Sketchesof CherokeeVillages in SouthCarolina

G. Anne Sheriff,Editor Sketchesof CherokeeVillages in SouthCarolina

G. Anne Sheriff,Editor Sketchesof CherokeeVillages in SouthCarolina

G. Anne Sheriff, Editor

Forest Acres ElementarySchool SchoolwideEnrichment Program 401 McAlisterRoad Easfey, 29642 Foreward

In the summerof 1989,Anne Sheriff began the processof assemblingover 100 books and literallyhundreds of photocopiesof documentsand mapspertaining to the Lower - the nativeAmericans who once occupied the areaof northwesternSoulh Carolina. Mrs. Sheriff's third through sixth gradestudents were on the brinkof discoveringmore about the homesof theCherokee and the world in whichthey lived. During the nextnine months, the studentsbecame researchers; the productof theirstudy was the remarkableCherokee Villages in SouthCarolina, a compendiumof datalrom primaryand major secondarysources. This 152-page work was eagerly sought by a numberof anthropologistsand archaeologists,as well as by someol themajor American libraries. CherokeeVillages in SouthCarolina, while unquestionably a majoraccomplishment, was hardly material for the novice reader. Inthe current work, which some will perceive as the antithesisof the previouspublication, the studentshave used previously collecteddata alongwith newlyresearched information to providebrief generalized sketchesof Lower Cherokee villages. Suchsketches, albeit brief , area valuablecontribution to the processof makingdifficult materials comprehensible to non- specialistaudiences. Most South Carolinians interested in the Cherokeeare nol specialistsor academicians,ralher they are laymenand studentswho lackaccess to significantresource materialsand specialized instruction. Usersdesiring to discovermore about any villagemay consult CherokeeVillages in South Carolina,(1990) for additionalmaterials and documentation, or for a largerlisting of booksabout the Cherokee. Thenumber of LowerCherokee villages (often called towns) variedduring the eighteenthcentury as did the Cherokee population.In 1700,the combined white and black population of SouthCarolina numbered only about 7,000 persons and was confinedto the coastalregion over 200 miles lrom the nearest LowerCherokee village. Although the populationof the Lower Cherokeeat thattime is unknown,the entire of approximately16,000 - 24,000persons may have boasted as manyas 4,000- 6,000warriors. The question of exactnumbers aside,the formidableCherokee were considered both a major threatand a potentialally as the populationof SouthCarolina graduallyincreased and as sefilementsspread inland. Diseasescarried by the white man, particularly smallpox, took a heavytoll on the Cherokee population. A majorepidemic in the late 1600sresulted in the deathof at least20'/" andpossibly 50%of the Cherokeepopulation. James Adair, a contemporary observer,claimed that half the nation was annihilated by smallpox in 1738. Althoughthe 50% depopulationestimates may be excessivelyhigh, any drasticand suddendepopulation undoubtedlyhad an alfecton the numberof villages.In addition, attackson the Cherokeeby otherIndian tribes, particularly the Creeks.caused select sites under habitationto be either temporarilyor permanentlyabandoned. The numberof Cherokeevillages in SouthCarolina during the eighteenthcentury was alwayssmall, probably never over fourteenvillages at anyone time, with some sites better lermed settlementsthan villages. A sitelisted as a villagein 1751had onlya headmanand fourother men. A reportin the South CarolinaGazette of 1760,following the destructionof the l-ower CherokeeVillages in themilitary campaign of thatyear, states:

Thosewho consultmaps will lind morelowns [villages] mentionedthan in the abovelist; which is owingto a customthe Cherokeehave ol frequentlybreaking up oneand settling another. They have, besides, one small village[settlement] near each or rnostof theirlarge towns [villages],which are properlyplantations, where the inhabitantsol the town[village] raise lheir provisions; theseselcJom contain above live or six huts. . .

Whilethe presence of a townhouse (a structureusually large enoughto holdall the malemembers of thevillage and not used as a permanenlresidence) is sometimesused to determinea villagesite, differentiating a village from a settlementcan be extremelydifficult. Such differentiation is perhaps better left to archaeologiststhan to historians.Even so, the readershould be awarethat some of the sitesmentioned in thispublication were merelysmall settlements, while others mentioned cannot be verifiedby eithereighleenth century maps or documents. Obtainableinlormation is providedabout questionable village sitesfor the benefitof the userwho may,with additional studies, makeindividual judgments.

FrederickC. Holder Table of Contents

'Iitfz Qage Copyigfrt Author and Artis* forewor[ 69 fredtrickC. t{o{der

Villagesor Settlements 1-33 Brasstown 1 CaneCreek 1 Canuga 2 Catasue 2 Cauetas 2 Chattuga 3 Chauga 3 ChaugaVillage 4 Cheesoheha 5 Cheowee 5 Chickeree 6 Conoross 6 Coweeshee 6 EchylEchay/Ecochee 7 Ellijay 7 Esseneca 8 Estanaley/ Oustanalle / Ustaly / Ustanately 10 Estanarie/ lstanory / Ouslinare 11 Estatoe 11 Eustaste/ Oustestee / Oostasteh / Ustustee 14 Itseyi 14 Jocassee 15 15 Keowee,New/Little 19 Nayuhi 20 Noyowee/ Noyouwee 21

(Continuedon lollowingpage) Oconee/ Aconee/ Wocunny 21 Oussazlay 22 Oustanalle 22 Oustestee 22 Oustinare 22 Parachee 22 Qualhatchie 23 Seneca 24 SenekawOld Town 24 Socony 24 25 Susantee,Lt. 26 Takwashwaw 26 Tocax 27 Tockana 27 Tocorichee 27 Tomassee 27 Torsalla 28 Toxaway 29 Toxsaah JU Tricentee Tugalo JU Tunessee,Lt. 32 Ustanali 32 Ustustee(See Eustustee) 32 Walaze JZ Warachy 32 Woostalau aa

Unknown(Two Miles Higher Than Estatoe) ?a Unknown(Head of Saluda) 33

Maps 34-38 HunlerMap I 1730 '1760 34 Kitchen/ 35 Mante/ 1756-1760 36 Cook-MouzonMap / 1775 e-f Williamson'sMap 11776 38

Bibllography 39-40 Sketchesof CherokeeVillages in SouthCarolina Sketcfrzsof Cfr"*po Lt[qu ia Soutft (arotina

Brasstown

Brasslownwas a LowerCherokee village located in Oconee County. The Indiansof Brasstownlived in housesand had severalcornfields.The village was burned on August11,'1776, by menof theWilliamson Campaign. Among that group was the notedRevolutionary War soldierand Indianlighter Andrew Pickens. Spelllngs:Brass

Maps: Williamson,British Fisld Map 323, Seaborn

Cane Creek

CaneCreek village was located in OconeeCounty on a branch of LittleRiver. The firstmention of CaneCreek was in 1776,when Hugh Hamiltonwrole a letterto AlexanderCameron from Cane Creek Campconcerning the CherokeeIndians. In a Revolutionarypension record, William Morrow stated he hadbeen with General Pickens against the Cherokeein 1776, whenCane Creek town was destroyed. The cornfields were also destroyedand many Indians were killed. ln 1781it wasreported in London'sRoyalGazefte newspaper that"Bloody Bill Cunningham . . . had reliredto CaneCreek, a branchof theSeneca," before the evacuation of Ninety-Six. Ramsey,in hisSouth Carolina history, reported allthe Indians had lelt northwesternSouth Carolina. The last ones had left CaneCreek in 1792.

Maps: Under Cane Creek,Seaborn added on her Cherokee lndian Towns of Oconee County, South Carolina,Coweeshee, Torsalla and Tricentee. (These towns were not found on any early maps or mentionedin any yet localedearly documents.) Sketcfusof Cfurofuesl4{tagu itt Soutfi Caro[ina

Canuga Accordingto Bierer'sbook, lndiansand Artifactsin the Southeast,Canuga was locatedon the lowersection of the KeoweeRiver in PickensCounty.

Note: A villageby this namein SouthCarolina is notfound on any early mapsor mentionedin any yet localedearly documents.

Spelllng: Kanuga

Catasue

BettySmith's article, entitled "Distribution of Eighteenth CenturyCherokee Settlements," lists Catasue as beingon Herbert'sMap.

Note: A villageby lhis name is not mentionedin SouthCarolina in any yet localedearly documents.

cauetas

On May3, 1752,Ludovick Grant wrote to GovernorGlen that the Cauetas,Keowhe, Estertoe, and the otherLower Towns weregreat Rogues. ls thename Cauteas a villageor lhe nameof a groupof Cherokeeliving in onearea?

Note: A villageby this nameis notfound in SouthCarolina on any early maos. -sk3tcfiu of CfurokgzsUii{agu in South Caro[ina

Chattuga

Chattugawas a villageon the ChatugaRiver in Oconee Countynear the boundaryof SouthCarolina and . The namepossibly means "drank by sips"or "hecrossed the stream andcame out upon the other side." Chattugais firstmentioned in JohnHerbert's Journal in 1717, whenhe saidthat Chatogysent one warriorto a meetingat Negquisey. Sir AlexanderCuming stayed at the homeof traderJoseph Cooper'smother when he traveled through Chattoogay in 1730. Chatugawas burnedin 1776 by ColonelNeel in the WilliamsonCampaign against the Cherokee. An actof the GeneralAssembly, passed in 1816,reserved a tractof landfor severalCherokee Indians. One of lhemwas WalterAdair. His tract of landwas said to be on the ChatugaRiver at ChatugaOld Town. Adair sold it to WilliamClark who sold it to SolomonPalmer in 1819.Palmer sold it to lraNicholson in 1827, andNicholson sold it lo GanawaRussell in 1867.Russell had a famousinn called the Russell House near lhe village site.

Spellings: Chatauga, Chatogy,Chatuga, Chatuge, Chattooga, Chattoogah,Chattoogay, Tsatugi.

Maps: Hunter,Kitchen. Striblina ""d Seaborn.

't .

Chauga

Chauga,one of the lowerlowns near lhe TugaloRiver in OconeeCounty, was first recorded in 1715by ColonelGeorge Chickenin TheJournal of the Marchof the Caroliniansinto the CherokeeMountains. Colonel Chicken and Major Herbert went to Chaugato seeCaptain Pight, who was quartered there with his men. A censusof Cherokeevillages taken in 1721by Francis Varnod,indicated there were B0 men, 60 women,and 60 childrenliving in the village at that time. Sometraders that were mentioned in JohnHerbert's journal of 1727 were WalterGoring, Joseph Barker, and Alexander Sketcfiu of Cfurofuu littagu in SoutftCarofina

McOormick.Hefuert, who was the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, wentto Keowee,Tomossee, and thento Chaugawhere he foundWalter Goring trading without a license.On March3,1727, while Herbertwas at Tugalo,he met the headmenof the followington,ns: Tugalo, Chauga, Estatoe, Noyowee, Echy, and Toxaway. ln Novemberol 1734,seventy Cherokee went to Charleston andagreed to offera smallparcel ol landbetween the Tugalo and SenecaRivers. The townof Chawgeewas mentionedas oneof theboundaries. This contract, signed by 21 Indians,gave permissionand land for a fort. Theproposed fortification was not builtuntil the 1750s.

Spelllngs: Chagee,Chageiy, Chagey, Chaghe, Chauga, Chauge, Takwashwaw.

Mans: Hunter,Haig-Hunter, Kitchin, Cook-Mouzon, Royce, Seaborn

Chauga Village

In March24,1797, Colonel Hawkins wrote in hisjournal, "We proceededon one and one hal{miles to the boundary,thence two and one-quarterof a mile to Chauga Village;here is a beautifulsituation for a militarypost. In the fork of the two main branchesof Chaugathere is a high nolecapable of being made easilymade defensible. The landson the creekrich, and those borderingthereon fine for wheat;the wholeexhibiting all that is desired to designate this as a healthy position and neighborhood.lt is a convenientfor a tradingestablishment; 266 mifesf rom Charleslon."(Seaborn, Hawkins:22)

Maos: Seaborn Skufizs of Cfuro(ea +4ttagu itt Soutft (arotina

Cheesoheha

Hodgein his book,Handbook of Americanlndians North of Mexico,claims that Cheesoheha, a Cherokeesettlement located onthe in upperSouth Carolina, was destroyed in theRevolutionary War.

Spelllngs: Cheskiowee

Note: A villageby this nameis notfound in SouthCarolina on any early mapsor mentionedin any yet locatedearly documents.

Cheowee

Cheoweewas a lowervillage located in present-dayOconee County. As countedby FrancisVarnod in 1721,the population of Cheoweewas 219. Therewere 71 men,71 women,andTT children. ln 1727Colonel Herbert went to Cheoweewhere he spentall night.The Lower Cherokee Indians visited Charleston in 1734to talkabout peace and to offera tractof landfor a fort. Two Indians whosigned the agreement were from Chehowee. Cheoweeis menlionedin 1751by GovernorGlen, James Beamer,a localtrader,and James Maxwell. Maxwell, who had beenat Chiowee, was told to leavethe area or be killed. ln 1752James Beamer and RichardSmith wrote Governor Glenstating that the LowerCreeks came lo the Old Townof Cheoweeand took horses, saddles, guns, pistols, blankets and werevery insolent to thewhite traders. Apparently the Cherokee hadleft the village because of theirfear of theCreek Indians. Researchshows lhat between1752 and 1776 the Cherokee returnedto the villageof Cheowee.lt wasdestroyed in Colonel Williamson'scampaign against the Indians.

Spellings: Cheohee,Chewohee, Chehohee, Chehowee, Cheowa. Cheowee,Chewohe, Chewe, Cheeowhee.

Man;: Hunter,Haig-Hunter, Kitchen, Mante, Williamson, and Seaborn. Skt4ttzt of Cfuroku 'L4IIagesir gotttft Caro[ina

Chickeree In 1826 RobertMills wrote that Chickereewas a lower Cherokeevillage "high up theChatuga."

Note: A villageby this name in SouthCarolina is notfound on any early mapsor mentionedin any yet locatedearly documents.

Maps: Seaborn

Conoross

Mooneyclaimed that Conoross was probably an Indianvillage. Draytonsaid that Conoross was the nameof an Indianvillage in northernSouth Carolina. ln 1776a newspaper,Pennsylvania Packet, reported that AlexanderCameron camped at Cowanaross.This statement couldhave meant the river, a wellknown camp site, or possiblya village.

Note: A villageby this name is not found on any early maps or mentionedin any yet locatedearly documents.

Spelllngs:Cowanaross

Maps: Seaborn

,,..1

Coweeshee

Goodwinin his book, A Study of ChangingCulture, and EnvironmentPrior to 1775:Cherokee in Transition,indicates that Coweshewas probablylocated near the KeoweeRiver in northwestSoulh Carolina. Seaborn's Cherokee lndian Towns of OconeeCounty, South Carolina lists Coweesheeunder Cane Creekand calls il a KeoweeTown.

Note: A villageby this name in SouthCarolina is notfound on any early mapsor mentionedin any yet locatedearly documents.

Spellings: Coweshe

Maps: Seaborn Skt4frcs of Cfurofois gtttqcs in South Carotina

Echy/Echay/Ecochee

Echywas lisledon the FrancisVernod Census of 1721as Echie. The censusrecorded 55 men, 50 women,and 44 childrenlor a totalof 149people. On March3, 1727,Herlcert met the headmen of Toogelo, Chagey,Estoe, Noyouwee, Echy and Toxsuah. Adairwrote that Echia,on the southernbranch of Savannah River,was forsaken and destroyed. There is no datelisted. MargaretSeaborn in her book,Andre Michaux,says that RobertMaxwell and later his grandson, Frank Maxwell, may have ownedthe propertyknown as the MoultrieTract where Echay townstood on ToxawayCreek.

Spelllngs: Echay,Echee, Echey,Echia, Echie, Ecochee

Maps: Hunter,Haig-Hunter, Mitchell, Kitchin, Cook-Mouzon, Romans, 'l AccurateMap of Georgia, 779. Seabornlists Echy and anotherlown calledEchay.

Ellijay

Threetowns by the nameof Elijayare listed on the Censusol 1721.fhe Ellijayin SouthCarolina was probably located on the headwatersof KeoweeRiver. Goodwinin his book,A Studyof ChangingCutture, and EnvironmentPior to 1775:Cherokee in Transition,says that this townwas called Elatse'yi, meaning "green earth." MargaretSeaborn says in her bookon AndreMichaux, who visitedlhe areain 1788,that Ellijay town was on thesame site as thetwentieth century summer retreat called Camp Jocassee.

Note: A villageby this namein SouthCarolina is notfound on any early maos.

Spellings: Elatse'yi,Elejay, Elijay, Ellijay, Elojay

Maps: Seaborn Sktchcs of Cfurofuu '|4!Iqet in Soutft Coro[ina

Esseneca

Essenecawas localedon the KeoweeRiver at the mouthof Connerossand SenecaCreek on the present-dayClemson Universityproperty. Part of thevillage was on the eastside of the riveras well. Thefirst mention of Essenecais on Varnod'sCensus of 1721. He statedEsseneca had 44 men,42women, and 48 childrentor a totalpopulation of 134. The nexttime it is foundin the literatureis in 1773,when Big Sawnywrote to AlexanderCameron from Seneca talking about murderedCherokee and asking Cameron to findthe murderers beforehe becameinvolved. WhenWilliam Bartram visited in 1775,he described Seneca as being"situated on the eastbank ol Keowee,though a great numberof housesare on oppositeshore with the council-house. The chief'shouse, those of the lradersand other Indian dwellingsare also on oppositeshore and hills. lt hasbeen rebuilt sincelate Indian war [1760 and 1761]." OnJune 26, 1776, Major Williamson senl Captain McCall and aboutthirty men to Essenecato arrestsome while men who were causingtrouble. Several of the soldierswere ealing with the Indianswhen they were attackedand takenprisoner. The remainderol thegroup escaped. Williamsonand his men were sent to Essenecaon July29, 1776,to destroythe town as partof the expeditionto punishthe Cherokeefor attackingwhites. Williamson thought the Indians hadabandoned the town. The Indians,learning of the troops arrivalon July31, returnedto the townand hid in housesand behinda longfence close to the roadwhere Williamson and his rnenwould travel. The men arrivedabout one o'clockon the morningof August1. The Indiansallowed the guidesand advanceguard lo pass and then pouredheavy fire on the soldiers. Williamson'shorse was shot down and Francis Salvador,who was riding with him, received three wounds and fellby hisside. He was scalped and later died. (Salvador was the lirstJewish patriot killed in the AmericanRevolution). Colonel SamuelHammond charged the palisadeand drove lhe defendersacross the river,burned the town,and destroyed six thousandbushels of cornas well as olherprovisions. Sktcfrzs of Cfuro(eu Vitages in Soutfi Carotina

Whilethe soldierswere waiting for furtherfighting, they built FortRutledge near or at Esseneca,probably on the eastside of theriver. The fort was later enlarged or perhapsrebuilt. In 1789, RobertTate owned the propertythat included part of the site of SenekawOld Town. Later,the propertybecame knownas the Colonel Lewis plantation.

Note: The site of Fort Rutledgeis probablynear the sewagedisposal plant on the Clemson UniversityCampus. A small slone structure, shaped like a fort, marksthe possiblelocation.

Spelllngs: Eascenica,Eseneka, Essenecca,Seneca, Ssnecca, Seneka,Senekaw, Sennekaw, Senica, Sinica

Maps: Hunter,Kitchen, Williamson, British Field Maps 322 and 323, Romans,Cook-Mouzon, and Royce. Sfuttcfrzsof Cfurofuu ilitlagu in SoutftCoro[ina r0

Estanaley/ Oustanalle/ Ustaly / Ustanately

Goodwinclaims in his book,A Studyof ChangingCulture, and EnvironmentPrior to 1775:Cherokee in Transition,that Ustana'li means"natural barrier of rocksacross stream. He saysthat a villageby thisname was located on the KeoweeRiver in Oconee County. OnAugust 24,1751, Captain Fairchild wrote to GovernorGlen saying,".. . the Indiansof Keoweeand Estanalyare destroying theirown cornfields by wayol Fat'ningtheir horses as il theywere goingon a journey." A Keoweewarrior named Skiagunta was talking to Governor Glen at a conferencein November1751 and said, "The Eustanallypeople have heard that the Creeksare going to attack them. Theyhave left and gone over lhe hillsbecause you asked themto. I and my peoplewould like you to sendsome white peopleto builda fortwhere they have settled so thatthey may havesomewhere to go to." The Governorin 1754,while holding a deedto FortPrince George,listened to two Cherokeeasking for permissionto plant theircorn at Ustanatey.

Spellings: Eastanolee,Eastanora, Eastinaulee, Estanally, Eitanauli, Eustenares,Oos{e-nau-'lay, Oostinauley, Ostanaula, Ostonoos,Oustanalie, Oustenalley, Ustanali, Ustenally, Ustenary.

Maps: Stuart-Purcelland Seaborn

u''f,n''' d l,r l,ri rrlt rlrltrlr,Il't ,r]*lril lrrp W'^'{P #b Sfuftfus of Chcro@: lAllagu in Soutfr Carotina I]

Estanarle/ lstanory / Oustlnare

Estanariewas locatednear the KeoweeRiver in Oconee County. On May7, 1751,a letterto WlliamPinckney f rom James Adairmentions that the headmen of Keeoheeand lstanory were tryingto persuadeAdair to writeto the governor. A letterto GovernorGlen lrom JamesFrancis on July 24, 1751,states, "Estanaury people came to a plantationabout five or six mileslrom my house,destroyed corn, potatoes, cohruorts, andtobacco." Francis lived at SaludaOld Town below Ninety- Six,South Carolina. In JohnDrayton's book, A Viewof SouthCarolim, Oustinare is listedas a LowerCherokee town. Spelllngs:Eastanora, Estanary, Estanaury, Esternorie, Eustenaree, Eustenaroy,lstanory, Ostoroos, Oustinare, Ustenary. Maps:Mante, Williamson

Estatoe

Therehave been at leastlhree, and possiblylour, villages namedEstatoe. The earliestreference to Eastatoe(on Tugalo)dates to January11 , 1715,when there "was a greatball play att Easttohoe agenstye peaplol Tugaloe.. . " (CharlestonYearbook 1894, p. 33e) In the 1721census by Vernod,Estatoe had a populationol 150men, 191 women, and 281 children for a totalpopulation ol 622. WhenColonel George Chicken visited this area in 1725, hefound "Old Estatoe is a largetown and wellffortified all round with Punchinsand also ditchedon the Outsideof the sd Punchings(wch Ditch) is Stucklull of lightwood spikes . . . I also Observethat there are Sevrl New lflankersmade to the ffortifcaconsof lhe Townand Town house is enforted." Herbertvisiled Old Estatoe in 1727.Sir Alexander Cuming on his trip throughCherokee in 1730said that "Eslootowie"chose Kings. Skt"fiu ol Chzroks 'tA{tqu ia Soutft Carotina I2

JamesBeamer, an Indianlrader, had a majortrading post at Eastatoe(Big Estatoe Creek). In 1758he statedhe hadlived at Estatoelor 30 years. When GovernorGlen was planningto build Fort Prince Georgein 1751,Indians including Yellow Bird of Oustatoeand Clochettaof Estatoesaid, "We can only cut Polesand carry Thingsand in the lirst Placeall the LowerTowns shall gather Provisionsfor them,though it is truethe Times are very hungry withus. Asto Meat,we supposeyour Excellency will have driven up outof the Settlementsfor them." Theylurther said, "We will sendten Menevery Day out of everyTown and the nextDay 10 to relievethem and so on."(These references are to the Estatoe on EastatoeCreek.) Manyof the lowerlowns "broke up" during troubles with the Creeks,Chickesaws, and Nonruard Indians. Estatoe and Toxaway remained. In 1759 in a letter,Lieutenant Richard Coytnrcre at FortPrince Georgereported the Creekshad plantedcorn at Old Estatoe. Thevillage on theTugaloo River by 1759was probably called Old Estatoeby 1759. Estatoewas burnedand destroyedin 1760 by Colonel Montgomeryand his menwhen they destroyed all the lower villages.James Grant in a letterto theLieutenanl Governor said,

We proceededdirectly on our Marchto Estatoe,and found a few housesupon the Roadjust deserted,the Bedswere warm and everythingleft in the houses,which you may believedid not escape; We arrivedearly in the morningat Eastatoewhich was abandonedabout half an hour before. Ten or a Dozenof them who had no time to escape were Killed; the Towns consistingof above two hundredHouses, well providedwith ammunition,Corn, and in short all the necessariesof Life plunderedand laid in ashes. Manyof the inhabitantswho had endeavoredto concealthemselves, I have reasonto believe perishedin lhe flames,some of them I knowof for certain...... their houssswere agreeablysituated their Houses neatlybuilt and well provided,for they were in the greatest abundanceof everything,they must be pretty numerous. Estatoeand SugarTown, consistedof at leastTwo Hundred houses,and everyother Village at leastof a HundredHouses; After,killing all we couldfind, and burningevery Housein the Nation. . . . They had both at Estatoeand SugarTown plentyof Ammunition which was destroyed,and every where astonishingMagazines ol corn in whichwere all consumedin the flames. Theyhad not eventime to savetheir most valuable Effects,the Soldierslound money in many Houses,Three or Fourwatches were got, theirwampum, their cloths, skins, and Sk&fu: of Cfr"*k s v{Iqcs itt Soutft Carotiaa 13

in shortsverything, many loaded guns wsnt off whenlhe Houseswere burning. (Warren: 23-24)

In Novemberof 1760,the YoungWarrior of Estatowih returnedfrom a scalpingparty in the settlementswith a prisoner whowas put "to death in a mostcruel manner the samenight." When Fort PrinceGeorge was to be abandonedin 1768, YoungWarrior of Estatoewas unhappybecause he wantedthe fortto stay. ColonelNeel's and Thomas'regiments, in Augustof 1776 were"detached to burnand destroy the towns and provisions. . . andthey accordingly burnt Estatoe, Warachy, and Toxaway;with all their corn and provisions.The lndianslled with such precipitationfrom them, that they left twenty-eight scalps." Rossin hisjournaldescribed the battle.

When within about two miles of the same, we parted in divisionsas follows:Colonel Thomas ordered his men to the rightf lankto surroundour enemiestowns, and the lighthouse ol both regimenlsto the left, and us, lo Colonel Neel's regiment,in the frontor center. We marchedvery carefullytill comingwithin sight of the town, then rushedin with all speed possible,but, contraryto our expectationor desire,we got no Indiansthere, save one that escapedwith being shot in the thigh. Afterthis we set the houseson fire, and marchedas quick as possible lo another lown after Qualhatchee. (Rockwell:213 - 216)

Fora gooddescription of theinstallation of a CherokeeKing at Estatoe,see DeBrahm'sReport of the GeneralSuruey in the SouthernDistrict of NorthAmerica.

Spelllngs: Eastatoe,Easterloa, Eastetoa, Eastitoa, Estahtowih, Estahtowish, Estateo, Estaleoe, Estaloee, Estatoway, Estatowe, Estatowee, Estatoy, Eslertoo, Estertoie, Estootowie, Estuttowe, Estuttoye,lshtatohe, lshtanoiy, Ustostee.

Maps: Hunter, Haig-Hunter,Mitchell, Kitchin, Mante, Bowen, DeBrahm,Stuart-Purcell, CoolVMouzon, Williamson, Brilish Field Maps 322 and323, Romans,Accurate Map of Georgia,and Royce. Sfut1.fLt of Cfuro(eu tu4ttagcsitt South Carofina I4

Eustaste / Oustestee / Oostasteh / ustustee

Thetown was mentionedas a lowervillage in 1751in a letter fromlhe Cherokeehead men to GovernorGlen. The lndians statedthat they were sorry BernardHughs' goods had been stolenand a whiteman killed. In 1751Oustestee was listedas a lowervillage. lt hadone headman, The Yellow Bird, who was sent to a meetingwith four othermen. In that sameyear, RobertGandey [Goudy] stated that the Indianwho shot Hugh Murphy was from Oustanaad, a town of the LowerCherokee. Thetown was destroyed in 1776byWilliamson's army.

Spelllngs: Eustaste,Eustaslee, Oostasteh, Oustanaad, Oustate, Oustestee,Ustustse

Maps: Haig-Hunler,Manle, Williamson

Itseyl

Itseyiwas one of threelowns by that name according to Bierer in his book.lndians and Artifactsin the Southeast.He claimsa town by that name was locatedon Brasstowncreek of the TugalooRiver in OconeeCountY .

Note: A villageby this name in SouthCarolina is notfound on any early mapsor mentionedin any yet locatedearly documents. Sktchzs of Cfizro(ezsllitagu in South Caro{ina 15

Jocassee

ChapmanMilling says in his book, Red Carolinians,that Jocasseewas a lowerCherokee lown.

Note: A villageby this name is not mentionedin SouthCarolina in any yet locatedearly documents.

Spelllng: Jocassy

Maps: Williamson

Keowee

Keowee,possibly meaning mulberry grove place, was the namefor two lowerCherokee villages. The rnost important village by thisname was situatednear lhe KeoweeRiver in Oconee County,across the riverfrom Fort Prince George. The olher villageby this name, called New Keowee, was west of FortPrince Georgein PickensCounty. Keoweewas first written about by white men in theyear 1717, whena brandingiron was sentlo a lradersettled at Keyhowee Town.The Board of Tradesent a letterto CaptainJohn Hatton, who was stationedat Keyhowee,reporting that they had received900 skinsand twenty-one Indians slaves. Captain Hattonwas assigned to theTugaloo Post, and John Chester was to replaceHatton at Keowee.Later, the Boardsent Mr. Sharp ratherlhanMr. Chesterto Keowee. On a censustaken in 1721,Kewokee had 168 men,155 women,and 137 children for a totalol460Indians. ColonelGeorge Chicken stated in hisjournal ot 1725,that he visitedKeewohee. He said,"King Crow and the headmen were outof Townat theirPlantations. Returned after being informed of myarrival. They placed me in a GreatChair in the most Publick Placein the Townand set down by mefanning me with Eagles Feathers.Fired a volleyover my headand led me intoJoseph Cooper'shouse. . . . Presentedme with fowl and venison. . . ." Skgtcfiasof Cfurofu:esViI[agu in SoutftCaro[ina I6

ln 1727,John Herbert reported in hisjournal that Keewohee hadsent a warriorto a meetingat Nequisey. Sir AlexanderCuming, on his journeythrough lower Cherokeevillages in 1730,took "three Cases of Pistols,a Gun and A Swordunder a greatCoat," intothe townhousewhere over300 Indianswere assembled. Many feared he wouldbe killedfor gunswere not allowed in the Cherokee'stownhouses. He lived,went on to othervillages, and became greatly admired by the Cherokee. Adairwrote that in 1747lhat two MohawkIndians ambushed severalIndians near Keowee. "One of the Cherakee,the noted halfbreed of lslanarelown, was [on]the lirst onset,knocked downand almost killed with his own cullass, which was wresiled fromhim, though he wasthe strongestof thewhole nation. But they[the Mohawk]were overpowered by numbers,captivated, andput to the rnostequisite lortures of lire,amidst a prodigious crowdol exultingfoes." Onthe 18thof April,1751, Maxwell heard about the Indians killingtraders and keepingtheir leather. DuringAugust the Keoweepeople heard rumors that the Creeks,Euchees, Chickasaws,Catawbas, and a bodyof 1,000white men were goingto go on a rampageand burn manylowns including Keowee. Severalof the Indiansrelated to a Charlestonofficial in 1751 thatthe lowertowns were going to move"over the hills."These wereKeowee, Estanaray, Tuscowe, Chowie, Tomassee and Oquonoy. In November26,1751, Governor Glen and the Cherokee had a meeting.A warriornamed Chucichie said lhat if the English builta fortnear Keowee, then they wouldneed ammunition to defendthemselves. The governorwanted to knowhow the Cherokeewould help. Chuclchiesaid that all theycould do wouldbe cutpoles and carry things. JamesFrancis wrote to GovernorGlen in 1752that all the lowertowns had broken up exceptKeowee, parts of Toicksaway, andEstatoe. The Cherokeewere stilltrying to get a fort builtin the northwestpart of SouthCarolina in 1753because of thedanger fromthe Creeks. Fort PrinceGeorge was builtwest of the KeoweeRiver and across the river from Keoweevillage in 1754. ln a letterfrom CaptainRaymond Demere at Fort Prince Georgeto GovernorLyttelton [June 23, 1756],he reportedhis Skettfi2sof Cfuro(eesUiIIagu in Soutft Caro[ina I7 march into Fort Prince Georgeand informationabout the Cherokee:

CaptainRaymond Demere to GovernorLyttelton. Fort Prince 'l George,23 Jun 756. Arrivedhere in "the 19th havingleft a Detachmentat Six Mile Creek. I leftOrders with the Officerto marchthe next Morningas far as MileCreek, where I met him and marchedthe Menwith Drumbeating into the Fort. Attermy Arrivalthe four Chief Men of Keoweecame to me and alter talkingthey went over the River to Keoweeand dispatched Runnersto lhe live LowerTowns for the Headmento meetthe sams Evening.This was compleledand a GrandCouncil was held in the Town Housewhich lasted till near next Morning. [June20, 1756]. I receiveda Messagethe next Day to meet them. ". and in little Time they appearedin regular Procession,a numerousTrain dressedin their best Apparel which,logether with their Faces,were paintedall over. They had large Beltsof Wampumround their Necksand Platesol Silverhanging to their Breastsand roundtheir Arms. The first that appearedwas a largeBody of youngMen in regularOrder movingin a slowsolid Pace, singing and displayingin the Air EaglesTails and RattleBoses. On each Wing was a young Man playingon a Fluteof theirown make,next lo thoseSingers were the Chief Men and Councillorsattended by a Person beatinga Drumof theirown make,in the Rear. In the Midstof thema Personbore a largeBow of a SycamoreTree exalted in the Air and anothera White Ragg tied to the End of a Stick. Perceivingthe Solemnityand regularOrder that they camein, I had four Swivelsloaded, which arrivedthe Day before,which were discharged,at their Approachinto the Fort; I gavethem all the Honoursdue from MilitaryTroops to a King. . . . On the Day of their formal Ceremony aforesaidthere was by Computationabout three hundred Indians. . . A Runnercame to me yesterdaywith the Complimentsof all the Ladiesof the Townsinforming me that they intendedto give me a Dancethe nextDay which was performedby a largeNumber of them;this same Eveningthey all expressedthe greatAcclamations of Joy, and returnedme Thanksfor the smallRefreshment I had beenso goodas to sendthem the Day before,and in Returnto acknowledgethe Favourpresented me with a greatNumber of Cakes of Bread of their own make and green Peas and Squashes,every Woman bringing something of thisKind in a Basketand layingit beforeme, notwithstandingProvislons are now scareramongst them than ever was known. All the Indiansare now employedin buildingme a largeHouse which they intendto coverwith Barkto be a Placeof Retirementfor me in the Heat of the Day. This they begged I would suffer themto do onlyon hearingme complainof the Heatof the Sun. SkCtchzsof Cfurokesili&agu in South(arotba t8

In shorttheir Kindnessand Civilityis scarcelo be expressed. . . (McDowell,1754-65: 124-iZ6\

CaptainDemere wrote in July of 1756that the Keowee Indiansneeded food. The Indians received rice, flour, bread and beef. ln Augustof 1756,C_aptain Raymond Demere gave evening ordersto campat MileCreek. He describedKeow:ee as having horses,cornfields, watermelons, dogs, and cows. Smallpoxat Keoweewas reportedin the South Carotina Gazetteon January12,1760. "The late accounls from Keowee arethat the Small-Pox has deslroyed a greatmany Indians there; thatthose who remain alive, and have not yet had that Distemper, weregone into the Woods,where many of themmust perish as theCatawbas did." Becausethe Indianshad killed some white people, Governor Lyttettontook several head men hostage. They were held at Fort PrinceGeorge. Severalof the hostages were released when the Cherokeebrought in oneof the murderers.Later the townof Keoweefired volleys at FortPrince George and the soldiers fireo volleysback at the lown. The soldiersat Fortprince George attackedthe hoslagesand kiiled them. _ On May15, 1760some Creeks and Chickasaws destroyed Estatoeand Keowee by burning. ln June2, 1760,British troops under Colonel Montgomery, arrivedat Keoweeafter walking about sixty miles without resting. SomeCherokee were captured, some were killed, and yet otheis escaped.There were thoughtto be sixtyto eightyCherokee killedand forty held prisoners. In 1761,Colonel Grant led troops against the Cherokee. The South CarolinaGazette reported in Juneof 1761that 50-60 Indianshad been given protection and allowed to setilenear Fort PrinceGeorge. Indianslrom Keowee are mentioned in manytransactions from 1761lo 1776"

Spellings: Kehowee,Keehowih, Keeohwee, Keewae, Keewee, Keewohee,Keowee, Keowhee, Kewoee, Kewohe, Kewohee, Kewokee, Kewoohee,Kilowee, Keyawah, Keyhohee, Keyhowee, Keywhohe, Keywhohee,Keywohee, Kuwahi, Kuwahiyi, Uewee

Maps: Hunter,Haig-Hunter, Mitchell, Kitchen, Mante, Bowen, DeBrahm,Cook-Mouzon, Williamson, British Field Maps 322 and 323, Romans,Royce and Seaborn. Skgt4hzsof Cfurok'zs 'l4tlagesin Soutft Carotira I9

Keowee, New/Llttle

Littleor New Keoweewas probablylocated on MileCreek in PickensCounty. Another source says Little Keowee was on the headwatersof TwelveMile Creek. In 1760,James Grant wrole that as theywere traveling down the roadthey hearda dog barkingin the distance. He was informedby the guidethat Little Keowee was abouta quarterof a milefrom the road.The Light Infantry Company was detached to surroundthe housesand put the Indiansto death. Theykilled the Indianmen but savedthe Indianwomen and children. SeveralBritish soldiers were wounded in thebattle. Followinga list of Cherokeetowns appearing in the July 5, 1760,edition of the SoufhCarolina Gazette, an articletells:

Thosewho consultmaps will find moretowns menlioned lhan in the above list;which is owinglo a customthe Cherokeehave of frequentlybreaking up one and settlinganother. They have, besides,one smallvillage near each or most of their large towns,which are properlyplantalions, where the inhabitantsof the town raise their provisions;these seldom containabove five or six to ten huts;such was LittleKeowee: They are not mentionedin our list, because the Cherokee allow no settlementsto be called towns, except where they have a housefor theirown consultations.

Grilfith'sJournal of 1767contains the followingreference to LittleKeowee.

He rodelo Keoweenew Town. lt was very dangerousto go lrom the Reachof the Fort PrinceGeorge guns; howeveron Sundaythe Twentifift,I ventur,dto Rideso far as Keoweenew Town, and SugarTown, which is aboutfour Milesfrom the Fort. (Anderson:NC HistoricalReview, 5041

Whenthe LowerCherokee villages were destroyed in 1776, Keowee(probably New Keowee)was burned. Maps: Brahm,Stuart-Purcell, Cook-Mouzon, British Field Map 322, AccurateMap of Georgia,Royce and Seaborn. Sktr.A.r of Cfuro4r: 'lAttagu in South Carohna 20

Nayuhl

Bierer claims in his book, lndians and Artifactsin the Southeast,that therewere four towns namedNayuhi. He locatesone of the fourtowns on the eastbank of the Riverin OconeeCounty.

Note: A villageby this name is notfound in SouthCarolina on any early mapsor mentionedin any yet locatedearly documents.

Noyowee / Noyouwee

Noyowee,a lowervillage, was located on theChauga River in OconeeCounty. On January23, 1717,Jones, an Indiantrader, promised to payan Indianwho lived at No-a-weefor a basket.Jones did not keephis promise. John Sharpwrote on November12, 1724,to Governor Nicholsonfrom the town of Nayowee.He statedthat the Creeks hadattacked his house and that the Cherokee were in theirforts. On November23,1727, John Herlrert recorded in hisjournal thatNoyouwee had senl a warriorto a meeting. In 1730,Sir AlexanderCuming, on hisjourney through the Cherokeevillages, wrote that Noyoheehad chosena Kingfor theirtown. Whenthe LowerCherokee went to Charlestonin 1734to talk aboutpeace and a fortin theirarea, Nouhee was represented by an Indiannamed Chowhotowee. Duringthe Williamson Campaign ot 1776,there was a battleat Noewee.Twelve hundred Indians were beaten by 50 white sofdiers,Drayton claimed in his book,Memoirs of the American Revolutionas Relatingto the Stateof SouthCarolina.

Spelllngs: Nayowee, No-a-wee,Noawee, Noewee, Noyohee, Noyouwee,Noyoee, Noyowee, Noyowvee.

Maps: Hunter, Haig-Hunter,Kitchin, Cook-Mouzon,and Royce. Seabornlists Noyowee and anolhertown by the nameof Noyouwee. Sfutcfts of Cfurokees'l4tIqu itt Soutft Carotina 2I

Oconee / Aconee / Wocunny

Oconeewas a lormerCherokee village on OconeeCreek in present-dayOconee County. The Censusof 1721 by FrancisVarnod recorded that Oakennihad 57 men,52 women,and 75 childrentor a totalof 184people. JohnHerberl on his tripto Indiancountry in 1727stayed at Oucony. Sir AlexanderCuming stayed, in 1730,at the homeol Mr. Dawie,an Indiantrader at Occounny.He founda househad beenbuilt lor him whilehe stayedthere. The lndiansalso presentedhim with a presentof two eaglestails. He foundall "kindsof herbsand roots that were kept as secrets." Whenthe LowerCherokee went to Charlestonin 1734to talk aboutpeace and a fortin theirarea, Uconhee was represented by an Indiannamed Scorioskee. ln 1746James Beamer, a trader,wrote to CaptainRichard Kentthat the peoplefrom Oconeehad madepeace with the French. In 1751or 1752,the Indiansof Oconeeapparenily moved theirvillage over lhe hillsinto western North Carolina. On August14, 1776,Colonel Wittiamson and aboutseven hundredmen planned to attackIndians and Toriescamped at Oconee. Alter linding it abandoned,he and his troops destroyedthe housesand the corn stored there.

Spelllngs: Acconee, Aconee, Oakenni, Occounny,Occoney, Ocunnih,Oconowie, Oconee, Oconnee,Ocounee, Okurni, Okwirinu, Oquonoy,Ouconey, Oucony, Uconhee, Ukwu'nu, Wocunny.

Maps: Haig-Hunter,Kitchin, Stuart-Purcell, Cook-Mouzon, Williamson, and Seaborn. Sfu&fretof Cfurofuzr'uh{Iqu b SoutftCarotira 22

Oussazlay

On a listof lowerCherokee villages in 1751,Oussazlay had oneheadman, Jemmy. There were four other men for a totalof 5.

Note: A villageby this name in SouthCarolina is notlound on any early

:"0'

Oustanalle (See Estanalle)

oustestee (see Eustaste)

Oustlnare (See Estanarle)

Parachee (See Qualhatchle)

Maps: Mante,Romans. Sktchzs of Chzrokgu 'vtllagesh Soutft Carotina 23

Qualhatchle

ln 1826Robert Mills stated in his book,Statistics of South Carolina,that Quacoratchiewas on CrowCreek in upperSouth Carolina.Crow Creek is in PickensCounty. JamesBeamer wrole in 1756to CaptainDemere at FortPrince Georgereporting that Qulatch has 40 gunmen and was a lower town. Indiansfrom Qualucha brought three scalps taken from the back settlementsof Virginiato Fort PrinceGeorge in 1757. LachlanMackintosh said he

gave them the usual presentswith an Additionof a Pound Powder per Scalp, as they are going out a hunting and complainedof scarcityof Ammunition,and several other Trinketsfor their Hats, and as there are no Blanketshere, I was obligedto give them a MatchCoat for each Blanketthey oughtto get. I madethem dine and firedthe greatGuns for them and they went away very well satisfiedand promisedas soon as they came from huntingto go out to War again. (McDowell,1754-65: 41 9-41 9)

ColonelMontgomery burned Quaratchee in 1760. ln 1776,Quaratchie was again burned to theground without a battle.In the RossJournal, the writer reported lhe menstayed at thetown to galherpeaches. Landgranted to ElishaDyer, Sr. in 1795contained part of "Qualhache"on bothsides of the creek.

Spelllngs: Quacoratcie,Quacoshatchie, Qualacha, Qualatchie, Qualahatchee.

Maps: Stuart-Purcell,Cook-Mouzon, British Field Maps 322 and 323, and Rovce. l-is.ad,.s l:rrarnse orrMante and Romans. Skt frzt of Cfurokgu 'Lt[agu in Soutfi (arotita 24

Seneca (See Esseneca)

Senekaw Old Town

Listedon Seaborn'sCherokee lndian Towns of OconeeCounty, SouthCarolina. See Esseneca.

Socony

Socauny,the mosteasterly Cherokee village in 1776,was listedby RichardPearis when he wrote to GovernorDrayton. Whilesoldiers were at SenicaFort in 1776,iIwasreported in theRoss Journalthat a mancame riding into camp saying that he had missedhis roadand happenedon an Indiantown called Soquani.He gotoff hishorse to gatherpeaches, and then he saw severalIndians. He leftimmediately and rodeto campat SenicaFort. Severalmen returned with him to Soquani.They foundthe man'shorse as wellas Indianhorses and left without a battle. ColonelWilliamson detached Captain Tutt to burn Socony. Severalland deedsindicate that Soconavillage was on TwelveMile River and TownCreek near lhe presenttown of Pickens.

Spelllngs: Seconah,Seconey, Socauny, Socone, Sacony.

Maps: Williamson,British Field Map 322, andStribling 1819. Skg&frts of Cfuro(eesVtgagu ir. South 6arotina 25

Sugar Town

SugarTown was aboveFort PrinceGeorge and probably locatedon the near FallCreek in OconeeCounty. A letterto GovernorGlen on May10, 1751, reads; "Met this day andthe HeadMen and warriors of the LowerTowns of our nation,lhat is, Keowee,Tomassee, Cheowee, Ustustee, Estutoe,and the SugarTown of Toxso;are sorryfor Barnard Hughesincident and killingof whiteman." lt was signedby Oconacoof SugarTown and others. CaptainRaymond Demere, writing to JamesBeamer on July 27, 1756,asked for a listol thegun men in the lowertowns. Mr. Beamerreturned a letteron July 28, 1756,and listedSugar Townas having30 gunmen. A letterto GovernorLyttelton on November11 , 1759,stated thatMankiller of SugarTown had been killed by Catawbalndians. In Februaryof 1760,Alexander Miln of FortPrince George reportedlo GovernorLyttelton that they were rejoicing in Sugar Townbecause they had broughl some white men's scalps lrom the settlements.In Aprilof the sameyear, it was reportedthat YoungWarrior of Estatoehad laken somescalps into Sugar Townand that there were six big women prisoners in lhetown. On May3, 1760,the people at Keoweemoved to SugarTown becauseof danger.There they built a stockadedfort" ColonelMontgomery's army reachedthe LowerTowns on June1, 1760. lt was reportedthat the townhad'100 houses. "Theysacked and burnedLittle Keowee, Estatoe, Sugar Town, andall the othervillages, killing about sixty Indians and taking fortyprisoners. All theircornfields and granarieswere burned andthe orchards cut down." (Milling: 302) Griffith\ /role in hisjournal in 1767

. . . it was very dangerousto go from the Reachof the Fort guns; howeveron Sundaythe Twentifift,I ventur,dto Ride so far as Keoweenew Town,and SugarTown, which is aboutfour Milesfrom the Fort;but I mustown I was a littlein fearof every Leafethat Rattled:at these Towns I saw but few Indiansfor they were all gon out a hunting,excepting the old Squawsand young Naked Viper; besidesa few old belovedMen and Conjurers,who Behavedwith some Civillityand gather,dme fine Grapesand May Aples;here I LikewiseVisited my old Consortthe Queen,who accordingto the IndianCustom, was obligedto undergoeEight days Confinementin the Town house,after Returning f rom,or beinga Prisonerto any Enimy whatsoever,and afler that to be strip,ddip,d well wash,dand so Conductedhome to their Husband,wife, or friends;here a bad distemperRaged amongslthe horses and dogs, which Sktcfu of Cfuro(czs+4tIagu in Sottfi Carotina 2 6

destroyedmany; at this place I saw an old Squaw who had undergonthat dreadfullbarbarity of being shot thro the Shoulder,Tomahawked in the Breastand then Scalp,d;yet I saw her in perfect health. (Anderson:NC Historbal Review. 504) After being rebuilt,Sugar Town was againdestroyed on August4,1776. SugarTowne was mentionedin landdeeds of HughMoore andJonathan Gregory in 1786and 1788.

Spelllngs: Collaselehee,Conasatche, Conasatchee, Conasatchie, Connetoge,Conosichire, Culasache, Culasagee, Kulfage, Kullsatchih, Kulsage,Kulsetisy, Sugar Town, Sugore.

Maps: Mante, Stuart-Purcell,Cook-Mouzon, Williamson, Royce and Seaborn.

Susantee, Lt.

Maps: Kitchinand Seaborn

Takwashwaw

SeeChagee Skctcfresof Cfurofurs ilitlages in Soutft Coro[ina 27

Tocax

Hodgein his book,Handboak of Americanlndians North of Mexico,claims Tocax was localedin CherokeeCountry. He statesthat it probablyhad a connectionwith Toxaway.

Note: A villageby this name in SouthCarolina is notfound on any early mapsor mentionedin any yet locatedearly documents.

Tockana

Maps: Mitchell

Tocorlchee FrancisVarnod's Census of 1721records that Tookareehga had60 men,50 women,and 45 childrenfor a totaipopulation of 155.

Note: A villageby this nameis notfound in SouthCarolina on any early mapsor mentionedin any yet locatedearly documents.

Map: Seaborn.Seaborn saysthis village is on the 1751Hunter's map and anothervillage by this name as beingon DeBrahm'smap. She showsan additionalvillage by this nameas beingin Georgia.

Tomassee

Tomassee,one of the LowerCherokee villages, was located on one of lhe lhree branchesof the LittleRiver. Tomatly [Tomassee]reportedly had 152 people according to the census takenin 1721. Manyincidenls have occurred in Tomassee.In the 1740s and 1750s,because the Cherokee had a fearof the Creek Indians, a fiercetribe who oftenwent to war,Tomassee was abandoned andthe Cherokeerelurned somelime before 1776. JamesAdair, Superintendent ol IndianAffairs, told many storiesof whenhe was in Tomasseeduring the 1730s,1740s and 1750s. He toldabout a conjurerwho founda carbuncle (garnet)which was said to be bigas an egg. lt wasfound where Sktkftes of Cfurokes ili{t^agu in South Carotiaa 28

an enormousrattlesnake lay dead. Hetook it home,and when the sun hit it, it would"sparkle with surprisingluster as to illuminatehis dark winler house like strong flashes of continuec lightning."When he died,it wasburied along with the conjurer in theTown House. The otherstory told by JamesAdair is aboutan Indianhead waniordisfigured by smallpox.He promised he would kill himself , butall sharpobjects were hidden from him by hisfamily. Feeling discouraged,he threwhimself against the wall. He lookedfor sharpobjects but found only the handleof a hoe. Stickingone endof it intothe ground, he threw himself on it repeatedly,finally forcingit downhis throat and killing himsetf . On August'12, 1776, Andrew Pickens fought a battleon TomasseeCreek. ColonelWilliamson moved twelve miles to Tomasseeand sentPickens and his mento searchthe nearby hills.Shortly afteruards, Pickens discovered a smallparty of Indians.The soldiers walked into a lall patchof grassnot knowing that manyIndians were hiding nearby. A guidefor Pickens, Branon,overheard the Indianssaying they were going to tryto lightat hatchetand tomahawk range. Therefore, the troops used an effectivetechnique by standingand firing two shots, dropping back downin the protectivegrass to reload,and then firing two moreshots. Soon Williams, Anderson, and Downs came in as reinlorcements.This was latercalled the "RingFight". The Indianswere buried in thevillage houses and the lown burned.

Spellings: Tomasse,Tomasey, Tomassee, Tommassy, Tomossee

Maps: Hunter,Haig-Hunter, Kitchin, Mante, Stuart-Purcell, Williamson, Romansand Seaborn

Torsalla

Torsallawas one of lhe Keoweetowns according to Biererin his book lndiansand Artifactsin the Southeast.

Note: A villageby this name is notlound in SouthCarolina on any early mapsor mentionedin any yet locatedearly documents.

Maps: Seaborn. (Usinginformation from Hodgeand shownas a Cane CreekTown. Sktcfrzs of Cfurofteesli[agu in SoutfrCarotina 29

Toxaway

Toxawaywas locatedon the ToxawayRiver in Oconee County. On the 1721Census, Tockaswoo was listedas having50 men,60 women and 60 childrenfor a totalof170 Indians. Herbertin 1727menlions the townof Toxsuahhaving head men. JamesFrancis wrote to GovernorGlen in 1752that all the lowerlowns had broken up exceplKeowee, parts of Toicksaway, andEstatoe. SergeantThomas Harrison, C

Spellings: Toxawa,Toxaway, Toxsuh, Tuxowa, Taxawa, Tacksaway, Tockswey,Tuxsoe. Tusoweh, Taxway, Duksa'i,Tockaswoo.

Maps: Hunter,Haig-Hunter, Kitchin, Mante, DeBrahm, Stuart-Purcell, Cook-Mouzon,Williamson, British Field Maps 322 and 323, Romans, Royceand Seaborn. Sktcfrzs of Cfurofu:u lh{agu in South (aro[ina 30

Toxsaah (See Toxaway)

Trlcentee

Royceon his mapand Hodgein hisbook both listed it as a town.

Note: A villageby this nameis notfound in SouthCarolina on any early mapsor mentionedin any yet locatedearly documents.

Maps: Seaborn (Usinginformation from Hodgeand shownas a Cane CreekTown.)

Tugalo

TugaloTown, one of the most importanlof the lower Cherokeelowns, was located near the junction ol ToccoaCreek andTugalo River. lt wasan importanttrading post lor about30 yearsin theearly eighteenth century. It is thoughtthat lhe Cherokeewere trading wilh the English lromCharles Town as early as 1690. In the journalof ColonelGeorge Chicken in 1715,Colonel MauriceMoore went to Tugaloto persuadethe Cherokeeto renewtheir lriendship. A documenlwritten by Theophilios Hastings in 1716indicates heopened an Englishfactory trading post at Tugalo. Hootlebayau,a warrior of Tugalotown in 1717,came down withsome other Indians and made a complaintin CharlesTown. Thecomplaint was that John Jones, a trader,had taken 18 skins anda lew basketswithout paying lor them. ln 1721Tugalo's population was 208 people. Colonel George Chickencommented, "lt's the mosl ancient town in theseparts." The Creeksattacked Tugaloo and Nayowee,two lowns separatedby a river,in 1724. WhenGovernor Glen wanted to builda lort nearthe lower Cherokeevillage of Keowee,the GoodWarrior of Towglowwas present.The lndians promised they would help build the tort. In 1760,eiEht Creeks were at Toogaloohasking the Cherokeeto go huntingwith them. Later,the Creekswere accusedol killingwhite people near the settlements. Some of Skt"fro of Cfurokzs ilitlagu ir Soutfi Coro[ina 3I the Creekswere apparentlyliving at Tugalowhen the Long Canesmurders took place. ,Oconastota and RavenKing of Toogoloowere presentalong with General Gage in NewYork when a treatywas beingdiscussed between the Cherokeeand the Six Nationsot the lroquois. Tugaloowas also represented in thediscussions of a treatyat HardLabour in 1768. The finaldestruclion of the onceprominent town of Tugalo cameon August10,1776, when Andrew Williamson and 640 ol hismen burned lhe townto theground.

On the 6th Instant. . . I destroy€dthe Housesand corn that were there [at Oconee]. I then proceededtowards Toogola, wherewhen I arrivedI foundthe Housesall burntdown on the otherside of the River,but the corn and all the Houseson this side standing,which I entirelycut down and destroyed,and detached100 men on Horseback who destroyanother place and the corn &c. aboutsix milesdistance, and took about300 Rawdeerskins. (Saunders: 746-47)

Shortlyafter 1810, one of moremembers ol the Cherokee nationclaimed that they receivedvisions which required the Cherokeeto abandonwhite ways and returnto the lifestylesol theirancestors. Quoting from a diaryof theperiod:

ButGod is not oleasedthat the lndianshave sold so muchland to the whitepeople. Tugalo,which is now possessedby white people,is the firstplace which God created. Therein a hill he placedthe firstfire, lor all fire comesfrom God. Nowthe white peoplehave build a houseon that hill. (WilliamG. McLoughlin, The Cherokee Ghost Dance: Essays on the Southeastern lndians1789-1861. Mercer University Press,'l 984:145)

Dr. Joseph Caldwell, a Smithsonian, archaeologist,excavated thesite in 1956.

Spelllngs: Tugaloo,Toogoola, Tougeloe, Toogelo, Towglow, Toogalo, Taogoloo,Tugalow

Maps: Hunter, Haig-Hunter,Mitchell, Kitchen, Mante, Bowen, DeBrahm,Stuart-Purcell, Cook-Mouzon, Williamson, British Fields Maps 322 and 323, Romans,Accurate Map of Georgia 1779, Royce, and Seaborn. 'IUlitten 6y tfu 1989.90fourtft Qra[e forest AcresQlust C(ass Skctchzsof Cfurokgu 'l/itlagu in Soutfr Caro[ira 32

Tunessee,Lt. (See Sustantee)

Ustanall (See Estanalle)

Ustustee( See Eustustee)

Walaze

ColonelMontgomery and his men burnedthe towns Kanasechee,Toxoway and Walaze,which were northwestof Keowee,in 1760.

Note: A town by this name is not lound on any early maps of South Carolina.

Warachy

Warachyis mentionedin Drayton'sbook, Memoirs of the AmericanRevolution as Relatingto the Stateof SouthCarolina. He said,"lt's corn and provisions were burned in 1776by Neel and Thcmas' regiments. The lndiansf led with such precipitations,that they left twenty-eight scalps."

Spellings: See Quacoratchie

Maps: Williamson S(ettfro of Cfuropr.s V;t{agu in Soutfi Carofina 33

Woostalau Maps:

Town two mlles hlgher than Estahtowlh.

In 1760,Captain Brown said they said they found a villageabout two mileshigher than Estahtowishwhen they were destroying lhe lowervillages. "He likewisefound plenty of corn,and could plainlydiscovered that the enemyhad constanilysupplied lhemselvesthere; in one ol the houseshe founda horsekept andfed by them;he burntabout 30 houses.He was surprizedto see whal largefields of cornthey had plantedat everytown, whichhe saysis veryllourishing, and just shooting out intoears."

Head of Saluda

LieulenantPepper to GovernorGlen. June3, 1745. "The Cherokeeand Nonaways were as onepeople and they were full resolvedto destroythe Catawabas.Before they sent away, the Talkwith the token of war andhoped that the Chickswszwswould join them . . . that the Cherokeesent runnersto the Notchee Indiansscattered about our settlements to tellthem lo meetthem on the headof SaludaRiver where there is to be a greatTalk. (CouncilJournal BMP CO 5-451.) 'liIlagu Skctche:of Cfurokgu in Soutfi Caro[ina 34

c' C $ \) =' \) t no i c?

tt1

\l

e \Toxstrq

ToSo'ly

GeorgeHunter MaP of 1730

Towns listed: Acconni,Chattuga, Chauge, Cheowe, Echy, Estotoe (TugaloR.), Kewohe, Noyowe, Senneca, Togalu, Tomasse, Toxsua 5fu:tcficsof CfurokguUitlagu in South (aro[ina 35

ha$a3e€

Chepl"cg Tomasse€ ocaPe Veaj hee St,l. 5scc. SvSdnicC

Sarcd h f6xaaa .E.hy '

Lst^to$-rJ\lo T,yuva/

KitchenMao of 1760

Towns listed: Chattogee,Chaugee, Chewhee, Echy, Estatoo, Keewohee,Noyowvee Ocanne, St. Tunassee/Susantee,Seneca, Tomassee,Toxoaah, Tugalue Skgtcfizsof Cfurofuu 'liI{agesin South Caro[ina 36

&e\u.o -6cl

bio\ee1o.s /ast h

('r.J€(- o n'o' ftnociq,\ 'r;>T

x /b o f, ('{ o

ManteeMap of 1756-1760

Townslisted: Chee-wo-heh, Estanorie Old Field,Estatoe (Keowee R.), Old Estatoe (Tugalo R.), Old Estatoe(Keowee R.), Keeowee, Oostasteh,Parchee, Sugar, Toogeloo, Tomassee, Toxowoy, Fort P. Georoe Sfu:tcfusof CfurokpesUi(ages in SouLfi(aro[ina 37

AConee.. *"!e'ft'

(o", /.6p

,:3:51ffi:""'"1',1iu Towns listed:Aconee, Chagee, Echay, Estatoe(Keowee R.), Old Estatohe(Tugalo R.), Old Keohwee,New Keohwee,Noyowee, Quacohatchie,Sennekaw, Sugar Town, Takwashuaw, Toxawaw, Tugelo or Tooqoola,Fort Prince George 5ftgtcfizsof Cfurofuu Vi[agu in Santh Carotina 38

WilliamsonMao ot 1776

Towns listed: Brass,Chehohee, Essenecca, Estatoe (Keowee R.), Euslasle,Jocassy, Keowee, Ostatoy,Oustinare, Socony, Sugar, Tommassy,Toxaway Town, Tugoloo,Warachy, Fort Rutledge,Fort PrinceGeorge Sk:tcfrzsof CfurokpuVi[agu in South Caro[ina 37

o.,ec , Sgnne

fo", /.1op

CookMap ot 1771 MouzonMap of 1775

Towns listed:Aconee, Chagee, Echay, Estatoe(Keowee R.), Old Estatohe(Tugalo R.), Old Keohwee,New Keohwee,Noyowee, Quacohatchie,Sennekaw, Sugar Town, Takwashuaw, Toxawaw, Tugelo or Toogoola,Fort Prince George Sfu:tcfizsof Cfurokees/i[age: itt SoutftCaro[ina 39

Bibllography

Anderson,William L. and James A. Lewis. A Guide to Cherokee Documentin ForeignArchives. Metuchen,N. J.:The ScarecrowPress, lnc..1983.

Anderson,William L., ed. "CherokeeClay from Ducheto Wedgwood: The Journal of Thomas Griffiths, 1767-1768.' The North Clarolina HistoricalReview 63 (October1986): 497-510.

Bartram,William. The Travelsof WilliamBartram, Naturalist'sEdition. ed. FrancisHarper. New York: Dover Publications. 1955.

Bierer,Bert \N" lndians and Ariifactsin the Southeast Columbia:Bert WormanBierer. 1978.

Chicken,George. "Journalof the Marchof the CaroliniansInto the CherokeeMountains, in the Yemasseelndians War 1715-16.' Charleston Year Book 1894: 316-334.

DeVorsey,Louis, Jr., ed. DeBrahm'sReport of the GeneratSurvey in the SouthernDistrict of Norlh America. Coiumbia:University of South CarolinaPress, 1971 .

Drayton,John. View of South Carolina. Spartanburg:The Reprint Company,1972.

Drayton, John. Memoirs of the American Revolution as Relating to the Stateof SouthCarolina. New York: Arno Press, 1969.

Forest AcresiMcKissickOuest Program. Cherokee Villagesin South Carolina.Easley, South Carolina: A Press,1990.

Goodwin,Gary C. A Study of ChangingCufture and EnvironmentPrior to 1775:Cherokee in Transition ResearchPaper No. 181. Chicago: Universityof Chicago,Department of Geography, 1977.

Hodge, FrederickWebb. Handbook of American lndian Norih of Mexico. Washington:Government Printing Office, 1907.

Jacobs, Wilbur R., ed. lndians of the Southern Colonial Frontier: The Edmund Atkin Report and PIan of 1775. Columbia:University of S. C. Press,1 954.

King, Duane H., eC. The Cherokeelndian Nation.:A TroubledHistory. Knoxville:The Universitvof TennesseePress. 1979. StCtcfu of Cfurofuzs vt{Iages h South Carotito 40

McDowell,William L., ed. DocumentsRelating to lndianAffairs.3 vols. Columbia:University of SouthCarolina Press.

Mereness,Newton D., ed. Travelersin the American Cobnies. New York:The MacmillianCompany, 1916.

Milling,Chapman J. Red Carolinians.Columbia: Universityof South CarolinaPress, 1969.

Mills, Robert. Statrslicsof South Carolina. Spartanburg:The Reprint Company,1972.

Mooney,James. Myths of the Cherokeeand Sacred Formulasof the Cherokee.Nashville: Charles and RandyEder Booksellers, 1982.

Rockwell,E. F., ed. "Paralleland CombinedExpedition Against the Cherokeelndians in South and North Carolinain 1776.' Historical Magazine 12 (October1867): 212-220.

Salley, A. E., ed. Journal of Colonel John Herbert Commissionerof Indian Affairs For the Province of South Carolina October 17. 1727, to March19, 1727/8. Columbia: The StateCompany, 1936.

Seaborn, Margaret Mills, ed. Andre' Michaux's Journeys in Oconee County.Columbia: R. L. Bryan,1976.

Seaborn,Margaret M., ed. BenjaminHawkin's Journey ThroughOconee County.Columbia: R. L. BryanCompany, 1973.

Seaborn, Margaret M. Cherokee lndian Towns of Oconee County, South Carolina. (Map)

Warren,Mary Bonaurant. South CarolinaNewspapers. Danielsville, Georgia:Heritage Papers, 1988.

Webber,Mabel L., ed. "An IndianLand Grant in 1734." SouthCarolina Historicaland GenealogicalMagazine XIX (October,1918): 157-161.

Williams,Samuel Cole. Adair's History of the American lndians. New York:Arno Press. 1966.

Wood, Peter H., GregoryA. Waselkove,and M. ThomasHatley, eds. Powhatan'sMantle. Nebraska:University ol NebraskaPress, 1989.