Seminar about:

Study on physicochemical characteristics of mares

By Mrwa Tahir Ahmed Taha Supervisor : Dr. Mohamed Osman Mohamed Abdalla

 Sudan is an agricultural country characterized by variations in climatic and animal resources  Recent statistics estimated the Sudanese equines’ population as 260,000 horses and 730,000 donkey (FAO, 2000).  Bovine milk the most commonly consumed type of milk.  Also milk production is highest for buffalo milk (11%), followed by (2.3%), sheep (1.4%) and (0.2%) (Gerosa and Skoet, 2012).  Horses and donkeys and yaks, no world statistics are available, but their contribution to the global milk production is less than 0.1 (Faye and Konuspayeva, 2012  Milk composition and quality in mammalian species affect by : • Genetic • Physiological • Nutritional • Environmental (Malacarne et al., 2002)  Mare milk, besides its role for foals, is also used in human nutrition, mainly in eastern Asia, in the last years there has been an increasing interest in it as in Europe, mainly Germany, France, Italy and also in Scandinavia (Malacarne et al., 2002).  Mare milk has important nutritional and therapeutic properties that can benefit the diet of the elderly, newborn.  because it contains a high lactase it has sweet taste.  the taste is very gentle, high watery and less casein in comparison with cow as a result of which it is better digestible (Rad et al., 2013 .  mare’s milk could be used instead of cow milk in allergic children (Businco et al., 2000). And a number of cosmetic, but also some therapeutic properties (e.g. for treating metabolic, gastrointestinal and liver problems, and cancer) (Claeys et al., 2014) 1. To terme the physicochemical characteristics of mare milk. 2. Effect of period on physicochemical characteristics of mare milk in sudan envirnoment

 This study was conducted in the department of production faculty of animal production  this sample was obtained from different farm in Khartoum .the sample was collected in sterile glass bottles and transported in ice box at 4 °C to the laboratory for analysis  The samples was analyzed for fat, protein, SNF lactose, density using lactoscan90(Aples Industries services, france  Total solid, ash and acidity was determined according to the AOAC (2000).  pH measured by using the PH meter model 3510  The data were analyzed using Statistical Analysis Systems (SAS, ver. 9). General linear models (GLM) were used to determine the effect of mare number and lactation period on the physicochemical characteristics of mares milk. Mean separation was carried out using Duncan multiple range test (P≤0.05 ).

Physicochemic Mare NO 1 Mare NO 2 Mare NO 3 Mare NO 4 Mare NO 5 SL al characteristics Fat% 2.01±0.51b 2.08±0.57b 2.37±0.66a 2.16±0.59ab 2.01±0.14b **

Protein% 3.62 ±0.11aa 3.65±0.59a 3.51± 0.16a 3.51±0.16b 3.67±0.11a ***

Total solid% 10.03±0.68b 9.89 ±0.59b 10.39±0.33a 9.77±0.82b 10.55±0.60a ***

Moisture % 89.98±0.67bc 90.67±2.18bc 90.37±1.84ab 90.67±2.18a 89.57±0.61c ** * Lactose% 5.13±0.68a 5.21±0.42a 4.91±0.22b 4.98±0.82b 5.16±0.11a **

Solid- non- 9.44±0.23a 9.50±0.42a 9.06±0.42b 9.14±0.45b 9.59±0.21a *** Fat% Ash% 0.33±0.11a 0.38±0.11bc 0.40±0.04b 0.36±0.04c 0.47±0.07a ***

Acidity% 0.17±0.17c 0.16±0.02ab 0.16±0.02b 0.14±0.02c 0.17±0.17a ***

PH 7.07±0.39a 6.88±0.31b 7.11±0.37a 7.03±0.22a 7.01±0.22ab ***

Density 1.034.56±0.95a 1.034.53±1.71a 1.032.52±1.61c 1.033.28±1.62b 1.034.99±0.72 a ** Parameters L1 (1-2 L2 (2-3 L3 (4-5 months) months) months) fat 1.73±0.36 2.44±0.88 1.85±0.54 Protein 3.58±0.07 3.62±0.15 3.66±0.09 T S 9.53±0.59 10.29±0.30 10.26±0.79 Mositure 90.49±0.58 89.71±0.30 89.74±0.79 Lactose 5.04±0.11 5.18±0.148 5.16±0.14 SNF 9.32±0.19 9.53±0.19 9.48±0.27 Ash 0.39±0.06 0.32±0.07 0.27±0.07 Acidity 0.14±0.03 0.15±0.03 0.15±0.02 PH 7.23±0.42 6.97±0.40 7.02±0.33 Density 34.10±0.92 34.83±0.65 34.85±1.09 Parameters L1 (1-2 months) L1 (1-2 months) L3 (4-5 months) fat 1.89±0.33 1.89±0.33 1.98±0.18

Protein 3.75±0.20 3.75±0.20 3.62±0.11

T S 10.22±0.58 10.22±0.58 9.67-+0.78

Lactose 5.49-+0.31 5.49-+0.31 5.12-+0.20

Mositure 89.70-+0.50 89.70-+0.50 90.14-+0.88

SNF 9.78-+0.54 9.78-+0.54 9.47-+0.35

Ash 0.31-+0.04 0.31-+0.04 0.47-+0.12

Acidity 0.15-+0.01 0.15-+0.01 0.17-+0.01

PH 7.08-+0.42 7.08-+0.42 6.67-+0.13

Density 1.035.64+1.98 1.035.64+1.98 1.034.36+1.14 Parameters L1 (1-2 months) L2 (2-3 months) L3 (4-5 months) fat 2.34-+0.70 2.53±0.60 2.24±0.71

Protein 3.53±0.24 3.44±0.11 3.59±0.02

T S 10.29±0.32 10.35±0.20 10.54±0.42

Lactose 4.92±0.30 4.76±0.12 5.06±0.29

Mositure 90.39±1.32 91.31±2.63 89.42±0.47

SNF 9.16±0.61 9.10±0.52 9.15±0.29

Ash 0.41±0.04 0.38±0.03 0.41±0.05

Acidity 0.16±0.06 0.15±0.02 0.16±0.01

PH 6.88±0.32 7.33±0.36 7.12±0.30

Density 1.032.83±1.98 1.031.61±1.60 1.033.11±1.39 Parameters L1 (1-2 months) L2 (2-3 months) L3 (4-5 months) fat 2.24±0.06 1.64±0.28 2.61±0.71

Protein 3.51±0.16 3.46±0.20 3.55±0.12

T S 10.08±0.27 9.71±0.54 9.53±1.26

Lactose 5.09±0.33 4.91±0.28 4.96±0.19

Mositure 89.92±0.28 91.62±3.44 90.47±1.27

SNF 9.14±0.47 9.08±0.53 9.19±0.35

Ash 0.37±0.04 0.36±0.04 0.35±0.06

Acidity 0.14±0.03 0.15±0.23 0.14±0.01

PH 7.00±0.12 7.03±0.29 7.05±0.23

Density 1.033.14±1.78 1.033.61±1.42 1.033.10±1.73 Parameters L1 (1-2 months) L2 (2-3 months) L3 (4-5 months) fat 1.88±0.11 2.16±0.04 2.07±0.00

Protein 3.63±0.09 3.68±0.05 3.74±0.00

T S 10.89±0.70 10.06±0.04 10.53±0.24

Lactose 5.01±0.01 5.15±0.01 5.26±0.01

Mositure 89.92±0.28 91.62±3.44 90.47±1.27

SNF 9.47±0.24 9.55±0.10 9.74±0.00

Ash 0.50±0.08 0.55±0.00 0.52±0.01

Acidity 0.19±0.01 0.17±0.01 0.14±0.01

PH 7.18±0.08 7.05±0.05 6.66±0.02

Density 1.034.85±0.95 1.035.33±0.14 1.034.85±0.6 1 Parameters Lactation period (months) SL 1(1-2) 2(3-4) 3(5-6) Fat (%) 2.01±0.43b 2.23±0.59a 2.16±0.58ab * Protein (%) 3.60±0.18ab 3.55±0.22b 3.63±0.10a ** Total solids (%) 10.25±0.18a 10.04±0.22a 10.08±0.88a NS Moisture (%) 89.93±0.88b 90.57±2.04a 89.87±0.90b NS Lactose (%) 5.13±0.31a 4.99±0.22b 5.10±0.17a ** Solids-non-fat (%) 9.38±0.47a 9.26±0.06a 9.39±0.35a NS Ash (%) 0.40±0.11a 0.36±0.06b 0.40±0.11a **

0.16±0.03a 0.15±0.2a 0.15±0.02a *** Acidity (% lactic acid) Ph 7.08±0.32a 7.06±0.31a 6.91±0.31b NS Density 1.0346±1.83a 1.03376±1.62a 1.03402±1.47a ** Means in the row bearing similar superscripts are not significantly different (P>0.05) *** = P<0.001 ** = P<0.01 * = P<0.05 NS = Not significant Significant variation was observed in all physiochemical characteristics of mares milk under study. Fat, protein, lactose, ash contents. acidity and daensity were significantly effect by the lactation period while total solids, moisture, SNF and PH was not affected. Mare milk resemble human milk in lactose, fat and protein ,so this milk may be fed to human infants  Mare milk may be used as a substitute for human milk in feeding infant  Mare milk can be used industrially in local market  Research should focus on improving the breeds of mares to utilize its milk