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Endc Proceedings 18/2014 ENDC PROCEEDINGS 18/2014 CULTURAL, PEACE AND CONFLICT STUDIES SERIES Volume I Religion and Politics in Multicultural Europe: Perspectives and Challenges Edited by Alar Kilp and Andres Saumets Volume II Extremism Within and Around Us Edited by Alar Kilp and Andres Saumets Volume III The Law of Armed Conflict: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives Edited by Rain Liivoja and Andres Saumets Volume IV Sõna sõjast ja sõda sõnast. Tekste ja tõlgendusi War of Words, Words of War. Texts and Interpretations Edited by Andres Saumets and Vladimir Sazonov Volume V Operatsioon “Iraagi vabadus”: kümme aastat hiljem Operation “Iraqi Freedom”: Ten Years Later Edited by Andres Saumets, Holger Mölder and René Värk ESTONIAN NATIONAL DEFENCE COLLEGE CULTURAL, PEACE AND CONFLICT STUDIES SERIES SERIES EDITORS: ANDRES SAUMETS AND VLADIMIR SAZONOV VOLUME V: OPERATSIOON “IRAAGI VABADUS”: KÜMME AASTAT HILJEM OPERATION “IRAQI FREEDOM”: TEN YEARS LATER Andres Saumets, Holger Mölder and René Värk Proceedings 18/2014 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Andres Saumets (Estonia) EDITORIAL BOARD: Sten Allik (Estonia) Wilfried Gerhard (Germany) Ken Kalling (Estonia) Jörg Keller (Germany) Vitali Lokk (Estonia) Enno Mõts (Estonia) Erik Männik (Estonia) Andreas Pawlas (Germany) Claus Freiherr von Rosen (Germany) Karl Salum (Estonia) Vladimir Sazonov (Estonia) Volker Stümke (Germany) René Värk (Estonia) LANGUAGE EDITORS: Collin W. Hakkinen (USA) Kristiina Haug (Estonia) Reet Hendrikson (Estonia) Karen Kuldnokk (Estonia) Epp Leete (Estonia) David W. E. Thomas (United Kingdom) Amy Christine Tserenkova (Estonia) EDITORIAL COUNCIL: Martin Herem (Council Manager, Estonia) Hubert Annen (Switzerland) Richard H. Clevenger (USA) Angelika Dörfler-Dierken (Germany) Sharon M. Freeman-Clevenger (USA) Thomas R. Kämmerer (Germany) Jakob Kübarsepp (Estonia) Ants Laaneots (Estonia) Tõnu Lehtsaar (Estonia) Rain Liivoja (Australia) Gale A. Mattox (USA) Ago Pajur (Estonia) Robert Rollinger (Austria) Michael N. Schmitt (USA) Peeter Tulviste (Estonia) Martti Turtola (Finland) Zdzislaw Sliva (Poland) ISSN 1736-0242 ISBN 978-9949-9304-4-9 Autoriõigus ja väljaandja: Kaitseväe Ühendatud Õppeasutused, 2014 Riia 12, 51013 Tartu, Estonia www.ksk.edu.ee/toimetised Eesti Ülikoolide Kirjastus, www.eyk.ee SISUKORD IRAAGI SÕDA 2003: TAGAMAAD JA TAGAJÄRJED ....................... 7 Holger Mölder, René Värk, Andres Saumets AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM AND THE WAR IN IRAQ ............. 11 Wilfried Gerhard HAS AL QAEDA IN IRAQ BEEN DESTROYED? REASONS FOR THE POWER STRUGGLES IN IRAQ AFTER THE WITHDRAWAL OF US FORCES .................................... 25 Hans Krech IRAAGI 2003. AASTA OPERATSIOON, SELLE TAGAMAAD JA MÕJU RAHVUSVAHELISELE SÜSTEEMILE NING IRAAGI RIIKLUSE ARENGULE ...................... 40 Holger Mölder OPERATSIOON „IRAAGI VABADUS”: KAS RELVASTATUD JÕU KASUTAMISEKS OLI ÕIGUSLIK ALUS? .................................. 71 René Värk INIMÕIGUSTE KAITSE JA SELLEGA SEOTUD PROBLEEMID IRAAGIS ....................................................................... 96 Mart Nutt, Viljar Veebel ETNILIS-USULISTE VÄHEMUSTE OLUKORRAST IRAAGIS ENNE JA PÄRAST OPERATSIOONI „IRAAGI VABADUS” ............................................................................ 118 Andres Saumets, Kuldar-Valdo Karula KÜMME AASTAT SÕDA TERRORISMI VASTU: IRAAGI- JA AFGANISTANI-DISKURSUSEST 2011. AASTASSE ..................... 174 Karen Kuldnokk 6 IRAANI IDEOLOOGIAST JA GEOPOLIITIKAST LÄBI AJALOO IRAANI IDEOLOOGIAST JA GEOPOLIITIKAST LÄBI AJALOO NING SELLE MÕJUST IRAAGILE............................ 197 Holger Mölder, Vladimir Sazonov, René Värk ENGLISH SUMMARIES ........................................................................ 243 CONTRIBUTORS ................................................................................... 252 IRAAGI SÕDA 2003: TAGAMAAD JA TAGAJÄRJED Märtsis 2013 korraldasid Kaitseväe Ühendatud Õppeasutused konverentsi, et tähistada kümne aasta möödumist operatsiooni „Iraagi vabadus” algusest. Eestile tähendas sellel operatsioonil osalemine juunist 2003 kuni 2009 mitut olulist verstaposti. Kuigi tegemist ei olnud esimese rahvusvahelise operat- siooniga, millest Eesti kaitseväelased osa võtsid, võib siiski tõdeda, et Eesti kontingent sai just Iraagis oma esimesed tõsisemad lahinguolukorra tulerist- sed. Pärast Saddam Husseini režiimi kukutamist Ameerika Ühendriikide ja liitlaste poolt puhkes Iraagis verine kodusõda. Olukorra stabiliseerimiseks moodustati Ameerika Ühendriikide ning Suurbritannia ja Põhja-Iirimaa Ühendkuningriigi juhtimisel rahvusvaheline koalitsioon, kes sai ÜRO Julge- olekunõukogult mais 2003 mandaadi olukorra stabiliseerimiseks. Lisaks oli see esimene kord, kui Eesti üksus osales rahvusvahelisel operatsioonil koostöös Ameerika Ühendriikide üksustega, keda võib siiani pidada maailma kõige tugevamaks sõjaliseks jõuks. Kurvem pool oli see, et Eesti kaitsevägi kandis just Iraagis oma esimesed kaotused rahvusvahelistel rahuoperatsiooni- del: võitluses turvalisema maailma eest andsid elu kaitseväelased Andres Nuiamäe ja Arre Illenzeer. Kokkuvõttes võib tunnistada, et Eesti kaitseväe- lased tulid katsumusest auga välja ja said hindamatu kogemuse osaliseks. Siinne „KVÜÕA toimetiste” erinumber ongi inspireeritud eelmainitud konverentsist ning võtab lähema vaatluse alla operatsiooni „Iraagi vabadus” erinevad (eeskätt ajaloolised, poliitilised, õiguslikud, sõjalised ja usulised) tahud. Lisaks leiab kogumikus võrdluses Iraagiga käsitlemist tema naaberriik Iraan, kes on ajaloo jooksul mõjutanud Iraaki nii poliitiliselt kui kultuurilis- usuliselt, samuti pikaajaline kriisikolle Afganistan, kelle tegevusse sekkus rahvusvaheline üldsus umbes samal ajal. Erinumber kannab aastanumbrit 2014. Niisiis leidsid 35 aastat tagasi, 1979. aastal, Lähis-Idas ja Ees-Aasias aset sündmused, mis on mõjutanud kogu rahvusvahelise süsteemi arengut. Aasta alguses, jaanuaris-veebruaris, toimus Iraani islamirevolutsioon, mis muutis radikaalselt sealset ühiskond- likku korda. Opositsiooni suhtes repressiivne, kuid ikkagi läänemeelne, sekulaarne ja modernistlik šahhirežiim asendus teokraatliku riigiga, mida juhtisid Iraani šiiitlikud usujuhid, ajatollad, kusjuures suurajatolla Ruhollah ENDC Proceedings, Volume 18, 2014, pp. 7–10 www.ksk.edu.ee/toimetised/ 8 IRAAGI SÕDA 2003: TAGAMAAD JA TAGAJÄRJED Mostafavi Moosavi Khomeini omandas lisaks usujuhi positsioonile ka poliitilise võimu. Muutus ka Iraani staatus rahvusvahelises süsteemis, sest Ameerika Ühend riikide ühest peamisest liitlasest regioonis sai tema vihane vaenlane. Novembris hõivasid Iraani üliõpilased Ameerika Ühendriikide saat- konna ja konsulaadi Teheranis ning hoidsid nende töötajaid kuni jaanuarini 1981 pantvangis. Kirjeldatud vahejuhtum pingestas riikidevahelisi suhteid veelgi ja olukord pole lahenenud veel praegusekski. Iraani naaberriigis Iraagis tuli juulis 1979 võimule senine asepresident Saddam Hussein, kes kukutas oma sugulasest ja parteikaaslasest eelkäija presi dent Ahmed Hassan al-Bakri. Saddam Hussein esindas vana kooli araabia sotsialiste, kes kuulusid valitsevasse Araabia Taassünniparteisse (Baath) ja kes tulid 1960. aastatel võimule nii Iraagis kui Süürias. Viimase 35 aasta jooksul on sekulaarsete rahvuslike sotsialistide (tuntuim esindaja kunagine Egiptuse liider Gamal Abdel Nasser) poliitiline mõju kahanenud, seevastu islamistlike jõudude mõju sealsetele ühiskondadele märgatavalt tugevnenud. Nasseristliku põlvkonna järeltulijana üritab Süüria kodusõjas meeleheitlikult võimule jääda Süüria president Bashar al-Assad. Ühiskond- liku pöörde võib tinglikult paigutada jällegi 1979. aastasse, mil ei leidnud aset mitte ainult šiiitide poliitiline ärkamine Iraanis, vaid ka islami arvukaima usukogukonna ehk sunniitide poliitilise eneseteadvuse tõus, mis sai alguse Nõukogude Liidu sissetungiga Afganistani. Islami fundamentalistid andsid oma poliitilisest aktiviseerumisest märku juba varem. Novembris 1979 toimus Saudi Araabias islami pühapaigas Mekas sündmus, mille on paljud ilmselt juba unustanud. Salafi stlik rüh- mitus Juhayman al-Otaybi juhtimisel vallutas toona Meka Suure Mošee (Al-Masjid al-Haram). Nimetatud sündmus oli otsekui äärmuslike islamist- like meeleolude ja islamistide kasvavate poliitiliste ambitsioonide eelhoiatus. Sunniitide poliitilise aktiveerumise kooliks sai aga Afganistani kodusõda, mis järgnes Nõukogude Liidu sissetungile ja mis liitis äärmuslikuma osa sunniiti- dest. Afganistani kodusõja pinnalt kasvasid välja ka kurikuulsatena maailma ajalukku minevad rühmitused Taliban ja al-Qaeda. Kahte samal ajal toimu- nud Ees-Aasia konfl ikti käsitleb võrdleva diskursuseanalüüsina oma artik- lis Karen Kuldnokk, kuid Afganistani operatsioonil peatume põhjalikumalt ehk mõnes järgnevas numbris. Erinumbri põhirõhk on siiski Iraagi konfl iktil, mida käsitleb juriidilisest vaatenurgast René Värk ja poliitilisest perspek- tiivist Holger Mölder. Siinkohal on oluline märkida, et just 2003. aastal ala- nud sõjaline operatsioon tõi Iraaki terrorirühmituse al-Qaeda, kelle tegevust valgustab Hans Krech. Pärast võõrvägede lahkumist on sunniitlikud äärmus- lased muutunud riigi üheks peamiseks destabiliseerivaks jõuks. IRAAGI SÕDA 2003: TAGAMAAD JA TAGAJÄRJED 9 Praeguseid Iraagi alasid peetakse tsivilisatsiooni hälliks. Just siit kerkis fööniksina tuhast sumeri kultuur – üks esimesi kõrgkultuure maailmas. Need alad on aastatuhandete jooksul näinud erinevate tsivilisatsioonide tõuse ja languseid ning erinevaid võõrvallutajaid, kes on püüdnud ennast sealsetes tingimustes maksma panna. Ei tasu unustada, et abbassiidide kalifaati kes- kusega Bagdadis peetakse araabia kõrgkultuuri
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