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Was the Cold War Necessary? the Revisionist Challenge to Consensus History Norman M
was the cold war necessary? the revisionist challenge to consensus history norman m. wilensky Nearly ten years ago, seventy-five distinguished students of American history participated in a poll measuring the performance of thirty-one presidents from George Washington to Dwight Eisenhower. Each par ticipant in the poll helped to place the presidents into five general categories: "Great/' "Near Great," "Average," "Below Average," and "Failure." One of the surprise rankings was the "Near Great" mark accorded to Harry Truman, ninth on the list. Only the five "Great" presidents—Lincoln, Washington, Franklin Roosevelt, Wilson and Jeffer son—and three "Near Great" executives—Jackson, Theodore Roosevelt and Polk—preceded Truman. John Adams and Grover Cleveland, who immediately followed Truman, completed the "Near Great" group. What qualities and achievements elevated Truman above many other presidents? He was, according to these historians, a strong executive who acted masterfully and farsightedly in foreign affairs. Summarizing the poll for his fellow historians, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Sr. noted that Tru man "discharged impressively the awesome obligations devolving on the United States as the leader of the free world in the cold war with Soviet Imperialism." The Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, the Berlin airlift, the Point Four program and the intervention in Korea "all con stituted landmarks in an assumption of global responsibilities undreamed of only a few years before." Yet, less than a decade after the poll, this estimate is being dramatically challenged by historians of the cold war.1 A recent book sharply critical of cold war policies as well as Truman's role is Rexford G. -
Racing the Enemy Roundtable, Alperovitz on Hasegawa -1
H-Diplo Roundtable- Racing the Enemy Roundtable , Alperovitz on Hasegawa Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005) Roundtable Editor: Thomas Maddux , CSU Northridge Roundtable Participants: Michael D. Gordin, Gar Alperovitz, Richard Frank, Barton Bernstein, David Holloway Commentary by Gar Alperovitz, University of Maryland, College Park Tsuyoshi Hasegawa’s new book Racing the Enemy is subtitled “Stalin, Truman and the Surrender of Japan,” and the author clearly believes a central contribution to be the emphasis he gives to the concept of a “race” between Truman and Stalin as World War II in the Pacific drew to a close. Hasegawa does offer important new insights in connection with this issue, much of which will be of particular interest to specialists (especially information drawn from Soviet materials). However, by far the most important contribution of the book has to do with our understanding of a related but different matter-namely, how, precisely, Japan came to surrender, and what the critical factors were which led to the final decision. Non-specialists are not always aware of the difficulties which have faced historians concerned with this question. For almost half a century after World War II American scholars have been seriously handicapped by their lack of Japanese language skills and by the paucity of Japanese documents. Robert Butow’s 1954 book Japan’s Decision to Surrender was the primary and often only source of basic information on Japanese decision-making. In recent years this has begun to change. Herbert Bix, a researcher with language sophistication and knowledge of modern Japanese scholarship, offered his analysis in his 2000 Pulitzer Prize-winning Hirohito . -
NATO Expansion: Benefits and Consequences
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2001 NATO expansion: Benefits and consequences Jeffrey William Christiansen The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Christiansen, Jeffrey William, "NATO expansion: Benefits and consequences" (2001). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 8802. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/8802 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ■rr - Maween and Mike MANSFIELD LIBRARY The University of M ontana Permission is granted by the author to reproduce this material in its entirety, provided that this material is used for scholarly purposes and is properly cited in published works and reports. **Please check "Yes" or "No" and provide signature** Yes, I grant permission X No, I do not grant permission ________ Author's Signature; Date:__ ^ ^ 0 / Any copying for commercial purposes or financial gain may be undertaken only with the author's explicit consent. MSThe»i9\M«r«f»eld Library Permission Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. NATO EXPANSION: BENEFITS AND CONSEQUENCES by Jeffrey William Christiansen B.A. University of Montana, 2000 presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts The University of Montana 2001 Approved by: hairpers Dean, Graduate School 7 - 24- 0 ^ Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. -
A New Historiography of the Origins of the Cold War
SOSHUM Jurnal Sosial dan Humaniora [Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities] Volume 9, Number 2, 2019 p-ISSN. 2088-2262 e-ISSN. 2580-5622 ojs.pnb.ac.id/index.php/SOSHUM/ A New Historiography of the Origins of the Cold War Adewunmi J. Falode 1 and Moses J. Yakubu 2 1 Department of History & International Studies, Lagos State University, Nigeria 2 Department of History & International Studies, University of Benin, Edo, Nigeria Lasu, Ojo Campus Ojo Local Government, 102101, Lagos, Nigeria E-mail: [email protected] Article Info ABSTRACT ________________ ___________________________________________________________________ History Articles The Cold War that occurred between 1945 and 1991 was both an Received: international political and historical event. As an international political event, Jan 2019 the Cold War laid bare the fissures, animosities, mistrusts, misconceptions Accepted: June 2019 and the high-stakes brinksmanship that has been part of the international Published: political system since the birth of the modern nation-state in 1648. As a July 2019 historical event, the Cold War and its end marked an important epoch in ________________ human social, economic and political development. The beginning of the Keywords: Cold War marked the introduction of a new form of social and political Cold War, Historiography, experiment in human relations with the international arena as its laboratory. Structuralist School, Its end signalled the end of a potent social and political force that is still Revisionist School, st Orthodox School shaping the course of the political relations among states in the 21 century. ____________________ The historiography of the Cold War has been shrouded in controversy. -
Bibliography
Bibliography [I] Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: nry Years in the State Department (New York, 1969). An elegantly written account by Truman's last Secretary of State, who was the chief architect of containment. [2] G.M. Alexander, The Prelude to the Truman Doctrine: British Policy in Greece 1944-1947 (Oxford, 1982). The Truman Doctrine was the first overt expression ofAmerican support for Western security. This book examines the background of Britain's intervention in the Greek civil war. [3] Richard A. Asiano, American Defense Policy from Eisenhower to Kennedy: the Politics of Changing Military Requirements (Ohio, 1975). A comprehensive account ofthe vicissitudes ofAmerican defence policy from Sputnik to the presidential election of John F. Kennedy. [4] Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (New York, 1965). A 'New Left' historian who believes that the atomic bomb was intended as much to blackmail the Soviet Union into making concessions as to serve as an instrument to defeat Japan. [5] Stephen E. Ambrose, Rise to Globalism: American Foreign Policy 193~1970 (Baltimore, 1970). A useful textbook by one of the leading historians of the Cold War. [6] Stephen E. Ambrose, Eisenhower: the President 1952-1969, vol. II (London, 1984). An account ofEisenhower's internal and foreign policy based on his letters and papers. This is a sympathetic approach to the President's achievements. [7] Stephen E. Ambrose, Nixon: 1913-1962 (New York, 1982). The first volume of a biography of Richard M. Nixon dealing with his earlier years as US Senator and Vice-President of the USA. It tries hard to be objective and to show that Nixon was not as black as he was painted by his contemporaries. -
Bright Moments!
Volume 46 • Issue 6 JUNE 2018 Journal of the New Jersey Jazz Society Dedicated to the performance, promotion and preservation of jazz. On stage at NJPAC performing Rahsaan Roland Kirk’s “Bright Moments” to close the tribute to Dorthaan Kirk on April 28 are (from left) Steve Turre, Mark Gross, musical director Don Braden, Antoinette Montague and Freddy Cole. Photo by Tony Graves. SNEAKING INTO SAN DIEGO BRIGHT MOMENTS! Pianist Donald Vega’s long, sometimes “Dorthaan At 80” Celebrating Newark’s “First harrowing journey from war-torn Nicaragua Lady of Jazz” Dorthaan Kirk with a star-filled gala to a spot in Ron Carter’s Quintet. Schaen concert and tribute at the New Jersey Performing Arts Fox’s interview begins on page 14. Center. Story and Tony Graves’s photos on page 24. New JerseyJazzSociety in this issue: New Jersey Jazz socIety Prez Sez . 2 Bulletin Board . 2 NJJS Calendar . 3 Jazz Trivia . 4 Prez sez Editor’s Pick/Deadlines/NJJS Info . 6 Change of Address/Support NJJS/ By Cydney Halpin President, NJJS Volunteer/Join NJJs . 43 Crow’s Nest . 44 t is with great delight that I announce Don commitment to jazz, and for keeping the music New/Renewed Members . 45 IBraden has joined the NJJS Board of Directors playing. (Information: www.arborsrecords.com) in an advisory capacity. As well as being a jazz storIes n The April Social at Shanghai Jazz showcased musician of the highest caliber on saxophone and Dorthaan at 80 . cover three generations of musicians, jazz guitar Big Band in the Sky . 8 flute, Don is an award-winning recording artist, virtuosi Gene Bertoncini and Roni Ben-Hur and Memories of Bob Dorough . -
If You Don't Like Capitalism & You Don't Like Socialism... What Do You Want?
Gar AlperovitzALPEROVITZ AND DUBB: IF YOU DON’T LIKE CAPITALISM, AND YOU DON’T LIKE SOCIALISM, WHAT DO YOU WANT? and Steve Dubb If you don’t like capitalism & you don’t like socialism... what do you want? THE POSSIBILITY OF A PLURALIST COMMONWEALTH AND A COMMUNITY-SUSTAINING ECONOMY It is increasingly obvious that the United For the most part, serious scholars and ac- States faces systemic problems. When protestors tivists have addressed the possibility of progres- occupy Wall Street and Ben Bernacke, the Chair- sive change in capitalist systems from one of two man of the Federal Reserve, not only responds to perspectives: The “reform” tradition assumes that the protestors, but actually casts the actions of the corporate institutions remain central to the design protestors in a favorable light, it is clear these are and structure of the system and that “politics” in not ordinary times: Testifying to the Joint Economic support of various “policies” (e.g. taxation, spend- Committee of Congress, Bernanke observed that ing, incentives, regulation) will contain, modify and [OLWYV[LZ[VYZ¸ISHTL^P[OZVTLQ\Z[PÄJH[PVU[OL WYVISLTZPU[OLÄUHUJPHSZLJ[VYMVYNL[[PUN\ZPU[V This paper has been prepared by the Democracy Col- [OPZTLZZHUK[OL`»YLKPZZH[PZÄLK^P[O[OLWVSPJ` laborative at the invitation of the organizing committee response here in Washington. And at some level, I for the American Sociological Association’s 2012 annual meeting. The meeting’s theme is “Real Utopias”: can’t blame them.”1 Income and wealth disparities have become The goal is to elaborate utopian ideals that are severe and corrosive of democratic possibilities. -
Killing Hope U.S
Killing Hope U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II – Part I William Blum Zed Books London Killing Hope was first published outside of North America by Zed Books Ltd, 7 Cynthia Street, London NI 9JF, UK in 2003. Second impression, 2004 Printed by Gopsons Papers Limited, Noida, India w w w.zedbooks .demon .co .uk Published in South Africa by Spearhead, a division of New Africa Books, PO Box 23408, Claremont 7735 This is a wholly revised, extended and updated edition of a book originally published under the title The CIA: A Forgotten History (Zed Books, 1986) Copyright © William Blum 2003 The right of William Blum to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Cover design by Andrew Corbett ISBN 1 84277 368 2 hb ISBN 1 84277 369 0 pb Spearhead ISBN 0 86486 560 0 pb 2 Contents PART I Introduction 6 1. China 1945 to 1960s: Was Mao Tse-tung just paranoid? 20 2. Italy 1947-1948: Free elections, Hollywood style 27 3. Greece 1947 to early 1950s: From cradle of democracy to client state 33 4. The Philippines 1940s and 1950s: America's oldest colony 38 5. Korea 1945-1953: Was it all that it appeared to be? 44 6. Albania 1949-1953: The proper English spy 54 7. Eastern Europe 1948-1956: Operation Splinter Factor 56 8. Germany 1950s: Everything from juvenile delinquency to terrorism 60 9. Iran 1953: Making it safe for the King of Kings 63 10. -
Interpreting COLD WAR Origins
1. What is the Baruch Plan? 2. What was the Bolshoi Speech (1946)? 3. When was the Berlin Wall started? 4. When is the first ICBM? 5. First Nuclear (fission) bomb? Source: http://www.usachcs.army.mil/history/brief/ColdWarCompos.jpg Lee W. Eysturlid, Ph.D., NBCT “The Cold War was “Our students are the greatest single already beginning force affecting to raise the American society question of what during the decade the Cold War was and a half after all about in the World War II” first place. Gary Nash John L Gaddis What happened? Why were there sides? Why were certain states on certain sides? A “Cold War” clear by 1950? “Growth of Tensions” (US – USSR) Iranian Crisis of 1946 Baruch Plan for the IAEA Berlin Airlift Formation of North Atlantic Treaty (NATO) What do you use? How Historians get there… SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT • Orthodox/Traditional • Revisionism • Post-Revisionism Significance? Soviet expansionism Stalin broke Yalta and Potsdam promises Imposed Soviet- dominated regimes in Eastern Europe Stalin’s “Two World” speech at Bolshoi Others? Source: http://clapso.wordpress.com/ Harry S. Truman U.S. Reaction: • Long Telegram • Truman Doctrine • Containment Policy • Marshall Plan Source: http://www.tomroeser.com/blog/img/f23854/harry-truman-picture.jpg/ William Appleman Williams U. of W - Madison Late 1960s-70s Reaction to Vietnam Economic factors as drivers. Walter LaFeber, US emphasis on economic expansion and capitalism AND search for foreign markets. Corporatism Gar Alperovitz, American revisionist Soviets hopelessly unable to wage Source: http:// www.motherjones.com war with U.S. after WW II. U.S. -
28958 Hon. Ike Skelton Hon. Edolphus Towns Hon. Gene
28958 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS, Vol. 155, Pt. 21 December 1, 2009 barriers in evaluating pathology, bilingualism, A TRIBUTE TO MRS. JENNETTE of our Nation’s defense as the commanding cross-cultural issues in mental health and EICHELBERGER WAITERS officer of a United States Navy destroyer. chemical dependency, language and psycho- Commander Sethi is a native of Reno, Ne- therapy, meaning of silence in psychotherapy, HON. EDOLPHUS TOWNS vada but was raised in Connecticut, New York, Oregon, and California. Her step-father elective mutism, cognitive restructuring, de- OF NEW YORK pression and suicide. is Hall of Fame drag racer Conrad ‘‘Connie’’ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Dr. Urcuyo is married to Sue Ellen Carney, Kalitta and she spent many of her formative Ph.D., and is the proud father of two children, Tuesday, December 1, 2009 years at the track honing her mechanical Dr. Sergio Urcuyo and Ms. Anya Elena Mr. TOWNS. Madam Speaker, I rise today skills. She graduated from Norwich University Urcuyo. in recognition of Jennette Eichelberger Waiters in 1993 with a degree in International Affairs Madam Speaker, I urge my colleagues to who was born in Columbia, South Carolina. and commissioned through the NROTC pro- join me in recognizing Dr. Leonel Urcuyo. Mrs. Waiters migrated to Brooklyn, NY to fur- gram. She holds a Masters Degree in Inter- f ther her education. national Policy and Practice from The George RECOGNIZING MAJOR GENERAL Mrs. Waiters worked at Kings County Hos- Washington University. At sea, Commander Sethi served on USS JOHN R. ALISON pital as a nurse’s aide and then attended Wyckoff Hospital School of Practical Nursing. -
SPECIAL ISSUE the Collapse of the Soviet Union
IntroductionKramer SPECIAL ISSUE The Collapse of the Soviet Union (Part 2) Introduction Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/jcws/article-pdf/5/4/3/700378/152039703322483747.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 ✣ The four articles in this special issue look at some of the major in- ternal and external factors that helped precipitate the breakup of the Soviet Union. These articles should be read in conjunction with the four that ap- peared in our ªrst special issue on the collapse of the USSR, published in Vol- ume 5, No. 1 (Winter 2003). Our ªnal special issue on this topic, to be pub- lished in Volume 6, No. 3 (Summer 2004), will deal with domestic political and economic trends that destabilized the Soviet regime and contributed to the demise of the Soviet state. The Social Context The ªrst article in the current issue, by Walter Connor, discusses the social context of the dramatic events in the Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev. In the 1960s a number of Western scholars, inºuenced by the burgeoning lit- erature on “modernization,” argued that long-term changes in Soviet soci- ety—increased literacy and education levels, industrialization, increased ur- banization, greater occupational differentiation, generational change, the advent of modern communications, and other such trends—were mitigating the Soviet regime’s ability to exercise tight political and economic control.1 Al- 1. See, for example, the essays collected in Zbigniew Brzezinski, ed., Dilemmas of Change in Soviet Pol- itics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969). A related theme is developed by Richard Lowenthal, “Development versus Utopia in Communist Policy,” in Chalmers Johnson, ed., Change in Communist Systems (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1970), pp. -
Swinging Around Golf (Continued from Page 20) Owner-Builder, Dewey Davis, Has Open- Ed His Oak Grove GC, 9-Holes
Gene Sarazen did a champion's job for U.S. foreign relations on a four-day good- will mission for the U.S. State depart- ment to Rangoon, Burma, recently . Burma's government, headed by Gen. Ne Win, has numerous officials who are golf enthusiasts and they have a pretty good course . The General himself is a good businessman golfer, Gene says . There was a reception for Gene,, given by the American ambassador and 300 attended . Gene's visit, first to Rangoon by an American golf champion, made page one of the communist-slanted Rangoon press. Sarazen, the Germantown Globe-trotter, says the new course near the Athens air- port is an excellent "layout and bound to be a tourist attraction in Greece . He SWINGING adds that Athens is the cleanest city in the world — and that includes German- town . * . When the Squire boosts he AROUND boosts all the way . Gene was in Athens for the filming of Shell's Wonderful World GOLF of Golf contest between Tony Lema and Roberto De Vincenzo . Tony and Ro- berto played for $10,000, plus all ex- News of the Golf penses . Gene says that in the old days World in Brief in exhibitions he and Walter Hagen play- ed two months to make that much. HERB GRAFFIS Bert Purvis, upstate New York pro By salesman, writes from his home office at Mattydale, N.Y., of some changes in pro jobs on liis beat: . Bed LaVergne now is at the Lyndon GG, Fayetteville, N.Y., where John Murray runs the club . John Johnson now at Lake Shore Golf FRONT COVER Genter, Rochester .