DOCSLIB.ORG

What Was the Ottoman Empire? Subject Knowledge Notes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
What Was the Ottoman Empire? Subject Knowledge Notes Middle East Lesson One: What was the Ottoman Empire? Subject Knowledge Notes The Ottoman Empire was an imperial power centered on the borders of the Mediterranean Sea that existed from 1281 (or 1299) to 1923. At the height of power, it included Anatolia, the Middle East, parts of North Africa, and much of southeastern Europe. The empire was established by a tribe of Oghuz Turks in western Anatolia and ruled by the Osmanli dynasty, the descendants of those Turks. In diplomatic circles, the empire was often referred to as the Sublime Porte or the Porte, from the French language translation of the Ottoman Turkish language Bâb-i-âlî ("great gate"), the grand Palace Gate of the Imperial Topkapı Palace where the sultan greeted foreign ambassadors. It has also been interpreted as referring to the empire's (and especially the capital Istanbul's) position as gateway between Europe and Asia. In its day, the Ottoman Empire was commonly referred to as the Turkish Empire or Turkey by Westerners, though it should not be confused with the modern nation-state of Turkey. hence the , ُﻋ َﺛﻣﺎﻥ ,The empire was founded by Osman I (in Arabic ʿUthmān name Ottoman Empire). In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Ottoman Empire was among the world's most powerful political entities and the countries of Europe felt threatened by the steady Ottoman advance through the Balkans. At its height, the Ottoman Empire comprised an area of about 5.5 million km², though much of this was under indirect control of the central government. In 1453, after the Ottomans captured Constantinople (modern Istanbul) the last remnant of the Byzantine Empire, it became the Ottoman capital. From 1517 onwards, the Ottoman Sultan was also for Sunni Muslims the Caliph of Islam, and was synonymous with the Islamic Caliphate until 1922, (when the Sultanate was abolished), or 1924, (when the Caliphate was abolished), although it never enjoyed universal recognition. This was due to the non-Arab origin of the Ottomans, based on a saying (hadith) of the Prophet Muhammad that as long as a Quraishi remained, the Caliph would be a member of the Quraishi clan (his own Arab clan) (Bukhari, Book 89, Hadith 253-254). Selim I, who conquered the Egyptian Mamluks, is said to have been ceded the title Caliph by Mutawakkil III, the last of the Abbasids though the title had been used earlier by Mehmed II. The Ottomans thus became the third dynastic Caliphate, in succession to the Abbasids and the Umayyads. However, the Ottomans may not have used the title Caliph until 1774, when the Tsar of Russia acquired some responsibility for Orthodox Christians living in Ottoman territory in return for the Sultan gaining similar status with Russia's Muslims. Certainly, it was in 1517 that Selim took back to Istanbul sacred relics associated with Muhammad, including his mantle, a traditional symbol of Caliphal authority. Following World War I, during which most of the empire's territories were captured by the Allies, the Ottoman state was in complete disarray. Turkish nationalists, many of whom were former Ottoman officials and high-ranking military distinction, established modern Turkey as an outcome of the Turkish War of Independence. The war was a continuation of the struggle between Greeks and Turks, fought mainly on what was to become Turkish soil by the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923. Taken from https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Ottoman_Empire Further Reading https://www.britannica.com/place/Ottoman-Empire https://www.history.com/topics/middle-east/ottoman-empire https://www.historyextra.com/period/medieval/6-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-the- ottoman-empire/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire Videos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMpfdpHPNDE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SZ8UWobHA3M https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PWg0tae_QT0 Lesson Three: What was the Ottoman Empire? • Read the question for today’s lesson (slide 2). • Display the knowledge organiser and indicate on the timeline that we are zooming forward in time now, to around 1300. 5 minutes • Pupils should complete their Retrieval Practice (slide 4) • Display answers (slide 5) and ask pupils to self/peer mark. • Read The Ottoman Empire and display the map on Slide 5 so that pupils can locate exactly where the Ottoman Empire was. • Pupils should answer Question 1, noting that the Ottomans were Muslims (Islamic) • Continue reading The Rise of the Ottoman Empire. 10 minutes • You may like to draw links to other major Empires (a group of countries, regions or states that has just one leader). • Note that the ‘age of Empire’ has now gone. We have individual countries. • Ask pupils to answer question 2 • They may mention that this would make rebellion less likely. Mehmed also gained money from this by taxing people who were not Muslims. 5 minutes • This would be a good primer to discuss effective leadership in large empires. • Continue reading about the Ottoman Empire on page 14. • Display the map on slide 7 so that pupils can see the huge area that the Ottoman empire stretched to. 10 minutes • Ask pupils to complete the retrieval quizzes about Istanbul (show an image of modern day Istanbul on slide 8. • Read Moving into the Middle East. • Ask pupils to answer question 3 on slide 9. • Link back to 1066 and the succession crisis, as well as the split in Islam due to people interpreting succession differently. • Continue reading until question 4, and ask pupils to revisit the text to find two reasons 10 minutes Suleimon was considered Magnificent. (Slide 10) • Link back to Alexander the Great from Ancient Greece, and Alfred the Great from the Anglo-Saxons and Vikings units. What do these men have in common? Why were they all considered ‘great’ or magnificent? • Read about the Successes of the Ottoman Empire • Ask pupils to choose the look back at the factors that accounted for the success of the Empire and to choose the reasons that they think were most important. • This could lead to a class debate about the relative importance of the factors. 10 minutes • Continue reading about the Decline of the Ottoman Empire. • Note that it did not formally come to an end until the end of the First World War (which they will learn about next year). • Ask pupils to complete their learning review. • They should write the most important thing that they have learnt about the Ottoman Empire. 5 minutes • Share what different pupils considered to be the most important thing to remember. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ottoman Empire & European Theatre VIII
    Ottoman Empire & European Theatre VIII ______________ 28 – 29 M a y 2 0 1 5 International Symposium I s t a n b u l – Pera Museum Culture, Diplomacy and Peacemaking: Ottoman-European Relations in the Wake of the Treaty of Belgrade (1739) and the Era of Maria Theresia (r.1740–1780) Under the patronage of Exc. Hasan Göğüş Exc. Dr. Klaus Wölfer Ambassador of & Ambassador of the Republic of Turkey in Vienna the Republic of Austria in Ankara In cooperation with International Symposium Istanbul 2015 by Don Juan Archiv Wien OTTOMAN EMPIRE & EUROPEAN THEATRE VIII Culture, Diplomacy and Peacemaking: Ottoman-European Relations in the Wake of the Treaty of Belgrade (1739) and the Era of Maria Theresia (r.1740–1780) 28 – 29 May 2015 Istanbul, Pera Museum Organized by Don Juan Archiv Wien In cooperation with Pera Museum Istanbul, The UNESCO International Theatre Institute in Vienna (ITI) and The Austrian Cultural Forum in Istanbul PROGRAMME OVERVIEW Thursday, May 28th 2015 10:00–11:00 Opening Ceremony 11:00–11:30 Coffee Break 11:30–12:45 Session I “Of Ottoman Diplomacy” Seyfi Kenan The Education of an Ottoman Envoy during the Early Modern Period (Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries) John Whitehead The Embassy of Yirmisekizzade Said Mehmed Pasha to Paris (1742) 12:45–14:00 Lunch Break 14:00–15:15 Session II “The Siege of Belgrade (1789) and the Legend of a Field Marshal” Tatjana Marković Celebrating Field Marshal Gideon Ernest von Laudon (1717–1790) in European Literature and Music Michael Hüttler Celebrating Field Marshal Gideon Ernest von Laudon (1717–1790) in Theatre: The Siege of Belgrade on Stage 15:15–15:30 Coffee Break 15:30–16:45 Session III “Theatrical Aspects: Venice, Paris” Maria Alberti L’impresario delle Smirne (‘The Impresario from Smyrna’, 1759) by Carlo Goldoni (1707–1793), Namely the Naive Turk Aliye F.
    [Show full text]
  • Sublime Porte: Art and Contemporary Turkey
    2 MARCH 14 – MAY 2, 2013 Curated by Parvez Mohsin and Yulia Tikhonova LOCATION GALLERY HOURS Dr. M.T. Geoffrey Yeh Art Gallery Tuesday–Friday, 10 a.m. - 5 p.m. Sun Yat Sen Hall Saturday, 12 - 5 p.m. St. John’s University Sunday–Monday, Closed 8000 Utopia Parkway www.stjohns.edu/yehgallery Queens, NY 11439 Exhibition Prints: Kenneth Pizzo Photo Editing: Deanna Rizzi Graphic Design: Dana Jefferson This exhibition is made possible by the generous support of: CONTENTS 01 Director’s Note Parvez Mohsin 02 “Sublime Porte: Art and Contemporary Turkey” Yulia Tikhonova 04 “A Gathering of Memory and Light” Paul Fabozzi 08 Artists Osman Akan Michael Marfione Burak Arikan Alex Morel Kezban Batibeki Arzu Ozkal Nezaket Ekici Gulay Semercioglu Paul Fabozzi Orkan Telhan Murat Germen Elif Uras Peter Hristoff Halil Vurucuoglu Gözde Ilkin DIRECTOR’S NOTE I experienced Turkey through Istanbul’s vibrant cosmopolis and its layering of civilizations. Never before had I seen a city so rooted in its glorious past, while balanced against the modern- izing forces that are shaping its future. In Istanbul, I witnessed the country’s recent economic expansion and the assertion of its political and economic scope of influence on world affairs. Istanbul’s history, cultural diversity and Ottoman architecture allowed me to situate myself in a unique place in the world – the crossroads of Eastern and Western cultures. I related to the city collectively and individually. Its overpowering presence offers a window into contemporary human relationships. Istanbul’s historical narrative is poignantly conveyed through its monu- ments specifically, Hagia Sophia’s aesthetic dualism and the symbolism of the Sublime Porte.
    [Show full text]
  • From Istanbul to Athens, Greece
    13 DAYS - FROM ISTANBUL TO ATHENS, GREECE ITINERARY Day 1: Istanbul Welcome to Istanbul! You will be transferred to your hotel and the remainder of the day is yours free to explore. Overnight Istanbul Day 2: Istanbul Old City After breakfast you will enjoy a fully guided tour of the only city to span two continents, visiting the Blue Mosque, the Aya Sofya, Topkapi Palace and the Hippodrome. Breakfast. Overnight Istanbul Day 3: Gallipoli Battlefields One of the most emotionally touching places in Turkey, to- day we visit the WWI Battlefields of Gallipoli including Lone Pine and Chunuk Bair Memorials, ANZAC Cove, Johnston’s Jolly and The Nek, original trenches and tunnels. Breakfast, dinner. Overnight Canukkale Day 9: Santorini optional boat trip The day is yours free to spend as you wish. Why not take Day 4: Troy, Acropolis of Pergamum an optional boat trip in the world’s biggest volcanic crater This morning we step back in time as we visit Troy, home above sea level. Visit the active volcano, swim in the warm of the famed Trojan Horse and then tour the magnificent thermal waters and take a therapeutic mud bath. acropolis of Pergamum. Its impressive temples and library Breakfast. Overnight Santorini made Pergamum a renowned cultural and political centre in its time. Day 10: Santorini to Athens Breakfast, dinner. Overnight Kusadasi Soak up the sun on the black sand beaches before we board an afternoon ferry to the mainland. Day 5: Ephesus, Kusadasi Breakfast. Overnight Athens Absorb yourself in history today with a guided tour of Ephe- sus and a visit to the site of the Temple of Artemis.
    [Show full text]
  • Focus on European Cities 12 Focus on European Cities
    Focus on European cities 12 Focus on European cities Part of the Europe 2020 strategy focuses on sustainable and There were 36 cities with a population of between half a socially inclusive growth within the cities and urban areas million and 1 million inhabitants, including the following of the European Union (EU). These are often major centres capital cities: Amsterdam (the Netherlands), Riga (Latvia), for economic activity and employment, as well as transport Vilnius (Lithuania) and København (Denmark). A further network hubs. Apart from their importance for production, 85 cities were in the next tier, with populations ranging be- cities are also focal points for the consumption of energy and tween a quarter of a million and half a million, including other materials, and are responsible for a high share of total Bratislava, Tallinn and Ljubljana, the capital cities of Slova- greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, cities and urban re- kia, Estonia and Slovenia. Only two capital cities figured in gions often face a range of social difficulties, such as crime, the tier of 128 cities with 150 000 to 250 000 people, namely poverty, social exclusion and homelessness. The Urban Audit Lefkosia (Cyprus) and Valletta (Malta). The Urban Audit also assesses socioeconomic conditions across cities in the EU, provides results from a further 331 smaller cities in the EU, Norway, Switzerland, Croatia and Turkey, providing valuable with fewer than 150 000 inhabitants, including the smallest information in relation to Europe’s cities and urban areas. capital
    [Show full text]
  • Turkomans Between Two Empires
    TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES: THE ORIGINS OF THE QIZILBASH IDENTITY IN ANATOLIA (1447-1514) A Ph.D. Dissertation by RIZA YILDIRIM Department of History Bilkent University Ankara February 2008 To Sufis of Lāhijan TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES: THE ORIGINS OF THE QIZILBASH IDENTITY IN ANATOLIA (1447-1514) The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by RIZA YILDIRIM In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA February 2008 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. …………………….. Assist. Prof. Oktay Özel Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. …………………….. Prof. Dr. Halil Đnalcık Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. …………………….. Prof. Dr. Ahmet Yaşar Ocak Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. …………………….. Assist. Prof. Evgeni Radushev Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sublime Porte Ubiquity
    Table of Contents Introduction………………………………. iii The Center of Entertainment…….. 40 Taksim Stadium………………….. 42 Chapter 1: A Brief History of the City…..… 1 Education and Worship………..… 42 Houses of Worship………………. 43 Chapter 2: The Cynosure of Intrigue…….. 4 The Graveyard…………………… 43 Red vs. White……………………… 4 Beşiktaş………………………….. 43 National Security Service.…. 5 Dolmabahçe Palace……………… 44 NKVD .…………………..… 6 Yali………………………………. 46 Enter the Nazis…………………….. 6 Bosphorus Hebrew Relief Agency… 7 Chapter 6: The Anatolian Side……….….. 48 Armenian Brotherhood……………. 9 Kadiköy………………………….. 48 Partisi al-Islam…………………… 10 Moda…………………………….. 49 Gangsters of Istanbul…………….. 11 Üsküdar………………………….. 50 Mutra………………………..…… 11 The Maiden’s Tower…………….. 51 Greeks………………………….… 11 Camlica Hill…………………..… 52 Camorra………………………….. 12 Selamsiz………………………… 52 The Water Boys………………….. 13 Sufiisn ……………………….… 53 Romani………………………….. 53 Chapter 3: The Oslek Transfer…………… 14 Apostolate to Protect Holy Relics 54 Anadolu Citadel……………….… 54 Chapter 4: Old Istanbul………………..… 23 Fatih……………………………… 23 Chapter 7: The New Turkey……………… 56 Sultanahmet “Blue” Mosque…….. 24 The Six Arrows………………….. 56 The Seven Pillars of Islam……….. 25 The Ankara Government…………. 57 Hagia Sofia………………………. 26 Money, Money, Money… ……….. 58 Topkapi Palace…………………… 28 The Government in Istanbul…..… 59 The Orient Express………………. 29 The Gendarmerie………………… 59 Sirkeci Rail Station……………… 30 The Modern Turk………………… 60 Galata Bridge……………………. 31 Egyptian Bazaar…………………. 31 Chapter 8: A Royal Heist………………… 64 Valen Aqueduct………………….. 31 Basilica Cistern………………….. 32 MAPS Grand Bazaar……………………. 34 Grand Bazaar…………………….. 34 Walls of Constantine…………….. 35 Old Istanbul…………………….. 37 Yeiliköy………………………….. 35 European Istanbul…………….… 47 Topkapi Palace…………………… 69 Chapter 5: European Istanbul……………. 38 Karaköy………………………….. 38 The Tünel………………………… 39 Sample Pera (Beyoglü)…………………… 39 file Pera Palace Hotel………………… 40 Introduction The Sublime Porte started life as a series of adventures that were set in Istanbul for a Hollow Earth Expedition game I was running a few years ago.
    [Show full text]
  • Golden Horn Bridge, Which Located in Turkey
    GoldenGolden HornHorn BridgeBridge MikeMike AndersonAnderson LumLum WaiWai DonnyDonny CerwickCerwick LiuLiu XinXin (William)(William) SunSun DaliDali (Richard)(Richard) IntroductionIntroduction • Our project is to research the repair of the Golden Horn Bridge, which located in Turkey. And our presentation is divided into 7 parts. •• Part 1 and 2 are introducing some basic information about the Golden Horn Bridge. Part 3, 4 and 5 are mainly talking about the bridge’s problems and some of the alternatives that are out there to fix the bridge. To help decide on the best alternative static and economic analysis was applied and the results are shown in part 6. Finally, we will give the conclusion and evaluate the whole project in part 7. BackgroundBackground ofof thethe BridgeBridge • The Golden Horn Bridge is one of only three bridges in Turkey. In 1974, with the technical and financial assistance of Japan, the bridge was built on Golden Horn Bay and also on the European Highway No.5, which is the most important Highway in Turkey. The Golden Horn Bridge divides Istanbul, the Metropolitan Municipality in Turkey, into two parts. One side is government offices and the commercial districts, and the other side is mainly residential. http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=s0005858 ProblemProblem StatementStatement ofof thethe BridgeBridge •• TrafficTraffic volumevolume •• TheThe GoldenGolden HornHorn BridgeBridge isis thethe mostmost importantimportant bridgebridge inin Turkey,Turkey, butbut itit hashas takentaken overover 1.51.5 timestimes thethe traffictraffic volumevolume itit waswas constructedconstructed toto hold.hold. BecauseBecause ofof this,this, thethe bridgebridge isis oftenoften congestedcongested overover 1010 hourshours inin oneone day.day.
    [Show full text]
  • Istanbul, Not Constantinople: a Global City in Context
    Istanbul, Not Constantinople: A Global City in Context ASH 3931 Section 8ES5 / EUH 3931 Section 8ES5 / EUS 3930 Section 19ES Monday, Wednesday, Friday periods 5 Virtual office hours T R 1-3pm University of Florida Fall 2020 Course Description This is a course about why Istanbul is a global city and how it remains to be one. This particular city makes a central node in all the five utilities of global flow – defined by theorist Arjun Appadurai as ethnoscapes, technoscapes, financescapes, mediascapes, and ideoscapes. In this course, we take a multidisciplinary, transhistorical look at the city in three parts: 1) Pre-modern political, religious, commercial, and military exchanges that reflected and shaped the city landscape, 2) Modern cultural norms, natural disasters, and republican formations that caused the city to shrink on a logical and dramatic scale, and, 3) Artists, athletes, politicians, and soldiers that claimed the space in the city. Overlapping and standing alone at times, the topics to be explored likewise relate to various topics, including authority, civic nationalism, gender, migration, poverty, public health, and religion all in traditional and national, global and local ways. Beside others, students interested in European Studies, International Studies, Religious Studies, and Middle Eastern Studies are welcome and encouraged to join this survey course. Sophomore standing or the instructor’s approval is a prerequisite. Course Objectives By the end of the course, you should be able to: - Recognize and analyze the significance of Istanbul in discussions about geography, history, culture, politics, and sociology, - Present an informed understanding of global cities in comparative context, - Discuss specific developments that correlate Istanbul to political, social, economic, and other developments in the larger world, and, - Reconsider the nuanced dynamics that created and transformed Istanbul across time.
    [Show full text]
  • Istanbul Athens Migration Course
    N e d e r l a n d s I n s t i t u u t A t h e n e Ολλανδικό Ινστιτούτο Αθηνών Netherlands Institute at Athens Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA) Netherlands Institute at Athens (NIA) Netherlands Institute in Turkey (NIT) Institute of Migration and Ethnic Studies (IMES) Winter School January 4 – January 31, 2016 Migration in the margins of Europe: From Istanbul to Athens for Master & PhD students in Social sciences The Institute of Migration and Ethnic Studies of the University of Amsterdam and the Netherlands Institutes in Greece and Turkey organize this intensive winter course in collaboration with Dutch, Greek and Turkish universities. About the course The collapse of the eastern Block at the beginning of the 1990s and the larger socioeconomic transformations in Africa and Asia resulted in massive migration flows to Turkey, Greece and Europe in general. The Eastern Mediterranean with its geographical position at the crossroads of Europe, Asia and Africa and in particular the large Aegean basin with its islets and islands serving as stepping stones for migratory movement, became a major “entry gate” to Europe. Within a few decades the social life in the wider region transformed with a large proportion of the population being immigrants who are living in the countryside or in various neighbourhoods of the capital cities of Istanbul and Athens. Here migrants are trying to survive and make plans for the future despite the stigmatization and marginalization they encounter. Therefore a major part of our seminar will focus on how immigrants experience such new conditions and how they adapt in the new cultural contexts.
    [Show full text]
  • Osman I, Father of Kings
    WikiJournal of Humanities, 2021, 4(1):1 doi: 10.15347/wjh/2021.001 Encyclopedic Review Article Osman I, father of kings Bassem Fleifel [1] , et al Abstract Osman I. or Osman Bay (full form: Abū al-mulūk al-Sulṭān al-ghāzī Fakhr al-Dīn QaraʻUthmān Khān al-awwal bin Ertuğrul bin Sulaymān Shāh al-qayawi al-Turkumānī), was the leader of the Kayı Turkic clan, one of the border gover- nors for the Sultanate of Rûm, and the founder of the Ottoman dynasty that ruled over the Balkans, Anatolia, the Levant, and North Africa for 600 years until it expired with the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1922. Keywords: Osman Gazi, Sultan Osman I Introduction Osman I. or Osman Bay (full form: Abū al-mulūk al- Sulṭān al-ghāzī Fakhr al-Dīn QaraʻUthmān Khān al-aw- wal bin Ertuğrul bin Sulaymān Shāh al-qayawi al-Tur- kumānī), was the leader of the Kayı Turkic clan and one of the border governors for the Sultanate of Rûm, and the founder of the Ottoman dynasty that ruled over the Balkans, Anatolia, the Levant, and North Africa for 600 years until it expired with the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1922. Although the exact date of Osman's birth is unspeci- fied, some sources indicate that he was born in 656 AH / 1258 CE, to Emir Ertuğrul Gazi, one of the border gov- ernors for the Sultanate of Rûm, and Halime Hatun. It so happened that Osman was born on the same day that the Mongols invaded Baghdad,[1] the capital of Figure 1 | Sultan Osman (ʻUthmān) Han I.
    [Show full text]
  • An Ottoman Global Moment
    AN OTTOMAN GLOBAL MOMENT: WAR OF SECOND COALITION IN THE LEVANT A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In History By Kahraman Sakul, M.A Washington, DC November, 18, 2009 Copyright 2009 by Kahraman Sakul All Rights Reserved ii AN OTTOMAN GLOBAL MOMENT: WAR OF SECOND COALITION IN THE LEVANT Kahraman Sakul, M.A. Dissertation Advisor: Gabor Agoston, Ph.D. ABSTRACT This dissertation aims to place the Ottoman Empire within its proper context in the Napoleonic Age and calls for a recognition of the crucial role of the Sublime Porte in the War of Second Coalition (1798-1802). The Ottoman-Russian joint naval expedition (1798-1800) to the Ionian Islands under the French occupation provides the framework for an examination of the Ottoman willingness to join the European system of alliance in the Napoleonic age which brought the victory against France in the Levant in the War of Second Coalition (1798-1802). Collections of the Ottoman Archives and Topkapı Palace Archives in Istanbul as well as various chronicles and treatises in Turkish supply most of the primary sources for this dissertation. Appendices, charts and maps are provided to make the findings on the expedition, finance and logistics more readable. The body of the dissertation is divided into nine chapters discussing in order the global setting and domestic situation prior to the forming of the second coalition, the Adriatic expedition, its financial and logistical aspects with the ensuing socio-economic problems in the Morea, the Sublime Porte’s relations with its protectorate – The Republic of Seven United Islands, and finally the post-war diplomacy.
    [Show full text]
  • The Golden Horn: Heritage Industry Vs
    Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 19, Sayı 2, 2014 ARAŞTIRMA THE GOLDEN HORN: HERITAGE INDUSTRY VS. INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE Zeynep GÜNAY * Abstract: The revitalization of former industrial areas has been one of the crucial tasks of urban policy agenda throughout the world since the mid 1970s; whereas heritage industry has become the new orthodoxy in the shift from production to consumption as means for the restructuring and reimaging of post-industrial economies in the global order. The increasing tendency to link heritage and conservation with economic development has brought new meanings to cultural assets, the value of which has started to be related solely to the economic value it sustains or generates. The commodification and instrumentalization of industrial heritage by the heritage industry, in particular, has turned out to be the determining factor for creating opportunity spaces in the post-industrial areas. At the same time, many academics are critical on the attempts to reform post-industrial spaces of consumption with privatized spaces and commodified cultures. Within this context, the paper attempts to evaluate the role and the impact of heritage industry in the revitalisation of the post-industrial spaces of Istanbul, with a case study on the Golden Horn. The results of the paper are related to the following questions: What role the industrial heritage play in the revitalisation of historic environments? What are the ways to turn such industrial heritage into sources of social and economic development? What are the likely impacts on the local economy and local community? The conclusion gives an overview of the extent of the impacts that industrial heritage has on the Golden Horn, and in turn relates this back to the wider idea of heritage industry being promoted for the urban policy- making in Istanbul.
    [Show full text]