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EVOLUTION of the PARANEOPTERA the MAJOR GROUPS of NEOPTERA

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EVOLUTION of the PARANEOPTERA THE MAJOR GROUPS OF NEOPTERA Polyneoptera • Order Plecoptera • Order Embioptera Holometabola • Order Zoraptera • Order Megaloptera • Order Dermaptera • Order Neuroptera • Order Grylloblattodea • Order Rhaphidioptera • Order Mantophasmatodea • Order Coleoptera • Order Phasmatodea • Order Strepsiptera • Order Orthoptera • Order Hymenoptera • Order Blattodea (incl. termites) • Order Mecoptera • Order Mantodea • Order Siphonaptera • Order Diptera • Order Trichoptera Paraneoptera • Order Lepidoptera • Order Psocoptera • Order Phthiraptera • Order Thysanoptera • Order Hemiptera Paraneoptera • Order Psocoptera - bark lice, book lice • Order Phthiraptera - true or parasitic lice • Order Thysanoptera - thrips • Order Hemiptera - true bugs, aphids, scale insects, cicadas, plant hoppers, tree hoppers, frog hoppers, etc. Phylogenetic Relationships of the Paraneopteran Orders Psocodea Psocoptera Phthiraptera Paraneoptera (=Acercaria) Thysanoptera Condylognatha Hemiptera • Maxillary lacinia slender and Synapomorphies of the Paraneoptera elongate, detached from stipes • Postclypeus enlarged, accommodating similarly enlarged cibarial dialator muscles Psocoptera • Labial palps reduced or lost Psocodea • Tarsomeres 3 or less • Cerci absent • Only one abdominal ganglionic mass • Winged forms with abdominal trichobothria Phthiraptera Paraneoptera Thysanoptera (=Acercaria) Condylognatha Hemiptera • Unique complement of sclerotizations in the cibarium - a Synapomorphies of the Psocodea water-vapor uptake system composed of ovoid "lingual sclerites" connected by a Y- shaped "filamentous duct" to the Psocoptera cibarial sclerite. Psocodea • Rupture-facilitating cuticular modifications (escape mechanism) on the basal part of the antennal flagellomeres - a collarlike fold of the epicuticle and exocuticle (but not the endocuticle) at base of Phthiraptera flagellar segments • Cardo lost • Postclypeus bulbous, protruding • Ovipositor simplified Paraneoptera Thysanoptera (=Acercaria) Condylognatha Hemiptera Synapomorphies of the Condylognatha Psocodea Psocoptera • Opisthognathous head • Expanded hypopharyngeal apodemes • Dorsal shift of anterior tentorial pits • Narrow labrum • Unicondylar mandibular & lacinial Phthiraptera stylets Paraneoptera Thysanoptera (=Acercaria) Condylognatha Hemiptera Mouthparts Evolution of mouthparts within the Paraneoptera (see Fig. 8.2 Grimaldi & Engel) lacinia Psocoptera • Maxillary lacinia slender and elongate, detached from stipes • Postclypeus enlarged, accommodating similarly enlarged cibarial dialator muscles • Labial palps reduced or lost PSOCOPTERA (=Corrodentia) - bark lice, book lice PSOCOPTERA - bark lice, book lice “SYNAPOMORPHIES” Head: • Bulging eyes; bulging postclypeus • Antennal flagellum slender Thorax: • Prothorax small, pterothorax large • Prophragma and mesophragma suppressed or reduced; dorsal longitudinal muscles insert on strongly arched mesonotum • Hind coxa with “Pearman’s organ” with adjacent tympanum - stridulatory Wings: • Forewing CuA with fork near margin, “areola postica” • Wings coupled at rest by blunt projection of pterostigma of forewing hooks to fore margin of hing wing • In flight, small hook on vein CuP couples forewing to hind wing But none of these exclusive to all psocopterans!! PSOCOPTERA - bark lice, book lice CHARACTERISTICS • Very small, soft bodied, < 5mm • Active, fast running • Long, slender antennae • Fore wing > hind wing; wings held rooflike over body; venation reduced; wings may be absent • Face bulging, head depressed • No cerci • Tarsi 2–3-segmented • Wing and body of some species covered with scales; some brightly colored other PSOCOPTERA “bark lice” Hypothesis of Lyall 1985 PSOCOPTERA Liposcelidae “book lice” PHTHIRAPTERA true lice - obligate • Brachypterous or apterous ectoparasites of • Body flattened, including head • Hind femora enlarged birds and mammals • Fusion of meso- and metanotum • Loss of abdominal spiracles 1 and 2 Also supported by recent • Reduction or loss of labial palps molecular sequence data and • Prognathous head additional morphological • Eyes reduced or lost characters Summary of the phylogeny of Psocodea based on mophological (Yoshizawa & Johnson 2006) and molecular data (Johnson et al. 2004) shows evidence for paraphyly of Psocoptera. These analyses indicate that parasitic lice evolved from within the Psocoptera suborder Troctomorpha. Phylogenetic relationships among major lineages of the Psocodea inferred from mitochondrial genome sequences. From Li et al (2013). Result? Psocoptera almost certainly PARAPHYLETIC, especially when the book lice, family Liposcelidae, are included. Liposcelidae - book lice • Cosmopolitan, 6 genera, 100 species, most in Liposcelis • Minute, pale • Found in tight, concealed spaces, under bark, compost, leaf litter, some in ant nests • Also damp paper, cardboard, books - feed on mold and organic glue; also dead insect specimens - minor museum pest • Also mammal and bird nests - nidicolous - where they feed on nest detritus; even among feathers and fur of some birds and mammals - phoretic association • Apteryous or brachypterous These characteristics perhaps precursors of an ectoparasitic lifestyle! “PSOCOPTERA” - bark lice, book lice Habitat & Habits: • In addition to nidicolous species, found on branches, trunks of trees and shrubs, rock outcrops, galleries of wood boring insects, nests of ants, bees, paper wasps, termites, caves, dead leaves, etc. • Feed by using laciniae as pick to scrape algae, lichen, fungal hyphae, films of yeast, detritus “PSOCOPTERA” - bark lice, book lice Habitat & Habits: • Some live in colonies in silken sheets of webbing on trunks of trees - silk from labial glands • Parthenogenetic and viviparous species found • Some Liposcelidae live in houses or in stored grain • Some display drumming courtship behavior; in one species males display by standing on head! “PSOCOPTERA” - bark lice, book lice Collecting and Preserving: • Use small natural bristle brush dipped in alcohol • Collect off substrate; also beating and Berlese funnel. • Preserve in 80% alcohol, pin scaled species. • Must mount on slides for detailed determinations (based on microscopic structures of genitalia, laciniae, claws, hypopharynx). “PSOCOPTERA” - bark lice, book lice Diversity & Distribution: • 4,400 species world, mostly in tropics - very poorly known; 3 suborders: Psocomorpha - 24 families Trogiomorpha - 5 families Troctomorpha - 8 families • 264 spp., 71 genera, 26 families in U.S. and Canada PHTHIRAPTERA (including Mallophaga and Anoplura) True or parasitic lice PHTHIRAPTERA (including Mallophaga and Anoplura) True or parasitic lice SYNAPOMORPHIES - highly synapomorphic! • Obligate ectoparasites of birds and mammals • Development of hydropyle and operculum in egg; cemented to host hair or feather • Head with very limited movement • Loss of dorsal tentorial arms • Virtual loss of discrete abdominal ganglia; fused with 3rd thoracic • Reduction or loss of lacineal stylets • Great reduction of maxillae • Reduction of antennal flagellum to 3 flagellomeres (plus pedicel) • Loss of wings • Loss of ocelli • Reduction of compound eyes a few ommatidia, usually lost • Reduction to 3 (from 4) nymphal instars • Loss of metathoracic spiracle PHTHIRAPTERA (including Mallophaga and Anoplura) True or parasitic lice Other characteristics: • Generally small, flattened • Head prognathous • Wingless • Antennae short, 3-5-segmented • Eyes small • Legs short • Cerci lacking • Mouthparts chewing; sucking in suborder Anoplura and withdrawn in short beak when not in use Phylogenetic Relationships of the Suborders of Phthiraptera Amblycera “Mallophaga” chewing lice Ischnocera Rhyncophthirina The order Mallophaga is PARAPHYLETIC! Anoplura sucking lice see Grimaldi & Engel Table 8.1 for defining characters Evolution of mouthparts within the Paraneoptera (see Fig. 8.2 Grimaldi & Engel) lacinia Phthiraptera Amblycera Evolution of mouthparts within the Paraneoptera (see Fig. 8.2 Grimaldi & Engel) (absent) Phthiraptera Anoplura • Loss of laciniae • Hypopharynx and labium developed as piercing stylets PHTHIRAPTERA (including Mallophaga and Anoplura) True or parasitic lice Habitat & Habits: • Feed on keratin in hair and feathers or dermal material, sebaceous secretions, although some regularly take blood. • Members of suborder Anoplura are obligate ectoparasites of eutherian (placental) mammals => highly successful blood feeders (hematophagy). Other suborders are obligate ectoparasites of birds and mammals, in feathery and hairy coats. Almost all bird groups have lice; among mammals, only monotremes, anteaters, armadillos, whales and porpoises, sea cows, and bats do not. PHTHIRAPTERA (including Mallophaga and Anoplura) True or parasitic lice Habitat & Habits: • Usually host specific and spend entire life cycle on host; some restricted to particular body regions (e.g., head and body louse vs. pubic louse of humans) • Cement eggs - "nits”- directly to hair or feathers; eggs large relative to female body • Interesting parallels between host species evolution and louse evolution => cospeciation or parallel cladogenesis - evident through statistical congruence between cladograms of host and their parasites. • How close the congruence is depends on several factors or sorting events: ~ cospeciation ~ host switch/colonization ~ intrahost speciation ~ extinction Host Parasite intrahost speciation host switch/colonization c o s p e c i a t i o n extinction? Host Parasite Sorting events: Congruence between host and ~cospeciation
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  • ARTHROPODA Subphylum Hexapoda Protura, Springtails, Diplura, and Insects

    ARTHROPODA Subphylum Hexapoda Protura, Springtails, Diplura, and Insects

    NINE Phylum ARTHROPODA SUBPHYLUM HEXAPODA Protura, springtails, Diplura, and insects ROD P. MACFARLANE, PETER A. MADDISON, IAN G. ANDREW, JOCELYN A. BERRY, PETER M. JOHNS, ROBERT J. B. HOARE, MARIE-CLAUDE LARIVIÈRE, PENELOPE GREENSLADE, ROSA C. HENDERSON, COURTenaY N. SMITHERS, RicarDO L. PALMA, JOHN B. WARD, ROBERT L. C. PILGRIM, DaVID R. TOWNS, IAN McLELLAN, DAVID A. J. TEULON, TERRY R. HITCHINGS, VICTOR F. EASTOP, NICHOLAS A. MARTIN, MURRAY J. FLETCHER, MARLON A. W. STUFKENS, PAMELA J. DALE, Daniel BURCKHARDT, THOMAS R. BUCKLEY, STEVEN A. TREWICK defining feature of the Hexapoda, as the name suggests, is six legs. Also, the body comprises a head, thorax, and abdomen. The number A of abdominal segments varies, however; there are only six in the Collembola (springtails), 9–12 in the Protura, and 10 in the Diplura, whereas in all other hexapods there are strictly 11. Insects are now regarded as comprising only those hexapods with 11 abdominal segments. Whereas crustaceans are the dominant group of arthropods in the sea, hexapods prevail on land, in numbers and biomass. Altogether, the Hexapoda constitutes the most diverse group of animals – the estimated number of described species worldwide is just over 900,000, with the beetles (order Coleoptera) comprising more than a third of these. Today, the Hexapoda is considered to contain four classes – the Insecta, and the Protura, Collembola, and Diplura. The latter three classes were formerly allied with the insect orders Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) and Thysanura (silverfish) as the insect subclass Apterygota (‘wingless’). The Apterygota is now regarded as an artificial assemblage (Bitsch & Bitsch 2000).
  • Parasitic Helminths and Arthropods of Fulvous Whistling-Ducks (Dendrocygna Bicolor) in Southern Florida

    Parasitic Helminths and Arthropods of Fulvous Whistling-Ducks (Dendrocygna Bicolor) in Southern Florida

    J. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 61(1), 1994, pp. 84-88 Parasitic Helminths and Arthropods of Fulvous Whistling-Ducks (Dendrocygna bicolor) in Southern Florida DONALD J. FORRESTER,' JOHN M. KINSELLA,' JAMES W. MERTiNS,2 ROGER D. PRICE,3 AND RICHARD E. TuRNBULL4 5 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, 2 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, P.O. Box 844, Ames, Iowa 50010, 1 Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, and 4 Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission, Okeechobee, Florida 34974 ABSTRACT: Thirty fulvous whistling-ducks (Dendrocygna bicolor) collected during 1984-1985 from the Ever- glades Agricultural Area of southern Florida were examined for parasites. Twenty-eight species were identified and included 8 trematodes, 6 cestodes, 1 nematode, 4 chewing lice, and 9 mites. All parasites except the 4 species of lice and 1 of the mites are new host records for fulvous whistling-ducks. None of the ducks were infected with blood parasites. Every duck was infected with at least 2 species of helminths (mean 4.2; range 2- 8 species). The most common helminths were the trematodes Echinostoma trivolvis and Typhlocoelum cucu- merinum and 2 undescribed cestodes of the genus Diorchis, which occurred in prevalences of 67, 63, 50, and 50%, respectively. Only 1 duck was free of parasitic arthropods; each of the other 29 ducks was infested with at least 3 species of arthropods (mean 5.3; range 3-9 species). The most common arthropods included an undescribed feather mite (Ingrassia sp.) and the chewing louse Holomenopon leucoxanthum, both of which occurred in 97% of the ducks.
  • The Mallophaga of New England Birds James Edward Keirans Jr

    The Mallophaga of New England Birds James Edward Keirans Jr

    University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Doctoral Dissertations Student Scholarship Spring 1966 THE MALLOPHAGA OF NEW ENGLAND BIRDS JAMES EDWARD KEIRANS JR. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation Recommended Citation KEIRANS, JAMES EDWARD JR., "THE MALLOPHAGA OF NEW ENGLAND BIRDS" (1966). Doctoral Dissertations. 834. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/834 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 67—163 KEIRANS, Jr., James Edward, 1935— THE MALLOPHAGA OF NEW ENGLAND BIRDS. University of New Hampshire, Ph.D., 1966 E n tom ology University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan THE MALLOPHAGA OF NEW ENGLAND BIRDS BY JAMES E.° KEIRANS, -TK - A. B,, Boston University, i960 A. M., Boston University, 19^3 A THESIS Submitted to The University of New Hampshire In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate School Department of Zoology June, 1966 This thesis has been examined and approved. May 12i 1966 Date ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to express my thanks to Dr. James G. Conklin, Chairman, Department of Entomology and chairman of my doctoral committee, for his guidance during the course of these studies and for permission to use the facilities of the Entomology Department. My grateful thanks go to Dr. Robert L.