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Warm Springs Run Watershed Assessment

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Warm Springs Run Watershed Assessment WARM SPRINGS RUN WATERSHED ASSESSMENT Morgan County, West Virginia December 2010 Acknowledgements: Potomac Headwaters RC&D, West Virginia Division of Natural Resources, the West Virginia Division of Forestry, and the Museum of the Berkeley Springs. The guidance and generosity of these institutions and agencies were invaluable. Funding for the project was provided by a Stream Partners Grant awarded by the West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection. Principal authors: Kate Lehman, Warm Springs Watershed Association Rebecca MacLeod, RC&D Coordinator Kieran O’Malley, WV Division of Natural Resources Stan Oaks, Potomac Riverkeeper, Inc. Kevin Wurster, Shepherd University Photographs taken by: Rebecca MacLeod Stan Oaks Kieran O’Malley Kate Shunney, the Morgan Messenger Kevin Wurster Technical and graphics support was provided by Sarah Fitzwater. Mary Youngblood created the Warm Springs Watershed Association logo. Olga Adams, Council Administrator for PHRC&D, Stan Oaks and Kerri St. Andrie, Morgan County Master Gardener, did significant work as the official proofreaders. Table of Contents List of Figures…………………………………………………………..………………………….……..4 List of Maps and Tables………………………………………………..………………………………..6 Introduction……………………………………………………………..………………………………..7 Geology…………………………………………………………………..………………………………..9 Land Forms Rock systems Soils………………………………………………………………………..……………………………..10 Forests…………………………………………………………………….……………………………..12 Forest Decline Wildlife Habitat…………………………………………………………..……………………………..14 1954 Watershed Assessment…………………………………………….……….……………………..18 Flood Control Dams………………………………………………………..…………………………...19 Present Day Flooding………………………………………………………..………………………….20 Tributaries to the Run………………………………………………………..………………….……...21 Developed Land………………………………………………………………..………………………..22 Subdivision and Single Family Homes Commercial Development Potable Water…………………………………………………………………..……………………….24 A Watershed Association is Born……………………………………………….……………………..26 Impervious Surfaces……………………………………………………………….…………………...28 An Urban Watershed………………………………………………………………..………………….29 Urban Stream Syndrome……………………………………………………………..………………..30 Factors Affecting Water Quality in Warm Springs Run Factors Affecting the Hydrology of Warm Springs Run Factors Influencing the Geomorphology of Warm Springs Run Factors Influencing the Biota of Warm Springs Run Baseline Findings from Stream Monitoring Surveys……………………………….………………..40 References………………………………………………………………………………..……………...44 Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………..…………….46 3 List of Figures Figure 1: Cross section of rock strata in the area………………………………………..…….………….9 Figure 2: Weikert silt loam soil …………………………………………..…………….…...………….10 Figure 3: Negative implications of removing vegetative cover or increasing impervious cover…….…11 Figure 4: Emerald ash borer……………………………………………………………….………….…12 Figure 5: Conifers frame the Castle in Berkeley Springs…………………………….………….……...13 Figure 6:Slender spreadwing………………………………………….………….……………………..15 Figure 7: Blue-tipped dancer………………………………………………...………………………….15 Figure 8: Eastern false foxglove…………………………………………….……….………….………16 Figure 9:Wood turtle………………………………………………………..……………….………….16 Figure 10: Eastern mole……………………………………………………..…………………………..16 Figure 11: 1936 flooding in Berkeley Springs State ….…………………….………………………….18 Figure 12: 1936 flooding on Fairfax Street, Berkeley Springs………………..………………………...18 Figure 13: Flood control structure……………………………………………..………………………..19 Figure 14: 2009 flooding in Berkeley Springs State Park………………………..……………………..20 Figures 15 and 16: 2009 flooding on Williams Street, Town of Bath……………..…………………...20 Figure 17: Construction in the watershed……………………………………………..………………...22 Figure 18: Construction in the watershed………………………………………………..……………...23 Figure 19: Legacy pollution in the watershed…………………………………………….…………….24 Figure 20: Eradicating invasive plants……………………………………………………..……………26 Figure 21: Organizational meeting of the Warm Springs Watershed Association…………..………….27 Figure 22: Repairing the riparian buffer………………………………………………………..……….27 Figure 23: Monitoring aquatic habitat…………………………………………………………..………27 Figure 24: Impervious surfaces in the watershed………………………………………………..……...28 4 Figure 25: Outfall pipe from the WSPD sewage treatment plant ………………………………………29 Figure 26:Treatment basin at WSPSD wastewater treatment plant………………………………..……31 Figure 27: Infiltration, runoff and evaporation on natural ground cover and impervious surfaces….…32 Figure 28: Grass mowed to the edge of the Run………………………………………………………..33 Figure 29: Parking lots paved to the edge of the Run…………………………………………..………33 Figure 30: The Run channelized on one side, riprapped on the other side………………..……………33 Figure 31: Structures in or on the Run affect its geomorphology…………………………...…………34 Figure 32: Closed culvert increases sediment load, exacerbating flooding……………………………35 Figure 33: Tree of heaven………………………………………………………………………………36 Figure 34: Field of Japanese knotweed..……………………………………………………….….……37 Figure 35: Mile-a-minute vine………………………………………………………………………….37 Figure 36: Purple loosestrife……………………………………………………………………………37 Figure 37: Stonefly larvae…………………………………………………………………….………...38 Figure 38: Caddisfly larvae……………………………………………………………………………..38 Figure 39: Leech………………………………………………………………………………………..38 Figure 40: Black fly larvae……………………………………………………………………………..38 Figure 41: Biting midge………………………………………………………………………………...38 Figure 42: Asian clam…………………………………………………………………………………..39 Figure 43: WSWA members test the waters of the Run……………………………….……….………40 Figure s 44 and 45: Sites 1 and 2……………………………………………………………………….41 Figure 46 and 47: Sites 3 and 4……………………………………………………………….………..42 Figures 48: Site 5…………………………………………………………………………………….….43 Figure 49: View of Warm Springs Ridge as seen from the East………………………………………..50 Figure 50: View of the Morgan County Courthouse……………………………………………………51 5 List of Maps and Tables Map 1: Warm Springs Watershed, Located in Morgan County, WV ………………………………….7 Map 2: Land Use Map of the Warm Springs Watershed……………………………………………….8 Map 3: WV Geological Survey Map of the Berkeley Springs Recharge Area ………………………..9 Map 4: Locations Map………………………………………………………………………………...17 Map 5: Dams and Tributaries to the Run……………………………………………………………...21 Map 6: Stream slopes………………………………………………………………………………….51 Table 1: Common Tree Species in the Watershed…………………………………………………….13 Table 2: Wildlife Species Reported During 2007 Stream Corridor Assessment……………………...14 Table 3: Breeding and Bird Observations in Berkeley Springs……………………………………….15 Table 4: Odonates Collected in the Warm Springs Watershed from 2005-2009……………………..15 Table 5: Rare Species Occurrences in the Warm Springs Watershed………………………………...16 Table 6: Estimated Flow at Morgan County Courthouse……………………………………………..24 Table 7: Chemicals Found in the Watershed………………………………………………………….25 Table 8: Land Use and Estimated Areas of Impervious Surfaces…………………………………….29 Table 9: Range of Fecal Coliform Colonies Arranged by Date………………………………………30 Table 10: Range of Fecal Coliform Colonies Arranged by Location…………………………………30 Table 11: Soils and Soil Mapping Units………………………………………………………………44 Table 12: Stream Survey Results, Water Chemistry………………………………………………….45 Table 13: Stream Survey Results, Physical Conditions……………………………………………….45 Table 14: Stream Survey Results, Streambed Composition…………………………………………..46 Table 15: Stream Survey Results, Streambed Observations………………………………………….46 Table 16: Stream Survey Results, Land Uses…………………………………………………………47 Table 17: Stream Survey Results, Macroinvertebrates……………………………………………….48 6 Introduction Warm Springs Run is an 11.8 mile non-navigable stream located entirely in Morgan County in the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia. The Run flows north to the Potomac River and ultimately to the Chesapeake Bay. Warm Springs Run has one large tributary, Dry Run, which enters it about 3000 feet upstream from the confluence with the Potomac River. (While some information will be provided, a detailed watershed analysis of Dry Run will likely be undertaken at a later time.) The total watershed area draining into Warm Springs Run is 9,682 acres: 7,178 acres drain directly into Warm Springs Run; there are 2,504 acres in the Dry Run sub-watershed area. The topography of the watershed is mainly mountainous, with valleys throughout. Warm Springs Ridge forms the western boundary of the watershed. The eastern boundary of the entire Warm Springs Run Watershed, including the Dry Run Sub- watershed, is Pious Ridge. The eastern boundary of the Warm Springs watershed is Horse Ridge. Sleepy Creek Watershed is located to the south and east of the Warm Springs Watershed; the Sir John’s Run Watershed, also known as the Cold Run Valley, is located to the west of Warm Springs Ridge. The Town of Bath, the county seat, is located in the watershed. Established in 1776, the town now has a population of approximately 700 people. At the time the town was named, it was located in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Because an older town in the Commonwealth already had the name of Bath, the postal service Map 1: Warm Springs Run watershed, located in Morgan County, WV called the new town Berkeley Springs. The designation has also come to apply to a larger area surrounding the Town of Bath. The population of Berkeley Springs is approximately 3000 people. 7 Map 2: Land Use Map of the Warm Springs Run Watershed A little more than half (56%) of the watershed contains low or medium density residential development. The town of Bath is classified as a high-density housing area that occupies
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