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Geological Society of America Bulletin Downloaded from gsabulletin.gsapubs.org on February 6, 2012 Geological Society of America Bulletin Sediment production and delivery in the Amazon River basin quantified by in situ −produced cosmogenic nuclides and recent river loads Hella Wittmann, Friedhelm von Blanckenburg, Laurence Maurice, Jean-Loup Guyot, Naziano Filizola and Peter W. Kubik Geological Society of America Bulletin 2011;123, no. 5-6;934-950 doi: 10.1130/B30317.1 Email alerting services click www.gsapubs.org/cgi/alerts to receive free e-mail alerts when new articles cite this article Subscribe click www.gsapubs.org/subscriptions/ to subscribe to Geological Society of America Bulletin Permission request click http://www.geosociety.org/pubs/copyrt.htm#gsa to contact GSA Copyright not claimed on content prepared wholly by U.S. government employees within scope of their employment. 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Notes © 2011 Geological Society of America Downloaded from gsabulletin.gsapubs.org on February 6, 2012 Sediment production and delivery in the Amazon River basin quantifi ed by in situ–produced cosmogenic nuclides and recent river loads Hella Wittmann1,*,†, Friedhelm von Blanckenburg1,*, Laurence Maurice2,3, Jean-Loup Guyot4, Naziano Filizola5, and Peter W. Kubik6 1Institut für Mineralogie, Universität Hannover, Callinstrasse 3, 30167 Hannover, Germany 2Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP) and Laboratoire Mécanismes et Transferts en Géologie (LMTG), 14 Av. E. Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France 3Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Laboratoire Mécanismes et Transferts en Géologie (LMTG), 14 Av. E. Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France 4Instituto de Pesquisa para o Desenvolvimento (Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD]), CP 7091 Lago Sul, 71619-970 Brasília, Brazil 5The Federal University of Amazonas, Av. Darcy Vargas, 1200 s/C-28, 69050-020 Manaus, Brazil 6Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH), 8093 Zürich, Switzerland ABSTRACT fl uxes shows similarities within a factor of ~2 ment detected from modern loads represents with an average gauging-derived sediment a long-term process. Storage times have been We use cosmogenic nuclide-derived denu- load of ~1000 Mt/yr at Óbidos, for example. esti mated for the present Amazon River con- dation rates from in situ–produced 10Be in We attribute this similar trend in cosmo- fi gu ra tion to be on the order of several thou- river sediment to determine sediment pro- genic versus modern sediment loads fi rst sand years, ranging from ~5 k.y. on the basis of duction rates for the central Amazon River to the absence of long-term deposition within sediment budgets (Mertes et al., 1996; Mertes and its major tributaries. Recent develop- the basin and second to the buffering capa- and Dunne, 2007), to ~14 k.y. from U-series ments have shown that this method allows bility of the large Amazon fl oodplain. The constraints (Dosseto et al., 2006a; Dosseto calculating denudation rates in large depo- buffering capability dampens short-term, et al., 2006b). Storage of sediment for unknown sitional basins despite intermediate sedi ment high-amplitude fl uctuations (climatic varia- durations potentially compromises erosion storage, with the result that fl uxes of the bility in source areas and anthropogenic rate estimates from gauging (Walling, 1983), sediment-producing hinterland can now be soil erosion) by the time the denudation rate so that an increasing need arises for a method linked to those discharged at the basins’ out- signal of the hinterland is transmitted to the that can estimate sediment production by ero- let. In rivers of the central Amazonian plain, outlet of the basin. sion while being insensitive to storage effects sediment of fi ner grain sizes (125–500 µm) in fl oodplains. In situ–produced cosmo genic yields a weighted cosmogenic nuclide-derived INTRODUCTION isotopes (10Be and 26Al) are routinely measured denudation rate of 0.24 ± 0.02 mm/yr that is in quartz from river sediment for estimating comparable to the integrated rate of all main The Amazon River is the world’s largest denudation rates in steady-state hill-slope set- Andean-draining rivers (0.37 ± 0.06 mm/yr), fl uvial system in terms of water discharge and tings over time scales relevant to soil forma- which are the Beni, Napo, Mamoré, Ucayali, drainage area, and presently exports a total sedi- tion processes (e.g., Bierman and Steig, 1996; and Marañón rivers. Coarser-grained sedi- ment load of ~550–1500 Mt/yr to the Atlantic Granger et al., 1996; Schaller et al., 2001; ment (>500 µm) of central Amazonian rivers Ocean (e.g., Meade et al., 1979; Gaillardet von Blancken burg, 2005; Granger and Riebe, is indicative of a source from the tectonically et al., 1997; Dunne et al., 1998; Guyot et al., 2007). In a recent extension to the method, stable cratonic headwaters of the Guyana 2005; Martinez et al., 2009). Based on mod- Witt mann and von Blanckenburg (2009) mod- and Brazilian shields, for which the denuda- ern sediment load measurements, it has been eled the effect of fl oodplain sediment storage on tion rate is 0.01–0.02 mm/yr. Respective sedi- suggested that the export of sediment does cosmo genic nuclide-derived denudation rates. ment loads can be calculated by converting not correspond to the total sediment fl ux dis- These authors showed that nuclide concentra- these cosmogenic nuclide-derived rates using charged from the Andes and cratonic shields. tions accumulated in source areas are under their sediment-producing areas. For the Guyot et al. (1993) estimated that currently most conditions conserved if storage times Amazon River at Óbidos, a sediment produc- roughly 40% of Andean sediment fl ux is inter- are a few thousand years. Hence, cosmogenic tion rate of ~610 Mt/yr results; non-Andean cepted and deposited in the basins close to the nuclide-derived denudation rates can provide source areas contribute only ~45 Mt/yr. A foothills of the Bolivian Andes . Consequently, a measure of sediment production at the same comparison with published modern sediment it is reasonable to expect that most sediment time scale. Wittmann et al. (2009) tested this passing Óbidos has resided in the fl oodplain approach in large Amazon tributaries, the Beni *Present address: GeoForschungsZentrum Pots- for some time since its initial denudation in the and Mamoré basins, where the average Andean dam, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany Andes. The question is whether this storage is denudation rate is preserved throughout several †E-mail: [email protected] temporary, and whether the deposition of sedi- hundreds of kilometers of fl oodplain storage. GSA Bulletin; May/June 2011; v. 123; no. 5/6; p. 934–950; doi: 10.1130/B30317.1; 7 fi gures; 3 tables; Data Repository item 2011019. 934 For permission to copy, contact [email protected] © 2011 Geological Society of America Downloaded from gsabulletin.gsapubs.org on February 6, 2012 Sediment production and delivery in the Amazon River basin quantifi ed by in situ–produced cosmogenic nuclides and recent river loads In the present study, we directly compare appar- the slight effect of downstream fi ning observed the sum of dissolved and suspended loads will ent sediment loads calculated from cosmogenic (Mertes and Meade, 1985). Near-absence of be called “modern total load” (QM). It is impor- nuclide-derived denudation rates (Table 1) downstream fi ning in the Amazon basin is an ef- tant to note that cosmogenic nuclide-derived to those derived from modern sediment fl ux fect also observed, e.g., in the Beni River (Guyot denudation rates detect total, e.g., physical and measure ments in central Amazonian rivers. Our et al., 1999). Mitigation of downstream fi ning in chemical denudation (e.g., von Blanckenburg, construction of a sediment mass budget for the the Amazon River is the result of the addition 2005). Therefore, for modern loads, we use both Amazon trunk stream, the major tributaries, the of coarser sediment from Brazilian and Guyana suspended and dissolved fl uxes throughout. Andean source areas, and the cratonic shields shield weathering (Nordin et al., 1980; Franzi- We assigned an average method-associated serves to evaluate the capability of large fl ood- nelli and Potter, 1983). Material derived from uncertainty of 20% on modern loads. In cases plains to buffer sediment export against human- cratonic shields has a median size of 0.42 mm where, e.g., depth-integrated sampling was car- induced and climatic changes. according to Franzinelli and Potter (1983) (see ried out (e.g., Filizola, 2003; Guyot et al., 2005; their fi g. 5). This sediment addition from highly Martinez et al., 2009), this uncertainty prob- STUDY AREA weathered terrains is accompanied with a change ably is justifi ed, but for studies where a depth- in mineral composition; Andean-derived bedload integration of suspended particulate matter The trunk stream of the Amazon River in contains more rock fragments and feldspar than (SPM) concentrations is absent, the uncertainty Brazil is formed by three main tributaries, which quartz-rich sands from Precambrian-dominated is probably an underestimation, because the are the Solimões, draining the central Andes, the cratonic watersheds (Franzinelli and Potter, depth-distribution of SPM concentrations is al- Negro River draining the Guyana Shield, and 1983).
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