DESCRIPTION OF THE MONTEREY QUADRANGLE.
GEOGRAPHY. York to Alabama, and the lowlands of Tennessee, ing the lesser valleys along the outcrops of the Fork of Cheat River, which has considerable vol Kentucky, and Ohio. Its northwestern boundary softer rocks. These longitudinal streams empty ume at an altitude of 4000 feet and flows north | General relations. The Monterey quadrangle is indefinite, but may be regarded as into a number of larger, transverse rivers, which with moderate declivity, out of the northwestern | embraces the quarter of a square degree which an arbitrary line coinciding with the cross one or the other of the barriers limiting the corner of the quadrangle. . . I division. lies between parallels. 38° and 38° 30' north lati mlennessee V».Kiver from» northeasti '-*/Mis - valley. In the northern portion of the province The principal mountain ranges of the Monterey j tude and meridians 79° 30' and 80°. It measures sissippi to its mouth, and then crossing the States they form the Delaware, Susquehanna, Potomac, quadrangle are Warm Spring Mountain, Jack | approximately 34.5 miles from north to south and of Indiana and Ohio to western New York. Its James, and Roanoke rivers, each of which passes Mountain, Back Creek Mountain, Little 27.3 miles from east to west, and its area is about eastern boundary is defined by the Allegheny through the Appalachian Mountains in a narrow Mountain, Allegheny Mountain, and 942 square miles. In Virginia it comprises the Front and the Cumberland escarpment. The gap and flows eastward to the sea. In the cen Back Allegheny Mountains. In the greater part of Bath County and the Locationof rocks of this division are almost entirely of sedi tral portion of the province, in Kentucky and southeastern corner of the quadrangle are Chest western portion of Highland County. i«adrangle- mentary origin and remain very nearly horizon Virginia, these longitudinal streams form the New nut Ridge, Walker Mountain, Sideling Hill, and In West Virginia it includes the eastern portion tal. The character of the surface, which is (or Kanawha) River, which flows westward in a Mill Mountain, relatively short ridges, but rising of Pocahontas and very small areas of Randolph dependent on the character and attitude of the deep, narrow gorge through the Cumberland with considerable steepness about 1000 feet above and Greenbrier counties. . The area is of typical rocks, is that of a plateau more or less completely Plateau into the Ohio River. From New River the adjoining valleys. Next north is the southern Appalachian character throughout, and comprises worn down. In the southern half of the province southward to northern Georgia the Great Valley termination of the Shenandoah Mountain, one of portions of the headwater streams of the Poto- the plateau is sometimes extensive and nearly is drained by tributaries of the Tennessee River, the most imposing ridges of the region to the mac, James, Greenbrier, and Cheat rivers. flat, but oftener it is much divided by streams which at Chattanooga leaves the broad valley and, northeast. Its high peaks are very prominent j In its geographic and geologic relations this into large or small flat-topped hills. In West entering a gorge through the plateau, runs west for several miles, to the southern termination of j quadrangle forms a part of the Appalachian prov Virginia and portions of Pennsylvania the plateau ward to the Ohio. South of Chattanooga the the range, where there is an abrupt descent from j ince, which extends from the Atlantic Thegeneral is often sharply cut by streams, leaving in relief streams flow directly to the Gulf of Mexico. an altitude of 3100 feet to 1700 feet. | coastal plain on the east to the Missis- resion- irregularly rounded knobs and ridges which bear Warm Spring Mountain extends into the area sippi lowlands on the west and from central Ala but little resemblance to the original surface. GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS, DRAINAGE, AND MOUN from the south and bears a number of branching bama to southern New York. All parts of the The plateau once extended much farther west TAINS OF THE MONTEREY QUADRANGLE. ridges and knobs, including also the WarmS rin region thus defined have a common history, ward, but the rocks beyond its present border The Monterey quadrangle embraces a very beautiful limestone valley in which are Mountain- recorded in its rocks, its geologic structure, and have been completely removed by erosion, and mountainous region in the heart of the Appala Warm Springs and Hot Springs. The main ridge its topographic features. Only a part of this his the surface is now comparatively low and level, chian ranges. The Allegheny Mountain extends sinks down with the northerly pitch of the hard tory can be read from an area so small as a sin or rolling. northeast and southwest through its center, strata near Burnsville, but one of its branches, j gle quadrangle ; hence it is necessary to consider Altitude of the Appalachian province. The sharply dividing the waters which eventually Tower Hill, extends farther north with consider-! the individual quadrangle in its relations to the Appalachian province as a whole is broadly dome flow into the Ohio River from those of the James able prominence to the gorge of Bullpasture entire province. shaped, its surface rising from an altitude of about and Potomac rivers. Parallel to the Allegheny River, beyond which it continues as Bullpasture Subdivisions of the Appalachian province. 500 feet along the. eastern margin to the crest of Mountain on either side lies a succession of high, Mountain. The Appalachian province may be subdivided the Appalachian Mountains, and thence descend narrow, generally even-crested ridges, which are Jack Mountain extends into the area from the into three well-marked physiographic divisions, ing westward to about the same altitude on the in most cases continuous for long distances. They northeast with great prominence, and along throughout each of which certain forces have Ohio and Mississippi rivers. are co-extensive with beds of hard rocks which Wilson Run is bifurcated by* a canoe- Jack. , Moun= produced similar results in sedimentation, in Each division of the province shows one or strike northeast and southwest, and which occa shaped limestone valley 12 miles long. taln- geologic structure, and in topography. These more culminating points. Thus the Appalachian sionally pitch downward, causing the discontinu The adjacent ridges reunite in Duncan Knob, divisions extend the entire length of the province, Mountains rise gradually from less ance or offset of the ridges. The ridges are also which is very prominent, but they soon break up from northeast to southwest. than 1000 feet in Alabama to more than crossed by numerous gaps deeply Mountains into a number of smaller ridges, which sink rapidly Mountains. The central division is the .Appalachian Valley. 6600 feet in. western. -»-,-JNorth -, Carolina..~ ,. ' trenched through the hard rock by ^"the^ual. to the south. The mountain is also offset just It is the best defined and most uniform of the From this culminating point they decrease to streams of greater or less size. The rangle> east of Monterey, where a relatively low valley three. In the southern part it coincides 4000 or 3000 feet in southern Virginia, rise to valleys adjoining the ridges are- usually continu extends diagonally across it. with the belt of folded rocks which 4000 feet in central Virginia, and descend to 2000 ous and relatively straight for long distances. Back Creek Mountain is one of the most forms the Coosa Valley of Georgia and or 1500 feet on the Maryland-Pennsylvania line. They are cut in the soft rocks, without reference prominent ranges in the area. With the adjoin
Alabama and the Great Valley of East Tennessee The Appalachian Valley shows a uniform to the geologic structure, and in most cases lie ing<=> Little Mountain and an exten- BackD , Creek and Virginia. Throughout the central and north increase in altitude from 500 feet or less in Ala from 1000 to 1500 feet below the crests of the sion known as Monterey Mountain it Mountain- ern portions of the Appalachian Valley the eastern bama to 900 feet in the vicinity of Heightsof ridges. The high mountain summits have an incloses the great canoe-shaped Crabbottom lime side only is marked by. extensive local valleys Chattanooga, 2000 feet at the Tennes- £cehtapnpa" average elevation of about 3000 feet above sea stone valley, which is bordered by high mountain such as the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, the see-Virginia line, and 2600 or 2700 feet Valiey> level; the valleys range from about 1500 feet ridges on either side. These ridges unite again Cumberland Valley of Maryland and Pennsylva at its culminating point, on the divide between in the southeast to about 3000 feet in the north to the south in "Fodder House," and-the ridge nia, and the Lebanon Valley of northeastern the New and Tennessee rivers. From this point west. The highest mountains are the Back Alle continues south with several spurs and subordi Pennsylvania the western side being a succes it descends to 2200 feet in the valley of New gheny, where a wide area is about 4000 feet above nate ridges, finally widening into Boler Mountain sion of ridges alternating with narrow valleys. River, 1500 to 1000 feet in the James River sea level, and Bald Knob, the highest summit, and Collison Ridge. This division varies in width from 40 to 125 Basin, and 1000 to 500 feet in the Potomac Basin, which rises to somewhat over 4800 feet. In Alle Monterey Mountain is the northward continua miles. It is bounded on the southeast by the remaining about the same through Pennsylvania. gheny Mountain 4600 feet is attained, and many tion of the eastern ridge of Back Creek Monterey Appalachian Mountains and on the northwest by These figures represent the average elevation of of the knobs are over 4000 feet above sea level. Mountain, from which it is separated Mountain. the Cumberland Plateau and the Allegheny the valley surface, below which the stream chan In the ranges eastward the higher summits rise by Vanderpool Gap, a deep depression draining a Mountains. Its rocks are almost wholly sedi nels are sunk from 50 to 250 feet, and above to about 3600 feet with a few exceptions; among portion of the Crabbottom Valley. mentary and in large measure calcareous. The which the valley ridges rise from 500 to 2000 the latter are Sounding Knob and Jack Mountain, Next west of this series of ranges lies the Alle strata, which must originally have been nearly feet. which are considerably over 4000 feet. gheny Mountain, consisting of one main, some horizontal, now intersect the surface at various The plateau or western division increases in In Virginia the valleys are occupied by branches what meanderingo crest. line with . many. J Allegheny. ... angles and in narrow belts. The surface differs altitude from 500 feet at the southern edge of the of James River, except in the northeastern corner long spurs and lateral ranges. The Mountain- with the outcrop of different kinds of rock, so province to 1500 feet in northern Ala- of the quadrangle, where the headwaters of the highest passes in this crest line are considerably that sharp ridges and narrow valleys of great bama, 2000 feet in central Tennessee, South Branch of Potomac River drain a small over 4000 feet above sea level. At Galfred Gap length in some instances follow the narrow belts and 3500 feet in southeastern Kentucky. Its area. The divide between these two systems is there is a rather sharp depression to about 3500 of hard and soft rock. Owing to the large amount height is between 3000 and 4700 feet in West about 3000 feet above sea level at Monterey, 3100 feet above sea level, and along the turnpike north of calcareous rock brought up on the steep folds Virginia, and decreases to about 2000 feet in feet near Hightown, and 3200 feet at the head of east of Frost a diagonal gap crosses the range, of this district its surface is more readily worn Pennsylvania. From its greatest altitude, along Strait Creek, all in valleys deeply depressed with the divide at slightly less than 3000 feet. To down by streams and is lower and less broken the eastern edge, the plateau slopes gradually below the summits of adjoining ridges. the south it again rises to over 4400 feet at a sum than the divisions on either side. westward, although it is generally separated from There are three principal branches of the James mit known as "Paddy," and extends south, with The eastern division of the province embraces the interior lowlands by an abrupt escarpment. River drainage: Back Creek, which flows along no deep gaps but with gradually decreasing alti the Appalachian Mountains, a system which is Drainage of the Appalachian province.- The the eastern foot of the Allegheny JainesRiver tude, to a shallow gap having an altitude of about made up of many minor ranges and drainage of the province is in part eastward into Mountain; Jackson River, which flows drainase- 2550 feet, which is traversed by the turnpike Eastern which, under various local names, Appalachian the Atlantic, in part southward into the Gulf, and in a parallel valley 4 miles east for 30 miles and west of Mountaingrove. The central ridge then division. extends from southern New York to in part westward into the Mississippi. All of unites with Back Creek near the southwest corner rises again to slightly over 3500 feet in High central Alabama. Some of its prominent parts the western, or plateau, division of the province, of the quadrangle; and Cowpasture River, with Point, an elevation which is sustained for some are the South Mountain of Pennsylvania, the except a small portion in Pennsylvania and another its two forks, the Bullpasture and the Cowpasture distance southward. B^ue Ridge anoCatoctin Mountain of Maryland in Alabama, is drained by streams flowing west rivers, which flow in parallel longitudinal valleys Lying between Allegheny Mountain and Back and Virginia, the. Great Smoky Mountains of ward to the Ohio. The northern portion of the 8 miles east of Jackson River. Allegheny Mountains are a number of ranges Tennessee and NorikJGarolina, and the Cohutta eastern, or Appalachian Mountain, division is The West Virginia portion of the ^rea is trav of considerable prominence. One is Mountains of Georgia. Many of the rocks of this drained eastward to the Atlantic, while south of ersed by the Greenbrier River and its far-reaching BrownsT> Mountain-\ir ^ j with'.I its , extensionj in Other ranges. division are more or less crystalline, being either the New River all except the eastern slope is branches, Knapp Creek, Deer Creek, 0hioRiver Big Ridge, north of which are Michael Mountain sediments which have been changed to slates and drained westward by tributaries of the Tennessee North Fork, and some minor creeks. drainase- and other smaller ridges which terminate in a schists byy varying degrees of metamorphism, or or southward by tributaries of the Coosa. For the greater part of its course this drainage wide, level valley near Greenbank. This range is igneous rocks, such as granite and diabase, which The position of the streams in the Appalachian has an average altitude of about 2500 feet above crossed by Suttleton Creek by a relatively low have solidified from a molten condition! Valley is largely dependent upon the geologic sea level, with a relatively gentle declivity. gap at the south end of Michael Mountain, and The western division of the Appalachian prov structure. In general they flow in Coursesof West of Greenbrier River, in the elevated basin by the deep gorge of Knapp Creek which termi ince embraces the Allegheny Mountains and the courses which for long distances are the streanis- on the plateau between Back Allegheny and the nates Browns Mountain on the south. Just east Cumberland Plateau, also extending from New parallel to the sides of the Great Valley, follow Cheat mountains, are the headwaters of Shavers of Greenbrier River lies a narrow range of short ridges separated by gaps of greater or less depth. repeatedly redistributed by wave action as the sediments. Before the beginning of deposition sea spread the concentrated sands and pebbles in These ridges bear the names Marlin Mountain, sea migrated back and forth over a rising and of the great Cambro-Silurian limestone the east beds which alternated with materials of less Thorny Creek Mountain, Thomas Mountain, sinking coastal plain. Red sandstones and shales, ern land had become a low plain, whose even ancient derivation. The Carboniferous strata Peters Mountain, Little Mountain, and Sandy such as make up some of the Silurian, Devonian, surface, subsiding, permitted probably extended include shale and sandy shale, derived more or Ridge. Their crests rise uniformly to an altitude and Carboniferous formations, result from the transgression of the sea. less directly from lands of moderate elevation, of 3400 feet and consist of hard gray sandstones revival of erosion on a land surface long exposed Following the Cambro-Silurian limestone in and also the coal beds, each of which marks the tilted westward. West of the Greenbrier River to rock decay and oxidation, and hence covered the sedimentary series, there is a mass of shale prolonged existence of a marsh in which the peat- there are first some knobs which rise a few hun by a deep residual soil. Limestones, on the other of widespread occurrence and of great Earl snur,an making plants grew. When the marsh sank dred feet, then a narrow shelf due to a thin bed hand, if deposited near the shore, indicate that thickness locally in the Appalachian dep°sits- beneath the sea the peat beds were buried of hard sandstone, then slopes of fertile limestone the land was low and that its streams were too Valley. It marks uplift of the eastern land and beneath sands or shales, and the peat by a pro land, and finally the very abrupt front of the sluggish to carry off coarse sediment, the sea erosion of the residual material, perhaps together cess of gradual distillation became coal. At the Back Allegheny Mountains, which rises 1800 feet receiving only fine sediment and substances in with the Silurian sediments, then lately accumu close of the Carboniferous a great volume of in a very imposing face surmounted by cliffs of solution. lated over the surface. Thus there was toward varied sediments had accumulated. It represents white sandstone and conglomerate. The seas in which these sediments were laid the close of the Silurian period a restoration of a correspondingly deep erosion of the land mass, At the top of Back Allegheny Mountains there down covered most of the Appalachian province moderate elevation to the eastern land and a but the uplift thus indicated appears to have is a plateau containing a shallow basin traversed and the Mississippi Basin. The Mon- Anancient return of the shore from its eastward excursion gone on slowly, and it may be that the surface by Shavers Fork of Cheat Kiver. The PIateau of terey quadrangle was near their eastern sea> to a position approximately along the eastern was not raised to the height of the mountains of western margin of this plateau is known ghenyAMoun= margin at certain stages of sedimentation, and the margin of the Appalachian Valley. The changes to-day. The vertical movements giving rise to as Cheat Mountain, which presents in materials of which its rocks are composed were of topography and geography from early Cam variations in strata, and even to mountain ranges, turn a precipitous face of cliffs to the west, in the probably derived largely from the land to the brian time to this epoch of Silurian time have appear to have been independent of the horizon extreme corner of the quadrangle. The front of eastward. The exact positions of the eastern been called a first cycle in Appalachian history. tal movements which caused the folding of the Back Allegheny Mountains is deeply indented by shore lines of these ancient seas are not known, The later Silurian sediments are of meager Appalachian strata. There is at least no appar Leather Bark Run, which has cut a deep gorge but they probably varied from time to time within volume as compared with those that preceded ent direct connection between the two phases of back to within a quarter of a mile of the waters rather wide limits. them, and of variable coarseness. They represent earth movement; Later in the history of the of Shavers Fork. This run is rapidly encroach Pursuing these general ideas more in detail, the varying;JO conditions of a zone across Migrations_.. ~ region dikes of various rocks were intruded across ing on the high land westward, and at no distant one finds that the strata of the Appalachian prov which the shore migrated back and oftheshore- the sedimentary beds. geologic date will tap off the headwaters of ince record many variations in the ancient geogra forth. To the eastward lay the generally low DESCEIPTIOK OF THE EOCKS. Shavers Fork. The bold escarpments which sur phy and topography of the continent. In general continental area, margined by a coastal plain SEDIMENTARY ROCKS. round this plateau region, facing outward from it is true that fine-grained sediments, Placeofthe which stored the coarsest detritus of the land. fc it, and the gentle slopes at its summit are due such as form calcareous shale and lime- seashore- Westward extended the shallow interior sea. The The strata exposed in the area of the Monterey both to the character of the strata and to their stone, are free from coarser detritus, such as sand, migrations of the shore are marked in variations quadrangle have a thickness of about 14,500 feet. of coarseness of the sandstones and sandy shales gently tilted attitude. The thick beds of sand only because no sand reached the place of deposit. The order of succession of the lime- Thickness_. . of stone and conglomerate of the Blackwater for This condition may arise when materials accumu up to and including the Rockwood formation, as stones, shales, and sandstones, and their the strata- mation maintain the crests of the mountains and late far from shore, but it may also extend to well as by overlaps of strata, with an incomplete general character, are given in the Columnar dip at a low angle away from the escarpments. areas near shore when the land is low, the rivers sequence due to erosion of the missing members. Section sheet. The cliffs develop where the soft sandstone and are accordingly sluggish, and the waves are inact The moderate elevation of the eastern land had softer shales of the Greenbrier formation, which ive along the coast. Therefore, when it is known again been canceled by- erosion before the begin SILURIAN PERIOD. lie beneath the sandstone and conglomerate, yield that the shore was not very remote from the place ningo of the Devonian,' and the low Late, Silurian., . Shenandoah limestone. In the great anticlines readily to erosion and undermine the hard rocks. of limestone deposition, it is reasonable to infer level is recorded in the fine shaly and dep°sits- which traverse the center of this quadrangle the The gentle inward slopes of the plateau are broad that the coast and a stretch of land behind it calcareous deposits of the last Silurian epoch and Shenandoah limestone is brought to surfaces of hard strata, denuded of softer rocks were generally low. the widespread black shale herein called the the surface over a considerable area, which once overlay them. Coarse detritus is often largely composed of Romney. The intermediate sandstone, the Mon It gives rise to beautiful fertile valleys The thermal springs in the "Warm Spring Valley quartz sand or quartz gravel, the most obdurate terey, marks an oscillation of the shore, with con in the midst of high rocky ridges of the adjoining are features which have afforded a basis for the of stones. Such material is derived from igneous tributions of sands from the coastal plain and an harder formations. The largest area is Crabbottom establishment of very extensive health and metamorphic rocks, including overlap of later strata. Valley, brought up along the great Back Cjreek Hot Springs. and pleasure resorts at Hot Springs and quartzite, being set free as they break detrVtaiof The lowlands of the early Devonian were gen Mountain anticline west of Monterey. There is j a 1 j. j. 1 deposits. Warm Springs. At Hot Springs the waters have down, somewhat steep river slopes eral from New York to Georgia. This topo another area of somewhat less extent in Jack a temperature of 104° F., and a flow of 25,000 are required to carry jt to the sea, and it may graphic phase continued throughout Devonian Mountain, along the valley of Wilson Run and gallons a day. By assuming that the ground thus give evidence of elevated lands from which the Devonian period in the region hist°fy- Dry Branch of Jackson River. The third area is temperature in the region is 40° F. and that the it was derived. But wjien sands and pebbles are- south of Virginia, but in the northeast, in Penn along the anticline of Warm Spring Mountain, rate of geothermal increase is 1° for every 50 once deposited in a coastal plain such as that sylvania, New York, and New England, there extending from north of Warm Springs south feet, it is found that the waters of Hot Springs which forms the Atlantic coast from New occurred an uplift of considerable magnitude. In ward to Hot Springs and beyond. The rocks are derived from a depth of about 3200 feet. York to Florida, they may be handled by the middle Silurian time the interior sea had been cut are mainly limestones of gray and drab color, The waters rise in a crevice in the Shenandoah waves again and again as the margin of the sea off from the Gulf of St. Lawrence by an elevation varying from moderately thin bedded to massive. limestones along the crest of the great arch which migrates back and forth over the gentle slope. of New England and northern New York which The uppermost member is a rather slabby lime has given rise to the Warm Spring Valley. They may thus come to form part of coarse closed the Lake Champlain strait. The sea, thus stone with occasional shale intercalation, contain deposits much younger than the date of their first limited, received Devonian sediments which ing fossils of the Trenton fauna. These merge GEOLOGY. accumulation, and their significance as to the ele attained a maximum thickness of 9000 feet in downward into more massive limestones con The general sedimentary record. The rocks vation of the land becomes vague. Nevertheless, Pennsylvania. They are composed of poorly taining beds of chert of varying degrees of appearing at the surface within the limits of the when formations are of great volume, of some assorted sands and shale, derived from the degra prominence. This chert is conspicuous in the Monterey quadrangle are mainly of what mingled coarse and fine materials, and of dation of a mountain mass, probably several Crabbottom district from New Hampden nearly sedimentary origin that is, they were Salnfy sedi. rapid accumulation, they indicate a rate of erosion thousand feet in height. These Devonian moun to the Lower Gap in Little Mountain, extending deposited iby water.I rniIney consist orft nientary. which implies that they represent a mountain tains were possibly higher than those of the early as a more or less continuous ridge along the sandstone, shale, and limestone, all presenting range of at least moderate elevation. Cambrian, though less extensive. In the interval center of the limestone valley. Softer cherty great variety in composition and appearance. Reasoning thus from the texture and bulk of between the two generations of mountains the beds are also exposed quite prominently north The materials of which they are composed were sediments, and also from their distribution, the land had not attained any considerable elevation. of Hot Springs, in the center of Warm Spring originally gravel, sand, and mud, derived from principal geographic changes of the Qeographic Above Devonian strata throughout the prov Valley. The cherty limestones are the lowest the waste of older rocks, chemical precipitates Appalachian continent can be made {hfc^ntC ince occur calcareous shales and fine- Conditions_ J. , in formations exposed in the Monterey quadrangle. from inclosed seas, and the remains of plants and out. One of the great events of North nent> grained limestones of early Carbonifer- JJlSeiSw The thickness of Shenandoah limestone brought animals which lived while the strata were being American geology is the expansion of the interior ous age. This gradation in sediments time' to the surface in the highest part of the laid down. Some of the beds of limestone were sea during Cambrian time. Early in the Cam from heterogeneous coarse materials to fine silts Crabbottom anticline, from Hightown to New formed in part from the shells of various sea brian period a narrow strait extended from the corresponds to the similar change from lower Hampden, is about 2400 feet, as nearly as could animals, and the beds of coal are the remains of region of the Gulf of St. Lawrence south west ward Cambrian sandstones to Cambro-Silurian lime be estimated. The exposed thickness is consider a luxuriant vegetation which covered extensive to Alabama. It divided a western land area stone ; and it marks the degradation of the Devo ably less in the areas in Jack Mountain and swamps. covering the central States from an eastern conti nian mountains to a general low level. In the Warm Spring Valley. As usual in /limestone These rocks afford a record of sedimentation nent of unknown extent. The eastern shore of early Carboniferous time the relations of land and areas, the surface is characterized by the presence from early Silurian to early Carboniferous time. the strait was probably about where the Appa sea were stable, as they had been during much of of sinks and many small caves. Springs abound,
Their composition L and appearance* A indi- Sourcesc and lachian Mountains now extend. The great the Cambro-Silurian periods and throughout the the thermal flows at Hot Springs and Warm cate at what distance from shore and SKIS?" Appalachian Valley approximately coincides early Devonian. Springs being notable. in what depth of water they were ments- with the position of the strait. During Cam During middle and later Carboniferous time, Martinsburg shale. This is a thick mass of deposited. Sandstones marked by ripples and brian and Silurian time the Appalachian strait however, there ensued that general vertical move gray shales which extends around the marginal cross-bedded by currents, and shales cracked by widened westward- to Wisconsin and beyond the ment of the eastern land area and the slopes of the valleys of Shenandoah Gray shales. drying on mud flats, indicate shallow water; Mississippi. It probably also expanded eastward, region of the interior sea which resulted limestone above described. They are while limestones, especially; by the fossils they but there is no evidence remaining of its farthest in the withdrawal of the sea to the also exposed in small areas in some of the deeper contain, indicate clear water and scarcity of sedi limit in that direction. Mississippi embayment. The movement was not depressions along the higher anticlinal uplifts in ment. The character of the adjacent land is Before the widening of the Appalachian strait, simple ; it was composed of many episodes of Jack Mountain and Back Creek Mountain, and shown by the character of the sediments derived in early Cambrian time, the land to the eastward uplift and subsidence, among which uplift pre in the gorge of Knapp Creek across Browns from its waste. The sand and pebbles of coarse was probably somewhat mountainous. Oro raphjc ponderated. In the repeated oscillations of level Mountain. Dark-gray shale is the characteristic sandstones and conglomerates, such as are found The region of the central States was history- the sea swept back and forth over wide areas. It material of the formation, but some thin limestone in the lower Carboniferous, may have been origi comparatively low land. The continued activity received from the coastal plain the coarse quartz beds are also included, and toward its top there nally derived from higher land, on which stream of the agents of erosion reduced the mountain detritus' which had accumulated during previous are intercalated beds of fine-grained, hard, gray grades were steep, and they may have been range, whose bulk is represented in the Cambrian ages, and the waves and currents of the shallow sandstone. The formation presents considerable variation Mountain, 820 feet are exposed, with an unknown end of Little Piney Mountain, and on Dry and and south and give rise in whole or in part to in thickness, mainly by thinning rapidly to the but probably slight thickness of the basal beds Muddy runs, but they are of much less promi ridges of considerable prominence Mill Moun west and south in a portion of the area. cut off by the fault. nence.1 In Panther Gap the formation is exhibited tain, Sideling Hill, Walker Mountain, Chestnut In Monterey Mountain the thickness SKJrS?8 of Tuscdrora quartzite. This is a very hard, white in a very beautiful overturned arch, of which the Ridge, Tower Hill, Little Mare Mountain, Piney was found to be 1800 feet just east of rock, which gives rise to the high, rugged crests principal exposures are in the railroad cut, a few Mountain, Little Piney Mountain, and some subor
Crabbottoin post-office, and it is about the same at of Back Creek,' Jack,' and Warm SpringJr o A... hard,white ... feet above the stream. dinate ridges on Warm Spring Mountain and Vanderpool Gap. At Mill Gap in Little Moun mountains, the line of ridges on the
as in Little Mare Mountain and the other ridges Cowardin Run, in the ridge lying on the west the surface distribution of this forma Features of lenses of conglomerate interbedded with olive east of Warm Spring Mountain, where their side of Warm Spring Valley, 'TIO feet were meas tion is so irregular. It often sheathes distribution. and gray shales. Some of the sandstones, although prominence is somewhat diminished. Exposures ured; and in the gap west of Hot Springs the the slopes of ridges over considerable areas, but fine grained, are so hard and massive that they of the shales and contained iron ore are not com amount appears to be slightly less than this. small streams cut through to the underlying lime give rise to high ridges with very steep rocky mon to the southeast, for they occur mainly on One of the most complete exposures of the forma stone, and it is usually eroded from the crests of surfaces. This is particularly the case on the the mountain slopes and are concealed by talus tion is on the turnpike from Warm Springs to anticlines of any considerable magnitude. The west side of Allegheny Mountain, the knobs and of harder material, but in the Browns Mountain Mountaingrove, on the first slopes west of Jack formation rises high on the slopes of Boler crests of Marlin, Thorny Creek, Thomas, Peters, region and east of Monterey the shale outcrops son River, where a thickness of 1080 feet was Mountain, Rocky Ridge, Cobbler Mountain, and and Little mountains and Sandy Ridge, and the become more frequent. There are extensive measured. There are a number of small intervals McClung Ridge, and it is of considerable areal Little Mountain range lying between Back Creek exposures of shales and the contained iron ore covered by debris, but the greater part of the extent on the slopes and minor adjoining ridges and Little Back Creek. These hard sandstones beds in the Browns Mountain uplift, where the formation is clearly exposed, as follows: of Bullpasture Mountain. It is extensively also cap the higher portions of Shenandoah thickness of the formation averages about 500 Section on road from Warm Springs to Mountaingrove, exposed along both sides of the valley in which Mountain, which rise so prominently above the feet. The beds in this region comprise a basal west of Jackson River. the town of Monterey is situated, and its corru slopes of the softer beds below. The upper limit Feet. series of shales with limestone beds and iron ore At top, alternations of impure and shaly lime gated structure in the region south of Strait- of the Jennings formation is not well defined, for and, at the summit, a thin mass of sandstone, stones, fossiliferous...... 460 creek post-office causes it to sheathe a consider usually there is an extensive series of beds of Wavy-bedded massive limestone with coralline which gives rise to many small ridges through bed at base ...... ? able area. It is usually conspicuously exposed passage into the next succeeding formation. It is Browns Mountain, along the flanks of Michael Slabby limestone...... 400 especially in the many small gorges along the on account of this indefiniteness that the boun Calcareous shale...... 25 steeper mountain slopes. On the gentler slopes dary of the formation is shown on the map by a Mountain, and just west of Big Ridge. Massive fine-grained sandstone, weathering light Lewistown limestone. This important member buff; probably cement rock ...... 15 the formation is usually deeply disintegrated into zone in which the pattern is merged into the outcrops in many places in the anticlinal areas in Sandstone...... 4 sand and loose fragments. The fossil remains in adjacent one. Shaly material...... the belt lying between Back Creek and Sandstone and sandy beds...... 20 this formation are in greater part those which are The thickness of the Jennings formation ranges Cowpasture River, in the slopes adjoin- suurfan At bottom, buff shales and thin, dark, semicrys typical of the Oriskany of New York. from 3000 to 3800 feet, the amount increasing ing. Chestnut5^i Ridge,T»- i ITTWalker 11 andi Mill-»/r«n limestone. talline limestone layers...... 100 Romney shale. Lying on the surface of the somewhat along the central portion of the Alle mountains, and Sideling Hill, and it is the prin At the top there is considerable cherty debris, Monterey sandstone there are extensive areas of gheny Mountain. Fossils occur in various beds cipal formation brought to the surface in the and two beds of massive blue limestone overlain this shale, which is a prominent feature A Devonian in the Jennings formation and represent the Browns Mountain uplift. Although its outcrop by the Monterey sandstone, which extends down in many of the long longitudinal valleys shale- Chemung fauna. ping area is of .somewhat greater extent than that the slope to Jackson River. of the Monterey quadrangle. The greater part of Hampshire formation. The red and gray beds of the Shenandoah limestone, the outcrops are as In the Browns Mountain anticline extensive the valleys of the Cowpasture River, Bullpasture of this formation constitute the higher summits
a rule narrower and more disconnected and lie on exposures of the Lewistown limestone are abun River, Stuart Run, Back Creek, and Bolers Draft, of the Allegheny° J Mountain in the Red_ . and. slopes where there is much overplacement by dant, but on some of the steeper mountain slopes and the depression surrounding the Browns Moun northern half of the quadrangle and ffiefanndd" detritus from adjoining ridges. The most exten and along some of the narrower valleys the beds tain uplift, are excavated in the Romney shale. the line of ridges and spurs extending shales' sive areas are in Browns Mountain, the upper are often covered by a greater or less amount The formation also underlies the valleys in which along Greenbrier Valley and the lower, eastern valleys of Jackson River, McClung Ridge, the of sandy or rocky detritus from slopes above. are situated the town of Monterey and the Bath slopes of the Back Allegheny Mountains. In valleys east of Monterey Mountain, the slopes Throughout the area of the Lewistown limestone, Alum Springs ; it occupies the valley of Jackson these slopes it is surmounted by the Carbonif and ridges adjoining Warwick Ridge, the belt cliffs and steep ledges are of frequent occurrence, River for some miles in the vicinity of Wilson- erous sandstones and limestones, under which it north of Burnsville, the Bullpasture Mountain and many portions of the area are traversed by ville and west of Rowans, and underlies a syn passes in the synclinal area of the Cheat Valley, ranges, the slopes and parts of the summit of streams in deep gorges. The limestones are clinal area of moderate extent west of the Warm to reappear again on the western slope of Cheat Tower Hill, the slopes of Collison Ridge, and cavernous and many extensive caves have been Spring ridge. The rocks consist of dark shales, Mountain. The rocks are sandstones and shales, portions of the southern end of Back Creek discovered. One of these, the Blowing Cave, is black and fissile below and somewhat lighter and in large part of red color, but with beds of Mountain and the ridges southward. There is in a small anticline traversed by Cowpasture more compact above. The basal beds are usually greenish-gray, buff, and brownish-gray colors. The also a considerable area on the east side of Jack River 6 miles west of Panther Gap. This cave carbonaceous to a high degree, and they have sandstones vary from slabby to massive, and they Mountain east of Monterey. Much of the area of acts as a chimney for air that passes underground been worked at several points with the mistaken are usually from 15 to 30 feet thick. They are this formation lies on steep mountain slopes. It in fissures and caves and is chilled to a low tem idea that they might prove to be coal bearing. also extensively cross bedded. The reddish- often gives rise to ridges, and its beds frequently perature by its underground passage. Springs, The formation includes occasional thin beds of brown color is a conspicuous feature of many of extend along narrow valleys or are revealed in sinks, and other evidences of underground drain fossiliferous limestone near its base, and the upper the beds, but dark grays are frequent, particularly gorges in different parts of the region. age are of general occurrence in the limestone members contain alternations of pale-brown or in the more massive beds. The shales are in The formation consists of limestones which are areas. They are due to the solution of the lime dark-buff sandy beds, which constitute beds of greater part of bright brown-red color, fissile, and cherty, shaly, and sandy above, more massive in stone by waters which have begun their under passage into the next succeeding formation, the in masses from a few inches to 10 or 15 feet thick. the middle, and thin bedded or slabby ground percolation in cracks along small fissures Jennings. The vertical range and stratigraphic They occur throughout the formation, but pre below. The proportion of chert in the %j**Sty in the limestone. position of these passage beds are variable, so dominate in its lower portion. Greenish and upper beds diminishes to the south, but Fossil molluscan and crustacean remains occur that there is no definite line of demarcation greenish-gray, brown, and olive shales are not the presence of a cherty member at the top of the abundantly in the Lewistown limestone. between the two formations. Owing to this fact uncommon. The relation of sandstones to shales formation is always characteristic. Next below particularly..,,.. m its., upper members., Fossils. no precise limit can be assigned to the Romney is very irregular, and there appears to be no con there are usually alternations of shaly limestones, These fossils include many distinctive species of shale, and on the map the Romney and Jennings stant stratigraphic succession of distinctive beds. which to the southeast contain some very sandy the Helderberg fauna. patterns have been merged to indicate the grada The thickness of the Hampshire deposits varies layers. There are also included some thicker tion of the two formations. The approximate from 1500 to 1800 feet. layers of purer limestone. The middle members DEVONIAN PERIOD. average thickness of the distinctive members of are irregular in character and vary greatly from Monterey sandstone. This sandstone occurs the Romney shale varies from 1200 to 1500 feet. CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD. place to place. A very characteristic member extensively in slopes and low ridges adjoining The Romney shale contains fossils, including Pocono sandstone. This basal member of the near the center of the formation is a dark-blue, the Lewistown limestone areas. Owing A sandstone species characteristic of the Hamilton group. Carboniferous period is not a prominent feature wavy-bedded, massive limestone 50 to 60 feet to the hardness of the rock its outcrops SSalStos- Those in the lowest beds comprise some species in the Monterey quadrangle. It surmounts the thick, merging upward into harder, sandy lime give rise to knobs and ridges, which characteristic of the Marcellus. There is no evi Hampshire deposits in the slopes of Back Alle stone and hard, massive limestone with thin are often prominent. It extends along each side dence of structural unconformity between the gheny Mountains west of Greenbrier River, giving streaks of chert. At its base there is usually a of all the larger anticlinal uplifts in the center of Romney shales and the Monterey sandstones, but rise to numerous small shelves and knobs which distinct coralline bed. The lower half of the for- the quadrangle, along the lower slopes of Walker the contact between these formations is charac are not very distinct from the adjoining slopes and ridges. The greatest thickness observed was is in the vicinity of Bald Knob, where it appears they are inclined is called the dip. A bed which Virginia they are closely compressed and often slightly less than 90 feet, and in some of the to measure between 350 and 400 feet. The lower dips beneath the surface may elsewhere s ncline and closed, while occasional faults appear. Passing outcrops the amount appears to be less than this. beds are .gray sandstones, in part of considerable be found rising; the fold, or trough, anticline- through Virginia into Tennessee, the folds are The rocks are moderately hard, gray-buff sand hardness, but usually only moderately massively between two such outcrops is called a syncline. more and more broken by thrusts. In the central
stones,' in partA conglomeratic,O 1 with Carboniferous_ . ., bedded and frequently cross bedded, with inter A stratum rising from one syncline may often be part of the Valley of Tennessee, folds are gener intercalations of softer beds. The prin- sandstones- calated beds of softer buff sandstone and shale, found to bend over and descend into another; ally so obscured by faults that the strata form a cipal exposures are along the main road skirting mainly dark, with thin coal seams. the fold, or arch, between two such outcrops is series of narrow overlapping blocks, all dipping the limestone slopes of the Back Allegheny called an anticline. Synclines and anticlines side southeastward. Thence the structure remains IGNEOUS KOCKS. Mountains, which occasionally passes over a pave by side form simple folded structure. A syn nearly the same southward into Alabama ; the ment of the sandstone or along the edge of a The exposures of igneous rocks in the Monterey clinal axis is a line running lengthwise in the overthrusts become fewer, however, and their small Pocono cliff cut by some stream flowing quadrangle are small and inconspicuous. They synclinal trough, at every point occupying its horizontal displacement is much greater, while toward the Greenbrier River. The Pocono beds occur in the vicinity of Monterey, in connection lowest part, toward which the rocks dip on either the remaining folds are somewhat more open. dip westward under the Greenbrier limestone and with the Jack Mountain and Crabbottom anti side. An anticlinal axis is a line which occupies In the Appalachian Mountains the southeast other formations in Back Allegheny Mountains clines. The principal outcrops in the Crabbottom at every point the highest portion of the anti ward dips, close folds, and faults that characterize and the syncline of Shavers Fork of Cheat River, anticline are in the limestone of the central val clinal arch, and away from which the rocks dip the Great Valley are repeated. The and outcrop again on the west side of Cheat ley and occur at intervals from north of Mill Gap on either side. The axis may be horizontal or strata are also traversed by minute ?heuinto1urn=.of Mountain. nearly to New Hampden. Along the axis of the inclined. Its departure from the horizontal is breaks of cleavage and are metamor There are some sandstone masses on the higher western prong of Jack Mountain anticline there called ike pitch, and is usually but a few degrees. phosed by the growth of new minerals. The summits of Allegheny Mountain from Paddy is an eruptive mass of considerable prominence on In districts where strata are folded they are also cleavage planes dip to the east at from 20° to 90°, northward to Tamarack Ridge which are proba Sounding Knob, and there is a series of small frequently broken across and the arch is thrust usually about 60°. This form of alteration is bly of Pocono age, but it is possible that they are exposures at the forks of Strait Creek. A group over upon the trough. Such a break is called a somewhat developed in the valley as slaty cleav members of the Hampshire formation. of small outcrops occurs within a short distance thrust, an overthrust, an overthrust age, but in the mountains it becomes important Greenbrier limestone. The Greenbrier lime of Monterey, on the east slope of Monterey fault, or simply a fault. Fault, how and frequently destroys all other structures. All stone underlies the Back Allegheny and Cheat Mountain, the most conspicuous of them rising in ever, is a term applied to many forms of disloca rocks were subjected to this process, and the final Mountain plateau in the northwestern corner of a conical knoll known as Pyramid Hill, a mile tion in rocks. If the arch is worn and the syn products of the metamorphism of very different the Monterey quadrangle. It outcrops along the south of the town. The rocks appear to be in cline is buried beneath the overthrust mass, the rocks are often indistinguishable from one dikes or slender necks cutting across strata at the surface may all dip in one direction. middle portion of the eastern slope of Back Alle - ' Dikes. another. Throughout the eastern Appalachian gheny Mountains, in a strip of fertile farming and the bedding of the sedimentary forma They then appear to have been deposited in a province there is a regular increase of metamor pasture lands, steep and narrow, but generally tions. Few of the outcrops exhibit the relations continuous series despite the thrust which divides phism toward the southeast, so that a bed quite settled upon. On the west side of the syncline it of the igneous rocks, and the direction of the dike the whole mass. Folds and faults are often of unaltered at the border of the Great Valley can appears on the western slope below Beech Flat fissures is known only in the case of the mass north great magnitude, their dimensions being measured be traced through greater and greater changes Knob, in the extreme northwestern corner of the and east of Hightown, which crosses the limestone by miles, but they also occur on a very small, until it has lost every original character. quadrangle. The formation consists of heavy valley with northwest-southeast trend for a length even a microscopic, scale. In folds strata change The structures above described are the result of over a mile. The masses exposed north of beds of light-blueo limestone with inter- Carboniferous . .. their relations mainly by motion on the bedding chiefly of compression, which acted in a north calations of brownish-red shale and limestone- Millgap post-office lie in linear arrangement, so planes, and overthrusts arise frequently where west-southeast direction, at right angles occasional red .sandy shales. The limestone pre as to suggest a fissure extending north-northeast, the direction of such movement intersects the to the trend of the folds and of the dominates. In the upper beds there is transition in which the intruded material occurs in lens- bedding cleavage planes. The force of com into the overlying Canaan formation in such man shaped dikes. Structure of the Appalachian province. Three pression became effective early in the Paleozoic ner that the upper limit is not very distinct. The The igneous rocks are of two varieties, of very distinct types of structure occur in the Appala era, and reappeared at various epochs up to its thickness of the Greenbrier limestone averages different appearance and composition. The chian province, each one prevailing in Threet culmination soon after the close of the Carbon-- between 350 and 400 feet. Owing to the indefi- greater number of outcrops exhibit a a separate area corresponding to one of of structure- Basalt. iferous. niteness of its upper limits by the admixture of dark-colored, hard, heavy rock, weather the three geographic divisions. In the plateau In addition to this force of compression, the shale and sandy beds, the precise thickness usually ing out on the surface in rusty, rounded masses. region and westward the rocks are generally flat province has been affected by other forces which can not be ascertained. The limestones contain It is a basalt, consisting of plagioclase and augite and retain their original composition. In the val acted in a vertical direction and repeat- Vertical earth some mulluscan fossils of species of lower Car with olivine and magnetite and in some cases a ley the rocks have been steeply tilted, bent into edly raised or depressed its surface. motlons- boniferous age. small amount of biotite. The structure is finely folds, broken by thrusts, and to some extent The compressive forces were limited in effect to Canaan formation. Overlying the Greenbrier crystalline and most of the rock is porphyritic altered into slates and schists. In the mountain a narrow zone. Broader in its effect and less limestone there is an extensive series of gray with augite and olivine. A neck-like mass of this district faults and folds are important features of intense at any point, the vertical force was felt shales and brown and gray sandstones rock constitutes the summit of Sounding Knob, the structure, but cleavage and metamorphism throughout the province. -r, Gray shales known as the Canaan formation, JLG and sand cutting through the Tuscarora quartzite. It are equally conspicuous. Three periods of high land near the sea and three stones. extends along the upper eastern slopes occurs also in the Crabbottom Valley from High- The folds and overthrusts of the valley region periods of low land are indicated by the character of the Back Allegheny Mountains and the western town southward, at two points near Monterey, are generally parallel to one another and to the of the Paleozoic sediments. In post- including Pyramid Hill, at the forks of Strait western shore of the ancient continent. slope of Cheat Mountain, and is bared along the Features of Paleozoic time, also, there have been at elevation and valleys of Shavers Fork of Cheat River and Creek, and at the foot of Jack Mountain north They extend from northeast to south- thefolds- least four, and probably more, periods Leather Bark Run. Shales predominate in the west of the Riven Rocks. At Pyramid Hill the west, and single structures may be very long. of decided oscillation of the land due to the action lower portion of the formation and sandstones in basalt is in the Romney shales, but it is flanked Faults 300 miles long are known, and folds of of vertical force. In most cases the movements the upper portion. Several heavy beds of sand on one side by a breccia of a variety of quartzite even greater length occur. The crests of many have resulted in the warping of the surface, and stone, in greater part of gray color, with moder and calcareous rocks brought up from below. anticlines continue at nearly the same height for the greatest uplift has occurred nearly along the ately thick shale and sandy shale intercalations, The other variety of igneous rock is granite- great distances, so that they present the same line of the Great Valley. constitute the upper two-thirds of the formation. felsophyre, which is light colored and usually formations. Often adjacent folds are nearly Structure sections. The sections on the Struc Some thin beds of dark shale with thin showings deeply decomposed and softened. Expo- Granite- equal in height, and the same beds appear and ture sheet represent the strata as they would of coal also occur near the top of this series. The sures of the hard unaltered rock occupy felsoPhyfe- reappear at the surface. Most of the beds dip at appear in the sides of a deep trench lower members contain thin beds of softer sand an area of a few square yards at the forks of angles greater than 10°; frequently the dip is cut across the country. Their position Modemapping of the stones and toward the base of the formation Strait Creek, about 2 miles east-northeast of over 45°, and generally the western dip is over with. reference to theT map is. on meIT line structure. occasional thin layers and lenses of limestone. Monterey, across the road and valley from a dike turned beyond 90°. The sides of the folds are at the upper edge of the blank space. The verti The total thickness averages 1300 feet on the of basalt. It is a rounded boss of light ashy gray sometimes pressed together until they are parallel. cal and horizontal scales are the same, so that the east side of the syncline and 1000 feet on the rock, flecked with scales of mica and slightly Generally the folds are smallest, most numerous, actual form and slope of the land and the actual west side. lighter-colored crystals of feldspar. The rock is and most closely squeezed in thin-bedded rocks, dips of the strata are shown. These sections rep Blackwater formation. The higher portions of composed of a microcrystalline groundmass, con such as shale and shaly limestone. Perhaps the resent the structure as it is inferred from the Back Allegheny and Cheat mountains are capped sisting chiefly of plagioclase and orthoclase feld most striking feature of the folding is the preva position of the strata observed at the surface. On spars with some quartz and many minute crystals byJ a considerable thickness of this con- Carboniferous_ . ., lence of southeastward dips. In some sections a map with this scale it is not possible to show glomerate. It gives rise to a line of SSmdiSmd- of magnetite or ilmenite, with scattered larger across the southern portion of the Appalachian in the sections the minute details of structure; rather sharp cliffs along the crests of crystals of orthoclase, plagioclase, and biotite. Valley scarcely a bed can be found which dips they are therefore somewhat generalized from the the mountains and smooth slopes toward the Besides the exposures at the forks of Strait toward the northwest. dips observed in a belt a few miles in width along central valley. In this central valley Shavers Creek this rock was observed on the roadside 2 Thrusts were developed in the northwestern the line of the section. Fork has cut through and into the underlying miles farther down the creek, a half-mile north of sides of synclines, varying in extent and frequency /Structure of the Monterey area. The principal Canaan beds, and Leather Bark Run has also cut Monterey, and at several points along the valley with the changes in the thickness of strata above structural features of this quadrangle are illu far back into the face of the mountain. The rocks of South Branch below Hightown. As the rock the Cambro-Silurian limestone. With very few strated by the six structure sections on the Struc are white conglomerates and gray sandstones, the is usually decomposed into a chalky material exceptions the fault planes dip toward ture sheet. The greater part of the region is A r r Features of latter containing some irregular beds of soft buff resembling some of the limestone, it is very diffi the southeast, and are nearly parallel to fractures- traversed by folds of the Appalachian type, con sandstone and black shale, with thin local beds of cult to detect its presence except in fresh outcrops. the bedding planes of the adjacent rocks. The sisting of a succession of parallel corrugations coal. The conglomerate is the most conspicuous On close inspection it is seen to be characterized fractures extend across beds many thousand feet trending northeast and southwest, with the steeper member, for it forms the crest of the knobs and by dark flakes of biotite. thick, and sometimes the upper strata are pushed dips predominating on the western limbs of the mountains, gives rise to great stone crops on the over the lower as ,far as 6 or 8 miles. There is a anticlines. West of Greenbrier River there begins STRTJCTUEE. inner slopes, and is the source of extensive talus progressive change in character of deformation the edge of the broad basin structure of the Cum of large masses on the steeper outer slopes of the Definition of terms. As the materials forming from northeast to southwest, resulting in different berland Plateau type, comprising, in this quad Back Allegheny and Cheat mountains. It consists the rocks of this region were deposited upon the types in different places. In southern New York rangle, the relatively flat basin occupied by the of white quartzite pebbles, mainly less than an sea bottom, they originally extended in nearly folds and faults occur in a relatively narrow area Carboniferous formations in Back Allegheny and inch in diameter, and coarse sand, in a hard sili horizontal layers. At present, however, the beds lying mainly east of the Hudson River. The Cheat mountains. ceous matrix. The conglomeratic beds are massive are usually not horizontal, but are strata have nevertheless been intensely disturbed. In the region in which the structure is of the and their aggregate thickness is probably nearly inclined at various angles, their edges Through Pennsylvania toward Virginia, folds Appalachian type there are five principal anti 100 feet. The greatest thickness of the formation appearing at the surface. The angle at which become more numerous and steeper. In southern clines of considerable magnitude, with four inter- Monterey. 6 vening synclines. The most prominent of these railroad cut in the center of the gap. The expo relations of this anticline are clearly exhibited. shales. For many miles in the vicinity of War anticlines are in a group of three corrugations sure of this arch is one of the finest in the Appa In the center of the gorge a small area of the red wick Ridge this syncline gives place to a number which diagonally cross the quadrangle pive great lachians. There are several minor crumples, anti sandstones of the Cacapon formation is exposed. of irregular corrugations lying along the west side near the center. They are bordered antlclines- clines and synclines, and in or near the center is Next above are Rockwood shales and sandstones, of the main Jack Mountain anticline. In this on both sides by profound synclines, the one on a sharply overturned arch with rather square and then, on the north side of the gorge, there is area there are Warwick Ridge, an anticline of the east containing the mass of Devonian forma crown in some of the beds and an axial dip of a great arch of Lewistown limestone. The west Rockwood sandstone; Cobbler Mountain, an anti tions in Shenandoah Mountain, east of which rises about 45° to the east. ern ridge of Bullpasture Mountain is a Western cline mainly of Lewistown limestone and Mon the relatively moderate anticlinal group of Mill The synclines in the area between Blackoak subordinate anticline, exhibiting Lewis- JUSSJJ Bull= terey sandstone; Little Mountain and Rocky Mountain, Sideling Hill, Walker Mountain, Chest Ridge and Mill Mountain contain areas of Devo town limestone more or less completely Mountain< Ridge, consisting mainly of Monterey sandstone; nut Ridge, and Blackoak Ridge; and the one on nian rocks in the deepest portions of covered by Monterey sandstone. Next west is a and the valley of Jackson River, which flows in a the west being a still deeper basin, containing the the basins between the declining ends syncline containing a wide area of Romney shale, narrow syncline of Romney shale east of Rocky Devonian formations of Allegheny Mountain, west of anticlines. In the wide basin and west of Clovercreek is a narrow outlier of the Ridge and then through a gorge in nearly hori- of which rises the anticlinal uplift of the Browns between Chestnut Ridge and Walker Mountain Jennings formation, 6 miles in length. This syn izontal Lewistown limestone. On the west side Mountain range. anticlines, between Pig Run and Mill Creek, there cline pitches up to the south, giving rise to a of Cobbler Mountain the river crosses Monterey The central series of corrugations comprise the is a narrow area of the Jennings formation. considerable area of Lewistown limestone near sandstone and thence for several miles, beyond anticline of the Warm Spring Mountain and the Between Sideling Hill and Mill Mountain anti Burnsville, and runs out in some minor flexures, Cowardin, flows in a Romney shale valley, in a
northward continuation of one of its Three central clines the syncline is sufficiently deep to the south as the northern end of Warm Spring Mountain. syncline which extends up into the center of Colli branches through Tower Hill and Bull- anticlines. to contain some Romney shale, and then, with the This mountain consists of a prominent anticline son Ridge. Back Creek Mountain consists of an pasture Mountain; Jack Mountain and its south upward pitch to the north, there rise in succes which begins on the eastern flank of anticline of relatively uniform relations. Back Creek Warm ward continuation in Collison Ridge; and Crab- sion the Monterey sandstone, the Lewistown lime Jack Mountain west of Burnsville, springpring It rises in Boler Mountain, where there Mountaln- lountain. bottom uplift, marked by Back Creek, Little, and stone, and the quartzite and sandstone of the among ridges of Rockwood sandstone. is a considerable extent of Lewistown limestone Boler mountains. The larger flexures carry sub Rockwood formation. The red Cacapon sandstone soon rises, and then flanked and more or less overarched by Monterey ordinate corrugations of varying degrees of promi Next west of this area of anticlines lies a deep the Tuscarora white quartzite, which constitutes sandstone. Just east of Mountaingrove the nence, and they also show considerable irregularity syncline filled with Devonian strata, which to the the mountain crest to the "White Rocks" at arch pitches upward and the Tuscarora white in pitch, notably in Jack Mountain anticline, which northward rise in Shenandoah Mountain. Cow- Boner Mountain. Thence south the arch rises, quartzite soon appears. East of Sunrise the crest is crossed diagonally by a shallow syncline east of pasture River flows along the western limb of its western limb steepens, and its crest has been of the arch is eroded through to the Juniata for Monterey, and in Warm Spring Mountain anti this syncline for many miles, but crosses it south deeply eroded down through the Martinsburg mation and the deeper hollows are excavated in cline, which is similarly offset south of Burnsville east of Bath Alum Springs. Stuart Run flows shale into the Shenandoah limestone, which con the Martinsburg shale. At the Fodder House from the main Warm Spring Mountain to Tower along the Romney shale valley on its eastern side, stitutes Warm Spring Valley. On the east side the general anticline is seen to comprise two Hill and Bullpasture Mountain, giving place to a from Armstrong south to the southern end of of this valley are slopes of Martinsburg shale and arches, one extending to north of Wilsonville and flexure which in a measure is structurally the Blackoak Ridge. South of Green Valley the basin Juniata shale and sandstone, surmounted by cliffs lying along the main flank of the mountain, the continuation of the Little Piney Mountain and contains in its center a moderately thick mass of of the white Tuscarora quartzite, one notable other terminating east of Sunrise post-office. Just Piney Mountain branch of the main Warm Spring the lower beds of the Jennings formation and an point of which is at Flag Rock, on the west north of Fodder House the western anticline rises Mountain anticline. inclosed anticlinal area of Romney shales. To side of the valley. The other limb of the anti rapidly and there are soon bared the Martinsburg The geanticline of Mill Mountain, Sideling the northeast the basin widens and deepens, and cline presents vertical beds of a regular succession shale and a wide, long area of Shenandoah lime Hill, Walker Mountain, Chestnut Ridge, and in Shenandoah Mountain there is represented the of formations from Shenandoah limestone to stone, known as the Crabbottom. Back Creek Blackoak Ridge is a somewhat com entire thickness of the Jennings deposits, the Romney shale, with the thin bed of white Tusca Mountain, on the east side of this valley, consists plex structural feature. It rises a few antiedfnain harder beds giving rise to the high ranges and rora quartzite giving rise to a sharp ridge. This of eastward-dipping Tuscarora, Cacapon, and miles northeast of Armstrong, in the summits which characterize this mountain. On ridge is crossed at short intervals by Chimney overlying beds. Little Mountain, on the west the border of the quadrangle the mountain is Run, Warm Spring Run, Cowardin Run, and Staunton quadrangle, and one of its arches side of the valley,J ' consists of a narrow Little, . , Moun- extends many miles south of Panther Gap, in the capped by transition beds to the Hampshire for Cedar Creek, which all afford instructive expo ridge of almost vertical or very steeply tain- Natural Bridge quadrangle. It consists of five mation. sures of the formations. To the west lies the westward-dipping beds. West of the anticline of principal anticlines, each giving rise to a promi In the Warm Spring Mountain region there is synclinal depression containing marginal belts Back Creek Mountain are the several ranges of the nent ridge of sandstone, with the intervening syn a central prominent anticline with several branch of Romney shale and a central syncline of rough, Allegheny Front and Little Mountain, a
clinal valleys of limestone or shale. The anticlines ing;O subordinate flexures. The' first of Little, . , Mare low ridges of Jennings formation. The Jack broad syncline mainly of Jennings for- Auegheny are of moderate height, and they pitch downward these from the east is the anticline IiduaJ8!cent Mountain anticline rises out of this syn mation. The summits lying north are rapidly at their terminations, which, in the case which brings up the hard rocks consti- ridges* cline near Chimney Run and rapidly Mountain capped by Hampshire beds, and a few of the ... . . J j. * ' -6 anticline. of Walker Mountain, Sideling Hill, and Mill tuting Little Mare Mountain. This range extends attains prominence west ot J3oner higher summits, comprising Elleber Ridge, Water Mountain, are en echelon both to the northward from the south with considerable prominence Mountain. Where it is crossed by Muddy Run the ing Pond Knob, Bear Mountain, and Tamarack and to the southward. The greatest degree of along the southern edge of the quadrangle, as Juniata, Tuscarora, and Cacapon beds are exposed, Ridge, are capped by quartzite supposed to be of uplift is to the west in Chestnut Ridge, but the shown in Cross Section F. To the northward the but to the north there is a ridge of Rockwood the Pocono formation. Browns Mountain consists differences in altitude between Mill Mountain, beds pitch down, and just east of Bath Alum sandstone for some distance. Near Duncan Knob of an anticline that brings the Silurian Sideling Hill, Walker-Mountain, and Chestnut Springs the sandstones of the Rockwood forma the Cacapon sandstone and Tuscarora quartzite formations to the surface. It is com- Mo°Jntain Ridge anticlines are relatively small. The anti tion sink beneath the surface. Thence north in rise rapidly, and thence northward the anticline posed of a central axis and two or three cline of Blackoak Ridge is much lower, and it McClung Ridge there are steep slopes of Lewis- is high and widely truncated down to Shenandoah subordinate corrugations. At Michael Mountain brings to the surface the Monterey sandstone, with town limestone flanked by Monterey sandstone. limestone, which is exposed along the valley of it attains its greatest altitude, bringing the Tusca the Lewistown limestone appearing in some of Cowpasture RiVer cuts into the crest of this anti Wilson Run and the upper waters of Dry Branch. rora quartzite to the surface along the crest of a the deeper depressions which cross the ridge and cline 2 miles southwest of Fort Lewis, in a gorge At Sounding Knob the anticline begins to pitch high ridge. This quartzite and the underlying its extension southward.... The Blowing Cave is with high cliffs of Lewistown limestone. In the down and the Tuscarora quartzite closes over the beds are also exposed in the gorge of Knapp in a small anticline lying just west of the southern valley at Bath Alum Springs there is a syncline arch. At the knob its continuity is interrupted Creek west of Driscol. Much of the area of termination of the anticline of Blackoak Ridge, of Romney shale which extends north a short by a plug of basalt. Just north of the knob Browns Mountain consists of the Lewistown lime in an exposure of the Lewistown limestone bared distance beyond Dry Run arid south for 2 miles there are depressions which cut through into stone, but there are a number of ridges of Rock- of the overlying Monterey sandstone in the gorge up the valley west of Little Mare Mountain. the Juniata and Martinsburg beds, but to the wood sandstone, and at See All and Big Ridge cut by Cowpasture River. The anticline of Next west there is an anticlinal range constituting northward the Tuscarora quartzite again consti there are some outlying caps of Monterey sand Chestnut Ridge rises abruptly along Pig Run Little Piney Mountain, Piney Mountain, and Tower tutes the crest of the arch in the top of the ridge. stone. Along the flanks of Browns and Michael and brings to the surface sandstone beds of the Hill. The principal surface formation in these The arch sinks rapidly east of Monterey, and the mountains there is a continuous outcrop of Monte Rockwood formation. The anticline consists of ridges is the sandstone of the Rockwood forma Cacapon sandstone, Rockwood formation, and rey sandstone in low knobs and ridges which slope two low arches with an intervening shallow syn tion. In Little Piney Mountain and its southern Lewistown limestones pass around its end in the down to the Romney shale depression that sur cline. Walker Mountain brings to the surface continuation there is a considerable area of Caca vicinity of Strait Creek, beyond which the anti rounds the mountains. This depression is occupied the sandstones of the Rockwood formation, and pon sandstone, through which finally rises the cline is finally lost in a wide undulating arch of for many miles by Knapp Creek, Browns Creek, is nearly surrounded by Lewistown limestone in Tuscarora quartzite. This mountain is traversed Monterey sandstone. Jack Mountain anticline Thomas Creek, Moore Run, and Rosen Creek. the adjoining valleys. Sideling Hill is a precisely by two deep gorges exhibiting arches of this quartz branches along its east side, east of Trimble post- Marlin Mountain, Thorny Creek Mountain, Thomas similar ridge, but its anticline is prolonged much ite. Thompson Springs Creek crosses the range office, in an anticline which is faulted for some Mountain, Peters Mountain, Little Mountain, and farther south in Lewistown and Monterey forma at the south end of Piney Mountain in a gorge distance. Just west of this there rises steeply the Sandy Ridge consist of westward-dipping sand tions. Mill Mountain is a ridge of the same type which exposes the red sandstones of the Cacapon high arch by which Jack Mountain is continued stones and shales of the Jennings formation, the as the others, but has steeper dips and exposes formation. At Dry Run, in the gap between north of Crab Run. Buck Hill and Bear Moun highest summits being due to hard beds of sand lower beds in the gorge known as Panther Gap, Tower Hill and Piney Mountain, along the same tain consist of eastward-dipping beds of Juniata, stone. The valley of Greenbrier River and the cut across it by Mill Creek. The mountain begins uplift, there is a local area of Cacapon, Tuscarora, Tuscarora, and overlying formations, faulted onto adjoining slopes are in the red beds of the Hamp a short distance east of the quadrangle and and Juniata formations. Tower Hill consists Lewistown limestone.. There is a continuation of shire formation. Dipping gently westward, this extends many miles farther south than the principally of Rockwood sandstones, TheTower this ridge along the same fault north of Crab Run. formation is surmounted on the slopes southern end of Sideling Hill. Its summit is, with the Lewistown limestone extend- Hillarea- The portion of Jack Mountain northwest of this of Back Allegheny Mountains by a nar- ghenyM'oun- as in the other ridges, an overarching sheet of ing for some distance up the flanks. At the fault is a high ridge of Tuscarora quartzite, with row shelf of Pocono sandstone, on which quartzites of the Rockwood formation, with southern end of this hill the limestone rises to the underlying Juniata formation exposed in the lies the Greenbrier limestone. This limestone and adjoining valleys containing Lewistown lime the crest and presents toward the southwest a gorge of Crab Run. Next west lies an anticline the overlying Canaan formation constitute the mid stone, but to the east there is the wide syncline of high cliff and partial arch. Farther north, along of Cacapon sandstone and a synclinorium of Rock- dle slopes of Back Allegheny Mountains. The crest Devonian rocks in Cowpasture Valley. Panther the summit, there are some narrow outcrops of wood sandstone and shale. Monterey lies in a of this mountain and that of Cheat Mountain west Gap gives a beautiful exhibition of the structure Cacapon red beds and Tuscarora quartzite. Just valley of Romney shale, with low bordering ridges consist of the white and gray conglomerates and and formations in Mill Mountain. It exposes west of Williamsville the Rockwood formation of Monterey sandstone and extensive higher slopes sandstones of the Blackwater formation, lying in great beds of quartzite and sandstone in the pitches beneath the surface, passing under the of Lewistown limestone. This syncline extends a shallow basin with the valley of Shavers Fork Rockwood formation, the red Cacapon beds, and Lewistown limestone, which constitutes the higher southward by Pinckney, where it is entirely in of Cheat River near its axis. Cheat Mountain is the quartzitic sandstones of the Tuscarora forma crests of Bullpasture Mountain. In the gorge of Lewistown limestone, and down Jackson River, on the western side of the basin, and in the west tion, which exhibit an overturned arch, along, tl?e Bullpasture River just above Williamsville the where it contains a ilongv narrow belt of Romney ern slope of the mountain there are gently east- ward-dipping beds, commencing with the Black- 2 miles northeast of Burnsville, in the slopes mixtures of various materials washed from the exposed by the uplift of the Crabbottom, Wilson water quartzite at the top and extending down to east of Vanderpool, and on the west slope of Jack higher lands and brought down largely at times Run, and Warm Spring valleys are the most the Hampshire red sandstone, in the northwestern Mountain 3 miles southwest of Duncan Knob. of freshet. Sedimentary rocks such as occur in favorable for agriculture, and the first named is corner of the quadrangle. Iron ore also occurs in fragments in the Lewis- this region are changed by surface waters more famous for its fertility. Faults. The principal fault, in the Monterey town limestone in the Browns Mountain area, but or less rapidly, the rapidity depending on the Lewistown limestone areas are used mainly as quadrangle extends for 8 miles along the west not in large amount. character of the cement which holds their parti pasture land, although at many points the slopes side of Buck Hill, Bear Mountain, and Coal. The higher coal measures, which contain cles together. Siliceous cement is nearly insolu are too steep for this purpose, while at others the ridge opposite Bear Mountain on workable coal beds to the north and west, do not ble, and rocks in which it is present, such as there is extensive overplacement of sand from the north side of Crab Run. It is an extend into the Monterey quadrangle. The Black- quarfczite and some sandstones, are extremely sandstones on higher slopes. The most extensive overthrust of about 2200 feet vertical displace water formation contains a few thin irregular beds durable and produce but a scanty soil. Calcareous available areas of Lewistown limestones are in ment, apparently with a moderately steep hade to of coal along the Allegheny Front, but, although cement, on the other hand, is readily dissolved by Browns Mountain uplift, the district extending the eastern or upthrown side. The fault begins they may possibly be of local use, they are not of water containing carbonic acid, and the particles northward from Burnsville, about Straitcreek in the Tuscarora quartzite, in a branch anticline wide economic importance.' They are in the sand which it held together in the rock crumble down post-office, and the valley of Jackson River from on the east slope of Jack Mountain, northeast of stones under the conglomerate, and are associated and form a deep soil. If the calcareous cement Vanderpool to the mouth of Dry Branch. There Trimble. In a short distance it brings the Juniata with black shales. Owing to the heavy talus makes up but a small part of the rock, it is often are many small farms along the outcrop of the red beds onto the Lewistown limestone, a relation from the cliffs above, exposures are very rare, and leached out far below the surface, and the rock Greenbrier limestone all along the eastern slope which is sustained for 6 miles. The fault dies but little could be ascertained as to the distribu retains its form but becomes soft and porous, as of the Back Allegheny Mountains. On the out near the eastern margin of the quadrangle. tion of the beds. in the case of the Monterey sandstone; but if, as steeper slopes this limestone is much overplaced A small local fault is indicated in Back Creek The lower members of the Romney shales have in limestone, the calcareous material forms the by sand and talus from the sandstones and con Mountain a mile northeast of Mountaingrove, been worked at many points with the very mis greater part of the rock, the insoluble portions glomerates above. which is exposed in the Cacapon, taken idea that they would lead to coal at a collect on the surface as a mantle of soil, varying Clay soils from the shales occur mainly along Local faults. Rockwood, and Lewistown formations. greater or less depth beneath the surface. This in thickness with the character of the limestone, the Romney, Martinsburg, and Rockwood forma There is apparently another small overthrust shale has much the appearance of the black shales being generally thin where the latter is pure, but tions. The Romney shale soils lie mostly in nar which begins along the west side of Little Mare occurring in connection with coal in the regular often very thick where it contains much insoluble row belts along the river bottoms, and, with the Mountain near the southern boundary of the coal basins, but it was deposited long prior to the matter. alluvium in these bottoms, form excellent farming quadrangle, in which a portion of the quartzites era of coal deposition. The more carbonaceous When derived in this way from the disintegra lands. They extend along portions of the valleys of the Rockwood formation is cut off. Very small portions of the shale often will burn for a few tion of the underlying rock, soils are called of Knapp, Browns, Rosen, Thomas, and other local slips are often exposed in the Monterey moments when placed in a hot fire, leaving a very sedentary. If the rock is a sandstone or sandy creeks skirting Browns, Michael, and the other quadrangle, and some very instructive ones in the bulky ash; but it is futile to expect that the shale the soil is sandy, and if it is a clay shale or ranges of the Browns Mountain uplift, and are Tuscarora quartzite are exposed in Panther Gap. Romney shales are in any way connected with limestone the resulting soil is clay. As there are found in a wide district around Greenbank. true coal deposits. abrupt changes in the character of the rocks, They are the lands of the bottoms of Back Creek, MINERAL RESOURCES. Zsimestone. There are large supplies of lime sandstones and shales alternating with limestones, the Bolers Draft Valley, the Jackson River for stone suitable for blast furnaces and for lime for so there are abrupt transitions in the character of several miles near Rowans and again near Wilson- Iron ore. In the shales of the Rockwood for use in building and agriculture. The greater part the soils, and soils differing widely in composition ville, the Monterey Valley, and the greater part mation there is an extensive bed of iron ore, which of the Lewistown, Shenandoah, and Greenbrier and agricultural qualities often occur side by side. of the valleys of the Bullpasture and Cowpasture is often sufficiently pure to give promise of eco limestones is available for these uses. Some of If the characters of the soils derived from the rivers and Stuart Run. They occupy a detached nomic importance. It is a red hematite, occur the lower beds of the Lewistown limestone may various geologic formations are known their dis area passing through Bath Alum Springs and ring in regular beds and breaking out in heavy, prove to be serviceable for the manufacture of tribution may be approximately determined from extend along Pig Run and Mill Creek in an area smooth-sided blocks, a characteristic which has cement, but they have not as yet been tested. the map showing the areal geology, which thus west of Panther Gap. given it the name of "block ore." It is rusty Building stone. Building stones are very plen serves also as a soil map. The only considerable Portions of the Martinsburg shale area in the brown in color on exposed surfaces, but when tiful in the Monterey quadrangle, for they may areas in which the boundaries between different Crabbottom, Wilson Run, and Warm Spring scratched or crushed it is seen to be a bright be obtained in nearly every formation. It can not varieties of soil do not coincide with the forma valleys extend the width of the area available for blood-red. It is the same bed which is worked be said that any of them are particularly attract tion boundaries are in the river bottoms and upon pasture, and in some cases they are tilled. The at intervals along the Appalachian region from ive in appearance or of special value for shipment, the steep slopes, where soils derived from rocks soils are somewhat sandy, but, on the other hand, New York, where it is known as Clinton ore, to but they answer every purpose for local use. higher up the slope have washed down and they contain considerable calcareous matter. The Alabama. It is regularly stratified between the One of the most serviceable materials is the Mon mingled with or covered the soil derived from greater part of the Martinsburg area has very shales, about one-third way below their top. terey sandstone, which in its fresh state can often those below. The latter are called overplaced steep slopes, which are rather difficult to farm, The area of outcrop of the Rockwood forma be hewn out into smooth blocks for building soils, and a special map would be required to and on the higher portions of these slopes there tion is shown on the Areal Geology sheet, and chimneys. It is claimed that at some localities show their distribution. is considerable overplacement by sand and talus again by a heavy tint on the Economic Geology the limestones are suitable for marble, but this Classification. The soils of this region may from the overlying Juniata and Tuscarora beds. sheet. It will be seen that it extends along both claim has not been fully authenticated. There is conveniently be classed as (1) sandy soils, derived The soils from the shales of the Rockwood forma sides of the anticlinal uplifts of Back Creek, Jack, usually great difficulty in obtaining large blocks from the disintegration of the various beds of tion usually lie on steep mountain slopes where Warm Spring, Mill, and Walker mountains, Side of massive limestone sufficiently free from flaws sandstone occurring at intervals from the Juniata there is much overplacement of sand and talus. ling and Tower hills, and Chestnut Ridge ; occurs and of a character that will appear attractive to the Blackwater formation; (2) clay soils, In the region a short distance east of Monterey at intervals along Browns Mountain and Michael when polished. derived on the one hand from the Shenandoah, and in portions of the Browns Mountain area the Mountain ; and is exposed in the gorge of Back Qlay. Clay available for the manufacture of Lewistown, and Greenbrier limestones, and on the formation is so exposed as to give rise to numer Creek at the north end of Boler Mountain and in brick for local use occurs at many localities, other hand from the shales mainly of the Martins- ous small tracts of farming or pasture land. The the valley of Rocky Branch west of Duncan Knob. mainly in the limestone areas and on some of the burg, Rockwood, Romney, Hampshire, and Canaan shales in the Hampshire formation furnish occa For the greater part of their course the shales of shale belts. Smaller areas of alluvial clays also formations; (3) alluvial soils, deposited by the sional areas of pasture land on the summits of the Rockwood formation are often more or less occur in many of the stream bottoms. It is prob larger streams on their flood plains. Shenandoah Mountain and along Greenbrier completely hidden by overplaced sand and rocky able that some of the dark shales of the Romney Sandy soils. Nearly all of the larger mountain River. About Cloverlick post-office there is a talus from adjoining mountain slopes, so that formation would, after grinding, be suitable for areas and many of the small ridges consist of farming area of small extent in this belt. The exposures of the iron-ore horizon are but rarely the manufacture of fire bricks, but they have not sandstone, and their soils are sandy. Much of the shaly portions of the Canaan and Jennings forma observed. For this reason it is not possible to yet been tested for this use. land is steep and rocky, and the soils are so thin tions lie mainly on very steep slopes, but some por give a specific account of the extent and varia Road metal. Throughout the area of the Mon and barren that they are not available for agricul tions of their area are available for pasture land. tions of the ore. It is known to be variable in terey quadrangle there are abundant materials of ture. The Blackwater, Pocono, upper Jennings, Alluvial soils. There are no wide areas of purity and thickness, and occasionally there are which to make smooth and durable roads. In Tuscarora, and Juniata beds furnish the thinnest alluvial soil in the Monterey quadrangle. Along intervals in which it either is absent or is repre many parts of the region there are hard shales and poorest soils, and the mountains composed of nearly all of the larger valleys there are narrow sented by thin beds of limestone. and thin sandstones, which make almost perfect these rocks are very barren. The Monterey sand strips of alluvial soils, which are farmed in greater Careful exploitation by trenching or shafting- beds for roads excavated in them. For roads stone often disintegrates deeply, but owing to the part. These soils are sandy loams, which were will be necessary at most localities for a determi along the bottom lands there generally are large almost complete removal of its calcareous constit deposited by the streams at various times. They nation of the presence and quality of the ore. In supplies of rock at hand suitable for macadam uent, the residual sand is usually rather sterile. are widest about Greenbank, in the Cowpasture the central portion of the Browns Mountain area izing broken limestone or sandstone for the Much of the surface is so steep also that the sand Valley from Williamsville to beyond Fort Lewis, the ore has been explored to some extent and foundation and crushed rock or hard shale for a washes away and leaves wide areas of rocky sur in the Bullpasture Valley about Clovercreek, found to average about 2 feet in thickness for a top dressing. In the limestone areas the roads face. The upper beds of the Canaan formation along Jackson River west of Warm Springs, considerable distance, but this thickness is not ordinarily require a foundation of large fragments, are too sandy to furnish good soil, but on the along Knapp Creek east of Browns Mountain, maintained throughout. In the valley between a top dressing of crushed rock or shale, and ade gentler slopes there are some areas which produce and along Suttleton Creek east of Charley Ridge. Little Piney and Piney mountains and Warm quate lateral drainage. The roads in the sand fairly good pasture land. There are also some alluvial flats on Shavers Spring Mountain the ore has been examined and stone areas usually need only smoothing, with Owing to the alternation of sandstone and shale Fork of Cheat River. Along the smaller streams a thickness of about 2 feet reported. Moderately proper drainage on the steep slopes to prevent beds in the Hampshire formation, portions of the there are alluvial deposits of greater or less thick beds of fine ore were observed in the slopes washing. Allegheny Mountain are available for pasturage, extent, but mainly narrow. The soils present con just west of Sounding Knob, but the thickness and some areas have been partially cleared, or siderable variability and, as a rule, become pre could not be determined without trenching. SOILS. " hacked," for this purpose. dominantly sandy along the upper courses of the Fragments of limonite iron ore are frequently Derivation and distribution. Throughout the Clay soils. The limestone lands of the Mon larger streams. Along the runs they are usually found in the Monterey sandstone throughout its quadrangle there is a close relation between the terey quadrangle are mainly slopes of consider very sandy and often mixed with shingle. This extent, and often this rock is more or less deeply character of the soils and that of the underlying able steepness or rolling valleys. Their soils are admixture with shingle also occurs at intervals stained with iron, so that it is mistaken for iron formations. Except in limited areas along the exceptionally rich. On the steeper slopes these along the larger streams, especially on their ore. A careful examination of the entire area of larger streams and on the steeper slopes, the soils limestone soils are usually thin and much inter higher courses and immediately below gorges, ,the formation has revealed only a few small local are residuary products of the decay and disintegra rupted by outcropping ledges of rock. The through which the streams often pass. deposits, which do not promise to be of economic tion of the rocks on which they lie. The excep greater part of the limestone areas are employed N. H. DARTON, importance. The principal limonite exposures tions are the wash and talus on the steeper slopes mainly for grazing, but they are tilled at many Geologist. observed are on McClung Ridge, by the roadside and the flats along the streams, where there are localities. The areas of Shenandoah limestone July, 1898. Monfcerey. TABLE OF FORMATION NAMES.
H. D. ROGERS : FIRST REPORT OF PENNSYL PERIOD. NAMES AND SYMBOLS USED IN THIS FOLIO. NAMES USED BY VARIOUS AUTHORS. H. D. ROGERS : FINAL REPORT OF PENNSYLVA VANIA, 1836 ; AND W. B, ROGERS : GEOLOGY NIA, 1858, OF THE VIRGINIAS, 1838, AND LATER.
CARBON Blackwater formation. Cbw Potts ville conglomerate. Seral. XII. IFEROUS Canaan formation. Ccn Mauch Chunk shales. :,. ; Umbral. XL, . Greenbrier limestone. Cgr Greenbrier limestone. Pocono sandstone. Cpo Montgomery grits. Pocono sandstone. Vespertine. x.- .. DEVONIAN Hampshire formation. Dh Catskill. Ponent. IX. Jennings formation. Dj Chemung. : Vergent. VIII. Romney shale. Dr Hamilton. Cadent. Monterey sandstone. SDm Oriskany. Meridian. VII. Lower Heiderberg. Lewistown limestone. SI Salina. Premeridian. VI. Niagara . Rockwood formation. Sr Clinton. Surgent. v.. , SILURIAN Cacapon sandstone. Sen Tuscarora quartzite. Stc Medina. Massanutten sandstone. Levant. lvr- Juniata formation. Sj Martinsburg shale. Smb Hudson River. Matinal. III. Trenton. Shenandoah Umestone. Ss Chazy, Auroral. II- Calcif erous. N. H. DAETON, Geologist.
.L.