Environmental Ion Exchange Principles and Design Fundamental Principles and Concepts of Ion Exchange

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Environmental Ion Exchange Principles and Design Anthony M. Wachinski

Fundamental Principles and Concepts of Ion Exchange

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.1201/9781315368542-4 Anthony M. Wachinski Published online on: 29 Sep 2016

How to cite :- Anthony M. Wachinski. 29 Sep 2016, Fundamental Principles and Concepts of Ion Exchange from: Environmental Ion Exchange, Principles and Design CRC Press Accessed on: 29 Sep 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.1201/9781315368542-4

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The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The publisher shall not be liable for an loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 wastewaters. removal heavyfrom metal and dealkalization, distillation, to alternative an as ization removal, deion such uses, hardness as normal addition the to in all “hits.” are These surgery. term of the after A Google search awound into medications or incision feeding unwanted ionic and constituents, from wanted numerous, for example are separating recovering ionicindustries metals, or aremoval feeder Applicationscal process. ofion specific process the exchangein exchangepredictable of unwanted either for achemi as ions, used wanted be it can exchanger. water feed the to the in ion Because exchange is allows stable and the manner. apredictable ment in of accomplished be one ion can for another achieve effluent adesired composition is by using ion exchange,replacethe where to usable only means readily blended. The are one another from differently treated ion the to exchange concept applies eventreatment This several process. if streams technology, but low-pressure should technology considered for be membrane pre composition feasible is not usually by precipitation or membrane using chemical wastewater or treat chemical aspecific to To quality water produce of adetermined INTRODUCTION programs. the use to enable engineer the better to concepts basic knowledge fundamental of the provides chapter the This LanXess. and offered by also Lenntech are Programs water-related exchange systems for removal, dealkalization. boron and softening, design of the in aid to engineer atthe ion exchange is aimed program simulator Design Pure systems. Purolite design demineralization of and the softener in for Ion Exchange (CADIX), ion developed exchange an program aid to software Dow to Water Solutions’ directed &Process are Readers Computer Design Assisted have major developed manufacturers The performance. ground. models predict to Processes Helfferich’s recommend authors its design. and process the with associated exchangers, terminology the and ion of the exchange provides chapter abasic ionThis understanding process, Most for uses ion exchange involve removal the of or concentration unwanted ions ion the exchange with associated is absent. The process A rigorous theory 3

for Water Quality Control for Water Quality Ion Exchange Ion and Concepts of Principles Fundamental Ion Exchange (1972) back provide to astrong theoretical ion exchange ion (1962) Weber’s and results in about 9.5 million in results Physicochemical Physicochemical 25 TM - - - - -

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 is no substantial change in the structure of the solid. of Used water the soften to by exchang structure the change in is no substantial reversiblethe as defined exchange there liquidin of and which a between a solidions However, process. asorption and process adsorption an both ion exchange is most often ion exchange of ion process unit exchange. phenomenon, the and as to It is referred forIon example of exchange ion terms, a myriad the exchange describes the process, BASICS 26 to adsorb macro- or colloidal-ionic species except at the surface of the particle. or colloidal-ionic particle. of except the species macro- surface adsorb to atthe fordesigned removing soluble marily expected be therefore, ionic cannot and, species volume alarge volume treat to capacity of unit the per liquid of exchanger. completeionic must as species possible, be as ion the exchange and must resin have exchanger cycle. sodium the in removal mostions the cases, or ofIn particular all unobjectionablean ionic for of species, water example using softening acation the by may accomplished exchange be latter constituent. undesirable The with an ing volume, asmall into or remov adesirable material of concentrating purpose the removal solution ionic from of species an exchange in ionic for for species another of most function fixed-bed (columnar) ion exchangethe primary is operations The B treating water forpurposesoutlinedin Chapter1andwillnotbediscussedfurther. processing byionexchange has,intheauthor’s opinion,limitedpotentialapplicationin to theresin.Becausebatchwiseregeneration oftheresinischemicallyinefficient, batch the selectivity fortheioninsolutionisfar greaterthanfortheexchangeable ionattached solution. Consequently, the utilization of the resin’s exchange capacity is limited unless the exchange takes placeislimitedbythepreferenceresinexhibits fortheionin come toequilibrium,andthenseparatingtheresinfromsolution. The degree towhich mode involves mixingtheresinandsolutioninabatchtank,allowing theexchange to Ion exchange processing canbeaccomplishedineitherabatchorcolumnmode. The batch B chapter. this in detail in described ion synthetic exchangers and ionthetic exchangers. are exist of and natural Avariety or syn solid of is any number the is liquid natural water applications, and ter the ion the exchanger as to referred or ion exchange most wastewa water In resin. and Company, Purolite 2006). (The removing organics in these resins of the performance the (see 4) must Chapter performed Bench-scale be testing determine to scavenger as used often remove to are resins resins These resins. strong base organics. foul especially resins, fulvates, can and humates Some typically reused. organics, and which resemble adsorbents, regenerated be ion can exchange too they that in resins do not Dissolved ionize. removed be can organics materials effectively by polymeric solved biphenyls polychlorinated such pesticides and organics as (PCBs) these because effluents. Ionremove industrial from exchangeeffectively cannot metals remove dis ions magnesium for and ions, calcium ing sodium ion exchange widely is also to used asic atch In Chapter 5, we will see that ion exchange resins in fixed-bed operations are pri are ion 5, that exchange operations Chapter see we fixed-bed In in will resins basic componentThe of any ion exchange system insoluble is the solid, usually

/ c c olumnar olumnar

o peration peration Environmental Ion Exchange Environmental ------Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 Fundamental Principles and Concepts of Ion Exchange of Ion Concepts and Principles Fundamental for an in-depth treatment of membrane processes role pretreatment. ofprocesses in membrane treatment for in-depth an exchange systems; Wachinski’s also see of use onlow-pressure the of for ion membranes pretreatment (2004) for thinking his Wachinski’s to directed are Readers filter is heavy,load function efficientlythemto as expect ion one cannot exchangers. the and used are theyfilters;If however, purpose. this used for are not theynormally size, ion effective very exchange particle and are ionicbeds nature ofBecause their FIGURE 3.2 FIGURE 3.1FIGURE 3.2Figure shows hardware. typical shown water leaving ion are the exchange treated the in column. constituents cal chemi The form. exchange sodium the such regenerated the that in been has sites are ion an exchanger ion an exchange that or resin containing through column passed is Waterconstituents salts. sodium indicated and magnesium, the with calcium, ing Figure 3.1Figure water contain ahard soften to shows used operation column atypical Outlet Inlet

Multiport valve Influent water analysis Mg(HCO Ca(HCO Ca(NO NaHCO NaNO CaSO MgCl

Typical columnar softening. Typical columnar Typical ion exchange unit. To service 2 4 3 3 Meter ) 3 3 2 3 ) ) 2 2 NaCl MgCl CaCl Regenerant 2 2 2 waste To wasteorrecovery (Na SAC Ion Exchange Treatment for Drinking Water Treatment for Drinking Exchange Ion Ion exchangeresin + ) Supporting bed Membrane Processes for WaterMembrane Reuse Ion exchangerisastrong-acidcation Resin inthesodiumform Regenerant isNaCl Pressure water Regenerant distributor Wash watercollector Ion exchangevessel NaHCO Na NaNO NaCl 2 SO Regenerant tank 3 4 3 Effluent water analysis Ejector (2013) (2013) 27 - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 zinc, and nickel from synthetic and actual wastewaters. actual nickel and synthetic and zinc, from layer—to remove copper, trioctahedral acentral and ofcomposed aluminosilicates sheets layered consisting of silicate two tetrahedral vermiculite—a claythe mineral (1979)exchange for Keramida removal medium and the Etzel of heavy metals. used wastewater. and water remove to from is used phosphate. selenium,and Clinoptilolite ammonia arsenic, although certain aluminosilicates can also act as anion exchangers. anion as act also Cation exchang can aluminosilicates certain although exchange (i.e., properties remove they positively solution), cations from charged exchangeexchangeable the as is known material. of capacity the This state. an in them ions retain and certain able capture to are found nature in Many materials NATURAL EXCHANGERS ION 28 surface area of about 200 m area surface by is made dehydroxylating hydroxide.Activated alumina aluminum It ahigh has removal. manganese and iron with connection (glauconite) today in used is still for have silicates softening, improved been of by Greensand use resins. synthetic the alumino applications, the use wastewater of first such applications.as The treatment tannins. and wood, paper, lignins, tar, cotton, such olive phosphorylation as and of pits, materials nut coffee, shells, spent ground are sulfonation procedures The ofmostgroups.common fixed ionic incorporation Conversely, insoluble many from ion by substances, exchangers produced be can examples of typical ion-exchanger are gels.formaldehyde. carageenan and Pectins agents with such as simplyion-exchanger by cross-linking obtained gels be can ionogenic insoluble groups, From soluble many carry treatment. that substances ion into exchangers transformed by be chemical can of number larger materials afew examples group. Astill are of typical this keratin colloidin, and acid, alginic by formed oxidation. carboxylic are acid additional groups and introduced are groups acid. Sulfonic acid strong-acid cation exchangers sulfuric by sulfonation fuming with converted into be can anthracites Moreover, and coals bituminous and most lignitic salts. solutions with by or aluminum treatment of copper, stabilized chromium, been have coals lignitic before use. hard must,They therefore, Soft and “stabilized” be however, swell excessively, peptize. to tend and alkali, by an easily decomposed are cation exchangers. as used be weak-acid thus Most can materials, of and these groups not mobile. very are pores therefore, ions their counter in swell the and little, very of ion those most other exchangers. than more rigid less and open works They, are 5. Chapter in removal, is discussed perchlorate and and chlorate, bromate, nitrate, VI, operations. full-scale remove to used hydroxylapatite Apatite and in anions two aluminosilicates are includeanalcity,ers zeolites, the hormotome, hevlandite, chabazite, natrolite. and One inorganic material in particular has been shown to be an effective shown an been be to has ion particular in material inorganic One Inorganic ion exchangers are used in both industrial and municipal water, municipal and and industrial ion both in exchangersInorganic used are exhibit ion exchange Alumina, materials properties. natural ofA number other ion exchangers. possibly carboxylic and natural contain They other are Many coals frame not Their abrasion very resistant. are relatively and are Zeolites minerals soft chromium ion for used exchange arsenic, Zero-valent is anatural material iron with aluminosilicates crystalline ion are exchangeMost natural materials 2 /g. It remove to such fluoride, is used as inorganics trace Environmental Ion Exchange Environmental

cation - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 Fundamental Principles and Concepts of Ion Exchange of Ion Concepts and Principles Fundamental dimensional array is important because it determines the internal pore structure, structure, pore internal the it determines because is important array dimensional resin’s the in of cross-linking degree three- The resin. of toughness the and bility polymers allow to insolu for the general the DVB the crosslink to and is used resin, divinylbenzene (DVB).and of the molecules provide styrene basic matrix the The of majority of ionThe styrene by copolymerization exchange made the are resins EXCHANGERS ION SYNTHETIC FIGURE 3.3 FIGURE holding ions charged, of exchange opposite atthe charge trically sites. having exchange many sites. skeleton, structure The like insoluble water, in is elec movement internal of the exchanging affects ions. turn which in as a “whiffle ball”—a skeleton- ball”—a 3.3 shown resin Figure synthetic a “whiffle in as the Visualize

Cation exchange resin—strongly acidic (hydrated). acidic exchangeCation resin—strongly acid group Sulfonic SO 3 − H + H − + SO SO SO 3 3 3 − − − H H H + + + DVB Cross-linking Water ofhydration Polystyrene chain 29 - -

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 on the resin’son the selectivity, is less capacity pH values. atall Their such as operate and phosphonic and acidacid groups. groups resins are more resistant to thermal and osmotic well and shocks as oxidation. as The thermal to more resistant are resins These (ormacroporous have structure. that pore resins macroreticular) a discrete range. size 20–60 mesh 20–50 and the in resins with wastewater waterapplications accomplished and in are diameter). in Most mm ion exchange mesh (0.044 diameter) 325 to in mm (0.84 30 (SARs) (–SO sulfonic groups with strong-acid mostare resins common The acid strengths. and of properties different Cation exchangers availablegroupsrange a fixed numerous are with ionic exhibiting s electrolyte. is astrong or weak resin the whether exchanged are and cations whether or anions base). determines group functional The resin’sthe classifications on depending of (buttwotypes group weak functional resins. gel-type than fouling organic to more resistant also are resins more porous ynthetic In general, strong-acid general, In cation exchangers substitute one ion depending for another ytei eisaeaalbei edfr n ag nsz rm2 mesh 20 from size in range availableformand bead are in resins Synthetic Table 3.1 shows four exchangers into divided major synthetic generally that are Recent developments have production of the in polymer resulted chemistry in Strong base Weak base Weak base Weak acid Type ExchangeMajor Ion the of Classification Resins 3.1 TABLE Strong acid

c ation

e xchangers Quaternary ammonium Tertiary amine(aromaticmatrix) Secondary amine Carboxylic acid Sulfonic acid Active Group Cation Exchange Resins Anion Exchange Resins 3 –) weak-acid and (WARs) resins carboxylic with Environmental IonEnvironmental Exchange Typical Configuration CH 2 CHCH COOH SO CH CH CH 3 2 2 2 H NR NH N(CH 2 2 R 3 ) 3 Cl Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 recommended, where up 20 to recommended, is type problems, amacroreticular severe very In content decross-linking is typical. IR-122 to oxidative Amberlite tance attack. for resin, example, DVB its with higher resis it would greater with aresin occurs, use to best be oxidative decross-linking cation exchange 8 an with resin leakage). little cations with all treatment applications have a chemical matrix consisting of styrene and DVB. and consisting of styrene applications have The treatment matrix a chemical major stronglyAll acidic cation exchange involved resins wastewater water and in Strong-Acid CationExchange Resins cally. WARs pH only overrange. operate alimited WARs, which exhibit stoichiometri regenerate much capacities almost and higher stoichiometric, however,than than must they more frequently regenerated be and regenerated byregenerated either HCl or H by astrong-acid hydrogen the treated in cation resin is cycle. bed the in resin The 3.4 cycleFigure by sodium the shows water treated exchanger same the Figure 3.1 in , calcium sulfate fromaraw water withanionexchanger inthehydrogen cycle is water cationsandisthefirststepindemineralizing water. Theequationforremoving A strong-acidcationexchanger inthehydrogen cycle willremove nearlyallmajorraw WARs, from SARs salt-split. for equation which cannot salt-splitting The is distinguishes salt-splitting as and is known ability acid This form. the in operated if acid acid. A strong-acid its into salt corresponding convert cationcan a neutral resin structure. gelular or macroreticular tent and DVB in con mainly differ resins These sulfonic acid radicals. are groups functional Fundamental Principles and Concepts of Ion Exchange of Ion Concepts and Principles Fundamental from Na from loss little or of more with years capacity.20 7 exhibit They less than have they addition, In leakage. little rapidmit exchange stable, may last and are rates, from25 eration efficiency varies divalent, acid or trivalent or salt.” using regenerated any monovalent, be chapter. astrong acid can general, this “In H hydrogenthe cycle, astrong acid with issuch regenerated resin HCl or where as the in operated typically Strong-acid any formbut in are exchangers operated be can 2 SO Generally, most in domestic one water would softening, astrongly use acidic SARs are so named because their chemical behavior chemical resembles of astrong that their because so named are SARs The strong-acidThe excess exchangers strong-acid require regenerant (typical regen a resin (in this case a strong-acid resin) can be regenerated or put into any cycle that that cycle any into orput regenerated be resin) can astrong-acid (in case a resin this Author’s note: Probably the most important thing you will get from this book is that that is book this get will from you thing important most the Author’s Probably note: 4 you wish. Ion exchangers can be operated in the K the in operated be can exchangers Ion wish. you , or in the sodium cycle sodium the NaCl. with , oris in regenerated resin where the + to H to Mg + form and are useful for softening and demineralization (removal of demineralization and for useful softening are formand ++ cycle—any cycle that will allow the ion exchanger to work for you. to exchanger ion the allow will that cycle cycle—any CaSO NaCl 4

+ + (resin−H 2(R–H % 2 % SO DVB can be used as the cross-linker. the as DVB used be can % DVB cross-linking. However, DVB cross-linking. a condition if called to 45 to 4 . Regeneration will be further discussed later in in later discussed further . Regeneration be will + ) + ⇌ ) % → 2(R in concurrent regeneration), concurrent in per they and HCl − )–Ca + (resin−Na ++ + cycle, the Ca the cycle,

+ H 2 SO + ) 4 ++ % cycle, and the the and cycle, swelling going going swelling 31 - - - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 example, alkaline speciestoreactwith themoretightlyheldhydrogen ionsoftheresin, for pHs above 4or 5, 3.5 shown as Figure . in force.tion driving 32 and will utilize up 90 to utilize will and do not exchange H their (seeers Table 3.1). and such, As weak-acid dissociated not highly are cation resins weak-acid with associated group cation exchang functional Carboxylic acid is the Weak-Acid CationExchange Resins 3.4 FIGURE They are usually regenerated with strongsuch acids with regenerated HCl or H as usually are They for hydrogenaffinity than SARs, ions showhigherregeneration WARs efficiencies. regenerant (of which 60 SAR to regeneration, contrast where excess is in alarge acid of This concentrations. the hydrogen form. The carboxylic functional groups have a high affinity havefor H groups carboxylicaffinity functional ahigh The form. the hydrogen convert to SARs to forceis required that driving concentration same the not require WAR exchangers differ fromSARsinthat WARs requirethepresence ofsome the for hydrogen affinity high ion, of account their only at On be used can WARs Na Mg Ca Na Mg Ca(HCO

HC (HCO Hydrogen cycle exchange. cation acid strong O NO Cl SO 3 Regeneration: R 3 Ca(HCO 3 4 ) 3 ) 2 2 Na Mg CaSO % + 2 SO SO % as readily as strong resins. Because they exhibit they Because strong resins. as ahigher readily as 3 –75 Regenerant ) 2 of the acid (HCl or H acid of (HCl the 4 4

4 Influent waste + % 2(R–H goes unutilized) is required to create the concentra the create to is required goes unutilized) Na Mg Ca Strong-acid 2 cation (H + + + ) ) H ⇌ 2 SO (2R Regenerant 4 – )–Ca To 2 SO anion ++ Environmental IonEnvironmental Exchange

4 + ) regenerant, even) regenerant, low with RH 2(H or H HC 2 2 SO l + 2 4 HCl HN H H CO 2 2 Ca Na Mg SO CO O 3 ) 2 3 4 3 2 SO + SO CO 4 4 . WARs do 2 + - -

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 treated water of quality comparable to the use of use SAR. just the to comparable an water of quality treated a produces but also of regenerant requirements, terms for in operation economic conjunction in which used astrong-acid with allows resin, sometimes polishing are They dealkalization. and softening for achieving simultaneous primarily used are Fundamental Principles and Concepts of Ion Exchange of Ion Concepts and Principles Fundamental cally. pH only over range. operate WBRs alimited which exhibitWBRs, stoichiometri regenerate much capacities almost and higher than stoichiometric, must they more frequently regenerated be and ity is less than matrix. or aliphatic aromatic an in amines weak-baseand (WBRs) resins tertiary with mon are strong-base resins (SBRs) with quaternary ammonium groups (CH groups strong-base (SBRs) resins mon are ammonium quaternary with were groups prepared. ammonium strong-base with resins quaternary issued for exchangers anion were for Later, havinggroups. resins weak-base amino exchangers patents ion first earliest were exchange the The among produced. resins exchangersAnion were developed exclusively almost resins; synthetic organic as s H the (HCO alkalinity the with exchangeThe effect, a neutralization is, in 3.5 FIGURE NaHCO linity, that is,linity, CO that ynthetic In general, strong-base anion exchangers operate at all pH values, capac strong-base exchangers general, but atall anion their In operate Anion exchangers availableAnion The most comgroups. fixed numerous are with ionic Weak-acid alka remove to high with used cations associated are cation resins the + of the resin. WAR will split alkaline salts but not nonalkaline salts (e.g., salts but salts not nonalkaline WAR resin. of the split alkaline will 3 but not NaCl or Na

nion

Capacity of weak-acid cation resin as a function of solution pH. afunction as of weak-acid resin cation Capacity Exchange capacity (eq/L) 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 = 3

, OH , e xchangers 46 − , and HCO , and 2 SO 4 ). 3 − , and low, and dissolved in CO Solution pH 81 0 2 and sodium. WARs sodium. and 4.0 6.0 8.0 2.0 3 − ), neutralizing ), neutralizing 3 2 Exchange capacity (lb/ft ) N(CH 3 ) 3 Cl) Cl) 33 - - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 hydroxyl formare salt-split. which WBRs, cannot from them distinguishes ability This salts. or weak capacity.and stability.exhibit greater Type exhibit regeneration resins slightly efficiency II greater replacesone methyl of group Type the ethanol Type groups. In an resins, II Iresins groups: methylSBRs available. consist are Type groups of In three functional the Iresins, Exchange Anion Resins Strong-Base 34 FIGURE 3.6 FIGURE excess of regenerantbetween (with efficiencies typical 18 varying by is hydroxide. regenerated case sodium this 3.4shown in Figure resin in . The 3.6Figure by hydrogen the shows water treated same cycle the exchanger one the as The reactions with sulfate and chloride and astrong-base exchanger and anion chloride the and in sulfate with reactions The have they split to Strong-base because strong ability exchangers the so named are In general, when placed in the hydroxide the when in general, placed strong-base form, In an exchangers require

Strong-base ionStrong-base exchange reactions. SiO H HNO HCl H 2 2 CO SO 2 2C SO 3 4 Regeneration: R 3 + l CO 44 = −      2 +− Na Na Na 2R NaCl cation exchanger 2 2 2 SiO CO SO Effluent from Regenerant () 4 3 3 waste –N OH Strong-base SiO Cl CO SO exchanger + – anion 4 − 3 (OH 3

+  –N NaOH − ) + 2R (CH Regenerant −    3 ) 2C SO 3 – l = −    Environmental IonEnvironmental Exchange +2 ROH NaOH () H OH + 2 O % Na Na NaCl Na and 33 and − 2 2 2 SiO SO CO 4 3 3 % ). Typically, Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 those forthose SBRs. Weak-base conjunction exchangersin used SBRs with are in hydroxide. sodium with along may used, be carbonate or sodium basicweakly reagents such ammonia as expensive not acid. provide Less need absorbed hydroxide the ions, only neutralize hydrogen not removed. than cations other with are Any ions associated “acid called often are WBRs reason, For this or nitrate. chloride, sulfate, hydrogen such strong acid the formers with as are associated ion that anions and swell about 12 ciency possibly 90 exceeding of (withregenerate stoichiometric anearly base amount with regeneration the effi of polystyrene-DVB. do not They remove above anions apH of 6(see Figure 3.7). They on phenol-formaldehyde based often are instead and or epoxy matrices amines tertiary and weak-base with exchangers associated secondary anion groups are functional The Weak-Base Exchangers Anion NaOH (see warm must they with regenerated be silica, manufacturer’s resin literature.) with loaded water. of use Type are they quality highest When principal the Iis make to ficultand regenerateto swell more Cl (from prevent to used or aweak-base is typically fouling. trap carbon organic to irreversiblythey tend capacity. losingthat acid substances, their sorb humic Activated Aproblem used. is be to SBRs resin with which the formin is desired on the depends regenerant used the hydroxide but regenerant, sodium again the as is used high-quality FIGURE 3.7 FIGURE acids. WBRs remove free mineral acidity (FMA) such HCl or H as (FMA) acidity removeacids. WBRs mineral free and will not remove will and CO strong-base protect exchangers, to remove to “traps” and organic color. following useful, are strong-acid exchangers save to cost of as regenerant chemicals, of have they strong-base that as and exchangers. great capacities as about twice They Fundamental Principles and Concepts of Ion Exchange of Ion Concepts and Principles Fundamental Once again, the regeneration efficiencies of these resins are much greater than than regeneration greater the are much efficiencies again, resins these Once of do notWBRs have ahydroxide ion do SBRs. formas Consequently, regeneration Type I exchangers are typically used for maximum silica removal. more dif silica Type are They for used maximum Iexchangers typically are Weak-base exchange anion behave weak-acid resins their much like counterparts

Capacity of weak-base anion resin as a function of solution pH. afunction as resin of weak-base anion Capacity

Exchange capacity (eq/L) % 1.0 2.0 going from the OH going the from 468 2 , that is, weakly ionized acids such as carbonic and silicic and such acids carbonic as ionized is, weakly , that % ) and are resistant to organic fouling. In addition, they fouling.they addition, organic to In resistant are ) and − Solution pH to salt form, they do not to salt form, remove CO − to OH to − form)Type than exchangers. II The 10 3.0 6.0

3 2 Exchange capacity (lb/ft ) SO

adsorbers.” 2 4 or silica, or silica, , that is, , that 35 - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 exchange application. 3.8 Figure shows standpoint. effective weak-base economic an atypical from ion found more be to are more and used be to beginning are resins 1960s,late acrylic development Since their preferred. are the resins basic in weakly anion reticular basic of is problems, used. fouling gel weakly resin organic the type do of not present available waters For that treatment used. are and rawthese materials acrylic-DVB, epoxy. on and of based resins varieties gel Again, or macroreticular exchange basic weakly anion resins: typical three are There nitrates. havecient. also They amuch for capacity removal higher the of chlorides, therefore, of much are, regenerant stoichiometric and more with effi amounts erated themselves in conjunction with an air stripper to remove to stripper themselves CO conjunction air in an with foulby SBRs. may removal used silica WBRs the be is not Where otherwise critical, might that organics to attract systems regenerant and costs to reduce demineralizing 36 it would be taken preferentially to the monovalentit preferentially the to would taken be cation (H Forresin. example, hydrogen for the in adivalent aresin along, if form, cation came removed be to its ability valence ion,higher of by the the an a higher the general, In o exists. valence ions also number same atomic of the valent on on ion. valence exists. based based order order Abumping Abumping ion overtrivalent over is preferred preferred adivalent amono ion, which is further cycle. ion the exchange Make work resin for you. hydrogenyourself the to cycle cycle, sodium or the cycle, chloride the hydroxyl or the ion the exchange cycle.” proper is, operate the that in resin is operated, not Do limit successof any ion exchange“The system cycle is dependent on the resin which the in SELECTIVITY does changedoes relative affinities.” job done.the one whether gets determine will this because resin, the which one chooses operate to strong-acid Table resin. 3.3 shows of order strong-base selectivity the ofresin. atypical would ions. calcium six displace Table 3.2 shows of order selectivity the of atypical ions ions, two aluminum ion aluminum would we introduce If resin. stay then on the ion ion, calcium duce acalcium would the calcium ions the two displace sodium and hydrogen wewould out. intro the If then and stay resin on the ion would carried be ion sodium would hydrogen the the displace ion sodium is introduced, is, ion, the that circumstances).all lent along, cation came it would divalent preferentially the displace cation (in nearly rder For waters containing organic contaminants (humic and fulvic acids), fulvic and (humic macro contaminants organic For waters containing major advantageThe of weak-base regen exchange be anion can they is that resins Each ionEach exchange its own has resin of order exchange preference. a general, In “Changing the degree of cross-linking does not change the order of notorder does change selectivity the but of cross-linking degree the “Changing design of the ionIn exchange cycle about the systems, one must careful in be hydrogen ion the ion is the in Now exchange asodium If form. imagine material

s electivity ( r elative

a ffinity ) Environmental IonEnvironmental Exchange + 2 ) on the resin. If atriva If resin. ) on the (see 5). Chapter styrene-DVB,

sulfates, and and sulfates, ------Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 of two is required for mostof exchanges. two is required selectivity delta even levels do to that, different better. A minimum of cross-linking remove if ion, aspecific highestand get spread the you can youget, you can want ity of 2.37, to Ag is monovalent. it easily displace the and Ag will you trying If are 16cation with resin ions lower it. For example, than remove to Dowex use a wastewater Ag from stream, 3.8 FIGURE Fundamental Principles and Concepts of Ion Exchange of Ion Concepts and Principles Fundamental Na (b) H HCl H (a) Ca Mg As shownAs Table in number, easier 3.4 for the ion the higher that displace to , the 2 2 SO CO Na MgSO CaSO HCO 4 3 2 Hard-alkaline SO + CO 4 4 Regeneration: R 4 water 3

or 2 Regenerant Na NaCl (a) Weak-acid (b) and weak-base ion exchange reactions. NaCl MgCl CaCl cation exchanger waste 2 Effluent from SO Regenerant Weak-acid 2 2 4 % waste resin cross-linking. If there is any sodium in water, in is any sodium a selectiv with there If cross-linking. Weak-base H HCl resin Regenerant Mg (HCO Ca Na 2 SO 2 4 + Regenerant

Reaction ofweak-acidresin NaOH 3 ) 2 + H or HCl RH 2 SO strong-base unit To processor 4 CO NH Na NaOH R decarbonator 2 2 4 CO NaCl Na Aerator OH + H or 2 3 SO 2 O 4 + + R H Mg Ca Na 2 O H H SiO 2 2 CO O 2 Pump CO 3 + 2 CO To process 2 37 - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 38 Source: Fluoride Hydroxide Acetate Bicarbonate Chloride Nitrite Bisulfite Cyanide Bromide Nitrate Iodide Thiocyanate Ion of Selectivity—TypicalOrder Resin Strong-Base 3.3 TABLE Note: Source: Lithium Hydrogen Sodium Potassium Ammonia Rubidium Cesium Thallium Silver Beryllium Magnesium Calcium Strontium Barium Ion of Selectivity—TypicalOrder Strong-Acid Resin 3.2 TABLE

which in turn which in order shiftsonlybyoneortwo. Trivalent replacesdivalent, This orderwillvary withdifferent resins,but usuallythe

Dr. Etzel’s classnotes. Dr. Etzel’s classnotes.

replaces monovalent ions. Environmental Ion Exchange Environmental Valence + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Valence −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −2 −3 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 Fundamental Principles and Concepts of Ion Exchange of Ion Concepts and Principles Fundamental of 1.00. Table relative 3.5 the presents selectivity for of anions Dowex selected strong DVB with at4 cross-linking valence and divalent replacing monovalent always are same. the by only afew is order shifted elements. the ally Trivalent replacing divalent and Table 3.4 showsfunction also of as a cation relativeresins selected of the affinity (depending resins manufacturer), different with on but the usu varies order This NH TABLE 3.4 TABLE a Note: Source: La Ce Cr Ba Pb Sr Ca Mn Ni Be Cd Cu Co Zn Mg UO Tl Ag Cs Rb K NH Na H Li Ion Resin at 4 Dowex on Cations Cation for Selected Scale Selectivity

Cross-linking withdivinylbenzene at 4 2 4 3 OH

Lithium isarbitrarilysetat1.00.

Dr. Etzel’s classnotes. % , 8 % , and 16, and X4a 1.90 7.60 7.50 6.60 7.47 6.56 4.70 4.15 3.42 3.45 3.43 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.13 2.95 2.36 6.71 4.73 2.67 2.46 2.27 1.90 1.58 1.32 1.00 Monovalent % Trivalent Divalent DVB Cross-Linking % , 8 % % , and 16, and , 8 % 11.5 12.4 10.7 10.6 , and16 X8a 2.25 9.91 6.51 5.16 4.09 3.93 3.99 3.88 3.85 3.74 3.47 3.29 2.45 8.51 3.25 3.16 2.90 2.55 1.98 1.27 1.00 7.60 % . Lithium is assigned avalue is assigned . Lithium % . X16a 17.0 17.0 10.5 20.8 18.0 10.1 28.5 22.9 3.28 3.34 2.37 1.47 1.00 7.27 4.91 4.06 6.23 4.95 4.46 3.81 3.78 3.51 3.34 4.66 4.62 4.50 39 - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 40 exchange. of terns you have chosen for relative the resin. exchange of order aparticular avalue is assigned of Chloride resin. 1.00. manufacturer anion resin base the Contact Use the following rules as a guide to understanding the relative the selectivity pat Use understanding to following aguide the as rules 2. 4. 3. 1.

potential. the greater activitycoefficient the the higher coefficient—the activity their exchange from ions ofThe various may approximated potentials be exchange higher the potential. ion the some of cases, in lower and, valence has valence diminish different exchange in of ions differences potentials of the concentrations, At high number. atomic increasing with exchangethe increases potential constant valence, and temperatures, At low ordinary concentrations, aqueous ion exchanging valence ofexchange the increasing with exchange or the increases potential extent the of temperatures, At low ordinary and concentrations aqueous Na Li Na + + < vs. Ca vs. < Na Ca Formate Dihydrogen phosphate Bicarbonate Hydroxide Chloride Bromate Bisulfite Cyanide Nitrite Bromide Nitrate Bisulfate Iodide Phenate Salicylate Dichlorophenate Ion Resin Anion for Dowex Strong-Base of Selectivity Order 3.5 TABLE Note: Aminoacetate Fluoride Acetate < ++ K; Mg K; ++

Al Chloride isarbitrarilysetat1.00. +++ < Ca < Sr < Ba; F < C1 Relative Selectivity < Environmental Ion Exchange Environmental Br 0.10 0.13 0.18 0.22 0.34 0.53 0.65 1.00 1.01 3.3 6.1 7.3 8.7 1.3 1.3 1.3 2.3 28 53 < 1 - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 Fundamental Principles and Concepts of Ion Exchange of Ion Concepts and Principles Fundamental s FIGURE 3.9FIGURE of the structure pore internal The matrix. athree-dimensional molecules, forming hydrocarbon the between given by resin cross-linking are the to toughness and bility DVB. and insolu of the styrene copolymerization Overall, the from formed usually network hydrocarbon the with which attached, soluble are groups ionic functional of ion asynthetic exchange to anetwork as resin ofThink radicals hydrocarbon STRUCTURE RESIN i.e.,lithium, 2.0). (e.g., of apercentage lithium as much as twice retained retains ofpercentage material for same how every the Repeat ion. resin. the much is onmine the Compare sodium deter to resin the Analyze sodium-out. to is equal sodium-in until this Do through. monitor how and how muchions stays and through resin sodium much on the runs cycle. lithium (seeSelect resin the in the 5). resin Run sodium Chapter the Put electivity we will have only silver resin. on the We have separated silver calcium. from silver.the If we take column 2off-line any before calcium through breaks column 1, Column calcium 1removes both and silver, but eventually calcium the displaces Example: S 5. eparate eparate

We can put aresin in any form we want. We can regenerate aresin with any compound that will dissolve in water Remember: on the strength of the acid or base formed between the functional group, functional the between formed acid of or base the strength on the exchangeThe hydrogenof the potential ion hydroxyl or the ion depends lower exchange the potential. hydrogen or hydroxyl base, the and the acid ion. stronger or the the The and ionize.

S Silver separation diagram. Silver separation How to U etermination ilver C from se aR se Ag Ca alcium (see Figure 3.9) ++ + esin’s esin’s SAR H 1 S + electivity to electivity SAR H 2 + 41 - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 the framework resin. ofthe the to exclusively almost ionic attached ofity are groups the by nature the determined Physical form Physical Characteristics of Amberlite 3.6 TABLE 42 ions that can be exchanged. be can ions For that strong-acid cation exchange one sulfonate resins, capacity. its operating and of number counter Total total of the is ameasure capacity matrix. resin the in groups functional substituted of ion exchangeproperty exchange The resin. the of capacity comes from aresin remove) up by exchanger the taken be (resin), can that is probably most important the of ions counter (theor quantity number is, the ionsthat solution in we that want to capacity.cyclethe operating as From isdesign defined a point view,of capacity,resin exchange, ofduring net number aspecific sitesgivenvolume the in in a used resin of weight unit per available or volume all use sites to of it Because resin. is impractical exchange the of number as ionic sites capacity, defined being capacity total with of exchange to aresin aquantitative capability basis,On the as ions its is defined CAPACITY Amberlite of Table agivenresin. the from size than larger 3.6 shows physical the characteristics exclude movement can free ionsthis of cross-linking some ions, cases in although restrict to as should so not great be exchange of cross-linking degree occur, to the exchanging Because move to ionsattack. out mustfor free resin of and be the in resin’s the molecule increases and styrene the to resist to bility acid or base ability sta adds Cross-linking by extent of the cross-linking. or degree is determined resin Source: Service flow rate Backwash flow rate Minimum beddepth Maximum temperature pH Sodium orhydrogen cycle Void volume Density Uniformity coefficient Effective size Moisture content Shipping weight As you have seen and will see, resin characteristics such selectivity capac as and youAs characteristics resin see, have will and seen At this time, it is important to distinguish between the total capacity of capacity aresin total the between distinguish to it is time, important At this

Rohm andHaas, Amberlite ® IR-120 plus SAR. an ® IR-20 PlusSpecificationSheet,January1982. With permission. 50 lb/ft Hard, attritionresistant,lightyellow, 16–50 mesh(U.S.Standard 2 gpm/ft See detailedinformationintext 24 in (0.61 m) 250 1.0–14.0 35 53 lb/ft 1.8 maximum 0.50 mm 45 53 lb/ft Screens), fullyhydrated sphericalparticles % % ° –40 F (121 3 3 3 (848 g/L) (800 g/L)(hydrogen form) (848 g/L)(sodiumform) % 3 (16.0 L/L/h) ® ° IR-120 Plus C) Environmental IonEnvironmental Exchange - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 exchangers, more or less than one functional group can be attached to each benzene benzene each to attached be can group exchangers, one functional more or less than dry-weightthe is 5.0 capacity for resin. is resins, therefore styrene-DVB For aconstant sulfonated specific each exchanger substitution extentply of group the the in of ameasure and functional (meq/g). resin of dry gram dry-weight per The is sim milliequivalents capacity in the we determine can Hence, matrix. the in ring benzene each to average,group, on the attached be can FIGURE 3.10FIGURE always by bed having the atleast 30 minimized exchange of the all is missing sites, and but this bed, the ity ion exists of an entering probabil effluent. the into A escape to statistical exchanged the allowing material easily exchangedregenerate an site (on surface) resin the lower bed, down the in may exchangetopbed of the at regenerant formed The process. during hardness. treating tem 3.10 Figure arbitrarily. for ion curve an exchange sys shows breakthrough atypical effluent the an in ionis hardness)of chosen occurs exchange system. Breakthrough ion of concentration a target or ions (e.g., when a predetermined occurs Breakthrough level. breakthrough andpredetermined conditions a operating defined under mode 5meq/g. 2to from range can dry-weight Hence, and SARs ring. with the than is more capacity variable Fundamental Principles and Concepts of Ion Exchange of Ion Concepts and Principles Fundamental sites that are very easy to exchange and some that are very difficult to difficult very exchange. exchange to easy very are somesites are that and that must some be there that slope change in indicates forcapacity acid. This little very left side on the Note (nearapproximate. that origin), change is alarge in there Figure 3.11 ofversus in shown regenerant amount acid curve used the is on the Leakage is the result acid (or of is the an Leakage whatever regenerant formed is used)being exchange a columnar is the capacity in of capacity operated a resin Operating

Typical breakthrough curve for an ion for exchange an curve process. Typical breakthrough Effluent hardness B F A dry-weight capacity dry-weight Breakthrough concentration Leakage c ± oncentration 0.5 meq/g (Anderson, 1979). 0.5 meq/g For strong-base anion V olume ofliquidtreate of this resin, which resin, would expressed of be this " deep. Aplot of exchange d D EG C

capacity 43 - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 and, the most used, kilograins/ft most used, the and, capacities range from 3 to 50 Kgr/ft 3 to capacities from range 44 mon size ranges used in large-scale applications are 20–50, 20–60, and 50–100 mesh. and 20–60, 20–50, applications are large-scale in used mon ranges size values. Table 3.7 most com sizes. The shows metric of and mesh sizes acomparison or “mesh” sizes screen standard to according listed are sizes particle the United States, the In 0.04–1.0 mm. from ranging diameters particle in availableare commercially order.A few in Ion are size words exchange shapes about particle spherical in resins PARTICLE SIZE for lb-equivalents/ft units expressing are Other capacity of resin. of ions exchangedcapacity, milliliter per is, meq/ml—milliequivalents that (regenerant) is destroyed it soonas produced is as formed. (hydrogen hydroxyl by and using amixed-bed inated acid form) the so that unit (see elim nearly unit be 3.9 also apolishing Figure as can bed second ). Leakage the and putafter bed it on-line first occur, to regenerate the begins leakage When by series. controlled in using be two or can more beds breakthrough and Leakage regeneration. low At the exists of expect internal more end leakage. resin, of the lessincluding efficient the sites. With more sites available for exchange, less chance of To leakage. more capacity, obtain we must exchange resin, onto the more sodium Note: causeregeneration. any acid can because problem leakage is most The prevalent occurs. hydrogenleakage in cycle systems just before bed the in occurs acid gradient no longer maximum acid. The produce 3.11FIGURE

Zeolites (silica Kgr/ft Zeolites gels) exhibit capacities of typically 3–12 The natural exchange material greensand has a capacity of acapacity has 2–5 Kgr/ft greensand exchange material natural The The operating capacity of a resin is usually expressed in a weightexpressed of capacity in is usually a resin operating volume per The it goescan because back zero to acid gradient the is exhausted, bed the When A few remember to numbers When using the high-capacity part of the resin, there is a higher probability probability is ahigher there resin, of the part high-capacity using the When

Acid gradient. Acid 17.12 7000 (Cation) grains mg/L H + 3 . 3 = = , with ausable, with of range 15–25 Kgr/ft 0 7k 1g gallo rain ilograin(Kgr) n Acid column durin Acid gradient through the exchange Environmental IonEnvironmental Exchange = 3 1l g , grams of CaCO , grams b 3 . Synthetic resin resin . Synthetic 3 3 3 . per liter, per of sand. of sand. - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 FIGURE 3.12FIGURE diameter. particle of inverse the or the square of the diameter inverse particle of the of of exchange rate exchange either to the the kinetics such that are is proportional 3.12 Figure In or hydraulic restrictions. UCby is B/A. is A. The kinetic ES , the ever,required coefficientsif uniformity it is possiblesmaller batches with obtain to 60 passes 90 while 10 passes that size is a screen ES batch, the the in of sizes particles minimum and gives range (UC). size maximum The the coefficient range, effective size size: particle particle (ES), uniformity size and Fundamental Principles and Concepts of Ion Exchange of Ion Concepts and Principles Fundamental Particle size has two has major size on influences Particle ion exchangethe applications. First, to related parameters about three provide information typically Manufacturers % % is retained, and the UC is the ratio of the mesh size (in millimeters) that that UC mesh(inof millimeters) ratio size the is the and is retained,

Log scale of screen opening ES. Typical the to of range 1.4–1.6; quantity of the the in UCs are how (millimeters or inches) A C B Resin sieve analysis. Resin 90 200–400 100–200 50–100 20–50 16–20 U.S. Mesh Ion Exchange Size Particle Availability TABLE 3.7 Percent passing(finer) 60 % (by weight) quantity, total of the Diameter (mm) 0.08–0.04 0.15–0.08 0.30–0.15 0.85–0.30 1.2–0.85 10 45 - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 gpm/ft flowin and It rate shows of expansion temperature afunction as bed percent in chemistry. on ion vessel exchange the than and rather beads resin of the hydraulic limitations 50 In could causebreakage. situations to that beads subjecting the and beads resin the waterpush through the to head ahigher requiring bed, the through drops pressure increase sizes particle hydraulics effect on of the design. agreat column Smaller has size particle Second, 46 of regeneration order. is in cycle. service discussion the steps,and Amore in-depth rinsing backwash and priate is regeneration appro process the with actual the service, regeneration, and rinsing, ion exchange columnar the consists basic ofAlthough process of steps the backwash, r increased. Resinis also resin. life softer the abrading matter is particulate degradation resin remove causeof and resin which the ent is less the because particles, any resin of backwash is now purpose reori to the pretreatment, considered. With proper low-pressure should of be economics adding the pretreatment cases, membrane all In removed and oxidized be to levels can manganese 0.05 mg/L. less than includingter silt, clays, Dissolved and insoluble microorganisms. iron and iron, mat particulate allreduction the of significant mostis significant the things, of insufficient backwash. because occur operation Most ion with problems of exchange the reoriented. associated are beads resin the and dispersed, are tion. of any Also, clumps tight packing because of formed resin exchange the opera during accumulated has insoluble that or other iron, matter dirt, by 50 bed the ion of bottom the exchange the sufficient atarate to column through expand duced “run.” each Water after and is intro out anew with installation Backwash is carried B andplacement, final),service. fast, and exchange involves process (dis four steps: rinse backwash, regeneration or brining, complete ofsteps the cycle ion of an exchange of operation any ion The operation. basic ion by the exchange considering columnar illustrated is best The process DESCRIPTION PROCESS area. exchange process varies from alowexchange from varies of process 75 ackwash egeneration Regeneration requires 5 Regeneration requires 3.13Figure provides hydraulic expansion for Amberlite data ion an exchange to Low-pressure pretreatment membrane many accomplishes 2 . Typical are upflow flow rates at 5–7 gpm/ft % –75 % . The primary purpose of the backwash of is step remove to the purpose any silt, primary . The % % –15 of all ion of exchange all on design applications, is based the % of the treated water. treated Typical of the ion recovery of an % to 90 to % . The reader can calculate the the calculate can reader . The 2 of exchanger Environmental IonEnvironmental Exchange cross-sectional

® IR-120 Plus. Plus. IR-120 ------Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 are formed upon regeneration, formed exchange block it can are or plug sites. internal the outside. the insolublesites inside and If on the suchsulfate, calcium compounds, as about 5 in removed concentrated be will regeneration only uses 5 The process Specification Sheet, January permission.) 1982. With January Sheet, Specification FIGURE 3.13FIGURE steps: consists ofprocess three chapter. regeneration this The in described principles recovery using of the aprocess Fundamental Principles and Concepts of Ion Exchange of Ion Concepts and Principles Fundamental Recall that the ion exchange resin looks very much like a whiffle ball with ion the exchange exchange ball that awhiffle looks much very Recall resin like 2. 3. 1.

Rinsing Regeneration Backwashing

: Rinse out regeneration chemicals. : Rinse

% 100 Hydraulic backwash data. (From Rohm and Haas, Amberlite Haas, and Rohm (From data. backwash Hydraulic

30 Bed expansion 20 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 0 0 : Actual chemical addition. chemical : Actual : Wash out any dirt in bed. : Wash in out any dirt 20 0 40 10 60 20 g pm/f 80 30 (10) (2) (4) (6) (8) (12) 100 t 2 40 Me tom/hr % of the water treated, and thus all of the ions of the all thus and water of treated, the 120 tric con Paramete Hy Amb 50 % Te draulic expansiondata of the water (20 times as concentrated). water of as (20 the times mp 140 60 erlite IR

g ° version 70 160 C pm/f r: Flowrate, 80 180 -120 Plus t 2 90 × 200 2.45 100 220 gp 110 m/f 240 120 t 2 260 130 280 ® IR-120 Plus 47 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 mined using software and/or the bench-scale procedures in Chapter 4. Chapter in procedures bench-scale the and/or using software mined deter be can regeneration application, the requirements for use a resin a nonstandard chooses to reader applications. the If standard in used resins forregeneration their data strong-acid provide Haas iona Rohming and exchange manufacturers resin All resin. upflow or downflowmode. Table 3.8 for regeneration provides regeneratdata typical either an in accomplished be can uses) brining (industrial Again, resin. off ofals the (softening), magnesium and calcium to drive the met bed or other the through passed (NaCl) chloride is sodium most concentrated “brining.” cases, as In to referred is often cycle, sodium water, the in softening regeneration column or using the the When step either adownflow in accomplished regeneration be or The can upflow step form. mode. tion. CaCl tion. an example,an you get might 22 Kgr/ft Ca in the raw probably the water, in Ca asolubility will be problem there H with 110 mg/L is more than there if Thus, solubility of only about 2200 mg/L. limited a very hydrogen ions (H ions hydrogen acid for SARan with regenerated example, an cycle. service contains column the If sites. ions the resin on were the These water feed removed during process the from 48 rinse is usually in the same direction as the displacement rinse (see displacement rinse Table the as direction same 3.8 the in is). usually rinse The fast bed. resin flowthe removeto from is used rate anyresidual brine A high operations. deionization except Raw rinsing, certain waterfor is used in brining. all as is alwaysdirection and displacement rate rinse same The donecontact. atthe NaCl) objective optimum is slowly The bed. is obtain to resin the forced through (concentrated brine the displacement rinse, the During of brine. is full bed resin the brining, After rinse. involve operations afinal and afast rinse, adisplacement rinse, a downflow in conducted is usually mode. Softening This service. into unit the putting followsRinsing is remove to regeneration. purpose excess The to regenerant prior r bisulfite perft of sodium 2 oz. soluble Usually 1 or you bed. clean up formso that the ferrous can insolublethe ironto reduce bisulfite is such agent that reducing a strong will it ferric The sodium bisulfite. sodium with youyear mixed chloride regenerate sodium with per once or twice that recommend some loss will of capacity. manufacturer resin The be block Even and resin. still oxidize to the regeneration will frequent with there less has time iron by regeneration, the more frequent so that minimized be effect can form(insoluble), ferric the to oxidized becoming blocking exchange thus sites. This sites exchanged is being and iron onto is because over internal This decreases time. calcium exchanged onto the resin—is eluted during regeneration CaSO exchanged eluted as calcium during resin—is onto the hydroxide, hydroxyl ions (OH SBRis now hydrogen is an sodium with is regenerated the column and in the If form. manganese to typically less than 0.05 mg/L. less than typically to manganese and iron reduces low-pressure with that pretreatment membrane but eliminated is all inse Resin specifications show greater resin capacity capacity resin when showResin used is HCl specifications H greater versus Regeneration or brining followsRegeneration or brining displacement ions of is the backwash the held and When using a sodium cycle capacity using resin asodium iron, When system water soften to containing 2 is almost infinitely soluble, infinitely is almost is there problemno so with HCl. 3 of resin is sufficient. Loss of resin capacity attributed to iron to fouling ofLoss is sufficient. attributed resin capacity resin of + ) are exchanged onto the resin in place of those released. This resin resin exchanged This place of released. in ) are those resin onto the − ) are exchanged on the resin. It is then in the hydroxyl exchanged the in It resin. ) are is then on the 3 using HCl and only using 18 Kgr/ft HCl and Environmental IonEnvironmental Exchange 3 using H using 2 SO 4 , which has has which , 4 2 regenera SO 2 SO 4 . Any Any . 4 . As . As - - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 Fundamental Principles and Concepts of Ion Exchange of Ion Concepts and Principles Fundamental

TABLE 3.8 Resin Specifications for Amberlite® IR-120 Plus —A Strong-Acid Cation Exchanger The recommended regeneration conditions for hydrogen cycle operation of Amberlite® IR-120 Plus are listed below: a REGENERANT CONCENTRATION —10% HCl or 1%–5% H2SO4 REGENERANT FLOW RATE—0.5–1.0 gpm/ft3 (4.0–8.0 L/L/h) RINSE FLOW RATE—Initially same as regenerant flow rate, then can be increased to 1.5 gpm/ft3 (12.0 L/L/h) RINSE WATER REQUIREMENTS—25–75 gal/ft3 (3.4–10.1 L/L) REGENERATION—The tables below show the relationship between capacity and levels of sulfuric and hydrochloric acid for regeneration. Sulfuric acid concentration

used after NaCl exhaustion was 10%. After CaCl2 exhaustion, regeneration using 2% sulfuric acid was employed to avoid calcium sulfate precipitation. A 10% solution

of HCl was used in both NaCl and CaCl2 exhaustion studies. Acid Regeneration Capacity Regeneration Level  Kgr.()2 CaCO  (Lb of 66° Be′  3  3  3  Exhausting Solution (ppm as CaCO3) H2SO4/ft of Resin) g Acid/L Resin  ft Resin  g CaCO3/L 500 ppm 5.0 80 19.0 43.5 NaCl 10.0 160 25.0 57.3 500 ppm 5.0 80 12.5 28.6

CaCl2 10.0 160 17.0 38.9 Capacity Regeneration Level 3  Kgr.()2 CaCO  (Lb 30% HCl/ft of  3   3  Exhausting Solution (ppm as CaCO3) Resin) g acid/L Resin  ft Resin  g CaCO3/L 5 80 11.0 25.2 500 ppm 15 240 22.5 51.5

CaCl2 25 400 27.5 63.0 (Continued) 49 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 50

TABLE 3.8 (Continued) Resin Specifications for Amberlite® IR-120 Plus —A Strong-Acid Cation Exchanger Amberlite® IR-120 Plus will provide excellent performance in both cold sodium cycle softeners and hot process systems. The recommended regeneration conditions for sodium cycle operation are listed below: REGENERANT CONCENTRATION—10% NaCl REGENERANT FLOW RATE—1 gpm/ft3 (8.0 L/L/h) RINSE FLOW RATE—1 gpm/ft3 (8.0 L/L/h) initially, then 1.5 gpm/ft3 (12.0 L/L/h) RINSE WATER REQUIREMENTS—25–75 gal/ft3 (3.4–10.1 L/L)

REGENERATION—The relationship between regeneration level and capacity is summarized in the table below. Data were obtained using 500 ppm (as CaCO3) calcium chloride solution. Capacities have been adjusted downward to typify performance of material meeting “minimum” production specifications.

Capacity (Kgr. as Regeneration Efficiency(lbs g NaCl/ g CaCO3 3 3 Regeneration Level (lbs NaCl/ft Resin) g NaCl/L Resin CaCO3/ft Resin) g CaCO3/L Resin NaCl/Kgr. Removed) Removed 5.0 80 17.8 40.8 0.28 1.96 15.0 240 29.3 67.1 0.51 3.57

25.0 400 34.0 77.9 0.74 5.13 Ion Exchange Environmental

Source: Rohm and Haas, Amberlite® IR-20 Plus Specification Sheet, January 1982. With permission. Note: Acidic and basic regenerant solutions are corrosive and should be handled in a manner that will prevent eye and skin contact. In addition, the hazards of alcohol and other organic solvents should be recognized and steps to be taken to control exposure. a Caution: Nitric acid and other strong oxidizing agents can cause explosive type reactions, when mixed with organic materials, such as, ion exchange resins. Before using strong oxidizing agents in contact with ion exchange resins, consult sources knowledgeable in the handling of these materials. Kgr.(2) = kilograins. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 Plus Specification Sheet, January permission.) 1982. With January Sheet, Plus Specification Fundamental Principles and Concepts of Ion Exchange of Ion Concepts and Principles Fundamental or predeterminedlevel ofcationsoranionsintheeffluentisset. Whenthislevel is the cationoranionlevel oftheeffluent.Inmostindustrialapplications,anacceptable remove cations or anions. The end of the service run is detected by a sharp increase in water, forexample platingrinsewater, ispassedthroughtheionexchanger to Service istheoperationalmodeofsystem. This stepfollows rinsing.Process s FIGURE 3.14FIGURE agentsmost must removed These resins. be or destroyed step.” by apretreatment agents Strong resin. of capacity oxidizing (e.g., the the decreases chlorine) degrade themselves the resin the occupyingby exchangeto affix phenomenon This sites. water the when in organics occurs Fouling activated carbon. with by pretreatment foul should removed water most be can and process resins the in substances Organic disposal). (another requiring backwashing side stream do they not require because filters removebestto water work must filtered the be solids. suspended Cartridge pretreatment. activated carbon minimum, “At a granular and filtration cartridge recommended the author book, editionthis of first the In resin. the to or damage and Figure3.14). washed, regenerated, and rinsed before being put back into service (see Table 3.5 reached, “breakthrough”hasoccurred. The unitisthentaken off-line andisback ervice Pretreatment of process water prior to ion waterto of prior process exchange prevent to Pretreatment is crucial fouling

0.15 0.25 Pressure drop (PSI/FT) 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.5 2.5 10 2 3 4 5 6 8 1

Amberlite IR-120Plus 1.5 Pressure drop versus flow rate. (From Rohm and Haas, Amberlite Haas, and (From versus flowRohm rate. drop Pressure Pressure drop 2 2.5 3 PSI/ft toMH gpm/ft 456 Flow rate(gpm/ft Metric conversion 2 tom/hr 2 78 O/M resin 91 = 01 gpm/ft = 52 PSI/ft×2.30 2 × 2.45 2 02 ) 53 04 06 0 80 100 212 185 120 (32 (27 (21 (15 (10 (5 ° C) 40 ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° C) 90 C) 80 C) 70 C) 60 C) 50 F (100 F (85 F (49 ° F ° ° ° ° ° ° ° F F F F F F) F) ° ® F) IR-20 IR-20 51 - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 multimedia filters,andcartridgeareoftenreplacedwithhollow fibermicrofiltration exchanger andonlyusetheexchanger toremove dissolved ionicspecies.Clarifiers, job byexchanging dissolved ionicspecies,to provide particlefreewater totheion tration toremove allparticulateandmicroorganisms, sothattheexchanger doesits media, but toproperlypretreat the water using, forexample, hollow fibermicrofil thinking istonotuseionexchange resinsat 52 PROBLEMSEXAMPLE AND SOLUTIONS cases torecover orreusebrines.” or reverse osmosiscan be usedtofurtherconcentrateregenerant brinesandinsome tion orascavenging SAR—whenappropriate—shouldbeconsidered.Nanofiltration lowed bygranularactivated carbonfororganics reductionandoxidizingagentreduc backwashing and regeneration. Low pressure membranes for particulate removal fol all microorganisms areremoved, reducingresinfoulingandallowing forinfrequent Microfiltrationremoves practicallyallinorganic foulants,and less than0.02 mg/L. andmanganese nonmeasurable suspendedsolids,ironlessthan0.05 mg/L, 0.1 ntu, systems capableoftreatingsourcewater ofany qualitytoturbiditylevels lessthan raw wastewater.) is high too to warrant recovery. its (Assume complete removal of all ions in the graph form? of reusing cost The deionized the water in produced wastetreatment have they do day? per What is composition the regeneration of the in wastes bar haveants aconcentration of 8 1 g/ t Kgr/f 11 The authorwrotein Solution plantthe contains of NH 200 mg/L A chemical plant ammonium produces nitrate nitric from acid (HNO 1:Problem Real-World Regeneration original TDS. 8 lb/ft If use they 40 mg/L of total dissolved40 mg/L solids CaCO as expressed (TDS) ammonia, of which both make they (Chapter 3 ). Their raw water contains only x 3

= of capacity, respectively, CaCO as 200 mg/L HNO 200 mg/L Ion Exchange Treatment forDrinking Water NH T T 200 he he 14 43 OH NO NH mg/L 3 -N used to produce 200 mg/L of NH to produce 200 mg/L used -N 34 33 − +→ % −− − 3 HNO == by weight, what volume of regeneration wastes of HNO of Nw Nw 14 3 xy -N and-N 250 mg/L of NO as as ther 14 ther 3 $ NH and 8 lb/ft 50 per cubicfootandhigherasfiltration ea ea 3 43 on their resins regener when the sN NO s HNO HO + Environmental IonEnvironmental Exchange 3 HO HN of NH of −− 2 N 3 . The wastewater. The from 3 -N in-N addition to the 4 OH to get 22 and toOH get 22 and 4 (2004), NO 3 -N “ 3 ) and and ) Today’s - - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 Fundamental Principles and Concepts of Ion Exchange of Ion Concepts and Principles Fundamental

Design of cation units of cation Design Volume of cation resin required Volume of anion resin required Anions removed to be Cations removed to be Assume three units with three Assume a24-h regeneration cycle A 42 A At 5 gal/min/ft units on-lineWith two flow rate is 44 gr/gal ″ -diameter unit will have an area of 9.62 ft ×+ 9 5 (10 32. 5 4. 5 754 2 926 1 450 69. 2 46.8 53 5g 34,682 gal 6m mg/L r/gal 4f Kgr/da Kgr/da Hence 50 mg/L of HNO Hence 50 mg/L g/L x gal/min/uni = 9 y t3 =

32 495.

3.5 = 40 = 40 ×× ÷× ÷= ÷= 714 mg/L NH gal/day 178.6 mg/L HNO 10 200 17.12 17.12 y2 gal/min y1 units 5f + 50 + ÷= 5 ÷= 714 gal t7 714 mg/L mg/L 2K 1K ×× mg/L/gr/gal mg/L/gr/gal ÷= t5 gr/ft gr/ft 9.62 + 10 1440 0 ÷= = ÷= NH Kg 14 14 178.6 gal/ft HNO 754 mg/L as CaCO as 754 mg/L 2 3 gr 33 r 33 gal/min/ft ft 43 4 NO mi 46.8 NO = 3 495. 269. /uni 3 ) n/day 5450 = − 3 3 932.6 mg/L CaCO as N − -N as CaCO as -N 10 -N as CaCO as -N 3 gal/min/uni t9 -N unreacted -N 54. 44 Kg N 5f 4f = = 3 22 Kgr/da gr to r = to gr/gal 50 5g 2 y .3 50 93.5 = 9. x r/gal fr fr 3f 5926 anio catio 4f td ya as gal/min t/ 3 as t 3 eep(ok) 3 CaCO sC n n Kgr/da uni CaCO esin aC esin t O 3 ya 3 3 3 ssC aC O 3 53 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 54

3 4,190.3 Design of anion units of anion Design If all CaCO above as of the are expressed Regeneration needs ( ( 5 Cation) With two units on-lineWith two flow rate is units with three Assume a24-h regeneration cycle A 54 A At 2.5 gal/min/ft Anion) 1710. 662. 40 C 2.34 −= ation ″ mg/L 6047.5 -diameter unit will have an area of 15.9 ft 9l 5l 1 3 2155. b/da gr/gal 00,000 964 b/day 5450 Anion 5926 TD 269. 495. 34,190. yN lb/day Sa 2l ×× 28,142. 6047. 11,973. − −= 39,640. − 3 −= HNO 134,682 2 b/day gal/day 5926 5450 4.7 4f HO sC 315 315 5f 495. NH 6 43 t8 t3 NH 047.5 3 aCO gal/min/uni 32 5K ×= 3K Ha 33 ÷× 43 Kgr/day HNO Kgr/da 8K 5f 5K OH as 5135 3K 444 5611 gr/day gr/day OH ÷× lb 3 units t8 sC gal/day 3 gr CaCO 1440 gr/day ÷= gr/day HNO ×= +→ 17.12m 33 ×= aC of HNO 6047.5 ya Kg ×= Kg lb 50 35 cations NH HNO O7 50 NH 63 mi 15. rN t2 nions rN NH 3 HNO ÷= NH /ft × n/da 43 × 43 10 9f HN HN 5662. OH OH 3 g/L/gr/gal 4 7K .5 Kg 1710.5lb/day 33 OH/ft 43 43 43 t/ 3 OH as as gal/min/ft y2 as 3 Kgr/lb 33 6047.5 NH r 2155. gr gr/lb , then Oa Oa as unit as as CCaCO CaCO CCaCO 9l = as CaCO 43 3 CaCO CaCO units NO b/da 31 sC = = sC CaCO 2l = 3964 10. 11,973. 55K b/day 39,640. 2.34 3 2 3 aC aC yN 22 + = exchanged not exchanged 4f unr 6047. gr HO HNO Oi Oi 34.7 not Environmental Ion Exchange Environmental HO used lb/day 13.88 td 2 3 3 TD gr HNO used reacted eacted 5K epth(ok) //gal nw nr reacted 3K gal/min/uni Ha Sa 5 regeneratio as egeneratio ft gr/day NH gr/d 3 sC sC TD CaCO in 4 aC aC Sa OH a regen yya as O O/ sC 3 3 3 sC t C n n aC eeratio da aaC aC wwast y O O aaste O 3 3 nw 3 e aste Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 Fundamental Principles and Concepts of Ion Exchange of Ion Concepts and Principles Fundamental

Thus graph raw of the water are shown below. Draw abar graph regeneration of the day (MGD) of raw water to a residual of 1.2 gr/gal. rawThe water analyses and bar regeneration wastewater for treating asodium 2.0 softener millions of gallons per Calculate concentrations the of cations and anions CaCO as expressed 2:Problem Regeneration Waste Volume of regeneration wastes 0 6 3 3 2 5135 6047. 5611 6047. 1 047. 15 15 8,142. 28, 6,793. 76,645. Kg Kg 142. 5K Kg 5K Kg rN rX 5K 3964 2155. as 8K rN rN 5K gr gr 315 31 NO 8K gr HX 5l CaCO gr HN HN HO NH 43 55K gr HO b/da lb 2l gr 43 43 23 33 NH Kg 23 NH as as 43 NH gr b NH Oa Oa NO rX 33 as y8 43 HNO as CaCO CaCO NH OH and 43 ÷= 4 NO NO 43 CaCO sC sC OH CaCO OH as iin OH 43 .3 as Xa HNO 33 3 aC aC CaCO 4l regeneratio as as as ÷ ÷= − CaCO from sC from Op Op Total b/gal 0 0.08 CaCO CaCO CaCO from ..08 3 3 ÷× aCO NH 7 as 3 BAR CHART regeneratio roduced roduced regeneratio pr = = = 4 + CaCO reactio from 3 76,645. 864 9190 26,940 oduced 49,550 ÷= ÷= ÷= ÷= n 9190 9190 9190 9190 wastes exces 3 gal/day no from from 5 in 9 0 5l lb/day lb/day from n n gal gal gal gal fN rege = sN b/da of of 155. regeneratio regeneratio HO 3062.3 anion catio r regeneratio HO nne 1827. 3062. 34. 34. 43 eeactio basi aci yr 4 5l ratio Ha 3g 3g egeneratio dw n Hu b/da cw uni 4g 3g uunits r/ r/ no nd nw NO aste se aste tts r/ n nno yH r/ gal gal f HNO di aste 3 − of n exces gal gal fa 2 as as wa nr Op cat n nion 4924 4924 as as CaCO CaCO egen wwast s i sN tte roduced oon Ca C aaC units HO e units eeratio C x x 3 3 4 − + 3 O O in the 4958.3 4958.3 3 3 H n 55 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 56

eration efficiency of 0.51 lb NaCl per kilograin of hardnessremoved. water. resin the Assume you have chosen is Amberlite Hardness (Ca Hardness Design Water Analyses Raw ener to obtain afinished water of 1.2 gr/gal. nothing process, flow-by we with some must design passing softener the soft the Since hardness removal via softening by ion exchange is essentially an all-or- ++ and Mg and 3 80 HCO Ca mg ++ 3 − ++ /L Ca(HCO Mg(HCO ) MgSO Na ×= = NaCl 0 gr/gal 17.12 KCl yMGD NO 380 mg/L as CaCO as 380 mg/L 2 SO 1g exchanger

3 4 =

3 cation r/

= cycle ) 3 = =

Na ) = 30

30 gal

0 115

22.2 gr/gal 2.0 MGD 1.2 gr/gal 2.0 MGD = 20

240 mg/L as CaCO as mg/L

mg/L as CaCO as mg/L

/L 25 mg/L as CaCO as mg/L

mg/L as CaCO as mg/L mg/L as CaCO as mg/L 240

mg/L as CaCO as mg/L mg/L as CaCO as mg/L 22. xMGD 22.2 gr/gal 265 2g 3 Mg r/ ++ SO 3 gal 3 3 Environmental Ion Exchange Environmental ® 3 3 4 IR-120 Plus, with a regen = as 3 3 400 CaCO Na 3 + Cl 430 − K + 460 460 - -

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4

Fundamental Principles and Concepts of Ion Exchange of Ion Concepts and Principles Fundamental T regenerations: Regeneration requires avolume of water equal to 6 Calculate sodium in regeneration wastewater: efficiency of 0.51 lb NaCl per kilograin of hardnessremoved: Assume the resin the Assume you have chosen is Amberlite Calculate chloride in regeneration wastewater: x Calculate of hardness in regeneration mg/L wastewater: Calculate hardness removed each day:

otal = ( 1.89 T 5.985 mg/L of hardness CaCO as (1.8 otal ( 2 21,398. 0.06)(2 Cl 1,398. MGD)(380 − 91 Ca as × ++ CaCO 6l ×= 4l 0 += 6 10 Mg b/da b/da gal 6 ++ 3 M gal) Ca /d mg yN yN in in g 18 ay)(22. ++ ++ 5 regeneratio regeneratio /L aC 990 aC ,,305 NaCl =× =× 120, 10 )(8.34) l l 6365 6365 ×= ×= 3 lb 2g 58.45 lb/day gr 58.45 000 re 50 /d 50 /K r/ qui = ay 5990 140 nw 380 gal 380 x 240 n g gal)(0.5 re r = = =+ = = 3 di 12.315 18,305 in regeneration wastewater unit from − 18,290 18,290 18.305 = astewater (0.1 (x)(0.1 exchanged = 5 = 0.12 lb s 9990 2345 4020 21, 2M 1l /d 2M bN 400 ay lb MG lb lb/day += mg/L lb/day GD)(8.34)(x mg mg/L /d ® 60 /d Ca = GD)(8.34) aC IR-120 Plus, with aregeneration Do //L lb ay 5985 fo 6365 ( on ay 380 l/ an Cl as /d rr % NaCl as 18,350 NaCl fw exchanged NaCl Kgr) − resi dM of that produced between of that between produced egeneratio ay CaCO as CaCO mg/L mg/L mg/L ater n ga CaCO = ) as as as 21, fo mg/L 3 sC

+ CaCO is CaCO 3 C 380 rr 398. th aaCO aC 3 on ege nn) ew in O mg 3 3 6l th nne 3 r 3 ater egeneratio er not //L rremo b/ ratio esin used da n ved y n 57 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 58

hydroxide alkalinity as CaCO as alkalinity hydroxide Produce 100,000 gal/day of water with a hardness of 33 mg/L CaCO as withStarting water that contains following: the 4 Problem volume same with treated the be of resin. So, answer the is monovalent ions. Displacement will not take place such and as water more can leakage orpremature breakthrough. Treatment would with asoftener add only which can cause displacement of monovalent ions with divalent ions and thus waterIf the it will is not softened, contain divalent both and monovalent cations, Solution cycle softener, orif you did not treat it at all? Explain. capacity a cation−anion from deionization if youtreated first water sodiumwith withStarting atypical midwestern groundwater, would you treatment get more 3 Problem units available, in operated and can be they any reasonable cycle of exchange. water (filtration maybe used). not You havecation twothree anionand exchange 0 T HCO otal H Cl SO K Na Al 4. 3. 2. 1. 12,315 + + +++

–

+ = Calculate TDS in the finished the water. Calculate flowthrough the each unit. Indicate cycle the in which each unit must operate. system.Show set-up of the the 4 = 3 = − 265 =

= 50 mg/L as CaCO as 50 mg/L = 100 mg/L as CaCO as 100 mg/L

110 mg/L CaCO as Ca = 40 mg/L as CaCO as 40 mg/L 140 mg/L as CaCO 140 mg/L as x SO + 60 mg/L as CaCO as 60 mg/L ++ = =+ = 4 = 12,305 12,305 (0.1 400 4020 2M mg/L GD)(8.34)(x Mg 50 ++ 3 = 6365 3 3 3 12,355 Regeneration wastewater 3 3 3 . No suspended solids. No suspended may in present finished be the ) mg/L as Cl − CaCO Na + 3 in Environmental Ion Exchange Environmental regeneratio yes . 18,711 n wastewater 3 18,736 , 80 mg/L of of , 80 mg/L K NO + 18,746 18,751 3 − Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4

Fundamental Principles and Concepts of Ion Exchange of Ion Concepts and Principles Fundamental AB α

Solution Ca 0 0 ++ Al y +++ x Na + 60 SO Al 4 = 24 (S Na NaOH CaSO Na O) KS KO 24 24 Na OH SO + HCl KC O4 KS 34 H5 , SO 24 2 − 43 SO l1 HCl KC = = O = = = = = 100 100 100 60 443 40 l1 0m 0m 0m = = = = = 0 TDS 0 mg mg 100 60 40 40 mg mg g/ 0m K 140 g/ g/ + mg/L mg/L mg /L /L La /L La mg La /L g/ 100,000 gal/day as as sC as /L sC as 150 ssC La /L 100,000-x as as CaCO CaCO CaCO as aC CaCO aC aC sC as CaCO CaCO CaCO O O O Ca aC 3 3 3 3 3 3 C O 3 3 O H 3 + 3 Cl − H + OH − C 250 250 β mg/L 59 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 60

TDS num? With what would you regenerate resin? the Alkalinity-acidity

48 mg/L; Na 48 mg/L; Hardness An ionAn exchange unit in sodium the cycle contains 15 ft 6 Problem CaCl Solution Al containing calcium, magnesium, of sodium, and potassium with atrace (2 mg/L Aluminum linked has been with Alzheimer disease. Consider adrinking water 5:Problem IonExchange follows: pH 7.2; alk CaCO as tion is 4 is 28 Kgr/ft 10 lb NaCl ft 00 +++ 4. 3. 2. 1. mg 2 )

, chloride cycle. chloride , . In what cycle could acation exchange run be to remove only alumi the constituent. in regenerationstituents the Give wastes. anumerical value for each Draw abar graph showing makeup the probable of the chemical con What volume water of treated cycle? is per produced in water. treated uents the Give anumerical value for each constituent. Draw a bar graph showing probable the makeup chemical of the constit in rawstituents the water. Give anumerical value for each constituent. Draw abar graph showing probable the makeup chemical of the con 2 /L % 50 of the softened water produced. analysis The softened of the raw of the water is as 3 ×+ as CaCO as mg/L + 55, 3 as Na as for regeneration. volume The of untreated water for regenera used 000 ×+ 55,000 6 + gal , 26.5 mg/L; SO 0m 3 . g/ 150 gal L ×= 3 , 240 mg/L; Ca , 240 mg/L; mg α gal 150 α /L = = 4 ×× as SO as mg/L 33 55, y y xy =+ = = mg 000 16, 100, α ×= = 4 , 154 mg/L. capacity The resin of the /L 16,667 ++ gal 667 000 as Ca as × =+ 100, gal 55, gal gal ++ Environmental Ion Exchange Environmental 000 000 β , 57 mg/L; Mg , 57 mg/L; 80 = 162 3 β gal of resin and requires mg × 16, 100,000 ..5 /L 667 mg/L = ++ 71, gal as Mg as 667 - - - gal ++ - - , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4

Fundamental Principles and Concepts of Ion Exchange of Ion Concepts and Principles Fundamental

Solution 0 0 0 0 H Na S M C O a5 CO g4 ++ + = 4 ++ 154 26. R 33 − Ca egeneratio 7m as 8m ++ 5m 342. 150 28,000 HCO Mg Ca SO With CaCO g/ g/ ++ 4 = g/ ++ L 160 L 4m lb L 33 HCO − HCO = 20 4c =× 240 % NaCl 17.12 1142. gr/ft 200 g/L nw mg/L gr/gal 142.4 3 3 − − onc mg/L 33 42 Total astes 58. × 150 mg/L/gr/gal ×+ 25 as 15 .f 26. 55 154 actor as 23 5 48 C = 12 48 += 57 20 Hardness ft == aaC 5 840 CaCO 200 142.4 ======x O 0 is 21,000 3 50 50 50 50 Na gal x x x x 25 Mg 520 = (TH) 240 240 ++ 3702. x 00m gal = 128 x x x g/ treated 20 4m = LM 1 142. 240 57. 200 lb gr/gal 660 g/ ga NaCl 342.4 6m LC per mg/L 4m mg/L mg/L sC aa T T.H. SO SO g/ cycl aC g/ as L 4 4 sC = = as as La as aas O CaCO e CaCO aC CaCO CaCO 3 sC CaCO Na O + aC 3 3 3 O 3 3 3 3 400 400 400 400 61 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 62

on a theoretical basis?on atheoretical capacity The cation of the resin is 18 Kgr/ft resin 17 Kgr/ft A raw water analyzed has been and found to contain following: the 8 Problem Solution A deionization system contains 12 ft 7 Problem many pounds of H HCO Ca pH Na Mg ++ + ++ 3 − =

240 =

7.4 = = 46 mg/L as Na as 46 mg/L 1 30 mg/L as Ca as 30 mg/L SO 36 mg/L as Mg as 36 mg/L 28 x 4 = Na an Cl = 3 =× , both expressed as CaCO as expressed , both Ca 400 18,271 − x d + 2 ++ = 11. 18,271 8.34 2 1 18,271 SO 36 6 88K × 4 mg/L Kg and NaOH would required be to regenerate system the 0.00084

gr mmg/L

r m 24 ÷÷= x ÷= 3702.4 × NaCl g 98 7K y x 7K Cl Alk SO = /L y as 2NaO 211.68 0 – HS gr = = as

4 = gr = = 24 =

CaCO 136 18 / as = 85 mg/L as Cl as 85 mg/L lb CaCO 270 mg/L as CaCO 270 mg/L as 3 / OC 10 106 mg/L as SO as 106 mg/L of cation resin and 10 ft lb CaCO Kg HC Kg ft = Kg 19.43 Mg = rf 3 3 33 30.24 . rN 3 100 / × −+ rH 100 aC ++ 17 t1 3 aC () 33 aO 3702.4 24 O Cl × SO lb O Kg 3 − lb H 3 2f 100 8502.4 rf – / 100 t t % 4 = Environmental Ion Exchange Environmental % 5200 NaOH 3 -HCO HS 24 Na O 3 of anion resin. How = 3 – + (9768.6) 9768. 3 and anion the 6 18,671 18,671 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4

Fundamental Principles and Concepts of Ion Exchange of Ion Concepts and Principles Fundamental

and Source 2) follows as (not at time): same the A company plans to this use raw water water to produce two sources (Source 1 Solution tanks. open exchanger. They desire 100,000 gal/day water. of treated water The is in stored through oraround system. the Flow can also hydroxyl bypass the cycle anion and ahydroxyl cycle anion exchanger. system The is that piped so water can go companyThe has asodium cycle softener, ahydrogen cycle cation exchanger, 0 0 3. 2. 1.

Draw abar diagram for each finished watersource. Show flowsthrough the each unit both waterfor sources. Draw aflow diagramsystem.the of Ca ++ Source 1 Source 2 HCO 200 H S M Ca O C Cl 3 − Na g3 O 43 = ++ − ++ K3 =× 33 − =× + + =× 106 =× = =× =× 85 80 270 46 6 30 mg/LtotalhardnessasCaCO 60 mg/LofSO 70 mg/LalkasCaCO Zero totalhardness Rest ofcationsandanionsarenoconcern 40 mg/LalkasCaCO 9 35. 50 mg/L 48 50 20 50 12 50 Mg 50 39 50 23 5 = = ++ = 270 = = = 110 as 200 150 120 50 100 CaCO 4 = mg/L mg/L asCaCO mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L 3 3 as SO as as as as as 3 CaCO 4 CaCO = CaCO 350 Ca C CaCO aaC C O 3 O Na 3 3 3 3 3 380 + 450 Cl − K + 500 500 63 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 64

2 .0 30 mg/L 1 Source 9S ×+ O 4 230 mg/Lacidity no otherchange −α = = 230 TH, 40 mg/L as CaCO 230 110 0 TH α α += += 3 500 230 270 110 SO alk TH x z z z 4 z α = = =× =× =× = =× = = alk 1 1.678 1 .1 .1 (350 22.774 21.096 0.0086 −α 00.094 110 230 y OH H 110 40 mg/L – mg/L + y 0 everything mg/L α α − y z - α MG = = = = ×+ )( 0 0.0459 0.0459 0.0455 y D α x =× +++ 0 0.1 MGD 0.1) 0 +× MG MG MG 110 no other 270 D D D z change 0 TH (3 mg/L Environmental Ion Exchange Environmental 0m x mg/L Na g/L) + ×+ z z +× 110 270 change No mg/L mg/L × 0.0086 0.0086 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4

Fundamental Principles and Concepts of Ion Exchange of Ion Concepts and Principles Fundamental H CO 3 − x Na ( =× 0.86) = K (0.0086 0 x 27 x + .4 + HCO HCO Ca = =× = HCO =× M 32 00m C 227 + (0.0086) ++ 213 (0.0086) += a g( H (20.475) ++ ++ 34 34 −= −= == x x g x mg/L + .2 34 − /L == == 200 = =× = =× = =+ mg/L 270) = 7( 270 270 17 as 13 (0.0086) 229. 00 Na 0.0086) 270 No as H Na CaCO m mg/L 0.1) ++ +× (100) as = + Mg (50) 5m treatment CaCO g +× == (0.0455) (0.1 cycl cycl /L CaCO H (0.0459) 450 x ++ SO SO + g +× as as 3 +× /L ) SO e0 e0 = (0.0455) x (200) (150) 3 (0.0455) CaCO CaCO 150 500 as 3 = === 110 CaCO .0459 .0455 110 (270 K5 110 0.0086 ++= ++= (500) 3 3 Na 00 00 (50) +× + 3 (450) 0 0.0459) == =× Cl Cl 100 (0.1 += Cl − − 0( (0.1 (0.1 += − = = ) 0( 120 120 K5 120 ) ) 0.1) x × × (270) 0.1) x x × 0 x × =× x (0.1 ) x 65 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 66

TH 2 Source 0 01 Ca = 0, alk ++ HCO C S O( l( 73 x Mg − x 4 = = =× 3 − H ++ =× = = 1120 +− 0.0086) 1 70 mg/L as CaCO as 70 mg/L 0 0.0086) 110 == 40 500 m m g y g /L 1 /L − 2.09 10 as α α (120) y z as (110 α× = =+ = = HCO CaCO CaCO ×+ 0.0455 0.0391 0.0609 0.0154 +× − +× 110 230 +× 110 230 SO (0.0455) 0.0455) 34 H 3 3 3 + 4 , SO α = α α 270 cycl MG MG MG MG + += 0.0391 110 4 = 110 230 500 270

Na D e0 = DH DN DH (110) 60 mg/L as CaCO as 60 mg/L (120) + α α z z z z z Cl .0154 = = = =× =× =× = 150 −= 125. 1.699 195. 70 60 60 0.0154 0.0391 +× +× == (0.0459) + + a (0.0459) × 120 cycl × + cycl 50 0. 50 0. 0. OH 1a e 1S 1 Environmental Ion Exchange Environmental MG MG e − lk .1 .1 cycl O D D SO (110) 4 = (120) 3 e Cl − =× 110 =× 247 (0.1 (0.1 ) ) K + x x 270 274 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 Fundamental Principles and Concepts of Ion Exchange of Ion Concepts and Principles Fundamental

Alternate Solution for Source 1 Source for Solution Alternate 07 0 HCO H S C CO 3 − O( l( x H − x 4 = x 3 − = =× CO = =× = =× 65 T 60 0.0391) 0.0391) 147 (0.0391) Na 34 H −− x H K m == m x + = =× x x + + g 270 = =× g 0 m 350 0.0086 Na = =× /L = =× /L 77 (0.0154) g (0.0391) 176 20 (0.0391) Na as /L ++ as (120) mg/L Na m (110) == H m + CaCO as (270) CaCO cycl m g 450 +− + g /L Cl Ca += /L g MG /L +× OH as +× SO e0 as CCO +× (0.0154) 3 x (500) (0.0154) as 3 (50) (450) D CaCO (0.0154) 4 = CaCO 120 =× 3 CaCO K5 .0391 0. =× 0 =× 13 =× (0.1 3 (0.1 3 (0.1 3 (120) 0 0m (110) ) SO 130 ) (270) ) x = x g/ x = = L = 110 = (0.1 (0.1 (0.1 ) ) x x ) Cl x − 176 K + 195 196 67 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 68

al z k0 = =× H 0.0063 SO Ca CO Na ++ = 4 y K x x 3 HCO − HC x x + x + =× +× == = = =× = = =× = =× (0.0086) MG 270 200 O2 0.946 (0.0086) 3 (0.0086) 2.32 2.835 (0.0086) 0.43 77m −= 34 − 3 M C H D == = No mg a( g( 0. + g/ .1 + ++ + 270 + ++ x 0 0. + Na x + + .1 1 + L + + 7 1.70 Na .1-(0.0086 / = =× 0.315 treatment 1 OH zer = =× 00S .8 Mg Lz 0.693 17. cycl 12. (110) y ++ 6 0.0086) (100) 0.0086) (270) of − (50) == ++ = = 2m cycl 9m 450 0.0851 or e0 +× SO = 4 = O 00m +× 150 +× 270 +× 7. al g +× e0 g 16 =− 4 (0.0063) /L (0.0063) += /L (0.0063) le 5m .0063 (0.0063) == 0.0086 g/ 0.0063) (200) mg/L lements. mg/L 110 (150) 110 L MG .0851 g K5 //L Na MG D = = MG ++ (450) 0.0086 (0.1 MG 0 (0.1 (110) D (50) == (270) Cl Cl y 100 D Environmental Ion Exchange Environmental − D ) ) x x = = =× =× 120 120 (0.1 =× (0.1 =× (0.1 K5 (0.1 0. ) ) 14 x ) ) x 0 x 0m x g/ L Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 Fundamental Principles and Concepts of Ion Exchange of Ion Concepts and Principles Fundamental

Source 1 Source Solution 0 0 SO Q Ca α 4 = No otherchange ++ 230 mg/Lof =+ ( Zero T.H. acidity as 17.2 – CaCO (110 230 Mg ++ C 3 mg/L mg/L)( 30.1 l( x T − otal = =× )Q HCO 1.032 0.0086) QQ har OH α xz H )( 3 + − ×= dness − Alkalinity 0. Zero everything 0( + 270) Q 1 ++ 0.756 Q Q z (120) 110 y y = = − Q (350 0.0086 α = mg/L)Q =+ = +× 118 0.1 MGD 1.678 (0.1)(4 ( mg/L (0.0063) − Q mg/L 230 z MG Q 40 Na + z z )( Q 0m (270 + D mg z (110 Na = /L)( g/L) SO 110 • • (120) + mg/L)(0 Nootherchange Zerototalhardness 0.1)(3 Q Q mg/L)(0 4 = x x Q ) =× α 0m (0.1 .0 += 0( 56 110 0 .0086) + g/L) 886) ) 270 Q x z =× Cl mg/L 0. − change 10.094 67.1 11 No ) K + 110 74.6 74 69 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 70

No treatment line,No treatment Q H H H CO CO CO C a 33 3 3 − − − ++ ======Na (0.0086)(270) 270 K K x 200 + ++ Mg x + H M C = =+ = =+ CO 270 = g( a( SO Na mg/L ++ (0.0086)(50) 27 Cl QQ (0.0086)(100) ++ 213 ++ 0.0086 MGD K5 H H 34 + + == −= 4 = − zy =+ =+ ++ + mg/L Mg Ca mg/L ======150 Na Na = =+ as mg/L 0.0086)(150) 0.0086)(200) 120 110 0.0455 270 450 ++ 229. 0( ++ 0m + +− CaCO Q Q Q Q cycle H as = as ++= = mg/L mg/LCl α y mg/LSO x z mg/L 0.0459)(500) as 17 100 g/LHCO 5m 13 (0.0455)(270) CaCO CaCO = = = = Ca MG K5 mg/L 0.0455 0.0459 0.0086 0.0459 mg/L (0.0455)(50) g/ += H C (0.0455)(450) + La + − D0 OON cycl 3 3 =

3 − as 3 HCO sC as 0S 500 120 00 00 = 110 e MG MG MG MG CaCO += += CaCO 270 aC = a mg/L mg/L 3 O D D D + D (0.1)(H mmg/L .0459 == += mg/L 3 (0.0459)(270) (0.1)(M (0.1)(C 3 270 3 0( O += Environmental Ion Exchange Environmental 4 0( MG = 0.1)(K ) a) 110 g) ++ ++ 0.1) D Cl − ) x 120 (0.1 ) x Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 Fundamental Principles and Concepts of Ion Exchange of Ion Concepts and Principles Fundamental

Solve: Source 2 Source Chart 1 Bar Source 04 01 • • • Ca Na H

++ +− Sulfate 60 mg/L as CaCO as Sulfate 60 mg/L Alkalinity CaCO as 70 mg/L totalZero hardness HCO ++ == C C 73 == Mg 500 l l( − − 450 3 − ++ = = 120 0 0.0086)(120) 0 ( ( 1) 2) HCO mg/L Na K5 Q 110 – H y + 230 + − 34 Na Na QQ as cyc cycle, Q Q Q Q 0H K K α QQ CaCO α α 270 ++ + y z ++ + lle + ++= α ======,0 110 SO 176 (0.0391)(450) + (0.0455)(120) 0.0609 0.0455 0.0391 0.0154 (0.0391)(50) 20 3 270 4 = Q0 HO 3 CO 3 mg/L + mg/L α Q Cl + z = z 34 −− Na −= = MG MGD,Na MGD,H MMGD,H z = == == .0154 as H (0 ++ =− as 270 120 − . .0391 (0.1)(70) D CaCO 11)(60) CaCO = = = 150 0 (0.1)(K MG (0.1)(Na + + (0.0459)(120) cycl + + MG 3 cycl 3 Cl D SO OH e D e Alkalinity ) − 120 cycl ) 110 e Cl − (0.1)(C SO 247 = = l) − K 110 + 274 270 71 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 72

anion resin unit containing 12 ft Anion resin Anion Cation resin Solution ft 13 NaCl.a water leakageThe NaCl. with 700 mg/L is 2.5 mg/L system The contains You have asked to check been capacity the of adeionization system that is treating 9 Problem Chart 2Bar Source acidity equalized of the regeneration wastes? by using a chemically equivalent amount of HCl? What will alkalinity the be or gallons cycle? per How much additional capacity could you cation get on the unit is 0.64 lb 56 0 07 3 of strong-acid cation resin with acapacity of 16 Kgr/ft ° HCO Bé/Kgr and NaOH efficiency Bé/Kgr is 0.51 lb/Kgr.What capacitythe is in H H CO CO 3 C C − S S O6 O( l6 l( 3 33 − −− − −− 4 = 44 == = =+ = =+ 1 1 = =+ 3f 147 (0.0391)(270) 2f 0.0391)(120) 5m 0.0391)(110) t1 H H 0m t1 33 33 + ++ mg ×= ×= g/ 0 = = g/ La //L 4K 6K 77 (0.0154)(500) La 3 sC Na with acapacity of 14 Kgr/ft 100 gr/ft gr/ft mg/L sC + aaC a CCO (0.0154)(270) (0.0154)(120) O SO as (0.0154)(110) 3 168 208 3 4 = CaCO = Kg Kg (0.1)(H ra 3 ra sC sC 130 = = Environmental Ion Exchange Environmental aC = aC (0.1)(HC (0.1)(C ) 0.1S O O 3 3 O 3 l) 3 and a strong-base and astrong-base . H O) Cl 2 − 176 SO 4 efficiency efficiency K + 196 195 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4

Fundamental Principles and Concepts of Ion Exchange of Ion Concepts and Principles Fundamental No increase in nocalcium capacity because in raw water R egeneratio 0.64 0 .5 672. 581. − 1l × 25. 58. 700 865. − ( 0.98 749. − 7K b/Kgr 7K 168 7K 193. 7K 2K 168. nw 55 55 x gr/lb gr/lb gr = = gr gr 9K 66. 7K 121. + lb/Kgr720 − aste 2K 85. 0K 598 168,000 208,000 ×= HS 5K 25.2)0.64 NaOH HS 581. 672. x gr 0 91. gr 24 168 24 gr ×= ×= 7 gr 2 s5 gr HS Oa NaOH 35 35 Oa mg/L 123.7 107.1 0K = ×= ×= HS HS 7 7 24 NaOH NaOH Kgr 24 2 50 50 40 49 Oa gr/gal gr/gal as 0t gr O6 O sC gr/cycle gr/cycle sC gal as ×= o7 CaCO HS 443 as aCO 0.98 sC aC 24 as 107. 123. CaCO 85. 749. a 865. 01 × as 0 ssC NaOH CaCO Oa 35 × Of CaCO aCO gal CaCO 7l 3 3 3 aC 1l 7l 77K 9K = = 2 gr/g not b not 121. 33 sC ro Hw bN bH Ou 4800 5943 3 = 3 100% or gr gr + mH put 3 a 720 put 3 used aCO used used l NaOH 35 2l 224 HS aO not SO = se ater/ft 24 into + gal/cycl gal/cycl into b 25,200 gal gr/gal wate Ha di 3 Oa NaOH ((in used (in 100% in acidity as nr cation sC anion as 3 resi rregeneration) rr regeneration) CaCO sC esin to as CaCO aC inse e e gr n HS ri aC CaCO Oa 24 ns or uni uni O 3 3 O ea 25. 3 acidity 3 t t lk ni 2K oon gr uni t 73 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 01:24 29 Sep 2021; For: 9781315368542, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315368542-4 Nachod, F. C. and Shubert, J., F.Nachod, (eds.), Shubert, and C. BV, http://www.lenntech.com. Lenntech Delft M2629 HH 402 Rotterdamseweg R., Kunin, F.,Helfferich, V., Unexpanded Wastes an with Plating Keramida, J. of and Treatment Metal Etzel, E. S. B.,Applebaum, or 74 Rohm and Haas Company, Haas Amberlite and Rohm In Ion-Exchange E., Separations. R. Anderson, REFERENCES Wachinski, A. M., A. Wachinski, Company, Purolite The for soft Company, Design Ion (CADIX) Exchange Assisted Computer Dow Chemical The Zhong, X., Zho D., and Pan G., Rapid and complete destruction of perchlorate in water and and water in of perchlorate destruction D., complete X., G.,Zhong, Zho and Pan Rapid and Weber, W. J., Jr., M., A. Wachinski, Vermiculite Exchange Column, U.S. No. Column, Exchange Patent Vermiculite 13, 929, 1979. Liquids Other of Processing 1956. Engineers Chemical 2006. 12, 2012. version March ware, 6.2, 1982. January 41(15), 3497–3505, 2007. August nanoparticles. iron zero-valent stabilized using ion exchange brine New York, 1972. 2013. Denver, November p. CO, 2, 89, Preface, 2004. Chapter and Ion Exchange Resins Exchange Ion Ion Exchange 116 439 91,000 Physicochemical Processes for Water Quality Control for Water Quality Processes Physicochemical Membrane Processes for Water Reuse, Processes Membrane Ion Exchange Treatment for Water Treatment Exchange Ion ,,200 Demineralization by Ion Exchange in Water Treatment and Chemical Chemical and Water Treatment in Exchange Ion by Demineralization 439 + 720 gr gr Purolite Ion Exchange Applications Purolite Exchange Ion , McGraw-Hill, New York,, McGraw-Hill, 1979. − = = , McGraw-Hill, New York,, McGraw-Hill, 1962. 116. 672. 556. 100. 207. , 2nd ed., Wiley,, 2nd ed., New York, 1958. 2K 7 5 , Academic Press, New York, Press, , Academic 1968. 3g 3g .0 .0 gr Ion Exchange TechnologyIon Exchange 88 121. 48 W r/gal r/gal 85. ® × HS × IR-120 Plus Specification Sheet, Philadelphia, IR-120PA, Philadelphia, Sheet, Plus Specification ith 8H 24 % 7 2 .3 .3 Oa acidity acidity 4N 4 4 % 24 = = SO sC 182 257 439 aO Handbook of Separation Techniques for Techniques Separation of Handbook as as aCO H gal , American Water Works Association, , American gal CaCO gal CaCO McGraw-Hill, New York, McGraw-Hill, Chapter 3, 3 acidity Environmental Ion Exchange Environmental 3 3

, Bala Cynwyd, PA, Cynwyd, , Bala October or or , Academic Press, New York, Press, , Academic 1716 3549 , Wiley-Interscience, , Wiley-Interscience, mg/L mg/L Water Research - ,