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Universidad De Los Andes, Repositorio Institucional Universidad de los Andes Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología (LEBTYP) Trabajo de grado para optar por el título de Magister en Ciencias Biológicas – Biología Proyecto: Retos de vivir en ecosistemas de tierras altas y bajas: Factores ecológicos y ambientales que influyen sobre el comportamiento de monos nocturnos en Colombia Estudiante: Juan Sebastián Orozco Montilla Director: Andrés Link Bogotá, octubre 2019 RESUMEN Se ha sugerido que una combinación de factores ecológicos, ambientales y sociales ha influido en la evolución de diferentes aspectos comportamentales en varios grupos de primates, incluidos los monos nocturnos (género Aotus). La investigación a largo plazo sobre el comportamiento de Aotus se ha realizado principalmente en la parte más austral de su distribución, en bosques subtropicales con una marcada estacionalidad. Estos estudios han encontrado una fuerte influencia de la luminosidad y la temperatura en el patrón de actividad de los monos nocturnos. En los andes del norte de Colombia, las especies de monos nocturnos presentan una distribución altitudinal que va desde bosques a nivel del mar hasta ecosistemas de tierras altas a 3.200 m.s.n.m. Esto proporciona un escenario ideal para comparar las adaptaciones de vivir a temperaturas contrastantes y los factores ecológicos y ambientales que influyen en su comportamiento. Seguimos tres grupos de A. lemurinus en bosques de tierras altas y un grupo de A. griseimembra en bosques de tierras bajas del centro de Colombia. Durante los seguimientos nocturnos, registramos datos sobre sus patrones de actividad, dieta y rangos de hogar, y evaluamos la influencia de la disponibilidad de recursos, la intensidad de la luz lunar y la temperatura. No encontramos relación entre ningún aspecto del comportamiento y la disponibilidad de recursos y la temperatura. Por el contrario, hubo una relación directa de la intensidad de la luz lunar con el tiempo invertido en movimiento y las distancias recorridas por la noche, así como con una disminución en el tiempo de descanso. Esta investigación brinda una oportunidad única para estudiar la ecología de dos primates neotropicales casi desconocidos y sus adaptaciones para vivir en ecosistemas contrastantes. PALABRAS CLAVE: Ecología, Aotus, Andes, Intensidad lumínica lunar ABSTRACT It has been suggested that a combination of ecological, environmental and social factors has influenced the evolution of different behavioral aspects in several groups of primates including nocturnal monkeys (genus Aotus), the only nocturnal neotropical primate. Long- term research on the behavior of Aotus has been mostly done in the southernmost part of their distribution - in subtropical forests with marked seasonality. These studies have found a strong influence of luminosity and temperature on the activity pattern of nocturnal monkeys. In the northern andes of Colombia, the species of night monkeys has an altitudinal distribution that goes from forest at sea level, up to highland ecosystems at 3,200 m.a.s.l. This provides an ideal scenario to compare the adaptations of living at contrasting temperatures and they ecological and environmental factors influencing their behavior. We followed three groups A. lemurinus in highland forests and one group of A. griseimembra in lowland forests of central Colombia. During nocturnal follows, we recorded data on their activity patterns, diet, and home ranges, and evaluated the influence of resource availability, lunar light intensity and temperature. We found no relation between any aspect of behavior and resource availability and temperature. Contrarily, there was a direct relation of lunar light intensity with the time spent moving and nightly travelled distances, as well as with a decrease in time spent resting. This research provides a unique opportunity to study the ecology of two almost unknown neotropical primates and their adaptations to live in contrasting ecosystems. KEYWORDS: Ecology, Aotus, Andes, Lunar Light Intensity. INTRODUCCIÓN El comportamiento de los primates puede estar influenciado por factores ecológicos como la disponibilidad de recursos (Janson y Chapman, 1999), la depredación (Isbell, 1994) y las relaciones sociales (competencia y cooperación) (Sussman et al., 2003, Schreier et al., 2009), además de factores ambientales como el clima (Brockman y Van Schaik, 2005) y los ciclos lunares (Bearder et al., 2006). Se ha sugerido que una combinación entre estos factores podría influir en la evolución de diferentes patrones comportamentales en varios grupos de primates nocturnos, incluyendo los lémures y gálagos en el viejo mundo y los monos nocturnos del nuevo mundo del género Aotus (Bearder et al., 2006; Curtis y Rasmussen, 2006; Fernandez- Duque et al., 2010; Joly-Radko y Zimmerman, 2010). Dentro de los factores ecológicos, la disponibilidad de recursos alimenticios es el factor más importante, pues influye directamente en cambios energéticos en los individuos a partir del consumo de diferentes ítems en función de su disponibilidad. Dichos cambios energéticos afectan distintos aspectos del comportamiento de los primates como por ejemplo el patrón de actividad y el rango de hogar (Doran, 1996; Marshall et al., 2009). Por su parte, entre los aspectos ambientales, los de mayor importancia en especies de primates nocturnos son la intensidad lumínica lunar y la temperatura. Particularmente la intensidad lumínica lunar condiciona cambios en la actividad de los primates nocturnos debido a que algunas especies presentan restricciones visuales en condiciones de oscuridad. Estas restricciones están relacionadas a la retención primitiva de caracteres morfológicos adaptados al día producto de su evolución a partir de antepasados diurnos (Martin, 1990; Donati et al., 2001; Joffe, et al., 2014). Con respecto a la temperatura, este factor impone retos adicionales de termorregulación en las especies de primates nocturnos debido a que las temperaturas más bajas se presentan en la noche y pueden inducir incluso comportamientos extremos como el de hibernación (Fietz y Ganzhorn, 1999; Blanco y Rahalinarivo, 2010). En varias especies de primates nocturnos del viejo mundo se ha documentado la influencia de factores ecológicos y ambientales en distintos aspectos comportamentales (Tattersall, 1976; Nash, 1986; Colquhoun, 1998; Donati et al., 2001; Kappeler y Erkert, 2003; Bearder et al., 2006; Donati y Borgognini-Tarli, 2006). Un ejemplo son los cambios en los patrones de actividad en lémures ratones (Microcebus murinus) influenciados por la disponibilidad de recursos, donde, en la época seca que potencialmente hay menos recursos disminuyen el tiempo invertido en locomoción y aumentan el tiempo en descanso, en comparación con la época lluviosa donde al aumentar los recursos incrementan el tiempo en movimiento y disminuyen el tiempo en descanso (Joly-Radko y Zimmerman, 2010). En otra especie de primate nocturno en África (Galago moholi), por ejemplo, en noches con alta intensidad lumínica lunar aumentan las distancias recorridas, en contraste con noches con baja luminosidad donde reducen sus movimientos (Bearder et al., 2006). En el caso de los monos nocturnos, solo se ha evaluado la influencia de estos factores en el comportamiento en vida silvestre en la especie Aotus azarae (Fernandez-Duque, 2003; Fernandez-Duque y Erkert, 2006; Fernandez-Duque et al., 2010). En esta especie, pese a que no se encontró influencia de factores ecológicos como la disponibilidad de recursos, si fue evidente una marcada influencia de factores ambientales como la intensidad lumínica lunar y la temperatura sobre su comportamiento (Fernandez-Duque, 2003; Fernandez-Duque et al., 2010). Los individuos de A. azarae presentan una mayor actividad en periodos de luna llena y durante el verano, contrastando con bajas tasas de actividad en luna nueva y durante el invierno, donde sus patrones de actividad fluctúan hacia hábitos catemerales (Fernandez-Duque et al., 2010). Los picos de actividad contrastante de esta especie revelan una dependencia a la luz de la luna y son explicados por un enmascaramiento del ciclo de actividad nocturno por condiciones de luminosidad ambiental y de temperatura desfavorables (Fernandez-Duque et al., 2010). Las investigaciones que buscan determinar las relaciones entre el comportamiento de los monos nocturnos y los factores ecológicos y ambientales, se han realizado en poblaciones de A. azarae ubicadas en el límite austral de distribución del género, en un bosque subtropical con una marcada estacionalidad (Fernandez-Duque et al., 2010). En el caso de las especies de monos nocturnos de bosques tropicales y no estacionales, solo existen datos anecdóticos, donde reportan ausencia de relación entre el comportamiento de individuos de A. nigriceps y factores ambientales como la intensidad lumínica lunar y la temperatura (Khimji y Donati, 2014). Sin embargo, esta investigación solo estuvo representada por un grupo familiar de A. nigriceps, el cual no fue seguido sistemáticamente durante las noches. Por lo tanto, queda abierta la pregunta de ¿cuál es la relación de factores ecológicos como la disponibilidad de alimento y factores ambientales como la temperatura y la intensidad lumínica lunar sobre el comportamiento y el patrón de actividad de monos nocturnos en bosques tropicales?. Esta pregunta toma relevancia debido a que el género Aotus se adaptó secundariamente a la nocturnidad, derivada de un antepasado con hábitos diurnos hace aproximadamente entre 12 y 15 millones
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