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Constraining the Initial Conditions and Final Outcomes of Accretion Processes Around Young Stars and Supermassive Black Holes

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Constraining the Initial Conditions and Final Outcomes of Accretion Processes Around Young Stars and Supermassive Black Holes Constraining the Initial Conditions and Final Outcomes of Accretion Processes around Young Stars and Supermassive Black Holes Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Stone, Jordan Michael Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 05/10/2021 06:59:51 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/593497 CONSTRAINING THE INITIAL CONDITIONS AND FINAL OUTCOMES OF ACCRETION PROCESSES AROUND YOUNG STARS AND SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES by Jordan M. Stone BY: = A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ASTRONOMY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2015 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the disser- tation prepared by Jordan M. Stone entitled Constraining the Initial Conditions and Final Outcomes of Accretion Processes around Young Stars and Supermassive Black Holes and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Date: 14 September 2015 Josh Eisner Date: 14 September 2015 Dan Marone Date: 14 September 2015 Kaitlin Kratter Date: 14 September 2015 Laird Close Date: 14 September 2015 George Rieke Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. Date: 14 September 2015 Dissertation Director: Josh Eisner 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, pro- vided that an accurate acknowledgment of the source is made. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States Li- cense. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- nd/3.0/us/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. SIGNED: Jordan M. Stone 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to thank my family. My wife, Megan, has been incredibly supportive, especially in these last few months as I sprinted to finish this document. My parents whose steadfast support has provided the firm foundation I needed to reach for the stars. My grandparents, Alberta and Wesley, first showed me the Teapot in Sagittarius, and Grammy, told the nurse that \her boy" was an astronomer after the European Philae probe landed on Comet 67P/ChuryumovGerasimenko. No one could hope for a better team of cheerleaders than all of you. I thank my advisor, Josh Eisner, who has been a great mentor and great climbing partner. I also had the opportunity to work closely with Dan Marrone and Kaitlin Kratter, who both helped me grow as a scientist and have been great advocates. My peers, including Evan Schneider, Tim Arnold, Michi Baub¨ock, Vanessa Bailey, Steph Sallum, David Lesser, and others made Steward a very fun place to be a graduate student. 5 DEDICATION To Megan, an unimaginably good teammate. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES................................9 LIST OF TABLES................................. 11 ABSTRACT.................................... 12 CHAPTER 1 Introduction............................ 15 1.1 Star and Planet Formation........................ 16 1.1.1 Protoplanetary Disks....................... 16 1.1.2 The Formation of Gas-Giant Planets.............. 21 1.2 The Super-Massive Black Hole at the Center of the Galaxy...... 25 1.2.1 Probing the Gravitational Potential of a Super-Massive Black Hole with Improved Astrometry of Stellar Orbits....... 25 1.2.2 Accretion onto the Super-Massive Black Hole at the Center of our Galaxy............................ 27 CHAPTER 2 Variable Accretion Processes in the Young Binary-Star System UY Aury ..................................... 30 2.1 Introduction................................ 31 2.2 Observations and Reduction....................... 33 2.3 Results and Analysis........................... 38 2.3.1 Equivalent Widths........................ 38 2.3.2 Line Luminosities......................... 39 2.3.3 Accretion Rates.......................... 39 2.3.4 H2 Lines.............................. 40 2.3.5 Veiling............................... 43 2.4 Discussion................................. 44 2.5 Conclusions................................ 48 CHAPTER 3 L-band Spectroscopy with Magellan-AO/Clio2: First Results on Young Low-Mass Companionsy ........................ 56 3.1 Introduction................................ 57 3.2 Observations and Reduction....................... 59 3.2.1 Target Selection and Parameters from Literature....... 59 3.2.2 Instrumental Setup........................ 60 3.2.3 Data Acquisition......................... 62 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS { Continued 3.2.4 Preliminary Reduction...................... 64 3.2.5 Spectral Extraction........................ 65 3.2.6 Wavelength Calibration..................... 65 3.2.7 Telluric Calibration........................ 67 3.3 Results................................... 67 3.3.1 Model Atmosphere Fits...................... 67 3.3.2 Comparison to Field Dwarf Spectra............... 71 3.4 Discussion................................. 73 3.4.1 Comparison to Directly Imaged Planets............. 73 3.4.2 The Red Slope of CD-35 2722 B................ 74 3.4.3 A Blue Feature in AB Pic b and 2M 0103(AB) b....... 75 3.5 Conclusions................................ 76 CHAPTER 4 Disentangling Confused Stars at the Galactic Center with Long Baseline Infrared Interferometryy ....................... 78 4.1 Introduction................................ 79 4.2 Simulating a Star Field within 50 Milliarcseconds of Sgr A*..... 83 4.3 Synthesizing Visibility Data....................... 85 4.3.1 Basic Concepts.......................... 85 4.3.2 Sources of Uncertainty for Phase Referenced Interferometric Imaging.............................. 87 4.3.3 Producing Mock Fringes..................... 90 4.3.4 Observing Routine, UV-coverage, and PSFs.......... 93 4.4 Fitting Stellar Positions to Visibility Data............... 95 4.5 Results................................... 97 4.5.1 Star Fields Observed with ASTRA at the Keck Interferometer 97 4.5.2 Star Fields Observed with GRAVITY.............. 107 4.6 Discussion................................. 115 4.7 Summary and Future Work....................... 119 CHAPTER 5 Far Infrared Variability of Sagittarius A*: 25.5 hours of Monitor- ing with Herschel y ............................... 121 5.1 Introduction................................ 122 5.2 Observations and Reduction....................... 125 5.2.1 Herschel SPIRE.......................... 125 5.2.2 Caltech Submillimeter Observatory 0.85 mm.......... 129 5.2.3 XMM-Newton ........................... 130 5.2.4 SMA 1.3 mm........................... 131 5.3 Results................................... 131 5.4 Discussion................................. 136 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS { Continued 5.5 Conclusions................................ 140 CHAPTER 6 Conclusions............................ 143 6.1 Variable accretion processes in the young binary-star system UY Aur 143 6.2 L-band Spectroscopy with Magellan-AO/Clio2: First Results on Young Low-Mass Companions...................... 143 6.3 Disentangling Confused Stars at the Galactic Center with Long Base- line Infrared Interferometry....................... 145 6.4 Far Infrared Variability of Sagittarius A*: 25.5 hours of Monitoring with Herschel ............................... 146 REFERENCES................................... 147 9 LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Dewarping................................. 35 2.2 Rectified Lamp Lines........................... 35 2.3 Defringing the Flat............................ 38 2.4 Defringing Telluric Calibrators...................... 49 2.5 Defringing Near Broad Lines....................... 49 2.6 Measuring Equivalent Widths of Broad Lines.............. 50 2.7 Mass Accretion Rate vs. Time...................... 51 2.8 Relative Accretion Rate vs. Time.................... 52 2.9 Molecular Hydrogen Lines........................ 53 2.10 Molecular Gas Temperature....................... 54 2.11 Veiling................................... 55 3.1 Best fit spectral resolution........................ 66 3.2 L-band spectra of low-mass companions compared to model atmospheres 68 3.3 Surface gravity as a function of mass and age............. 69 3.4 L-band spectra of low-mass companions compared to field dwarfs.. 72 4.1 Keck-Interferometer uv-Coverage and beam.............. 94 4.2 VLTI uv-Coverage and Beam...................... 94 4.3 Model Fitting to Simulated Data.................... 96 4.4 Simulated Keck-Interferometer Visibilities............... 97 4.5 Single Epoch Fit to Keck-Interferometer Simulations......... 98 4.6 Multi-epoch Performance with Keck Inteferometer........... 99 4.7 Fit Performance Depends on Positional Angle with Keck......
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