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RIVER BASIS BULLETIN 3 William A RIVER BASIS BULLETIN 3 WATER RESOURCES OF THE POTOMAC RIVER BASIN, WEST VIRCXHIA0 William A* Bobbav Jr. 9 Eugene A. Friel; and Jaaea L. holm United States Geological Survey Prepared by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey and the West Virginia Department of natural Resources Division of Water Resources 1972 ~+ 4 CONTENTS PACK Summary ............................ 1 Introduction ......'................... 7 Purpose and scope . » ........... 11 Water resources ........................ 12 the hydrologic cycle ................... 18 Interrelationships between ground water and surface water 26 * * Gaining and losing streams «......*.*... 32 Streamflow separation ................. 37 Base flow ...................... 42 Surface water ...*...................... 49 Source ........................... 49 average Streamflow ................... 50 Low-flow magnitude and frequency ............. 59 Average 7-day low flow ............... 65 Flood magnitude and frequency ........ «. 68 High-flow frequency ................. 72 Water-supply storage requirements ............ 75 Flow duration ...................... 80 Effects of impoundments on flow duration ...... 85 Time of travel .....*................. 88 Ground water .*.....<, ................ 100 Source .......................... 100 Hydrology ........................ 101 High-relief areas of the Valley and Ridge province 102 ' ... ,; i CONTENTS ; ' Ground water - Continuad ; Hydrology - Continuad High-relief araaa of the Valley and Ridga province - Continued PAGE Anticlinal ridgaa ................. 102 Synclinal ridgaa and other araaa ......... 119 » » Low-relief araaa of the Valley and Ridga province 121 Springs ...................... 121, Walla and caves .................. 122 ,'; -, . ' . Appalachian Plateau section .............. 124 Storage and water-level fluctuation .......... 128 Natural ...................... 128 Man1 , affect .................... 132 Availability ......................... 135 Aquifer characteristics .......... ^ ...... 139 Quarries and nines aa sources of ground water 146 Problems ......................... 152 Vater quality .......................... 155 ground water ........................ 163 Temperature ...................... 166 Specific conductance and dissolved solids ....... 170 Pollution and other water quality problems ...... 176 Classification .................... 183 Surface water ....................... 193 Temperature ......«........«« « 200 Specific conductance and dissolved solids ....... 204 ii CONTESTS Water quality - Continued Surface water - Continued PAGE Hydrogen-ion conceatratioa (pH) 209 212 Hardaeee » Iron ............. 215 Dissolved oxygen ....... .216 , Biochemical oxygen demand ... 219 Dissolved oxygen-biochemical oxygen demand relationship for a selected stretch of the North Branch of the ?otbmac ........ 220 Problem* and treatment methods 223 Present use sad future development , 225 iii ILLUSTRATIONS . PAGE 1. Index map of the Potomac River basin in West Virginia 8 2. Relief nap and cross sections shoving physiographic provinces and general rock structure ............ .9 3. Map showing average annual precipitation ......«.. 14 4* Graph shoving variation, duration, and frequency of annual precipitation at Hartinsburg 17 5. Diagram of the hydrologic cycle in the Potomac River basin in West Virginia .................. 19 6. Graph shoving average evaporation from class A pans at Wardensville and Parsons ................. 20 7. Graph shoving monthly potential evapotranspiration and precipitation at Petersburg and Bayard .......... 23 8. Hap of average annual -panrrfpi tattAai*,..-iiinoff, MI* vater loss 25 9. Flow-duration curves of selected streams in the Potomac . River basin ........................ 29 10* Graphical analysis of streamflov of South Branch Potomac River at Franklin ...........*.. .. 39 11* Graph shoving changes in quality and quantity of surface vater at base flov as related to changes in the geology of the stream beds .............. 47 12* Chronological variation of'annual runoff of Cacapott River near Great Cacapon ................. 51 13. Map shoving average annual runoff ............. 53 !* Relation of average annual discharge to drainage area , . 54 15* Annual variation of lovest mean flow for South Branch Potomac River at Franklin ................. 60 lo. Low-flow frequency curves for Back Creek and Opequon Creek 61 Map shoving lowest mean flow for 7-consecutive days having a recurrence interval of 2 years and 10 years . 66 iv ILLUSTRATIONS FAGS 18 Frequency of annual flood stages on South Branch ?otomac River near Petersburg ................... 70 19* Draft-storage-frequency curves for North Fork South Branch Potomac River at Cabins .................. 79 20. Range of flow duration for 17 gaging stations ........ 84 21. Flow-duration differences of Patterson Creek near Headaville 86 22. Hap shoving locations of time-of-travel sampling sites * 89 23. Profile of South Branch Potomac River ........... 91 24. Observed time-concentration curves for South Branch Fotonac River between Petersburg and Romney ..... 92 25. Observed time-concentration curves for South Branch Potomac River between Romney and the mouth ........ 93 26. Peak-concentration attenuation curve ............ 96 27. Travel time-distance relation on South Branch Fotomac River 97 28. Photographs of .limestone quarrys at (A) Mechanicaburg Gap near Romney 9 (B) a gap near New Creek, and (C) a gap near Baker ....*....*....*.... .. 104 29 Diagram shoving the general hydrology of a high-relief area near Wardensville ..» .. 108 *>. (Deleted) 31 » (Deleted) 32. Graph showing water levels in wells 23-7-18 and 23-2-12, precipitation at Romney, and chloride content in water from well 23-7-18 ..................... 113 33. Cross section of Knobley Mountain near Short Gap showing railroad tunnel, sampling sites, and probable water table . 114 ** Fhotograph of jointing in Oriskany Sandstone ........ 117 **» Bydrograph of water-level fluctuations in well 20-5-7 precipitation at Kartinsburg ............. 129 ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE 36* Graph showing water-level fluctuations in a deep artesian well compared to water-level fluctuations in an adjacent shallow water-table well and precipitation at Mborefleld 131 37. Graph showing water levels of wells 22-3-21 and 23-1-23» precipitation at Romney, and approximate water level fluctuations in reservoir near well 22-3-21 . * 133 38. Diagram showing places to-obtain? relatively large quantities of good quality ground water * *£ 4*- .< 136 i 39. Diagram showing places to develop moderate to large ground-water supplies in areas underlain by carbonate rocks ........................ < 137 40. Graphs showing approximate lowest water level in Opequon Quarry, average daily pumpage from the quarry, and relation of water level in the quarry to pumpage . 148 41. Graph showing water temperature at various depths in the Kartlnsburg Quarry near Martinsburg and average monthly air temperature at Martinsburg Airport . 169 42. Graph showing water level and specific conductance of water in well 26*2-14 and precipitation recorded at Franklin ...................... 171 43. Graph of dissolved solids versus specific conductance of ground water . ................. 172 44. Graph showing water level and specific conductance of watet frott well 23-5-17 and precipitation at Romney ... 175 45. Diagram showing relative chemical content of ground water from various sources .................. 185 Diagram showing the zones of fresh and salty ground 'water in the synclinal beds of shale and silt a tone beneath Patterson Creek and Mill Creek Valleys . 191 Changes in proportion of major ions with changes in flow . 194 Graph showing once daily water temperature for the first and fifteenth day of each month for South Branch Potomac River at Franklin and Petersburg ............ 202 Graph, of and daily water temperature for the first and fifteenth day of each month for Stony River near Mount Storm ......«..'. 203 vi ILLUSTRATIONS PACT . Graph showing ratio of dissolved solids to specific conductance of streams ............. 205 SO* Duration curves of specific conductance of South Branch Potonac River at Franklin'and near Springfield 208 51* Iron concentration of surface water at low flow 210 52* Hardness of surface water at low flow . * 213 53* Graph showing dissolved oxygen-biochemical oxygen, demand , relationships on North Branch Potoaac River < 218 vii TABLES PAGS ! Summary of data regarding hydrologic unita and ground vater (also on pi. 1) ........ ^ *..*. 5 2. Summary of facts about the Potomac River basin in Vest Virginia ...................... 6 3« Adjusted potential evapotranapiration ..... ».. 22 4, Measured discharge and specific conductance of Smith Creek at Zigler and near Franklin 34 5« Low-flow measurements and chemical quality of selected streams and springs ......*...**.. 44 6. Selected data from streamflow records 55 7« Availability of streamflow records ~. ............ 56 8.. Mean monthly discharge at stream-gaging stations 57 9. Magnitude and frequency of annual low flow at cream-gaging stations .................. 64 10. Station flood-frequency relation ............... 71 11 Magnitude and frequency of annual high flow at stream-gaging station* .......... »» 74 12«. Draft-storage-frequency relations at stream* gaging stations ..................... 77 13. Flow duration at stream-gaging stations. .........; 83 !* Selected data on floodwater retarding structures . 87 15. Summary of
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