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Institute of Medical Microbiology Semmelweis University Mycobacteria Nocardia Actinomyces Prof. Károly NAGY NAGY KÁROLY MYCOBACTERIA (> 50 species, saprophitic) © aerobic, rod shape(0.4x3 µm), no spores or cilias © Can not be stained by Gram , once stained, reisist decoloration by acid or alcohol Acid-fast bacteria © Stained by Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast dye © high level resistance towards chemicals Pathogenicity Species Reservoire Disease Pathogenic M.tuberculosis human tbc M.leprae human lepra M.bovis bovine, human intestinal-,miliary tbc Potentially M.avium- soil, birds, water disseminated and lung tbc Pathogenic intracellulare bovine (frequent in AIDS ) M.kansasii water, bovine lung tbc M.marinum fish, water sc.nodules, skin ulcers M.scrofulaceum soil, water granuloma, cervical ly.ad M.ulcerans human, environment sc.nodules, skin ulcers M.fortuitum-chelonei soil, water, animals sc.abscess,disseminated Ziehl-Neelsen stain M. tbc „Cord-formation” Gram negatíve Gram positive Complex (acid-fast ) acyl lipids Lipid+LPS Mycolic acid porins (mycolyltrehalose: „cord-factor”) D-arabinose D-galactose peptidoglycan lipid bilayer plasma memrane Mycobacterium tuberculosis Culture: aerobic, slow growth : cell division 18 h © Solid medium Löwenstein-Jensen (egg,potato extract Malachit-green, antibiotics) 3-8 weeks © Broth media Sula (semisynthetic, Malachit-green) Growth: clamps, bigger volumes Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pathogenesis Tbc develops in < 5% of those infected Source of infection: Sick human animal alveols granuloma lympnodes Infection caverna Aerosol droplets dust per os (milk) contacts Lung granuloma Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pathogenesis alveolar macrophag Surviving in phagolysosomes 2-4 weeks post infection: CD4 T-cell cytokins activate macrophages Granuloma and caverna formation: cytokine toxycity, complement activation, ischemia, macrophag enzym activity,etc. High number of bacteria in sputum: primer and secunder infection, high resistance towards drying and chemicals ! Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Pathogenesis Focal,cheesy necrosis: Caverna formation Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tbc): Clinical picture Pulmonal: lung (middle/lower lobes), lymphnodes, pleura tünetek: weakness, fatigue,weight loss, caughing, spitting: yellow/green mucus, blood in the sputum, short breath, night sweating, pain in chest, back In those infected disease develops <2years: 5%, > 2 years : additional 5-10% • clinical diagnosis • x - ray • microscopy • culture Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tbc): Clinical picture Extrapulmonal : haematogen or urogen dissemination, contact infectio • gastrointestional (infected milk) • genito-urinary system (kidney tbc) • bone (deformity) • skin tbc (erythema multiforme, aquarium disease) • scrofula (neck swelling, ulcer) IMMUNITY Gate of entrance Source of infection PRIMER SECUNDER M. tuberculosis: surviving strategies in macrophages - high resistency of lipid/wax cell wall - neutralisation of free radicals - ammonia formation, which inhibits * formation of phagolysosomes * activity of lysosomal enzymes „dormant” state M. tuberculosis INDUCED IMMUNE DESTRUCTION I. type II.type III. type IV.type hypersensitivity anaphylaxias cytotoxikus immunkomplex delayed, tuber- culin type IgE IgG IgG - - Complement Complement - --- T lymphocyte pollen,animal Rh, bact.,virus, intracellular fur, penicillin gyógyszer fungi, etc, microbe animal sera animal sera local,gene- self cell Co activation granuloma ralised, ADCC formation odema, his- lysis trombocyte tamin activation skinprobe - - skinprobe Tuberculin test: Mantoux - probe Suitable to detect tbc infection or validation of the effect of BCG vaccination Purified,standardised tuberculoprotein : M.tbc PPD (Purified Protein Derivate) 5 TU intracutan inoculation, < 10 mm induration: negatív readafter48 h 10-20 mm induration: BCG-hypersensistivity > 20 mm induration: infekctious hypersensitivity Not M. tbc specifc Conversion (pozitív): M.tbc infection, BCG vaccination Reversion (negatív): early infection, miliary tbc, meningitis, AIDS, immunosuppression, morbilli,varicella, wooping cough , influenza, helmintiosis, old age THE HISTORY OF TUBERCULOSIS •Kr.e. 1000 egyptian mummies – bone destrucion, abscess •Hyppokrates: aerosol, droplets infection •Middle ages: „phtysis”, the disease of the lung •Franz de la Boë (1614 – 1672) : „tuberculum” •London, XIX.c.:every 3. death due to tbc •Johan Lukas Schönlein (1793 – 1864): the clinical definition of tuberculosis (1832) •1882: Robert Koch: a ‘Koch-bacillus” the etiological factor 1890 – tuberculin, 1930- diagnostical meaning •1906: Albert Calmette és Camille Guerin : a „BCG”, the possibility of active immunization (1921) •1930: a Lübeck catastrophy: the significance of virulent/ avirulens strains, not interchangeable •1930: introduction of tbc screening programs,epidemy decrease •1945: WW II: epidemy increase •1950-1980: significant decreasing •1992: WHO Tbc: global problem •2000: WHO AIDS – Malaria – TBC GLOBAL EMERGENCY Famous people who have had tuberculosis : Calvin Anton Chehov Branwell Bronté Emily Bronté Frédéric Chopin Descartes John Keats D.H. Lawrence Vivien Leigh Nelson Mandela Moliere George Orwell Paganini Edgar Allan Poe Richelieu cardinal Schiller Jean J. Rousseau Sir Walter Scott P.B.Shelly Spinoza R.L. Stevenson Desmond Tutu Simonetta Vespucci Margaret Gardner (a former Ms. World) EPIDEMIOLOGY : TB Incidence 2001 per 100 000 pop < 10 10 - 24 25 - 49 50 - 99 100 - 299 > 300 Tbc prevalencia - Hungary RISK FACTORS Tbc split by gender and age MALES FEMALS HOMLESS DIRCT CONTACT IMMIGRANT LONELY „Frigyes Korányi” National TBC and Pulmonological Institute INCIDENCE OF TUBERCULOSIS • TB is responsible for 25% of adult deaths in the developing world- more than those caused by diarrhea, malaria and AIDS combined • South Africa has one of the highest incidences: >200/100 000 • 35 people die of TB every day in South Africa • The incidence in the 'first world' is less than 10/100 000 THE GLOBAL EMERGENCY 1. 8-12 million new infections with M. tuberculosis per year 2. 2-3 million people die from TB per year 3. If present trends continue, deaths will exceed 4 million by 2004 4. There is also the emergence of multi-drug resistant M. tuberculosis 5. These trends, and the association of TB with HIV infection, has led to TB being declared A GLOBAL EMERGENCY by the World Health Organization (1993) Laboratory diagnosis The basics of the effective treatment of tbc: early, rapid and accurate diagnosis Microscopy od stained smear Isolation, culture 10 4 bacterium/ml sensitivity 10 2 bacterium/ml low sensitivity long culture time: 4-8 hét Cytocentrifuge (Sauton – and Dubos media ) Laboratory diagnosis BacTec automats : radioactive palmitinic acid/CO2 fluorescent detection turbidity other color reaction Rapid growth detection 4-14 nap Biosensors: < 1 h Molecular detection : PCR, LCR RFPL, DNA typing, DNS-chip Drug sensitivity/ resistance determination ( hours, 1-2 days) Atypical and apathogenic mycobacteria M. avium-intracellulare, M. kansasi , M. scrofulaceum M. smegmatis, M. phlei, stb induce mycobacteriosises characteristics : occurrence in the nature faster growth pigment formation niacin negativity different drug resistancy member of the normal flora disease: local (skin, lung, lymphnodes, etc.) processes no transmission from human to human, nozokomial infections generalized in AIDS THERAPY • Stop infectivity • Inhibit drug resistance • Prevent remission of infection • Goal : complete recovery Combination treatment, long time (6 -12 month) treatment Initial, intense phase: 3 -4 anti tuberculotics against extracellular bacteria Stabilisation phase: fewer drugs against intracellular, slow growing bacteria INH (isonikotinic acid hidrazid ) - Rifampicin - Pirazinamid Ethambutol (AIDS, extrapulmonaltbc, meningitis ) Ciprofloxacin,ethionamid,cycloserin (Multiresistant M.tbc ) Clarithromycin,rifampicin,etambutol,clofazimin (M. avium-intracellulare ) Doxicyclin ( M. fortuitum-chelonei ) Multiresistant strains ! TBC – AIDS coinfections PREVENTION 1. Prevention of infection: General hygienic rules Effective treatment of those infected Eradication of infected cattles 2. Vaccina : BCG inoculation M.bovis live, attenuated strain BCG ( Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) 2 - 42 day after birth, partial resistency 3. Chemoprofilaxis : INH monotherapy , Rifampicin (min. 6 month) Induces lepra (Hansen disease) , does not grow in media or cell culture, Only in mouse sole and in armadillo. Aerob, pálcika alakú, saválló baktérium : Ziehl – Neelsen festés Laboratory diagnosis : from skin disorders, nose mucosa Syphilis serological reactions are fals posistive in lepra The bacteria grow intracellularly in skin histiocytes, endothel cells and superficial nerves (Schwann-cells) . Optimal temperature: 30 C° Tuberculoid lepra: normal cellular immunity, few bacteria growing, giant cells in granulomas Lepromin skin tests: positive Lepromatic lepra: immune response towards M.leprae is weak skin, mucosa : large number of bacteria (histiocytes) Lepromin skin test: negative Immune response to only M.leprae is defective, cellular and humoral immune response towards other microorganisms are intact Antibodies are not protective Long incubation time: 10-15 year ! Gradual disease formation Macular skin disorders: Insensibility ulcer Nodular skin disorders: „ lion face” (facies leontina) Fingers, extremities exposed to amputation because trophical Disorders, resorption of bones resulting in loss of nose cartilags or digits Dapson (sulfonamid residue) Rifampin (inhibitor of bacterial RNS
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  • Methylotroph Infections and Chronic Granulomatous Disease E

    Methylotroph Infections and Chronic Granulomatous Disease E

    SYNOPSIS Methylotroph Infections and Chronic Granulomatous Disease E. Liana Falcone, Jennifer R. Petts, Mary Beth Fasano, Bradley Ford, William M. Nauseef, João Farela Neves, Maria João Simões, Millard L. Tierce IV, M. Teresa de la Morena, David E. Greenberg, Christa S. Zerbe, Adrian M. Zelazny, Steven M. Holland Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immu- polypeptide]) are inherited in an X-linked manner, whereas nodeficiency caused by a defect in production of phagocyte- defects in subunits p47phox (NCF1 [neutrophil cytosolic fac- derived reactive oxygen species, which leads to recurrent tor 1]), p22phox (CYBA [cytochrome b-245, α polypeptide]), infections with a characteristic group of pathogens not pre- p67phox (NCF2 [neutrophil cytosolic factor 2]), and p40phox viously known to include methylotrophs. Methylotrophs are (NCF4 [neutrophil cytosolic factor 4]) are inherited in an versatile environmental bacteria that can use single-carbon autosomal recessive manner (1,2). organic compounds as their sole source of energy; they rarely cause disease in immunocompetent persons. We CGD infections are often caused by a characteristic have identified 12 infections with methylotrophs (5 reported group of pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, here, 7 previously reported) in patients with CGD. Methy- Serratia marcescens, Burkholdheria cepacia complex, lotrophs identified were Granulibacter bethesdensis (9 Nocardia spp., and Aspergillus spp. (1). However, new cases), Acidomonas methanolica (2 cases), and Methylo- pathogens are emerging, and some reportedly are found bacterium lusitanum (1 case). Two patients in Europe died; almost exclusively in patients with CGD. Methylotrophs the other 10, from North and Central America, recovered are bacteria that can use single-carbon organic compounds after prolonged courses of antimicrobial drug therapy and, as their sole source of energy, the widespread availability for some, surgery.