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Sketches of Cherokee Villages in South Carolina

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Sketches of Cherokee Villages in South Carolina Sketchesof CherokeeVillages in SouthCarolina G. Anne Sheriff,Editor Sketchesof CherokeeVillages in SouthCarolina G. Anne Sheriff,Editor Sketchesof CherokeeVillages in SouthCarolina G. Anne Sheriff, Editor Forest Acres ElementarySchool SchoolwideEnrichment Program 401 McAlisterRoad Easfey, South Carolina 29642 Foreward In the summerof 1989,Anne Sheriff began the processof assemblingover 100 books and literallyhundreds of photocopiesof documentsand mapspertaining to the Lower Cherokee- the nativeAmericans who once occupied the areaof northwesternSoulh Carolina. Mrs. Sheriff's third through sixth gradestudents were on the brinkof discoveringmore about the homesof theCherokee and the world in whichthey lived. During the nextnine months, the studentsbecame researchers; the productof theirstudy was the remarkableCherokee Villages in SouthCarolina, a compendiumof datalrom primaryand major secondarysources. This 152-page work was eagerly sought by a numberof anthropologistsand archaeologists,as well as by someol themajor American libraries. CherokeeVillages in SouthCarolina, while unquestionably a majoraccomplishment, was hardly material for the novice reader. Inthe current work, which some will perceive as the antithesisof the previouspublication, the studentshave used previously collecteddata alongwith newlyresearched information to providebrief generalized sketchesof Lower Cherokee villages. Suchsketches, albeit brief , area valuablecontribution to the processof makingdifficult materials comprehensible to non- specialistaudiences. Most South Carolinians interested in the Cherokeeare nol specialistsor academicians,ralher they are laymenand studentswho lackaccess to significantresource materialsand specialized instruction. Usersdesiring to discovermore about any villagemay consult CherokeeVillages in South Carolina,(1990) for additionalmaterials and documentation, or for a largerlisting of booksabout the Cherokee. Thenumber of LowerCherokee villages (often called towns) variedduring the eighteenthcentury as did the Cherokee population.In 1700,the combined white and black population of SouthCarolina numbered only about 7,000 persons and was confinedto the coastalregion over 200 miles lrom the nearest LowerCherokee village. Although the populationof the Lower Cherokeeat thattime is unknown,the entire Cherokee Nation of approximately16,000 - 24,000persons may have boasted as manyas 4,000- 6,000warriors. The question of exactnumbers aside,the formidableCherokee were considered both a major threatand a potentialally as the populationof SouthCarolina graduallyincreased and as sefilementsspread inland. Diseasescarried by the white man, particularly smallpox, took a heavytoll on the Cherokee population. A majorepidemic in the late 1600sresulted in the deathof at least20'/" andpossibly 50%of the Cherokeepopulation. James Adair, a contemporary observer,claimed that half the nation was annihilated by smallpox in 1738. Althoughthe 50% depopulationestimates may be excessivelyhigh, any drasticand suddendepopulation undoubtedlyhad an alfecton the numberof villages.In addition, attackson the Cherokeeby otherIndian tribes, particularly the Creeks.caused select sites under habitationto be either temporarilyor permanentlyabandoned. The numberof Cherokeevillages in SouthCarolina during the eighteenthcentury was alwayssmall, probably never over fourteenvillages at anyone time, with some sites better lermed settlementsthan villages. A sitelisted as a villagein 1751had onlya headmanand fourother men. A reportin the South CarolinaGazette of 1760,following the destructionof the l-ower CherokeeVillages in themilitary campaign of thatyear, states: Thosewho consultmaps will lind morelowns [villages] mentionedthan in the abovelist; which is owingto a customthe Cherokeehave ol frequentlybreaking up oneand settling another. They have, besides, one small village[settlement] near each or rnostof theirlarge towns [villages],which are properlyplantations, where the inhabitantsol the town[village] raise lheir provisions; theseselcJom contain above live or six huts. Whilethe presence of a townhouse (a structureusually large enoughto holdall the malemembers of thevillage and not used as a permanenlresidence) is sometimesused to determinea villagesite, differentiating a village from a settlementcan be extremelydifficult. Such differentiation is perhaps better left to archaeologiststhan to historians.Even so, the readershould be awarethat some of the sitesmentioned in thispublication were merelysmall settlements, while others mentioned cannot be verifiedby eithereighleenth century maps or documents. Obtainableinlormation is providedabout questionable village sitesfor the benefitof the userwho may,with additional studies, makeindividual judgments. FrederickC. Holder Table of Contents 'Iitfz Qage Copyigfrt Author and Artis* forewor[ 69 fredtrickC. t{o{der Villagesor Settlements 1-33 Brasstown 1 CaneCreek 1 Canuga 2 Catasue 2 Cauetas 2 Chattuga 3 Chauga 3 ChaugaVillage 4 Cheesoheha 5 Cheowee 5 Chickeree 6 Conoross 6 Coweeshee 6 EchylEchay/Ecochee 7 Ellijay 7 Esseneca 8 Estanaley/ Oustanalle / Ustaly / Ustanately 10 Estanarie/ lstanory / Ouslinare 11 Estatoe 11 Eustaste/ Oustestee / Oostasteh / Ustustee 14 Itseyi 14 Jocassee 15 Keowee 15 Keowee,New/Little 19 Nayuhi 20 Noyowee/ Noyouwee 21 (Continuedon lollowingpage) Oconee/ Aconee/ Wocunny 21 Oussazlay 22 Oustanalle 22 Oustestee 22 Oustinare 22 Parachee 22 Qualhatchie 23 Seneca 24 SenekawOld Town 24 Socony 24 SugarTown 25 Susantee,Lt. 26 Takwashwaw 26 Tocax 27 Tockana 27 Tocorichee 27 Tomassee 27 Torsalla 28 Toxaway 29 Toxsaah JU Tricentee Tugalo JU Tunessee,Lt. 32 Ustanali 32 Ustustee(See Eustustee) 32 Walaze JZ Warachy 32 Woostalau aa Unknown(Two Miles Higher Than Estatoe) ?a Unknown(Head of Saluda) 33 Maps 34-38 HunlerMap I 1730 '1760 34 Kitchen/ 35 Mante/ 1756-1760 36 Cook-MouzonMap / 1775 e-f Williamson'sMap 11776 38 Bibllography 39-40 Sketchesof CherokeeVillages in SouthCarolina Sketcfrzsof Cfr"*po Lt[qu ia Soutft (arotina Brasstown Brasslownwas a LowerCherokee village located in Oconee County. The Indiansof Brasstownlived in housesand had severalcornfields.The village was burned on August11,'1776, by menof theWilliamson Campaign. Among that group was the notedRevolutionary War soldierand Indianlighter Andrew Pickens. Spelllngs:Brass Maps: Williamson,British Fisld Map 323, Seaborn Cane Creek CaneCreek village was located in OconeeCounty on a branch of LittleRiver. The firstmention of CaneCreek was in 1776,when Hugh Hamiltonwrole a letterto AlexanderCameron from Cane Creek Campconcerning the CherokeeIndians. In a Revolutionarypension record, William Morrow stated he hadbeen with General Pickens against the Cherokeein 1776, whenCane Creek town was destroyed. The cornfields were also destroyedand many Indians were killed. ln 1781it wasreported in London'sRoyalGazefte newspaper that"Bloody Bill Cunningham . had reliredto CaneCreek, a branchof theSeneca," before the evacuation of Ninety-Six. Ramsey,in hisSouth Carolina history, reported allthe Indians had lelt northwesternSouth Carolina. The last ones had left CaneCreek in 1792. Maps: Under Cane Creek,Seaborn added on her Cherokee lndian Towns of Oconee County, South Carolina,Coweeshee, Torsalla and Tricentee. (These towns were not found on any early maps or mentionedin any yet localedearly documents.) Sketcfusof Cfurofuesl4{tagu itt Soutfi Caro[ina Canuga Accordingto Bierer'sbook, lndiansand Artifactsin the Southeast,Canuga was locatedon the lowersection of the KeoweeRiver in PickensCounty. Note: A villageby this namein SouthCarolina is notfound on any early mapsor mentionedin any yet localedearly documents. Spelllng: Kanuga Catasue BettySmith's article, entitled "Distribution of Eighteenth CenturyCherokee Settlements," lists Catasue as beingon Herbert'sMap. Note: A villageby lhis name is not mentionedin SouthCarolina in any yet localedearly documents. cauetas On May3, 1752,Ludovick Grant wrote to GovernorGlen that the Cauetas,Keowhe, Estertoe, and the otherLower Towns weregreat Rogues. ls thename Cauteas a villageor lhe nameof a groupof Cherokeeliving in onearea? Note: A villageby this nameis notfound in SouthCarolina on any early maos. -sk3tcfiu of CfurokgzsUii{agu in South Caro[ina Chattuga Chattugawas a villageon the ChatugaRiver in Oconee Countynear the boundaryof SouthCarolina and Georgia. The namepossibly means "drank by sips"or "hecrossed the stream andcame out upon the other side." Chattugais firstmentioned in JohnHerbert's Journal in 1717, whenhe saidthat Chatogysent one warriorto a meetingat Negquisey. Sir AlexanderCuming stayed at the homeof traderJoseph Cooper'smother when he traveled through Chattoogay in 1730. Chatugawas burnedin 1776 by ColonelNeel in the WilliamsonCampaign against the Cherokee. An actof the GeneralAssembly, passed in 1816,reserved a tractof landfor severalCherokee Indians. One of lhemwas WalterAdair. His tract of landwas said to be on the ChatugaRiver at ChatugaOld Town. Adair sold it to WilliamClark who sold it to SolomonPalmer in 1819.Palmer sold it to lraNicholson in 1827, andNicholson sold it lo GanawaRussell in 1867.Russell had a famousinn called the Russell House near lhe village site. Spellings: Chatauga, Chatogy,Chatuga, Chatuge, Chattooga, Chattoogah,Chattoogay, Tsatugi. Maps: Hunter,Kitchen. Striblina ""d Seaborn. 't . Chauga Chauga,one of the lowerlowns near lhe TugaloRiver in OconeeCounty, was first recorded in 1715by ColonelGeorge Chickenin TheJournal of the Marchof the Caroliniansinto the CherokeeMountains. Colonel Chicken
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