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Yüksek Lisans Tezi OPRAK T.C. GAZİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ YUNUS EMRE T SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ÇERÇEVELEME KURAMI BAĞLAMINDA ANABİLİM DALI YÜKSEK KAMUOYU OLUŞTURMA: AMERİKAN MEDYASINDA KÖRFEZ SAVAŞI ANITIM LİSANS TEZİ YUNUS EMRE TOPRAK İLİŞKİLER VE T HALKLA HALKLA İLİŞKİLER VE TANITIM ANABİLİM DALI 2017 TEMMUZ 2017 TEMMUZ ÇERÇEVELEME KURAMI BAĞLAMINDA KAMUOYU OLUŞTURMA: AMERİKAN MEDYASINDA KÖRFEZ SAVAŞI Yunus Emre TOPRAK YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ HALKLA İLİŞKİLER VE TANITIM ANABİLİM DALI GAZİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TEMMUZ 2017 IV ÇERÇEVELEME KURAMI BAĞLAMINDA KAMUOYU OLUŞTURMA: AMERİKAN MEDYASINDA KÖRFEZ SAVAŞI (Yüksek Lisans Tezi) Yunus Emre TOPRAK GAZİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ Temmuz 2017 ÖZET Kamuoyu yönetimin ve karar vericilerin dikkate alması gereken bir olgudur. Teknolojik gelişim ile birlikte kamuoyunun biçimi de değişmiş, medya kamuoyu oluşturmanın en etkili aracı haline gelmiştir. Politik ve ekonomik olarak gücü elinde bulunduranlar, toplumun genelini ilgilendiren konularda kendi çıkarları yönünde kamuoyu oluşturabilmek ve stratejik amaçlarına ulaşabilmek maksadıyla medyayı sıklıkla kullanmaktadırlar. Stratejik iletişim çalışmalarının en önemli unsurlarından birisi olan medya; egemen ideolojilerin olumlu, diğer ideolojilerin ise olumsuz olarak çerçevelenerek insanların ikna edilmesinde ve güçlü elitler tarafından alınan kararlara toplumun geneli tarafından rıza gösterilmesinde oldukça önemli bir role sahiptir. Bu bağlamda, gücün kapital olarak güçlüden, enformasyonel olarak güçlü olana kaydığı günümüz dünyasında, özellikle kriz dönemlerinde Amerikan ideolojisini dünyaya yayma misyonu üstlenmiş olan Amerikan medyası; Körfez Savaşı’nda da haberlerini bilinçli bir şekilde çerçeveleyerek Amerikan politik elitleri tarafından verilen kararların desteklenmesi yönünde bir kamuoyu oluşturmayı amaçlamıştır. Bilim Kodu : 115503 Anahtar Kelimeler : Kamuoyu, medya, çerçeveleme kuramı, stratejik iletişim, söylem analizi Sayfa Adedi : 266 Tez Danışmanı : Doç. Dr. Muharrem ÇETİN V FORMING PUBLIC OPINION IN THE CONTEXT OF FRAMING THEORY: GULF WAR IN AMERICAN MEDIA (M. Sc. Thesis) Yunus Emre TOPRAK GAZİ UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES July 2017 ABSTRACT Public opinion is a phenomenon that administration and decision makers have to take in consideration. The formation of public opinion has changed with the development in technology, and media has become the most efficient device of forming public opinion. The ones who have the power economically and politically frequently use media in order to form public opinion for their own interests in issues which concern the overall society and to be able to reach their strategic purposes. Media, which is one of the most important means of strategic communication practices, has a significant role in persuading people and approval of decisions which are made by the power elites by framing dominant ideology positively, while presenting other ideologies negatively. In this context, in today’s world, where the power shifts from the capitally strong to informationally strong, especially in crisis situations American media, which have taken on the mission to spread American ideology to the world, also aimed to form a public opinion in Gulf War in the direction of supporting the decisions taken by American politic elites by framing the news intentionally. Science Code : 115503 Key Words : Public opinion, media, framing theory, strategic communication, discourse analysis Page Number : 266 Supervisor : Assoc. Prof. Muharrem ÇETİN VI TEŞEKKÜR Gerek ders dönemi, gerekse tez döneminde desteğini hiçbir zaman esirgemeyen tez danışmanım Doç. Dr. Muharrem ÇETİN’e ve yüksek lisans eğitimim boyunca tanıma ve derslerine katılma şansı bulduğum, kendi alanlarının en seçkin bilim insanlarından olan Prof. Dr. Mehmet KÜÇÜKKURT, Prof. Dr. Özlen ÖZGEN, Prof. Dr. Hanife GÜZ, Prof. Dr. Ayhan BİBER, Doç. Dr. Gülcan IŞIK, Doç. Dr. Serpil AYDOS, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Sirel GÖLÖNÜ ve Yrd. Doç. Dr. Esra İlkay İŞLER’e minnet ve şükran duyguları içerisinde teşekkür ederim. Eğitim hayatıma başladığım günden bu yana, beni her zaman ilime teşvik eden, ideallerimin ve ufkumun aydınlatıcıları annem ve babama, ders ve tez dönemi boyunca yeni doğmuş oğlumuzla çalışan bir anne olarak tek başına ilgilenmek zorunda kalmasına rağmen bitmek tükenmez bir sabırla beni her zaman destekleyen eşime, en güzel zamanlarında yanında olamadığım oğluma ve çalışmamın olgunlaşmasında büyük katkıları olan Gazi Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, Bilkent Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi ve Milli Kütüphane çalışanları ile Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü personeli Ayten ERDEM’e teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. VII İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa ÖZET ................................................................................................................................ iv ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... v TEŞEKKÜR ........................................................................................................................ vi İÇİNDEKİLER .................................................................................................................... vii ÇİZELGELERİN LİSTESİ ...................................................................................................... x ŞEKİLLERİN LİSTESİ .......................................................................................................... xi RESİMLERİN LİSTESİ ......................................................................................................... xii SİMGELER VE KISALTMALAR ........................................................................................... xiii GİRİŞ…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1 1. BÖLÜM KAMUOYU VE KAMUOYU OLUŞUMU SÜRECİ 1.1. KAMUOYUNUN TANIMI VE OLUŞUMU………………………………….……………………………. 7 1.2. KAMUOYU OLUŞUMUNDA MEDYANIN ROLÜ.……………………………………………………. 13 1.2.1. Medya Olgusu...…………………………………………………………………………………….. 14 1.2.1.1. Yazılı Medya………………………………………………………………………………. 15 1.2.1.2. İşitsel Medya……………………………………………………………………………… 18 1.2.1.3. Görsel İşitsel Medya…..………………………………………………………………. 20 1.2.1.4. İnternet……………………………………………………………………………………… 24 1.2.2. Medyanın İşlevleri………………………………………………………………………………….. 26 1.2.3. Medyaya Toplumsal Yaklaşımlardan Çerçeveleme Yaklaşımı………………….. 29 1.2.4. Medyanın Stratejik İletişimi……………………………………………………………………. 46 1.3. GEÇMİŞTE VE GÜNÜMÜZDE KAMUSAL ALAN OLGUSU………………………………………. 50 VIII 2. BÖLÜM AMERİKAN MEDYASININ KÖRFEZ SAVAŞINI SUNUMU 2.1. YÖNTEM OLARAK SÖYLEM ANALİZİ ………………………………………………………………….. 61 2.2. NİCEL VERİLERİN ANALİZİ ………………………………………………………………………………….. 69 2.3. SÖYLEM ANALİZİNE KONU OLAN HABERLERİN SEÇİMİ ………………………………………. 80 2.4. NEWSWEEK DERGİSİ KÖRFEZ SAVAŞI HABERLERİNİN ÇÖZÜMLENMESİ …………….. 81 2.4.1. Haberlerin Makro Yapıya Yönelik Tematik Analizi …………………………………. 81 2.4.1.1. Haber başlıkları …………………………………………………………………………. 81 2.4.1.2. Haber girişleri …………………………………………………………………………… 85 2.4.2. Haberlerin Makro Yapıya Yönelik Şematik Analizi …………………………………. 101 2.4.2.1. Ana olayın sunumu ve sonuçlar ………………………………………………… 101 2.4.2.2. Ardalan ve bağlam bilgisi ………………………………………………………….. 119 2.4.2.3. Haber kaynakları ………………………………………………………………………. 135 2.4.3. Haberlerin Mikro Yapıya Yönelik Analizi ……………………………………………….. 136 2.4.3.1. Sentaktik analiz …………………………………………………………………………. 136 2.4.3.2. Sözcük seçimleri ……………………………………………………………………….. 139 2.4.3.3. Haberlerin retoriği ……………………………………………………………………. 144 2.5. TIME DERGİSİ KÖRFEZ SAVAŞI HABERLERİNİN ÇÖZÜMLENMESİ ……….………………. 151 2.5.1. Haberlerin Makro Yapıya Yönelik Tematik Analizi …………………………………. 151 2.5.1.1. Haber başlıkları …………………………………………………………………………. 151 2.5.1.2. Haber girişleri ……………………………………………………………………………. 154 2.5.2. Haberlerin Makro Yapıya Yönelik Şematik Analizi ………………………………….. 166 2.5.2.1. Ana olayın sunumu ve sonuçlar …………………………………………………. 166 2.5.2.2. Ardalan ve bağlam bilgisi …………………………………………………………… 183 2.5.2.3. Haber kaynakları ……………………………………………………………………….. 203 2.5.3. Haberlerin Mikro Yapıya Yönelik Analizi ……………………………………………….. 203 2.5.3.1. Sentaktik analiz …………………………………………………………………………. 203 2.5.3.2. Sözcük seçimleri ……………………………………………………………………….. 206 2.5.3.3. Haberlerin retoriği …………………………………………………………………….. 210 SONUÇ …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 217 KAYNAKÇA ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 225 IX EKLER………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………… 237 EK-1. Newsweek Dergisi Haberlerinde Yer Alan Haber Kaynakları……………………. 238 EK-2. Time Dergisi Haberlerinde Yer Alan Haber Kaynakları……………………………… 254 ÖZGEÇMİŞ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 267 X ÇİZELGELERİN LİSTESİ Çizelge Sayfa Çizelge 1.1. Kamu ile kitlenin karşılaştırılması .…………………………………………………………. 11 Çizelge 1.2. Politik yayıncılığın gelişimi …………………………………………………………………….. 43 Çizelge 1.3. Çerçeveleme etki türleri .………………………………………………………………………. 44 Çizelge 2.1. Newsweek dergisinin Körfez Krizi ve Savaşı’na yer verdiği sayfalar ……….. 70 Çizelge 2.2. Time dergisinin Körfez Krizi ve Savaşı’na yer verdiği sayfalar .……………….. 71 Çizelge 2.3. Newsweek dergisinde diğer kategorisinde değerlendirilen görseller …….. 74 Çizelge 2.4. Time dergisinde diğer kategorisinde değerlendirilen görseller ………………. 75 Çizelge 2.5. Newsweek dergisinde fotoğrafları sunulan politikacı ve üst düzey askerler …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 78 Çizelge 2.6. Time dergisinde fotoğrafları sunulan politikacı ve üst düzey askerler …… 79 Çizelge 2.7. Söylem analizine konu olan haberlerin kategorize edilmesi ………………….
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