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Modern Sedimentation in the Lower Negro River, Amazonas State, Brazil

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Modern Sedimentation in the Lower Negro River, Amazonas State, Brazil Geomorphology 44 (2002) 259–271 www.elsevier.com/locate/geomorph Modern sedimentation in the Lower Negro River, Amazonas State, Brazil Elena Franzinelli*, Hailton Igreja Department of Geociences, University of Amazonas, Manaus, 69077-000 Brazil Received 10 May 2000; received in revised form 26 June 2001; accepted 27 June 2001 Abstract The Negro River, which flows through the north central Amazon Basin, is one of the largest tributaries of the Amazon. The name ‘‘Negro’’ comes from the colour of its water, which reflects the large quantity of dissolved humic acids and iron oxides that also gives the water its characteristic acid pH. The river is estimated to have the fifth largest water discharge in the world, about 30,000 m3/s. The Negro River is characterized by a high dissolved load but a low energy system. Neotectonics and water quality are the principal factors that control the modern sedimentation in the Lower Negro River. The Lower Negro River is controlled largely by a NW–SE tectonic lineament, that is a segment of a major tectonic transcurrent dextral megasystem of the Amazon Basin. Neotectonism in this area is responsible for the depth of the river and for the occurrence of steep ‘‘fale´sias’’ (cliffs), along some parts of its borders. It also seems that neotectonics have influenced the origin of the Anavilhanas Islands, which are a series of anastomosed, elongated silty clayey channel bars, with internal round or long narrow lakes. The ‘‘igapo´’’, which is the forested area flooded during part of the year, appears to have a neotectonic origin as well. Igapo´s are located on intermediate blocks between the high blocks of the ‘‘terra firme’’ and the low blocks of the channel. The absence of clastic sediments carried in suspension is related to the rare appearance of floodplains, which are limited to very thin layers of fine sediments, located on the abrasion shelfs carved in clastic deposits of the Alter do Cha˜o Formation. Sand bars occur in places along the base of the cliffs and along the edges of the channel system. These sand bars are composed of quartz sand, derived from the reworking of the sand of the Alter do Cha˜o Formation. D 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Lower Negro River; Amazon Basin; Neotectonism; Black water; Anavilhanas Archipelago 1. Introduction explorers of the Amazon region (von Spix and von Mar- tius, 1823–1831; Bates, 1982; von Humbold, 1829). The Negro River is one of the largest tributaries of Sioli (1954) pioneered scientific studies regarding the Amazon and the largest on the north side. The size, the water quality, soil, vegetation and ecological prob- width and colour of its water caught the attention of the lems of Amazonia with a special reference to the Negro River region. However, modern data on the hydrology, climatology, sedimentology and ecology of the Negro * Corresponding author. River and its basin, are also included in papers that deal E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected] with the whole of Amazonia. Sternberg (1950), observ- (E. Franzinelli), [email protected] (H. Igreja). ing the NW–SE rectilinear direction of the Negro and 0169-555X/02/$ - see front matter D 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S0169-555X(01)00178-7 260 E. Franzinelli, H. Igreja / Geomorphology 44 (2002) 259–271 other rivers to the east flowing in parallel directions, Colombian Llanos, a flat savanna region bounded to first speculated on the effect of tectonics on the lower the west by the Andes Mountains. Most of the upper course of the Negro River. Franzinelli (1994) empha- course of this river, however, is in the Guyana Shield sized the great differences between the Negro and the region, a low lying granitic and granulitic Precambrian Solimo˜es especially regarding water quality, mineralo- craton, covered by rainforest (Fig. 1). The region con- gical characteristics, rates of transported load and com- sists of a wide pediplain, between 80 and 160 m above position and texture of modern deposits. sea level. On this plain there are numerous inselbergs Franzinelli et al. (1999) showed that the modern whose tops occur at two levels, about 460 and 700 m. neostructural directions that control the fluvial mega- The Negro River and its tributaries are well entrenched system of the Amazon Basin can be summarized as into the truncated surface of the Guyana Shield. The follows: (1) Solimo˜es River: N60W; (2) Negro River: majority of rivers and tributaries follow fractures or N45W; (3) Amazon River: N80E; (4) Madeira River: faults formed by regional tectonism. Most of the tribu- N50E; (5) Taruma˜ River: N10E. These directions are taries have rapids or falls, which are less than 8-m high. the result of transcurrent faults affecting parts of the The middle and lower courses of the Negro River South American Plate under tension caused by the col- developed in the deposits of the Amazon sedimentary lision of the Nazca Plate to the west and the Caribbean basin. This region consists of wide plateaus, upper Platetothenorth,whichbeganintheTertiary(Miocene). Pleistocene in age (Projeto Radambrasil, 1978), that The central belt of the Amazon ecosystem has deve- are composed of interfluvial tabular areas alternating loped on the Amazonian Structural Province (Palaeo- with hills carved in the clastic deposits of the Amazon zoic sedimentary rocks) situated between the Branco Basin. To the north of this area, a narrow strip of white River and Tapajo´s River Structural Provinces, north sandstone and yellow siltstone of the Silurian Trombe- and south respectively, on Precambrian igneous and tas Formation. (Caputo et al., 1972) occurs in contact metamorphic rocks) (de Almeida, 1977). These pro- with the granulitic rocks of the Guyana Shield. To the vinces have undergone cyclic tectonic reactivation. south Cretaceous deposits of the Alter do Cha˜o For- The aim of this paper is to discuss the sedimentation mation and Tertiary deposits of the Solimo˜es Forma- that currently occurs in the Negro River, and to dem- tion outcrop. The Cretaceous continental deposits (red onstrate how the modern deposition and water quality clayey sandstones, siltstones and claystones of the in this river system are controlled by regional neotec- Alter do Cha˜o Formation with some silicified beds in tonism. the upper portion) cover the older sedimentary rocks of the basin. The Cenozoic fine gray sandstones and clay- stones of the Solimo˜es Formation cover the Alter do 2. Regional setting Cha˜o Formation in the western part of the Amazon Basin. The drainage area of the Negro River is about The climate of this region is tropical humid. Rainfall 600,000 km2, which covers parts of Colombia, Ven- in the Negro River basin varies from 3500 mm/year in ezuela and Brazil. The Negro River joins the Solimo˜es the upper basin to 2137 mm/year in the lower basin close to the city of Manaus, forming the Amazon (Fig. (Mota, 1996). The average temperature of the region 1). Based on its average discharge, the Negro ranks as varies from 24 to 32 °C. The vegetation of the region is the fifth largest river in the world (Meade et al., 1991). predominantly tropical forest. Its sources are located in the llanos of Colombia where According to the geology of the area, the course of it is called the Guainia. It receives the designation the Negro River can be divided into three parts: ‘‘Negro’’ after its confluence with the Brazo Cassi- (1) The Upper Negro River, from its sources to the quiare, in Venezuela. The Cassiquiare connects the up- locality of Santa Isabel, where the river leaves the crys- per course of the Negro River with the Orinoco Basin. talline rocks of the Guyana Shield and flows across the It marks the boundary between Colombia and Vene- sedimentary deposits of the Amazon Basin. In this zuela until it enters Brazil at about 1000 km from its reach the channel is straight with slow-flowing sections confluence with the Solimo˜es River. The Upper Negro that alternate with rapids and waterfalls. The maximum River drainage basin is on the sedimentary rocks of the depth is about 12 m in the dry season. E. Franzinelli, H. Igreja / Geomorphology 44 (2002) 259–271 261 Fig. 1. A—The Amazon Basin and Negro River. B—Geological map of the Lower Negro River Region. (2) The Middle Negro River flows on the Tertiary bars, especially near its southern end at the confluence sedimentary deposits, in a general NW–SE direction. with the Branco River, where the crystalline rocks of This reach has a very large channel, with numerous the basement outcrop in a small area and force the river 262 E. Franzinelli, H. Igreja / Geomorphology 44 (2002) 259–271 into a narrow channel. In the reach upstream from the sult of the third set of faults, together with the first and Branco River, where it reaches a width of 20 km and second sets forming a NE–SW distension and a NW– more, and a maximum depth of 18 m in the dry season, SE oblique transtension confining the Negro valley, it resembles an active sedimentation basin, with the influence the inflow/evaporation balance of the river. crystalline rocks at the mouth of the Branco River The formation of these wide lake-like features involved forming a barrier causing an upstream accumulation the inclination and rototranslation of blocks, which of sediments (Franzinelli and Latrubesse, 1998). tended to form wide depressions along the main faults (3) The lower course of the Negro River (Fig. 1B), that are concentrated along the riverbed. These dextral between 62°W and its confluence with the Solimo˜es transtensional processes resulted in negative flower (60°W), displays tectonic control.
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