, PVC;copolymers (made from differ- (BOPP) ar e used for in-mould labels substrate surface. used for beer bottles and sailcloth) and ent monomers):ABS,polyester. (IML), for tropical climates or, Printability PLA (polylactic acid). Porosity as solid compounds (also moulded or cast: Suitability of a substr ate for prin ting: uni- Polymer film, transparent film Desirable or undesir able pr operty of sub- CPP),for food storage bags. form ink adhesion and an acceptable visual Polymer webs formed b y injection mould- strates tha t allo ws air , water or oil t o Press format,machine size quality are two key criteria. ing or extrusion; 20 - 150µm or (mor e penetrate thr ough sur face holes; affects Maximum format that can be prin ted on a Printing ink typically) 50 - 100µm thick; sold as rolls or absorbency and setting time. sheetfed press (table 8). Colorant containing substances for creating sheets; may be tr ansparent or opaque , Postcard board Pressure folds optical c ontrasts on the substr ate; key white or c oloured; surface can be high- Machine-finished, glazed or c oated boar d A mor e adv anced method for t esting properties ar e adhesion and dr ying, gloss, semi-matt or ma tt, structured, pat- weighing 150 - 190g/m2. tensile strength, routinely at folds creat- which can be influenc ed b y the ab- terned or lenticular; printable with UV Poster paper ed under a specific pressure. sorbency of the sur face, and is initia ted inks,in offset with conventional and water- Monochrome paper c oated on one side , Primary fibres,virgin fibres according t o differ ent principles: penetra- less inks,in flexo and gravure with solvent- with good light-fastness and wet Fibres tha t ha ve not pr eviously been tion, solvent ev aporation, polymerisation/ and w ater-based inks; primary applica- tensile str ength when in c ontact with processed or used. condensation (UV and IR r adiation), oxida- tion,cooling (skin formation,phase-switch- ing), precipitation (moisture-set inks) and Table 9: Most cost-effective production of poster formats with large-format KBA Rapidas sintering/melting (ceramic inks,). Poster name Format Rapida 130a Rapida 142 Rapida 162a Rapida 185 Rapida 205 Printing paper Mini Quad 31 x 41 cm 8-up — — — — Any t ype of paper manufac tured for pr o- Medium 45.7 x 58.4 cm 4-up — — — — cessing in the prin ting industry; represents Double Crown,British Half Sheet 50.8–56 x 76.2 cm — — 2-up — – a rising pr oportion of global paper c on- 1 Sheet 68.5 x 104.1 cm — — 2-up — – sumption; current trends:more uncoated Quad Crown 76.2 x 101.6 cm 1-up — 2-up — – Quad Demy 88.9 x 114.3 cm 1-up — — 4-up – paper, new haptic pr operties, increased British 1 Sheet 74 x 151 cm — — 1-up — 2-up bulk yet lower grammage, continuous Quad Royal 102 x 127 cm — 1-up — — 2-up improvements in prin tability and w ork- 4 Sheet,Single Sheet,Double Quad Crown,Subway 101.6 x 152.4 cm — — 1-up — – ability,eg for use on faster presses. 6 Sheet Decaux,City Light Poster,Abribus 118.5 x 175 cm in 2 sections — — 1-up – Printing substrate/material,stock, 6 Sheet More O Ferrall,Adshel,TDI,Superlite/Primesite 120 x 180 cm in 2 sections — — 1-up – print carrier 12 Sheet 152.4 x 304.8 cm — — in 2 sections — – 16 Sheet Viacom 196.7 x 298.3 cm — — — — in 2 sections Term applied t o any material that can be 16 Sheet 203.2 x 304.8 cm — in 4 sections — in 2 sections – printed (paper, corrugated board, solid 32 Sheet 304.8 x 406.4 cm — — in 6 sections — in 4 sections board, metals, synthetics, glass, ); 48 Sheet Viacom 298.3 x 603.1 cm in 12 sections — — in 6 sections – direct printing onto objects is commonly 48 Sheet 304.8 x 609.6 cm in 12 sections — — in 6 sections – called decorating. 96 Sheet Viacom 298.3 x 1212.7 cm — in 24 sections — — in 10 sections Print-through,strike-through 96 Sheet 304.8 x 1219.2 cm — in 24 sections — — in 10 sections Partial penetration by the ink into the sub- When printing multi-sheet an overlap of up to 3cm should be allowed. strate d ue t o e xcessive s ubstrate ab- Bedruckstoffe.e6.qxd 16.09.2008 15:50 Uhr Seite 10

10 Glossary of printing and packaging substrates

sorbency or too thin an ink. Table 10: Units of quantity for paper width, ie perpendicular t o the machine Promotional items,give-aways Printing paper Current Previous direction;opposite:long grain. Printed products and print-decorated Sheet Basic unit Basic unit Show-through objects typically comprising multiple mate- Quire 25 sheets 24 sheets Where the image printed on one side is vis- rials. Ream,long ream 20 quires = 500 sheets 20 quires = 480 sheets ible on the other , due to inadequate sub- PS,polystyrene (now referred to as short ream) strate opacity. Amorphous or semi-cr ystalline, fully recy- Printers ream,perfect ream 211/2 quires = 516 sheets Shrinkage clable thermoplastic; a tr ansparent, white Bundle 2 reams = 1,000 sheets 2 reams = 960 sheets Loss of substr ate v olume and dimensions (now referred to as short bundle) or coloured high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) Bale 5 bundles = 5,000 sheets 5 bundles = 4,800 sheets caused by moisture evaporation or cooling; film has high notched impac t strength, (now referred to as short bale) a property exploited in PET sleeves. good dimensional stability, optimum ink Sign paper uptake (following corona treatment) and Paper for prin ting simple signs , banners good cutting and die-cutting properties. hygiene ar ticles), cartons and car dboard sample of paper and boar d t o det ermine and fly ers; generally c ontains w ood pulp PTS,Papiertechnische Stiftung manufactured en tirely or lar gely fr om the average quality is defined in EN ISO 186, and is heavily sized. Research founda tion (Munich, Heidenau, de-inked paper waste;the drawbacks are their pre-test treatment in SN EN 20187,EN Silicon paper,silicon treated/release www.ptspaper.de) pr oviding c onsulting, colour cast, deviations in colour tone, ISO 2233, ISO 2233 and ENV 12625-2 paper training and t esting services for the paper and faster ageing. (standard ). self-adhesive paper industry; affiliated with the FPT SC paper,supercalendered paper Single-coated paper (Forschungsvereinigung P apiertechnik, a Recovery and r eprocessing of paper and Uncoated web offset wood-pulp paper that Paper with a single applica tion of c oating communications pla tform) and the FPS synthetic w aste for r euse as prin ting and has been calendered, ie hea vily c om- slip;the most common form of coating. (Forschungsvereinigung P apiertechnische packaging substrates. pressed in thickness, and has a high Sized paper Stiftung, which pr omotes PT S ac tivities); Reel (UK),roll (US) proportion of filler ( opacity); used for Paper that has been made mor e resistant developed the P aperBaleSensor for fast , The form of substr ate r equired for w eb magazines, supplements a nd c atalogues; to moisture by adding starch, and wax on-site determination of the moisture, printing; specifications include e xternal, grades: SC-B (inline calender ed using a to the pulp (beater-sized paper) or by size- polymer, fibre and ash c ontent of w aste internal and core diameter,mass,width and soft-nip calender , eg impr oved news- press coating (FC paper), which improves paper bales. length (which is calculated from these). print), SC-A (inline gloss-calender ed) and the bond bet ween fibres and fillers; Puncture resistance Reel-logistics system SC-A Plus (offline gloss-calender ed with well-sized paper can be prin ted easily and For packaging materials,this is determined System tha t fr ees pr ess personnel fr om Janus MK2 calender). does not suffer fr om dusting or pick- in kJ (ISO 3036). strenuous logistical tasks; at its most Scanning electron microscopy ing. PVC,polyvinyl chloride advanced lev el KBA ’s P atras r eel-logistics Used to examine the sur face of paper for Skin packaging Amorphous thermoplastic, the most c om- system enc ompasses the en tire paper defects, coating cracks and blisters, and a Packaging, eg an offset prin ted folding mon synthetic; softening and antistatic workflow: ordering, storage and manage- cross section for filler , coating carton,with a clear,unprinted,deep-drawn treatment can impair adhesion, which is ment of the delivered reels,stripping,splice thickness and deposits. plastic skin shrunk onto it;the skin and car- why only har d PV C (HPV C) film 0.15 to preparation (Easy Splic e) and loading on Scorability ton are bonded with a hea t-sealed coating 0.5mm thick is prin table in UV offset; it the KBA reelstand, and disposal of expired The abilit y of boar d to be sc ored without (blister coating). requires pr e-treatment t o enhanc e sur- reels; reels ar e tr ansported on in-floor breaking; unlike creasing, scoring destroys Slur face tension; printable in all UV and digital tracks and turn tables, supported b y the surface coating and super ficial fibrous A faint,out of register duplicate of a printed printing processes (toner and inkjet, even unmanned guided vehicles (KBA partner: structure. image, resulting fr om the tr ansfer of the solvent-based syst ems); film can be Rocla). Scumming,toning image onto the blanket cylinder in the next translucent or tr ansparent, white or Relative humidity The take-up of ink, from any cause, in non- printing unit. Caused b y fault y pr ess set- coloured,have different surface gloss levels For an y giv en ambien t t emperature, the image areas of the pla te; when this star ts tings or paper with the wrong grain. front and back; splinter-free cutting and ratio (as a per centage) of the ac tual mois- to occur in offset lithogr aphy it is said tha t Smoothness die-cutting, easy to laminate and glue , eg ture c ontent of the air t o the pot ential the plate is “catching up”. Haptic pr operty of substr ates with a lo w for PVC folding cartons;often modified into moisture content; the relative humidity of Security/safety paper friction coefficient,created by the calender- PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) for packag- the microclimate in the deliv ery pile or a Paper with c oncealed for gery-proof fea- ing,smoothing and chrome cylinders in the ing film. rell of paper can differ substan tially from tures, eg w atermark, metallic thr ead, papermaking or coating machine; opposite PVOH polyvinyl alcohol the room humidity;optimum:45 to 55%. applied or integrated taggants. of roughness and thus an indica tion of Antistatic, weldable, water-soluble, bio- Residual strength Self-adhesive paper the prin tability (less adhesion); in degradable, durable packaging film with The str ength of w eb offs et pa per aft er Paper with a self-adhesiv e coating on one processes where the air flo w is subjec t to strong barrier pr operties against gases , being p rinted, dried a nd f olded; target side tha t is pr otected b y silic on-coated defined pr essure, the measur ement of organic solvents and fats. value with the Fogra method: backing paper when the fr ont is being smoothness and r oughness is iden tical, eg Quality control >0.67kN/m. printed and un til it is used; for labels , the Bekk method (in sec , ISO 5627), the A series of inspec tions usually undertaken Rheology stamps, in direct mail. Parker prin t-surf method (in µm, DIN ISO upon r eception of prin ting substr ates or The study of the deforma tion and flo w of Set-off,marking,smearing 8791-4), the Bendtsen method (in mP a s, packaging materials with the aim of ensur- matter; influences wetting and adhesion In sheetfed offset , the transfer of fr esh ink ISO 5636-3, DIN 53108), the Gurley method ing problem-free processing. of ink to the substrate. from one sheet onto the back of the follow- (in ml/min, ISO 5636-5) and the Sheffield Rag paper Roughness ing one in the deliv ery pile; in web offset, method (in ml/min, ISO 8791-3); optical High-grade paper in which a t least 10% Geometric devia tion fr om a per fectly fla t smearing of poorly dried ink on to the laser measurement eg with UBM micr ofo- of the fibr e content is c omposed of t extile surface; opposite of smoothness (qv for guide,turning or nip rollers. cus (DIN 4768). waste (pr emium qualit y, banknote testing methods). Sheet size Solid board paper), cotton, hemp or flax fibres; rags are Runability The maximum ( table 8 ) and minimum Board made fr om iden tical la yers of also in ,document paper. The ability of sheets (separ ability, rigidity, sheet dimensions of printable substrates. paper couched together (millboard) or dif- Raw format flatness etc) and webs (breaking propensi- Sheeter ferent layers glued together and faced with Untrimmed sheet size. ty) to run through a press without causing Rotating cutting devic e tha t can be posi- a high-gr ade liner (mechanical boar d); Ream problems. tioned before the feeder on sheetfed press- most common material used for book c ov- Unit of quan tity for paper ( table 10), 480 Sample book, swatch book es to allow the press to accept cheaper web ers. or 500 sheets (max.30kg). of paper samples. stock. Specific volume,specific bulk Recycled paper,recycled content paper Sampling Short grain, CD,cross direction Absolute ratio (in cm 3/g) bet ween a sub- Paper (eg for newspapers , packaging, The method for obtaining a r epresentative Where the paper grain runs acr oss the strate’s thickness and grammage (EN Bedruckstoffe.e6.qxd 16.09.2008 15:50 Uhr Seite 11

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Table 11: Processes and standards for measuring brightness/whiteness and yellowness Brightness/ whiteness Standard Measuring geometry Illuminant/observer Basis Parameter Interpretation ISO brightness ISO 2470, Diffuse/0° C/2°,D65/10° with CIE xyY (1931) W (with illuminant/observer) Ideal value 100%;with whitener > 100% (Elrepho 450X) and without UV cut filter ISO brightness ISO 3688 Diffuse radiance factor Blue light (457 nm) IR3 reflection standard W (blue light) Ideal value 100% CIE brightness ISO 11475 45°/0° or 0°/45° D50/2° CIE xyY (1931) WCIE = Y + 800 (xn – x) + 1700 (yn – y) Values 90 - 120;the higher the brighter Degree of colour deviation ISO 11475 45°/0° or 0°/45° D50/2° CIE xyY (1931) TW = 900 (xn – x) – 650 (yn – y) Colour cast,yellowing 1/2 Hunter whiteness — 45°/0° or 0°/45° D65/2° CIE XYZ,HunterLab (1958) WH = L – 3 bL = 19.29 [(Z – 11 Y) / Y ] Ideal value 100 Stensby whiteness — 45°/0° or 0°/45° D65/2° HunterLab (1958) WS = L + 3 (aL – bL) Ideal value 100 * Berger whiteness — Reflectometer 45°/0° D65/2° RY,RZ,RX = f {CIE XYZ} WB = Y + 3 (1.1333 Z – 1.2985 X) Ideal value 100 * Taube whiteness — 45°/0° or 0°/45° D65/2° CIE XYZ (1931) WT = 3.6734 Z – 3 Y Ideal value 100 ASTM whiteness ASTM E313 45°/0° or 0°/45° C/2°,D50/2° CIE XYZ (1931) WIE313 = 3 (1.242 Z – Y) with C/2° Ideal value 100 Yellowness DIN 6167 45°/0° or 0°/45° C/2°,D50/2° CIE XYZ (1931) G1925 (corresponds to ASTM D 1925) Yellowing:G > 0 yellowish,G < 0 bluish * Outdated process

ISO 534); there is a shift t owards a lar ger TAPPI,Technical Association of the volume with the same grammage (cheaper than t hicker, heavier p aper) o r a l ower American-based global r esearch associa- grammage with the same v olume (t o tion (www.tappi.org) whose test specifica- reduce postage costs for direct mail and tions and specialist publica tions ar e mail-order catalogues). respected the world over. Spectroscopy Tear resistance/strength Infrared m ethod f or i dentifying o rganic Resistance (in N) t o t ensile for ce; deriva- compounds: FTIR (Fourier transform tions: tear inde x (in mNm 2/g), stretch a t infrared) for r esins, glues, binding agents break (in %); plastic and film: ISO 6383-2, and additives, and NIR (near infr ared) for paper: ISO 1974, BS EN 21974: gram- fillers,sizes and coating binders. Polyethylene fibres in DuPont’s synthetic paper Tyvek under a scanning electron mage-specific det ermination of t earing Splice (photo:www.IRFIP.fr) resistance in mNm2/g using the Elmendor f In web printing,the join between the expir- method). ing web and the new one; KBA offers auto- arrays for dischar ging static elec tricity Swell Tensile strength matic splice preparation with Easy Splice. during sheet or web travel; primarily used In , the increased thickness of Determined in accordance with DIN EN ISO Splitting with s ynthetic s ubstrates; KBA s upplier: a text block along its spine edge after being 1924: the quotient (in kN/m) of the br eak- An e xtreme form of picking in which the Kersten Elektrostatik (www.kersten.de). stitched. ing load and the width of a paper strip,and pull of a thick, tacky ink tears off large por- Stationery Swelling thus by derivation the t ensile modulus or tions of a paper ’s or a board liner’s surface, General name giv en t o paper and offic e An incr ease in the v olume of paper and stiffness (in N/m); tensile stiffness inde x which then adhere to the offset blanket and supplies such as ,notepads,pens, board through moisture absorption and of (in Nm/k g) is the quotien t of the t ensile may cause damage. pencils, erasers, greeting cards, paper clips, synthetics thr ough hea t and/or solv ent stiffness and the grammage. Standard atmosphere drawing pins etc. absorption. Tensile strength,breaking load Relative air humidity 50% ± 5% at a press Stretch Swell paper The maximum stress a substrate can stand hall t emperature of 23° C (EN 20187, ISO Dimensional change caused by the applica- Paper on which dark-prin ted areas form a when pulled at both ends (EN ISO 1924-2). 187). tion of for ce, heat or moistur e par allel or tangible profile when subjec ted to heat; Test liner Static electricity perpendicular t o the grain in paper or printable in offset litho. Liner made of sec ondary fibr es (125 t o An electrical charge that builds up on the board,or differences in the preferred orien- Synthetic fibre paper 180g/m2) and used to make corrugated and surface of poorly or non-c onductive paper tation of polymer molecules (tac ticity); Paper impr egnated or c oated on one or solid boar d; coated (suitable for prin ting and film, due to a dearth (+) or e xcess (–) the stability of isotactic polymers (eg PP) both sides with syn thetic fibr es, or with corrugated in direct offset) or uncoated. of elec trons; causes the sheets t o stick can be enhanced by stretching. synthetic fibres added to the pulp. Testing devices,testers together,making it difficult to separate and Stretch at break Synthetic paper Indispensable systems or sensors for t est- stack them. Percentage by which a substr ate stretches Highly t ear- and w ater-resistant, dimen- ing the quality and properties of substrates; Static eliminator,antistatic system prior to breaking (breaking length), rela- sionally stable paper made fr om w elded main suppliers: www.emco-leipzig.com, System of heads , nozzles, electrodes and tive to its unstretched length (EN ISO 1924- polymer fibres or e xtruded film; polymers: www.fogra.org, www.igt.nl, www.pruef- 2: stress-strain curve: elasticity modulus, BOPP (biaxially oriented polypropylene),PA bau.de,www.ptspaper.de,www.tappi.org. Table 12: Film surface tension fracture toughness (in J/m),fracture tough- (polyamide), PE (poly ethylene, DuPont’s /cloth printing ness index (in Jm/kg). Tyvek), polyester, viscose fibr e. Also sheet The printing of lengths of cloth, articles of Polymer film Surface tension* Surface strength material, resembling pa per, made fr om clothing and o utdoor adv ertising media ABS copolymer 35 - 42 mN/m Property of offset paper that influences siz- synthetic filaments by other means,eg spin (flags, banners, cladding) on scr een and PA 6 34 - 57 mN/m PBT** 30 mN/m ing,picking and dusting. bonding. Plastic ma terial in sheet form, digital presses. PE**/** 31 - 36 mN/m Surface tension surface-treated t o mak e it suitable for Thermal properties PEEK 44 - 46 mN/m Here:atomic interaction of the ink with the commercial printing. Key threshold values when using and print- PEN** 30 - 39 mN/m substrate sur face in an air or inert gas Synthetics,plastics ing polymer films. They include the PET 43 - 47 mN/m environment; metal and polymer films Common term for synthetic and semi-syn- temperature a t which they ar e w orkable, ** PC 33 - 47 mN/m (table 12) may have too low a surface ten- thetic polymers; a distinc tion is made at which they will sha tter with c old or PLA () 50 mN/m sion, causing ink t o bead and r oll off ; it between thermoplastics (malleable when decompose, and their c oefficients of ther- PMMA (Perspex) 33 - 49 mN/m  PP**/** 29 mN/m can be remedied by applying an adhesive warm,eg PVC,PP),thermoset plastics (once mal e xpansion (DIN 53453) and thermal PS 43 - 44 mN/m primer or corona surface treatment;test- set, they cannot be r emoulded, eg pheno- conductivity. PVC** 36 - 39 mN/m ing ink: spreading, contact angle measure- plasts, PUR, hardened epoxides) and elas- Tin plate * The substantial deviations arise from non- ment (Fogra,TAPPI 558). tomers (all t ypes of rubber tha t are mal- Steel r olled in to thin sheets (<0.5mm standardised testing conditions and the use of Surface//top/vat sized paper leable when cold);thermoplastic film is the thick) and c oated elec trolytically with a different additives. ** Corona surface treatment uncoated stock that has had its str ength only synthetic suitable for prin ting; it can layer of white tin; along with aluminium essential. *** Except for UV,only printable with and water resistance enhanced by dipping also be blo w-moulded in to hollo w beads the most c ommon packaging ma terial special inks for polyolefines. it in a gelatine and starch solution. for use as a packing material. used in metal decorating. Bedruckstoffe.e6.qxd 16.09.2008 15:50 Uhr Seite 12

12 Glossary of printing and packaging substrates

Totally chlorine-free paper,TCF paper Web tension demand for office paper and bulky Environmentally friendly uncoated stock This must be c ontrolled in or der t o a void book-printing paper; the most popular produced from pulp bleached without the web breaks. types of coated paper are art and car- use of chlorine (TCF label). Web-breaking propensity bonless copy paper,while demand is declin- Translucency Inability of a paper web to withstand vibra- ing for LWC paper. The sta te of permitting ligh t t o pass tion or start-up tension. Wrinkles,creases through par tially or diffusely ; semi-trans- Wet picking Quality fla w in papermaking; in prin ting, parency (cf transparency). A property of Sudden r eduction in picking r esistance; the result of uneven tension on the web at films and low-filler paper. Measuring CIE whiteness and ASTM caused b y o vermoistening in offset prin t the rollers in the superstruc ture, the cylin- Transparency yellowness with Techkon’s SpectroDens production. ders in the printing unit etc. The property of a substrate that allows light (0°/45°) Writing paper to pass through; the opposite of opacity; Property of paper that can be enhanced by Well-sized and calender ed uncoated ratio in % (DIN 53147) of the r adiance Waste paper mixing alkali-r esistant additiv es in the stock or handmade paper that is suitable factors of a single sheet of the substr ate Used paper prior to recycling or disposal. pulp. for writing on both sides;60 - 90g/m2. over a black underla y (RS) and a whit e Waste,reject sheets,spoilage,misprints Wet tensile strength Yellowing,yellow discoloration underlay (RW ), and of the whit e underlay Unsellable prin ted sheets or sec tions of The ability of paper t o resist spreading or Yellow t o br ownish disc oloration (DIN (RWU): T = (RW – RS) [(10000 / RWU) – web. elongation when subjec ted t o moistur e; 6167) of paper,board or coatings caused by RS]; objects behind a transparent substrate Water absorbency important for poster paper (application chemical reactions within the fibrous struc- can be seen mor e clearly than behind a Cobb test/method of glue) and web stock (fan-out potential); ture ( lignin) o r w ith i nk c omponents translucent one. Water resistance can be measur ed with emcoDDPM (ghosting); atmospheric o xygen, heat Transparent paper Resistance of a substrate over time to pen- expansion module . ISO 3781: tensile and daylight are all conducive to yellowing. Paper with a high lev el of transparency etration b y w ater. ISO 15106 det ermines strength after immersion in water. Zellcheming and a low level of absorbency;in offset litho the w ater v apour tr ansmission r ate using Wettability The Association of Pulp and Paper Chemists thick,stiff (also coloured) transparent paper four different methods,ISO 3038 and FEFCO Controlled by adjusting the surface ten- and Engineers (www .zellcheming.de) in is a popular alternative to polymer films. 9 apply t o the glue bond in c orrugated sion of non-absorben t substr ates; aids: ; publishes r eference Two-sidedness fibreboard. wetting angle measurement with water or on paper manufacture (PMAK), paper test- Property of paper r eflecting the differ ence Watermark oil ( Fogra pr ojector, PTS-PP:103/85), ing (TEST), paper finishing and carton con- in texture (smoothness),appearance and A genuine w atermark is a design stamped run-off test inks. version (CONV),carton and board manufac- printability between the side of the paper in the wet paper pulp as it is forming in the Whitener,brightener,fluorescent ture (PBTC) and (RECO). in contact with the papermaking machine’s papermaking machine, either with a wir e whitening agent,FWA Dieter Kleeberg forming wire (wire side) and the side a way mould in the vat or by running the wet web A colorant added t o paper and fluor escent from the forming wire (felt side). under a dandy r oller. This compresses the inks that makes the in visible UV-A rays UG paper,unglazed/unfinished paper paper, decreasing its opacit y in the image (<380nm) in da ylight turn blue , causing machine-finished paper area of the design, which becomes visible more visible light to be r eflected than is Dieter Kleeberg ULWC/LLWC paper,ultra/light when the dried paper is held up to the light. incidental. Dresdener Ring 60 lightweight coated paper Semi-genuine watermarks are made with Whiteness (index),brightness 61130 Nidderau, Germany Web offset or gravure paper coated on both Tel: (+49) 6187 3153 an engr aved r oller in the dr ying sec tion, Measure of the brightness and achromatic- [email protected] sides and w eighing less than 45g/m 2; pri- fake ones with a transparent overprint. ity of paper and boar d; various definitions marily used to print mail-order catalogues. and measuring procedures are in use (table Supplement to Uncoated paper/stock Paper with a waterproof coating (DIN 11) for factoring in the phenomenon that a KBA Report No. 33 • 9/2008 (English ) Paper with or without a sur face treatment, 54515);difficult to print. bluish tone imparts a whiter impression 2  pigmentation (up to 5g/m ) or colour (DIN Weather resistance ( whiteners). Translated by Christina Degens-Kupp 19300: wood-pulp, dyed); its manifold tac- The degree to which polymer films (out- Winding tension tile properties make it a popular substr ate door adv ertising, compost bags) and The uniformit y of the t ension a t which a in offset litho. poster paper ar e r esistant t o ligh t paper web was wound on the c ore affects Koenig & Bauer Aktiengesellschaft (light-fastness), water (hygrostability) the quality of the prin ted image when the Würzburg Facility The cust omary units used in the paper and ageing. web runs thr ough the pr ess, and can be 97010 Würzburg, Germany industry can be found in table 10. tested by tapping the web at various points Tel: (+49) 931 909-0 UV radiation across its width. The mor e uniform the Fax: (+49) 931 909-4101 Useful web addresses www.kba.com r ange of th e e lectromagnetic Metal decorating:mpma.org.uk,empac.eu sound,the more uniform the tension. [email protected] spectrum (approx. 100 - 370nm, invisible); Print/media:pira.co.uk,gain.net,cpia-aci.ca, Wire-side,underside,wrong side Radebeul Facility uses include curing specially sensitised inks printnet.com.au,printmedia.org.za The side fr om which w ater dr ains fr om 01439 Radebeul, Germany and coatings on non-absorbent substrates, Flexible packaging: flexpack.org, the pulp in the wir e; normally, but not Tel: (+49) 351 833-0 bleaching substr ates ( whiteners) and flexpack-europe.org,eurosac.org necessarily, the side tha t prin ts less w ell; Fax: (+49) 351 833-1001 inks (fluorescent inks). Folding cartons and corrugated:ecma.org, two-sidedness. www.kba.com procarton.com,fefco.org [email protected] Waste disposal technology Paper industry:cepi.org, Wood-free paper,groundwood-free Peripheral systems used in print production prima-papernetwork.org paper KBA-Metronic AG Benzstraße 11 and finishing for the r emoval, collection Paper,board and plastic processing In theory, paper that contains no mechani- 97209 Veitshöchheim, Germany industries:citpa-europe.org and/or bundling of paper w aste, used cal wood pulp. In practice, paper that con- Tel: (+49) 931 9085-0 Packaging institutes:worldpackaging.org materials et al (eg baling pr esses,crushers) tains less than 5% mechanical w ood pulp; Fax: (+49) 931 9085-100 Solid board:esbo.nl, and the e xtraction and/or r ecovery of air- uncoated paper has seen the str ongest www.kba-metronic.com Corrugated board:fefco.org borne emissions. growth, primarily on the back of spir alling [email protected]

Registered trademarks, copyrighted and patented pr oducts are not specified as such in the above feature. This does not mean that they are, or may be treated as, public domain. The figures quoted date fr om November 2007. Er rors and omissions excepted. This contains fr om Datacolor , FEFCO, IRFIP , KBA , Kersten Elektrostatik, Papier Union and TECHKON.