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Principles and Practices Involved in the Breeding, Feeding, and Management of Pure-Bred Draft Horses in the United States Valente Estrada Villegas Iowa State College

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Principles and Practices Involved in the Breeding, Feeding, and Management of Pure-Bred Draft Horses in the United States Valente Estrada Villegas Iowa State College Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1923 Principles and practices involved in the breeding, feeding, and management of pure-bred draft horses in the United States Valente Estrada Villegas Iowa State College Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Animal Sciences Commons, and the Veterinary Medicine Commons Recommended Citation Villegas, Valente Estrada, "Principles and practices involved in the breeding, feeding, and management of pure-bred draft horses in the United States" (1923). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 14691. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/14691 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. in the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at tiie upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections v\^ small overiaps. ProQuest Infonnation and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Ariaor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. UMI* Principles and Practices Involved in the Breeding, Feeding, and Man­ agement of Pure-Bred Draft Horses in the United States By VALENTE ESTRADA VILLEGAS A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy No. 8 Approved: H. H. KIIDEE, Head of Department R. Z. BUCHANAN, Graduate Dean AMES, IOWA NINETEEN TWENTY-THREE UMl Number; DP14560 UMI ® UMI Microform DP14560 Copyright 2006 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 THE POWERS PRESS AMES. IOWA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To Professor A. B. Caine, the writer ex­ presses his indebtedness for constructive criti­ cisms and superdsion of the work, while to Dr. H. D. Bergman he is under obligation for help given on the common and contagions dis­ eases, and other troubles. The writer also wishes to extend his gratitude to the host of breeders whose kindly aid made the accom­ plish of this dissertation possible. CONTENTS I>*TBODUCTOKY ...... 7 OBJECT OF THE WOKK ..... 9 SoUBCES OF MATEEIALS ..... 10 PAST "WOEK—GE>*EEAL STATEMKYR 11 MAKAGEMEXT OF THE STALLIOX .... 12 1. Selection ...... 12 2. Unsoundness and diseases affecting selection . 13 3. Other considerations affecting selection 17 4. Age to breed ..... IS 5. Procedure in breeding operations 19 6. Systems of feeding and watering, salting 22 7. Feeding ...... 25 8. Housing and care .... 28 9. Exercise ...... 29 10. Grooming ...... 30 111. Extra care ...... 31 122. Common and infectious diseases, and other ailments ...... 32 MAJFAGESIEXT OF THE MABE .... 38 1. Selection ...... 38 2. Breeding and productive age 39 3. Breeding season. Period of heat. Signs of heat. Time to breed ..... 40 4. Spring foaling ..... 42 5. Fall foaling ..... 42 6. Other breeding considerations . 43 7. Artificial insemination .... 44 8. Feeding ...... 47 9. Housing and care .... 51 10. Exercise ...... 52 11. Signs of pregnancy .... 52 12. Grestation period ..... 56 13. Signs of parturitition .... 57 14. Management of normal parturition 58 15. The care of the puerperal mare . 60 16. Common and infectious diseases and other ailments ...... 64 MAXAGEIRE^•T OF THE FOAL .... 68 1> Handling ...... 68 2. Raising the orphan foal 83 3. Conmion and infectious diseases and other ailments ...... 86 MA:FAGEM:E>-T OF 'WEA^•LI^-GS .... 95 1. Weaning and management 95 2. Common and infectious diseases, and other ailments ...... :04 EXPERIMENTAt, WORK OF COLT FEEDETG LOS CASE OF THE COLT'S FEET ..... 6 PUKE BEED DRAFT HORSES XL EDUCATIXG ASD TKAISING THE COLT .... 114 ITEST!I.TS OF IKVESTIGATION ..... 126 I. STXID FABMS STJBVEIED ......127 N. SIAXAGEMENT OF THE STAIXION .....132 L Selection 132 2. Unsoundness, diseases, and other defects . 137 3. Systems of breeding ..... 137 4. Stud fee. Breeding contracts .... 13S 5. Breeding age. Services ..... 13S 6. "Teasers" . .142 7. Indifferent breeders. Stimulants . 144 8. Feeding. Watering. Salting .... 144 9. Exercise and work ..... 153 10. Grooming. Clipping the haircoat Shoeing . 155 11. Vices 156 12. Accidents. Diseases or ailments • • • 157 in. MANAGESIENT OF THE MAEE ..... 159 1. Selection .......159 2. Diseases, unsoundness, etc., as disqualifying factors ..... 162 3. Breeding season ...... 162 4. Artificial insemination ..... 163 5. Breeding age ...... 163 6. Work .......165 7. Pasturage .......165 8. Feeding .......166 9. The foaling mare and the new-bom. Abortion . 172 ni. MAXAGEMEIRT OF THE FOAT ..... 179 1. The suckling foal ...... 179 2. The orphan foal ...... 180 IV. MANAGEMENT OF THE WEAIFRIIRGS ..... 182 1. Weaning: age and method .... 182 2. Feeding and handling ..... 183 V. C03OF0N DISEASES AND AIUMENTS..... 195 VI. VETEEINAET EQUIPMENT. THE "MEDICINE CHEST" . 199 VII. STAUION AND FOAUNG BOX STAIX..... 203 Vni. STNIMAET 204 IX. BIBUOGKAPHT .......205 VrTA .........210 APPENDIX I. - . between pp. 211 and 212 APPENDIX II. .......211 I INTRODUCTORY The world's horse population is 105,400,000, of which the United States shares with 23,015,922, or 23%.' The United States is also credited with having 25 horses per 100 population, outranking other countries in this respect^ To date census figures for 1920 give the horse and mule popula­ tion of the United States to be 27,676,939.= That the horse industry of the United Stat^ particularly of the draft type, is to remain the source of reliable, efficient, and economic power for the major body of agricultural workers and transportation men, is evident A very plausible undertaking, Uie "National Survey of the Economic Status of the Horse," sponsored by the saddlery interests,® has been made, the results of which bear fruit in accord to the foregoing assertion. This survey, among other things, discloses the following:' "tl) All data gathered and studied indicates that the tractor in its present state of development is a means of supplementary or auzilliary power rather than a substitute for the horse. "(2) That the tractor to date has made no appreciable dent in the number of horses on our farms. In at least 50% of the cases just as many horses are kept as after its purchase. "(3) Actually, horse displacement which can be credited to the tractor is very, very small, and in no case are the horses displaced equal in value to the tractor which displaced liiem. "(4) That the horses remaining after the tractor has been purchased perform on the average from 75% to 90% of all the work." The survey also points out that the increase in the number of horses and mules has always about kept pace with the increase in population and agricultural expansion, excepting only from 1900 to 1910. Relative to the effect of the introduction of motor trucks on the farms, the survey reveals the fact that in January, 1919, there were 184 times as many horses and mules as there were of motor trucks, so that the influence is very little. It is mentioned that only one farm in nearly fifty has a truck. As to the part played by draft horses in city haulage it is worthy of note to consider the following findings:' "For all hauls within a radius of 2 or 3 miles where a number of stops are made firom terminal to down town business houses—^haiiling in many cases is superior and in all cases cheaper. Long delays at terminals seem to be inevitable and when this delay amounts to 2 or 3 hours it is quite obvious that the horse is mudti cheaper due to the small investment idle. Added to this, it is possible to use horses in many alleys and such places that would <be almost inaccessible for a motor truck. "A number of cartage concerns also handle contracting work, such as excavating. In this field it was also clearly demonstrated that the horse has his place. First, in getting into excavation the horse could often get into places where a motor truck could not go. It also was un­ necessary to build heavily planked roadways for the horse as are necessary to give the truck traction. This also holds true on the dump. "In ice companies, bakeries, creameries, etc., having short hauls and regular stops or routes the horse has a distinct place. The truck could 8 PURE BRED DRAFT HORSES not make any better time over a given route than a horse could. The horse could carry just as big a load and the cost was much less." Back of the horse industry the country must look into the breeding operations as the basis for the output of proper classes and number of horses to keep pace with the requirement in the United States.
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