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Separation Ages for Primates in New Dutch Legislation

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Separation Ages for Primates in New Dutch Legislation Rapport 728 Separation ages for primates in new Dutch legislation April 2013 Colophon Publisher Wageningen UR Livestock Research P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad Telephone +31 320 - 238238 Fax +31 320 - 238050 E-mail [email protected] Internet http://www.livestockresearch.wur.nl Editing Communication Services Copyright © Wageningen UR Livestock Research, part of Stichting Dienst Landbouwkundig Onderzoek (DLO Foundation), 2013 Abstract Reproduction of contents, either whole or in part, This report describes expert views concerning permitted with due reference to the source. separation ages of specified primate species (chimpanzees, rhesus, stump-tailed and long- Liability tailed macaques, marmosets, douroucoulis and Wageningen UR Livestock Research does not squirrel monkeys) in view of a revision of the accept any liability for damages, if any, arising from Dutch animal welfare legislation. the use of the results of this study or the application of the recommendations. Keywords Primates, weaning, separation, maternal Wageningen UR Livestock Research and Central behaviour, dispersion, animal welfare, expert Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, both part of opinion, decision support, policy making, Stichting Dienst Landbouwkundig Onderzoek (DLO legislation Foundation), together with the Department of Animal Sciences of Wageningen University Reference comprises the Animal Sciences Group of ISSN 1570 - 8616 Wageningen UR (University & Research centre). Authors Single numbers can be obtained from the website. M.B.M. Bracke (Moderator) and H. Hopster Title ISO 9001 certification by DNV emphasizes our Separation ages for primates in new Dutch quality level. All our research projects are legislation subject to the General Conditions of the Animal Sciences Group, which have been filed with the District Court Zwolle. Report 728 Report 728 Separation ages for primates in new Dutch legislation Scheidingsleeftijden van apen in nieuwe Nederlandse wetgeving M.B.M. Bracke (Moderator) and H. Hopster April 2013 This research project has been commissioned by the Ministry of Economic Affairs: BO-20-008-004.10-ASG-LR. Preface This report describes expert views concerning separation ages of specified primate species (chimpanzees, rhesus, stump-tailed and long-tailed macaques, marmosets, douroucoulis and squirrel monkeys) in view of a revision of the Dutch animal welfare legislation. The authors wish to thank the Ministry of Economic Affairs for commissioning this project, the experts and AAP Rescue Centre for exotic animals for their views on the subject and related information. We are happy that his common effort resulted in clear recommendations for the improvement of the welfare of primates in the Netherlands. Marc Bracke and Hans Hopster Samenvatting Een expert consultatie is uitgevoerd naar scheidingsleeftijden van enkele apensoorten ten behoeve van de Nederlandse wetgeving (chimpansees, Rhesus-aap, Beermakaak, Java-aap, Marmoset, Doeroecoeli en Doodshoofdaap). In totaal deden 25 senior deskundigen uit 7 verschillende landen mee in het project. De ‘mediaan’ (middelste waarde) van de door de experts voorgestelde scheidingsleeftijden was 6 jaar voor chimpansees; 12 maanden voor makaken in onderzoek en 4 jaar voor makaken in fokkerij, dierentuinen en opvang; 12 -16 maanden voor marmosets; 18-24 maanden voor doeroecoeli’s; en 10- 18 maanden voor doodshoofdapen. De belangrijkste argumenten waren gerelateerd aan de natuurlijke condities (bijv. op welke leeftijden de dieren kunnen overleven zonder melk of ondersteuning door de groep). Het rapport presenteert een gestructureerde, transparante benadering voor ondersteuning van beleid, leidend tot een algemene aanbeveling aan de Nederlandse overheid om de bestaande scheidingsleeftijden op te hogen in overeenstemming met de leeftijden die voorheen in de wetgeving werden gespecificeerd voor het scheiden (‘spenen’) van primaten in individuele huisvesting. Summary An expert consultation was conducted on separation ages for several primate species mentioned in Dutch legislation (chimpanzees, rhesus, stump-tailed and long-tailed macaques, marmosets, douroucoulis and squirrel monkeys). In total 25 senior experts from 7 different countries participated. ‘Median’ (middle value) separation ages as suggested by the experts were 6 years for chimpanzees; 12 months for macaques used in research and 4 years for macaques used for breeding or kept in zoos or shelters; 12-16 months for marmosets; 18-24 months for douroucoulis; and 10-18 months for squirrel monkeys. The main arguments related to natural conditions (e.g. at what ages the animals can survive without milk or group support). The paper provides a structured, transparent approach for decision support, leading to the general recommendation to the Dutch government to upgrade existing separation ages in accordance with ages previously specified for separation (‘weaning’) of young primates into individual housing. Table of contents Preface Samenvatting Summary 1 Introduction: existing legislation and revision initiative .............................................................1 1.1 Objectives..................................................................................................................................2 2 Methods ............................................................................................................................................3 2.1 Background documents ............................................................................................................3 2.2 Delphi expert consultation .........................................................................................................3 2.3 Further details on the legislative revision ..................................................................................4 2.4 General considerations .............................................................................................................5 3 Personal information about the experts ........................................................................................7 4 Individual versus social housing ...................................................................................................8 5 Objections to specifying separation ages .....................................................................................9 6 Selected inputs from experts ....................................................................................................... 10 6.1 First selected input (E1) ......................................................................................................... 10 6.2 Second selected input (E29) .................................................................................................. 13 7 Nature as guiding principle .......................................................................................................... 15 8 Overview of separation ages for different species/groups ...................................................... 16 9 Species-specific considerations ................................................................................................. 17 9.1 Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) .............................................................................................. 17 9.2 Macaques ............................................................................................................................... 18 9.3 Marmosets.............................................................................................................................. 20 9.4 Douroucoulis, night monkeys (Aotus) .................................................................................... 21 9.5 Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri) ..................................................................................................... 21 10 Discussion ..................................................................................................................................... 23 10.1 A unique case? ...................................................................................................................... 23 10.2 Delphi consultation ................................................................................................................. 23 10.3 Further research ..................................................................................................................... 25 11 Summarising statements ............................................................................................................. 26 12 Recommendations ........................................................................................................................ 28 13 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... 30 Annexes ................................................................................................................................................ 31 Annex 1: EC (2010) legislation on the use of primates for scientific research .............................. 31 Annex 2: Report Van Dixhoorn et al. (2011) (in Dutch) ................................................................. 33 Annex 3: Foundation AAP .............................................................................................................. 37 a) AAP’s original position ............................................................................................... 37 b) AAP’s updated position ............................................................................................
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