BAHTERA: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra, Volume 17 Nomor 2 Juli 2018 http://journal.unj.ac.id/unj/index.php/bahtera/ P-ISSN : 0853-2710 E-ISSN : 2540-8968

GREETINGS VARIETY TO SHOW POLITENESS IN LANGUAGE

Dewi Dama Fakultas Sastra dan Budaya, Universitas Negeri Gorontalo Jl. Jenderal Sudirman No. 6 Kota Gorontalo Email: [email protected]

Abstract This research aims to present the forms of greetings in Gorontalo Language and the examples used in society. The study focused on the use of Gorontalo language and took place in Ayula Tilango Kecamatan Bulango Selatan. The data were obtained through observation and elicitation. The results indicated various greetings based on Based on the findings, in Bahasa Gorontalo, there are, namely: Name in the form of kinship relationship (family connection œ Vertically), name in the form of horizontal relationship (intimacy, friendship and body shape), name has a collective identifying character of the clan / fam (surname), name with religious title, name contains a custom title or an honors degree (given for personal achievements, a hero or died important person, important status in local government), and name contains a noble title.

Keywords: Greetings, naming, titles, Gorontalo Language.

INTRODUCTIONS

Study on Sociolinguistics field is meanings of chunks of text. However, massive. One of the topic that the writer when these utterances are interpreted with concern is in the sub-field of linguistics reference to the context, including the called pragmatics. According to setting, speakers, background knowledge, Wardhaugh & Fuller (2015), pragmatics and so on, this falls into the realm of looks at meanings of utterances in context, pragmatics. and it is often discussed in contrast with the Pragmatics, so this argument goes, is sub-filed called semantics, which is the perceived as being distinct from study of meaning as part of the language sociolinguistics, but there is some overlap, system. Semantics focuses on the meanings hence the inclusion of some topics in of signs, and the relationship between these pragmatics in this textbook. In particular, meanings, and includes the study of we incorporate topics which involve how

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BAHTERA: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra, Volume 17 Nomor 2 Juli 2018 http://journal.unj.ac.id/unj/index.php/bahtera/ P-ISSN : 0853-2710 E-ISSN : 2540-8968

the identities and relationships of speakers Brown and Gilman (1960) found two influence their linguistic choices and how factors affecting the salary in Indo- they are interpreted (ibid., p.248). European languages (German, Italian, Politeness, moreover, is a key topic in Spanish, France) is the power factor of pragmatics for several decades, has 'power' and solidarity 'solidarity'. Factor matured into an institutionalized research family and non family are also the area with a voluminous book and journal determinants of greeting election (Slobin, literature, including its own recently 1963). launched periodical, the Journal of Furthermore, variation in showing Politeness Research (Kasper, 2011). such politeness and indirectedness has From the perspective of attracted the writer to overview them in sociolinguistic approach, the use of more specific discussion about naming and language "language use "is a form of social title. Blum-Kulka (1987), based on interaction that occurs in concrete experimental research in which research situations; this means that from a participants rated the politeness of requests, sociolinguistic approach the language is argues that on-record, conventionally studied in context socio-cultural and indirect requests are considered more situations of use (Suwito, 1985: 5). In polite. Conventionally indirect requests regard with socio-cultural and situations in include such linguistic forms as ”want‘ the use of language factors status, age, statements, for example, ”I want you to gender, intimacy, purpose, norms / rules of move your car‘ or ”I would like you to clean language, type speech. These factors also the kitchen.‘ Mild hints such as ”We don‘t affect the usage language (Alwi, 1995). want any crowding‘ as a request to move The word greeting includes one your car were not seen as equally polite, aspect of a deep language its use is always nor were bald imperatives such as ”Move concerned with socio-cultural factors and your car‘ (examples from Blum-Kulka situations its use. Some sociolinguists like 1987, 133). She suggests that Brown and Gilman (1960), Brown and conventionally indirect requests are Ford (1964), Ervin-Tripp (1972), interpreted as polite because they are Kridalaksana (1984), Sadtono (1977). mitigated, but also because they do not

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BAHTERA: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra, Volume 17 Nomor 2 Juli 2018 http://journal.unj.ac.id/unj/index.php/bahtera/ P-ISSN : 0853-2710 E-ISSN : 2540-8968

require the work to interpret them that off- and, simultaneously, to assign record requests require of the addressee. them to categories within a Félix-Brasdefer (2005) supports this social matrix (Alford, 1988). perspective on indirectness and politeness Names thus provide important in his research on university students in information about social Mexico. His research, based on the forms structure(Lieberson, 2000). As of requests used in role-playing tasks, such, ””naming systems both shows that students are more likely to use reflect and help to create the indirect requests with a professor. Martin conceptions of personal says that there are at least four fundamental identity that are perpetuated factors in the selection of the right words to within any society‘‘(Alford R, show politeness, greeting terms for others, 1998, 167). The outcome is that consideration of people outside the group, distinctive naming practices in social position, age and gender. Therefore, cultural and ethnic groups are naming and title is one of interesting topics persistent often even long after favorably explored in much research. As immigration to different social Mateos et al. (2011) states as follow: contexts(Tucker, 2003). We —Naming practices are far from exploit such regularities in this random, instead reflecting international investigation.“ social norms and cultural According to the Central Bureau of customs(Hanks, 2003). They Statistics (BPS) Year 2010, the number of exist in all human ethnic groups in amounted to groups(Alford, 1988) and 1,128 tribes. Such diversity is caused by follow distinct geographical differences in race of origin, geographic and ethno-cultural patterns, environment differences, differences in even in today‘s globalised historical background, regional world. Any personal naming development, religious or belief system serves two primary differences, and adaptability or functions: to differentiate adjustability. Certain tribes have a surname individuals from each other, that is passed from parent to child, some

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BAHTERA: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra, Volume 17 Nomor 2 Juli 2018 http://journal.unj.ac.id/unj/index.php/bahtera/ P-ISSN : 0853-2710 E-ISSN : 2540-8968

other tribes do not recognize the surname, the four ethnics located on North , for example Javanese culture which namely: Bolaang Mongondow, Minahasa, generally only have one name, that is name Sangir Talaud, and Gorontalo. Along with of giving or name of self. In connection the emergence of regional divisions with with this, National Library of Indonesia regard to regional autonomy, Gorontalo from 2009 to 2011 has conducted a province was then established under Law research and review of names in Indonesia. No. 38 of 2000, and officialy being apart The investigation has been done in 24 from Sulut on December 22, 2000. The (twenty four) provinces, and the results total area of Gorontalo province is 11,090 have been compiled in a form of List of Km2 and inhibited by 1.133 million people family name, indigenous title and degree of (Gorontalo Central Bureau of Statistics, nobility in Indonesia. In the year 2012, the 2010). The ethnic Gorontalo consists of list has been ready to use. ethnic Suwawa, Gorontalo, Limutu and Kurniawati and Mulyani (2012) Atinggolo. The ethnic states, the compilation of the list of names known from their relationship in the is in regard with the library materials family, group-family/clan, traditional titles processing activities. Librarians often have and noble titles. Gorontalo language is one difficulty recognizing the names of authors of the languages used by people in the who have a clan / family name. They also northern Sulawesi nearby Manado. This sometime come across with problems to language spread from East to West of the recall the title of nobility from various province because the majority of tribes and regions. That condition causes Gorontalonese use the language in social slow response on library processing interaction and daily transaction. In routine. It is now very helpful as a addition, as a custom language, it does exist reference in determining the title of the in every beat of daily activities, such as: at author of Indonesia who has the name of a party, in a funeral, and in every custom the clan, the title of ”adat‘ (local custom) performance. and the title of nobility. However, it is argued that social Gorontalo is the 32nd province in development changed the existence of the Indonesia, formerly Gorontalo is is one of language on its people, youg generation in

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BAHTERA: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra, Volume 17 Nomor 2 Juli 2018 http://journal.unj.ac.id/unj/index.php/bahtera/ P-ISSN : 0853-2710 E-ISSN : 2540-8968

particular. Either individuals or group of by asking questions directly to the Gorontalonese has brought changes. The informants (Sudaryanto, 1993). most notable change that decrease the use The data in this study is public speech of the language is the advance of in Gorontalo language. The data source is innovation in information and taken from the native speakers domiciled in communication technology. Cultural Ayula Tilango Kecamatan Bulango alteration, as stated by Koentjaraningrat, is Selatan. Data analysis is done through a consequence of cultural contacts, namely: stages: (1) describing the data of naming Difusion, acculturation, and assimilation. It and title; (2) classifying the forms of is our responsibility to preserve our culture. naming and title; (3) analyzing the forms of It can be done by preserving the language. naming and title; and (4) making an The initial work done by the national inference to the forms of naming and title library can be projected to local context, of Gorontalo language and its use in thus, In this article, the writer will present society. the research naming and title in Gorontalo language.

METHODOLOGY FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

The method used in this research is Name in the form of Vertical relationship analytical descriptive method. The In the kinship lineage, the language of researcher zoomed in existing facts or Gorontalo is rich in hymns. phenomena that are empirically existing 1) Bapu and Ne:ne, in Indonesian called and still used by the public speakers. This grandparents. Ancient times also descriptive method is used for obtaining the recognize greeting Teme and Tiley, findings in this study. Data collection which attached to the name of the techniques used in this study is a technique first male nephew refer intended to listen to the use of 2) Baba, Aba, Omu for Dad's call Gorontalo language by its speakers. This 3) Na:na and Mama for the greetings of technique followed by basic techniques in the mother the form of observation and set of survey

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BAHTERA: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra, Volume 17 Nomor 2 Juli 2018 http://journal.unj.ac.id/unj/index.php/bahtera/ P-ISSN : 0853-2710 E-ISSN : 2540-8968

4) Omu, Patua, Patenga, Paade or Pasisa 1) Timongoli and Yi'o to you. The first is a greeting to uncle is a very polite second to greeting 5) Tanthe, Matua, Matenga, Maade, (equivalent) Masisa is a greeting for aunt 2) Watiya or Wa'u to Me. The first is a 6) Bantha (Puluwa), Uti, Nonu, Nunu very polite second to greeting are some calls for children / nephew (equivalent) / grandchildren 3) Timongoliyo greetings to them (very 7) Nou, Mbui, Mo: Nu is some call for polite) Timongoli greetings to you child / nephew / granddaughter 4) Amiyatiya greetings to us (very 8) Wombu greetings for grandchildren polite), Ami greetings to us and women (equivalent) Name in the form of horizontal c. In a single third pronoun relationship The third Persona in Indonesian can be a. In a family relationship: used as a greeter in communicating. 1) Eyi is a husband's husbandly greeting Likewise, the language of Gorontalo. to his wife and vice versa The third person in Gorontalo in free 2) Kaka form 3) Tata 1) Tiyo greetings to him male or female 4) Old, Satu, Dua, used in greeting d. In a posture relationship (nickname) husband or brother of husband / wife 1) pahaya, mahaya greeting an old tall 5) Uwa, Sisa, Cii used in greeting wife man or sister of husband / wife 2) patinggi, matinggi greeting of b. In the second pronoun parents who are tall The second Persona in Indonesian can 3) kapende, mapende greetings of short- be used as a communication greeter. bodied parents Likewise, the language of Gorontalo. 4) pagode, magode, greetings elderly The second person in Gorontalo in free gentlemen form 5) Palimbo, Balimbo, malimbo greeting parents who are short fat round

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6) Kapanja for tall person 17) Laleno 7) Pakio œ Makio for short dark people 18) Kadji 8) Pakiki, makiki for short people 19) Tolinggi 9) Pali mali average people 20) Bobihoe 10) Kaputi, mamputi for older light 21) KaU color skinned person 22) Doda 11) Paita, maita for old people with 23) Sunge dark skin 24) Katili 12) Kaita, Naita for young people with 25) Biahimo dark skin Name with religious title Name has a collective identifying In the old days this greeting always stuck character of the clan / fam (surname) with the title, but it is now barely used Family names (Surname) that are 1) Teme ... .. for the elderly man hereditary/commonly exist in Gorontalo 2) Tiley ...... for the elderly women 1) Olii 3) Tuani .... For well-known religious 2) Monoarfa teachers 3) Biya 4) Ti Kumisi to the commissioner 4) Laya 5) Guru .... For men whose profession is 5) Niode teaching 6) Hoeboelo atau Gobel Name contains a custom title or an honors 7) Kaluku degree given for personal achievements 8) Boekoesoe 1) Ti Tulutani Lo Toyunuta devoted to 9) Dama Sri X 10) Pakaya 2) Tapulu Lo Hunggia given to the 11) Wartabone former governor Gusnar Ismail 12) Lahay Name contains a custom title or an honors 13) Hadju degree given for a hero or died important 14) Ilahude person 15) Lebie 16) Mohi

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1) Ta me ela lo madala (Omar Thariq religious title, name contains a custom title Niode) or an honors degree (given for personal Name contains a custom title or an honors achievements, a hero or died important degree given for status in local person, important status in local government government), and name contains a noble 1) Tauwa lo lipu is the name of title. Governor and mayor REFERENCES

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