Reading the Double Bind: the Death of the Good Woman in Early Modern Literature
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Reading the Double Bind: The Death of the Good Woman in Early Modern Literature A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE FACLUTY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Katelyn McCarthy IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTORY OF PHILOSOPHY John Watkins October 2019 © Katelyn McCarthy 2019 Acknowledgements To embark on an endeavor of acknowledging the support that made this dissertation possible is to embark on the humbling process of recognizing the ways in which the seemingly solitary labor of writing-behind-closed-doors is indeed a labor of many. In reflecting on those who supported me on my journey, I understand that my expressions of gratitude can never match what I have been given, and for this, I am thankful most of all. Thank you to John Watkins, my advisor and dissertation director, whose enthusiasm for and commitment to my project as it developed is matched by his truly unparalleled wealth of knowledge, both of which have been utterly invaluable to me as I have grown over the past six years. To Becky Krug, chair of my dissertation committee, for her generous scholarly guidance, for her encouragement and candor in my moments of self-doubt, and for keeping me responsible to the medievalist in me. To Shirley Garner, for inspiring me and paving the way with her own bold commitment to feminist early modern scholarship, and to Bernie Levinson, first for his seminar in scripture and interpretation that inspired some of my early queries, and for his continued support and commitment to my scholarly rigor. I’ve learned so much from each of you. Graduate school introduced me to a group of graduate students and colleagues who are some of the most brilliant and supportive interlocuters I could have asked for. I have to imagine that few people are as fortunate as I in saying that these same people also became, for all intents and purposes, my family. Thank you from the bottom of my heart to Amy Fairgrieve, Jenna Dreier, Zoë Rodine, Kristina Popiel, Jennifer Jodell, Yon Ji Sol, Rachel Mattson, John Greenwood, Candice Greenwood, and David Lemke for i building a world with me that allowed my ideas to be welcomed, engaged, challenged, revised, cared for, and celebrated. Thank you, perhaps even more, for building a home with me in Minneapolis rooted in laughter and love, strengthened and fortified by inevitable hardship. I offer special acknowledgment here to Emma Greenwood, for her joyful early moments that I carry with me always, and to Matt Dreier and Craig Harper, for their willingness to join a group of academics and doing so with such support and grace. An immense thank you to my cohort members, David Andrews, Sungjin Shin, Elisabeth Alderks, and Abhay Doshi, for inspiring me, for persevering with me, for conferencing with me, for bringing their invaluable diverse and thoughtful perspectives to our many conversations. Thank you also to my dear friends and colleagues in Political Science and Anthropology, Elif Kayalcioglu, Misha Hadar, Tracey Blasenheim, Britt Van Paepeghem, Avi Muñoz (along with Laura Dávila), and Sam Duling for being constant sources of brilliant conversation, cathartic laughter, and generous support. Throughout my years at the University of Minnesota, the community of medieval and early modern graduate students has offered enthusiastic support in reading these chapters in multiple iterations without tiring. Thank you to the Medieval and Early Modern Workshop, run by Becky Krug, and to the feedback and encouragement I received over the years from Amanda Taylor, Caitlin McHugh, David Moberly, Asa Olson, Jeffrey Squires, Marc Juberg, Amy Bolis, Jonas Gardsby, Mel Johnson, Eun Cho, Clara Biesel, and Laura Price. Thank you to the members of the Premodern Workshop, Jan Volek and Loren Cowdery in particular, for offering interdisciplinary perspectives on my writing which brought much needed new energy. I could not have completed this dissertation without the support of the University of Minnesota English Department, ii whose Graduate Research Partnership Program allowed me to travel to the archives in the Huntington Library and in Yale’s Beinecke Library, and whose Ruth Drake Dissertation Fellowship made possible one teaching-free semester to finish my writing. A special thanks to Kate Crassons, whose mentorship and generous support during my undergraduate and graduate years at Lehigh University shaped, encouraged, and challenged me at the outset of this academic endeavor. This dissertation is not only the product of my years in graduate school; its roots are in a young girl’s love of literature, creativity, and conversation and the lifetime of friendship that embraced these loves and allowed them to grow. This dissertation could not have been written without the decades of companionship I have shared with Isabella Nicolaides (along with Alyssa Reyna), Ashley Vernot, Tori Heath, Megan Satterthwaite Freiman (along with Eli and Leo Freiman), and Tara Dewan-Czarnecki (along with David, Mina, and Jonah Czarnecki). They all have given me a wonderful gift: the knowledge that I carry with me the support of friends who have known and loved me through the many versions of myself. Without this grounding, I could never have embarked on this PhD journey. A special acknowledgement to Mina Kenza, my goddaughter, who was born on the day I was accepted to the University of Minnesota, and whose life and growth have been a constant source of inspiration and joy. Each year during graduate school that I made the holiday pilgrimage to the east coast, I was fortunate enough to be reminded of the wonderful friends I added along the way: Corey Florindi, Connor Goldsmith, Jessie Strasbaugh Fry, Sarah Sheplock, Cayla McNally, Ellen Bastoni, Cara Bastoni, and Steve Jones. A heartfelt thanks for their conversation and support which always leaves me feeling rejuvenated. iii And now, a thank you to those supporters who have been there all along, from the very beginning and at every step, hurdle, and achievement along the way. To my parents, Kathy and Steve McCarthy, who never once questioned the voracious reading of their young daughter, always indulging her with a trip to the bookstore each time she desperately declared “I have nothing to read!” I am forever thankful for their unwavering support of my study of English Literature, encouraging me all along to chase the questions and passions that ignited my mind. I am even more thankful to the example that they set for me: they both balance their own intellect and aspirations with their devotion to those they love, and this is perhaps how my work and my academics are most indebted to them. Thanks to my brother, Justin McCarthy, whose creativity, sense of humor, and fierce principles have brought to my life thoughtfulness and laughter in equal measure, and whose friendship has always illuminated new ways of thinking. Thank you to my baby sister and best friend, Kelly Anne McCarthy, whose unparalleled cheerleading throughout graduate school has uplifted me on even my most difficult days, and whose own journey through graduate school has been a source of inspiration, empathy, commiseration, and joy. To my lovely grandmothers, Jane McCarthy and Ginny Klimek, who together gave me two very important gifts: The type of full-hearted support that only grandmothers can give, and the examples of their lives, built on fierce devotion and perseverance. A special thanks to my aunt, Jeannie McCarthy-Jaggi, whose celebration of my academic dreams has been expressed enthusiastically at holiday tables, on backyard patios, and on beautiful hikes, and has offered me reassurance, encouragement, and always a renewed energy. And thank you to the members of my growing family, Hannah iv Stewart-Gambino, Jack Gambino, Madeline Gambino, and Spencer Philpot. My life is fuller and more dynamic for each of them and their example. Finally, a thank you to Elena Gambino, the one who has read every word I have ever written (multiple times), whose brilliant academic work has forever influenced my own, who cooks for me on writing days and shares a “Sláinte!” with me after submissions, without whom I would not have found my way to the University of Minnesota or to the heart of the questions that motivate me, and who has lovingly built a foundation and a home with me through it all, which is the greatest gift of all. v Dedicated to Elena, who taught me to build, and to José, who taught me to run vi Table of Contents Introduction: “Who will believe thee, Isabel?” ............................................................. 1 Chapter 1: “Dystourbles nought my martyrdom” : Divestment, Testimony, and the Impossible Legacy of the Virgin Martyr Legends ............................................................ 19 Chapter 2: “Not Dead? Not Yet Quite Dead?”: Abjection and the Double-Bind of Shakespeare’s Violated Women ....................................................................................... 61 Chapter 3: Impossible Chastity and the Myth of the Good Woman in The Tragedy of Mariam .............................................................................................................................. 97 Chapter 4: Breaking the Double Bind: The English querelle des femmes and Women’s Exegesis .......................................................................................................................... 133 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 180 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................