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Environmental Change, Agricultural Development and Social Trends in NW Iberia from the Late Prehistory to the Late Antiquity

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Environmental Change, Agricultural Development and Social Trends in NW Iberia from the Late Prehistory to the Late Antiquity Environmental Change, agricultural development and social trends in NW Iberia from the Late Prehistory to the Late Antiquity João Pedro Vicente Tereso Programa Doutoral de Biologia, Programa Doutoral de Biologia, Porto, 2012 Porto, 2012 UNIVERSIDADE DO PORTO Faculdade de Ciências, Departamento de Biologia ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE, AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL TRENDS IN NW IBERIA FROM THE LATE PREHISTORY TO THE LATE ANTIQUITY Doctoral Program in Biology/Programa Doutoral em Biologia, FCUP Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Biology at the Faculty of Science, University of Porto Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Biologia Thesis Supervisor Prof. Dr. Rubim Manuel Almeida da Silva Auxiliary Professor at the Faculty of Science (Biology Department), and Researcher at CIBIO (Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos) University of Porto, Portugal Thesis co-supervisor Prof. Dr. Pablo Ramil Rego Full Professor of the University of Santiago de Compostela. Director of the IBADER (Instituto Universitario de Biodiversidade Agraria e Desenvolvemento Rural). Environmental change, agricultural development and social trends in NW Iberia from the Late Prehistory to the Late Antiquity 3 To Rita and Artur… my family: the flower, the fruit, the future. From sun to sun, from harvest to harvest, may the rain refresh our hearts and sprout our love every morning, every season, for all time. From the bottom to the top: a dolphin, a narwhal, a cheetah and a zebra, by Artur Gaspar Tereso Environmental change, agricultural development and social trends in NW Iberia from the Late Prehistory to the Late Antiquity 5 Nature is a language - can't you read? Morrissey, The Smiths Não se pode ter sol na eira e chuva no nabal. You can’t have sun in the threshing floor and rain in the turnip field. Portuguese proverb Environmental change, agricultural development and social trends in NW Iberia from the Late Prehistory to the Late Antiquity 7 Foreword According to the number 3 of the 7th Article of Regulation of the Doctoral Program in Biology from Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (and in agreement with the Portuguese Law Decree Nº 74/2006), the present thesis integrates the articles listed below, written in collaboration with co-authors. The candidate declares that he contributed to conceiving the ideas, compiling and producing the databases and analyzing the data, and also declares that he led the writing of all chapters. List of papers: Chapter 3 - Tereso J., Ramil-Rego P. Álvarez González Y., López González L., Almeida da Silva R. (submitted). Massive storage in As Laias/O Castelo (Ourense, NW Spain) from the Late Bronze Age/Iron Age transition to the Roman period: a palaeoethnobotanical approach. Journal of Archaeological Science. Chapter 6 – Tereso J., Ramil-Rego P., Carvalho T.P., Almeida da Silva R., Vaz, F. C. (Submitted). Crops and fodder: evidence for storage and processing activities in a functional area at the Roman settlement of Monte Mozinho (northern Portugal). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany. Chapter 8 – Tereso J., Ramil-Rego P., Bettencourt A.M.S., Almeida da Silva R. (Submitted). Environmental change and agricultural development in NW Iberia during prehistoric times. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany. Chapter 9 – Tereso J., Ramil-Rego P., Almeida da Silva R. (Submitted). Iron Age agriculture in NW Iberia: cultural and environmental constraints and long-term dynamics. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. Chapter 10 – Tereso J., Ramil-Rego P., Almeida da Silva R. (Submitted). Roman agriculture in the conventus Bracaraugustanus (NW Iberia). Journal of Archaeological Science. This thesis was supported by the Portuguese Science Foundation through the PhD grant SFRH/BD/41628 /2007 (QREN-POPH, typology 4.1). Este trabalho foi realizado com o apoio da Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, através da bolsa de doutoramento com a referência SFRH / BD / 41628 / 2007 (QREN-POPH, tipologia 4.1). Environmental change, agricultural development and social trends in NW Iberia from the Late Prehistory to the Late Antiquity 9 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD 7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 13 RESUMO 17 ABSTRACT 19 SECTION A GENERAL INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 – Palaeoethnobotany in a threshold 23 1.1. Approaches to the study of agriculture in NW Iberia 24 1.2. Crossing the threshold: objectives of the thesis 29 1.3. Structure of the thesis 32 1.4. References 33 Chapter 2 – Research parameters 39 2.1. Study area 39 2.2. Chronological parameters 41 2.3. Botanical criteria 45 2.4. References 47 SECTION B RESULTS OF THE ARCHAEOBOTANICAL STUDIES Chapter 3 - Massive storage in As Laias/O Castelo (Ourense, NW Spain) from the Late Bronze Age/Iron Age transition to the Roman period: a palaeoethnobotanical approach 53 Abstract 53 3.1. Introduction 54 3.2. NW Iberia from the Late Bronze Age to the Roman conquest 55 3.3. General characteristics and chronology of As Laias 57 3.4. Materials and Methods 62 3.5. Results 66 10 João Pedro Vicente Tereso 3.6. Discussion 68 3.6.1. Crops in As Laias: regional overview 68 3.6.2. Storage strategies in As Laias 71 3.6.3. Massive storage at As Laias in a regional perspective 73 3.7. Conclusions 76 3.8. References 77 Chapter 4 – Fruits and seeds from an Iron Age combustion area at Lesenho (Boticas/ Ribeira da Pena, northern Portugal) 83 Abstract 83 4.1. Introduction 83 4.2. Materials and Methods 86 4.3. Results 88 4.4. Discussion and Conclusions 89 4.5. References 90 Chapter 5 – Fruits and seeds from Iron Age and Roman levels of Citânia de Briteiros (Guimarães, northern Portugal) 93 Abstract 93 5.1. Introduction 93 5.2. Materials and Methods 95 5.3. Results 98 5.4. Discussion and Conclusions 103 5.5. References 104 Chapter 6 – Crops and fodder: evidence for storage and processing activities in a functional area at the Roman settlement of Monte Mozinho (northern Portugal) 107 Abstract 107 6.1. Introduction 108 6.1.1. The site 108 6.1.2. The Sector A – 2008 110 6.2. Materials and Methods 113 6.3. Results and discussion 116 6.3.1. Storage in Compartment 1 116 6.3.2. Storage, food and fodder in Compartment 2 120 6.4. Agriculture in Monte Mozinho 129 6.5. Conclusions 134 6.6. References 135 Environmental change, agricultural development and social trends in NW Iberia from the Late Prehistory to the Late Antiquity 11 Chapter 7 – Fruits and seeds from the Roman levels of Castro de São Lourenço (Esposende, northern Portugal) 141 Abstract 141 7.1. Introduction 141 7.1.1. The Sector D 143 7.2. Materials and Methods 143 7.3. Results 145 7.4. Discussion and Conclusions 148 7.5. References 149 SECTION C CHRONOLOGICAL SYNTHESES Chapter 8 – Environmental change and agricultural development in NW Iberia during prehistoric times 153 Abstract 153 8.1. Introduction 154 8.2. Study area 155 8.3. Materials and methods 156 8.3.1. Palaeoenvironmental data 156 8.3.2. Archaeological and Archaeobotanical data 157 8.3.3. Nomenclature of wheat grains 159 8.4. Results and discussion 160 8.4.1. Phase 1 (4400/4200 cal BC – c. 3300 cal BC) 160 8.4.2. Phase 2 (c. 3300 – c. 1800 cal BC) 165 8.4.3. Phase 3 (c.1800 – 600/500 cal BC) 169 8.5. Conclusions 176 8.6. References 179 Chapter 9 – Iron Age agriculture in NW Iberia: cultural and environmental constraints and long-term dynamics 191 Abstract 191 9.1. Introduction 191 9.1.1. Iron Age Chronological and cultural settings in NW Iberia 192 9.2. Study area 194 12 João Pedro Vicente Tereso 9.3. Materials and Methods 195 9.4. Results 197 9.5. Discussion 201 9.5.1. Matches and mismatches between archaeobotanical data and classical texts 201 9.5.2. Combining Archaeobotanical data with the Archaeological and Palaeoecological records 204 9.6. Conclusion 208 9.7. References 209 Chapter 10 – Roman agriculture in the conventus Bracaraugustanus (NW Iberia) 215 Abstract 215 10.1. Introduction 215 10.1.1. The conventus Bracaraugustanus and the Roman presence in northwest Iberia 216 10.2. Study area 218 10.3. Materials and Methods 220 10.4. Results and discussion 222 10.4.1. Crops in conventus Bracaraugustanus according to archaeobotanical data 222 10.4.2. Olive oil and wine in the conventus Bracaraugustanus 227 10.4.3. Signs of continuity and change 229 10.5. Conclusions 233 10.6. References 234 SECTION D GENERAL CONCLUSIONS Chapter 11 – Agriculture, human societies and environmental change from the Late Pre-history to the Late Antiquity: an overview and recommendations for future work 243 11.1. Trends in agricultural strategies from 4400/4300 cal BC to the 5th century AD 243 11.2. Agriculture, environmental constraints and resilience 258 11.3. Major breakthroughs and future lines of work 263 11.4. References 266 Environmental change, agricultural development and social trends in NW Iberia from the Late Prehistory to the Late Antiquity 13 Acknowledgments Investigation is a thrilling and fulfilling work because it involves the rewarding sensation of learning something which I can teach others. Furthermore, one of the most satisfying aspects of doing investigation is that it involves contact with other investigators. The contact is more rewarding when those who we contact with are as passionate as we are regarding scientific investigation. Fortunately, I had the opportunity to meet, work and get advices from passionate and open-minded people. Thank you all for that. First of all, I wish to thank my supervisors, Rubim Almeida da Silva and Pablo Ramil Rego, for the help, the advices and the companionship in a relation that soon became more than a simple supervisor-supervised relation.
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