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Surgical Neurology International James I
OPEN ACCESS Editor-in-Chief: Surgical Neurology International James I. Ausman, MD, PhD For entire Editorial Board visit : University of California, Los http://www.surgicalneurologyint.com Angeles, CA, USA Historical Review Violence, mental illness, and the brain – A brief history of psychosurgery: Part 1 – From trephination to lobotomy Miguel A. Faria, Jr. Clinical Professor of Neurosurgery (ret.) and Adjunct Professor of Medical History (ret.), Mercer University School of Medicine; President, www.haciendapub.com, Macon, Georgia, USA E‑mail: *Miguel A. Faria, Jr. ‑ [email protected] *Corresponding author Received: 11 March 13 Accepted: 13 March 13 Published: 05 April 13 This article may be cited as: Faria MA. Violence, mental illness, and the brain - A brief history of psychosurgery: Part 1 - From trephination to lobotomy. Surg Neurol Int 2013;4:49. Available FREE in open access from: http://www.surgicalneurologyint.com/text.asp?2013/4/1/49/110146 Copyright: © 2013 Faria MA. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Psychosurgery was developed early in human prehistory (trephination) as a need perhaps to alter aberrant behavior and treat mental illness. The “American Crowbar Case" provided an impetus to study the brain and human behavior. The frontal lobe Access this article syndrome was avidly studied. Frontal lobotomy was developed in the 1930s for online the treatment of mental illness and to solve the pressing problem of overcrowding Website: in mental institutions in an era when no other forms of effective treatment were www.surgicalneurologyint.com DOI: available. -
NSJ-Spine January 2004
Neurosurg Focus 25 (1):E9, 2008 Modern psychosurgery before Egas Moniz: a tribute to Gottlieb Burckhardt SUNIL MANJILA, M.D., SETTI RENGACHARY, M.D., ANDREW R. XAVIER, M.D., BRANDON PARKER, B.A., AND MURALI GUTHIKONDA, M.D. Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan The history of modern psychosurgery has been written in several ways, weaving around many pioneers in the field during the 19th century. Often neglected in this history is Gottlieb Burckhardt (1836–1907), who performed the first psychosurgical procedures as early as 1888, several decades before the work of Egas Moniz (1874–1955). The uncon- ventional and original case series of Burckhardt, who claimed success in 50% of patients (3 of 6), had met with overt criticism from his contemporary medical colleagues. The authors describe 2 illustrative cases of cortical extirpation performed by Burckhardt and review his pioneering case series for surgical outcome, despite the ambiguity in postop- erative evaluation criteria. Although Burckhardt discontinued the project after publication of his surgical results in 1891, neurosurgeons around the world continued to investigate psychosurgery and revitalized his ideas in 1910; psy- chosurgery subsequently developed into a full-fledged neurosurgical specialty.(DOI: 10.3171/FOC/2008/25/7/E9) KEY WORDS • Burckhardt • Moniz • Prefargier • psychosurgery • topectomy OTTLIEB Burckhardt (1836–1907; Fig. 1), a Swiss operations of the Prefargier asylum for 5 years before retir- psychiatrist, was the first physician to perform ing in 1896.3,4 Burckhardt died of pneumonia in 1907.2 G modern psychosurgery, in which the contemporary theories about brain–behavior and brain–language relation- Contemporary Research Influences ships were amalgamated and practically applied to patient The neuroscience environment that prevailed in the late care. -
Tractographic Analysis of Historical Lesion Surgery for Depression
Neuropsychopharmacology (2010) 35, 2553–2563 & 2010 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0893-133X/10 $32.00 www.neuropsychopharmacology.org Tractographic Analysis of Historical Lesion Surgery for Depression 1,2,6 3,6 1,2 4 5 Jan-Christoph Schoene-Bake , Yaroslav Parpaley , Bernd Weber , Jaak Panksepp , Trevor A Hurwitz ,3 and Volker A Coenen* 1Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany; 2Department of NeuroCognition/Imaging, Life & Brain Center, Bonn, Germany; 3Stereotaxy and MR based OR Techniques/Department of Neurosurgery, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany; 4Department of VCAPP, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; 5Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CA, USA Various surgical brain ablation procedures for the treatment of refractory depression were developed in the twentieth century. Most notably, key target sites were (i) the anterior cingulum, (ii) the anterior limb of the internal capsule, and (iii) the subcaudate white matter, which were regarded as effective targets. Long-term symptom remissions were better following lesions of the anterior internal capsule and subcaudate white matter than of the cingulum. It is possible that the observed clinical improvements of these various surgical procedures may reflect shared influences on presently unspecified brain affect-regulating networks. Such possibilities can now be analyzed using modern brain connectivity procedures such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography. We determined whether the shared connectivities of the above lesion sites in healthy volunteers might explain the therapeutic effects of the various surgical approaches. Accordingly, modestly sized historical lesions, especially of the anatomical overlap areas, were ‘implanted’ in brain-MRI scans of 53 healthy subjects. -
A Book Review of the Lobotomist: a Maverick Medical Genius and His Tragic Quest to Rid the World of Mental Illness by Jack El-Hai
Voice of the Publisher, 2021, 7, 80-84 https://www.scirp.org/journal/vp ISSN Online: 2380-7598 ISSN Print: 2380-7571 A Book Review of the Lobotomist: A Maverick Medical Genius and His Tragic Quest to Rid the World of Mental Illness by Jack El-Hai Hamzah M. Alghzawi1*, Fatima K. Ghanem2 1Medstar Good Samaritan Hospital, Maryland, USA 2Al Albayt University, Mafraq, Jordan How to cite this paper: Alghzawi, H. M., Abstract & Ghanem, F. K. (2021). A Book Review of the Lobotomist: A Maverick Medical Ge- Review of book: Jack El-Hai, The Lobotomist: A Maverick Medical Genius nius and His Tragic Quest to Rid the World and His Tragic Quest to Rid the World of Mental Illness. Hoboken, NJ: J. of Mental Illness by Jack El-Hai. Voice of Wiley, 2005, 362 pp. ISBN: 0470098309 (ISBN13: 9780470098301): Reviewed the Publisher, 7, 80-84. https://doi.org/10.4236/vp.2021.72007 by H. Alghzawi. The author of this book, Jack El-Haim, explores one of the darkest chapters of American medicine when Walter Freeman, M.D. attempted Received: March 15, 2021 to treat the hundreds of thousands of psychiatric patients in need of help Accepted: June 6, 2021 during the middle decades of the twentieth century. Walter Freeman claimed Published: June 9, 2021 that lobotomy, a brain operation, reduces the severity of psychotic symptoms. Copyright © 2021 by author(s) and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. Keywords This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International Lobotomist, Lobotomy, Mental Illness, Book Review, Psychosurgery License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Open Access 1. -
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buchantiquariat Internet: http://comenius-antiquariat.com 43462 • Amstutz-Kunz, Frieda, Gedichte. [Bern ca 1960]. 61 S. kart. CHF 12 / EUR 10.20 Datenbank: http://buch.ac 125396 • Andersen, Hans Christian, Hanhart, Brigitte, Die Schneekönigin. Ein Märchen. Mönchaltorf, A Q Wochenlisten: http://buchantiquariat.com/woche/ Kataloge: http://antiquariatskatalog.com Hamburg: Nord-Süd-Verlag, 1987. [26] Seiten mit Abbildungen. Pappband (gebunden). 4to. CHF 18 / A RI AGB: http://comenius-antiquariat.com/AGB.php EUR 15.30 • Ein Nord-Süd Märchenbuch. - Erzählt von Brigitte Hanhart. Mit Bildern von Bernadette .COM M N US . T com 65373 • Andrade, Jorge Carrera, Poemas/Gedichte. Stuttgart: Klett/Cotta 1980. 222 S. Ppbd m.U. CHF 28 / EUR 23.80 • Spanisch/Deutsch. Übertragung und Nachwort von Fritz Vogelsang. 112434 • Anet, Daniel, Ce qui me chante. 2e éd. Martigny: H. Anet, 1996. 78 Seiten mit Abbildungen. Kartoniert. Katalog Literatur div. CHF 15 / EUR 12.75 • Quatre dessins de l'auteur. 108617 • [Anonym] Lettres amoureuses d'un frère a son élève. Alexandrie [Brüssel]: • Staatsstrasse 31 • CH-3652 Hilterfingen Durando, [ca. 1875]. 221 Seiten. Halblederband auf 5 Bünden mit Rückenschildchen. Fax 033 243 01 68 • E-Mail: [email protected] Einzeltitel im Internet abrufen: http://buch.ac/?Titel=[Best.Nr.] Kleinoktav. CHF 150 / EUR 127.50 • Nummer 234 von 500 Exemplaren. - Einbandkanten Stand: 19/08/2012 • 2739 Titel stark berieben, hintere Rückenkante auf der ganzen Länge aufgeplatzt, Papier leicht gebräunt, vereinzelte Flecken, Exlibris auf Innendeckel, auf Seite 38 ist ein griechischer Textabschnitt auf französisch übersetzt und handschriftlich zwischen die Zeilen eingefügt. 120771 • Achmatova, Anna, Gedichte. Russisch und deutsch. 1. Auflage. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 110226 • Anthoine de la Sale, Die fünfzehn Freuden der Ehe. -
Resoconto Annuale 2012
Viale Stefano Franscini 30a Repubblica e Cantone Ticino telefono 091 814 1300 Dipartimento dell'educazione, della cultura e dello sport fax 091 814 1309 e-mail [email protected] Divisione della cultura e degli studi universitari 6501 Bellinzona Agosto 2013 RENDICONTO ANNO 2012 RAPPORTO E CONSUNTIVO ALL'UFFICIO FEDERALE DELLA CULTURA SULL'USO DEL SUSSIDIO DELLA CONFEDERAZIONE AL CANTONE TICINO PER LA PROMOZIONE DELLA SUA LINGUA E DELLA SUA CULTURA 1. SPESA PER LA CULTURA del Cantone Ticino INTRODUZIONE 1.1. Commento 1.1.1 Commento generale e considerazioni statistiche 1.1.2 Eventi e risultati particolarmente significativi 1.1.3 Considerazioni conclusive e struttura del rapporto 1.2. Sommario delle spese per la cultura, Tabella 1 2. RIPARTIZIONE E UTILIZZO DEL SUSSIDIO FEDERALE 2.1. Nota introduttiva 2.2. Ripartizione del Sussidio federale per settori di intervento, Tabella 2 2.3. Osservazioni di dettaglio ai settori di intervento 3. SUSSIDI PER ATTIVITÀ CULTURALI 3.1. Ricapitolazione dell'impegno complessivo, Tabella 3 3.2. Dettaglio degli interventi settoriali, Tabella 4 (4A-4H) Il presente Rapporto e Consuntivo è allestito in ossequio alla Legge federale sulle lingue nazionali e la comprensione tra le comunità linguistiche del 5 ottobre 2007 ed alla relativa Ordinanza del 4 giugno 2010. Rapporto Sussidi alla cultura 2012 p. 1 1. SPESA PER LA CULTURA del Cantone Ticino INTRODUZIONE 1.1. Commento 1.1.1 Commento generale e considerazioni statistiche Seguendo un formato consolidato, in questo Rapporto la Divisione della cultura e degli studi universitari (DCSU) presenta gli interventi resi possibili dal Sussidio federale per la salvaguardia e la promozione della lingua e della cultura italiana (SF) contestualizzandoli nel quadro generale del sostegno del Cantone Ticino alla cultura. -
Philosophy of Mind & Psychology Reading Group
NB: This is an author’s version of the paper published in Med Health Care and Philos (2014) 17:143–154. DOI 10.1007/s11019-013-9519-8. The final publication is available at Springer via http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11019-013-9519-8 This version may differ slightly from the published version and has different pagination. On deciding to have a lobotomy: either lobotomies were justified or decisions under risk should not always seek to Maximise Expected Utility. Rachel Cooper Abstract In the 1940s and 1950s thousands of lobotomies were performed on people with mental disorders. These operations were known to be dangerous, but thought to offer great hope. Nowadays, the lobotomies of the 1940s and 1950s are widely condemned. The consensus is that the practitioners who employed them were, at best, misguided enthusiasts, or, at worst, evil. In this paper I employ standard decision theory to understand and assess shifts in the evaluation of lobotomy. Textbooks of medical decision making generally recommend that decisions under risk are made so as to maximise expected utility (MEU) I show that using this procedure suggests that the 1940s and 1950s practice of psychosurgery was justifiable. In making sense of this finding we have a choice: Either we can accept that psychosurgery was justified, in which case condemnation of the lobotomists is misplaced. Or, we can conclude that the use of formal decision procedures, such as MEU, is problematic. Keywords Decision theory _ Lobotomy _ Psychosurgery _ Risk _ Uncertainty 1. Introduction In the 1940s and 1950s thousands of lobotomies – operations designed to destroy portions of the frontal lobes – were performed on mentally ill people. -
Psychosurgery: Review of Latest Concepts and Applications
Review 29 Psychosurgery: Review of Latest Concepts and Applications Sabri Aydin 1 Bashar Abuzayed 1 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul Address for correspondence and reprint requests Bashar Abuzayed, University, Istanbul, Turkey M.D., Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, K.M.P. Fatih, Istanbul 34089, Turkey J Neurol Surg A 2013;74:29–46. (e-mail: [email protected]). Abstract Although the utilization of psychosurgery has commenced in early 19th century, when compared with other neurosurgical fields, it faced many obstacles resulting in the delay of advancement of this type of surgical methodology. This was due to the insufficient knowledge of both neural networks of the brain and the pathophysiology of psychiatric diseases. The aggressive surgical treatment modalities with high mortality and morbid- ity rates, the controversial ethical concerns, and the introduction of antipsychotic drugs were also among those obstacles. With the recent advancements in the field of neuroscience more accurate knowledge was gained in this fieldofferingnewideas for the management of these diseases. Also, the recent technological developments Keywords aided the surgeons to define more sophisticated and minimally invasive techniques ► deep brain during the surgical procedures. Maybe the most important factor in the rerising of stimulation psychosurgery is the assemblage of the experts, clinicians, and researchers in various ► neural networks fields of neurosciences implementing a multidisciplinary approach. In this article, the ► neuromodulation authors aim to review the latest concepts of the pathophysiology and the recent ► psychiatric disorders advancements of the surgical treatment of psychiatric diseases from a neurosurgical ► psychosurgery point of view. Introduction omy in 1935.8,22 Moniz's initial trial resulted in no deaths or serious morbidities, which were seen in the other treat- Psychosurgery existed long before the advent of the frontal ments available for psychological disorders, such as insulin lobotomy. -
Emil Hadina (1885-1957) Zum Literarischen Leben in Der Provinz
MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA FILOZOFICKÁ FAKULTA DISERTACN͡ PRÁCE Emil Hadina (1885-1957) Zum literarischen Leben in der Provinz AUTOR PRÁCE PhDr. ZdenˇekMareˇcek VEDOUCÍ PRÁCE Prof. PhDr. JiˇríMunzar, CSc. Brno, 2006 Zdenekˇ Marecek:ˇ Emil Hadina (1885-1957). Zum literarischen Leben in der Provinz. Brno: Filozofická fakulta Masarykovy univerzity, 2006. Schlüßelwörter: Emil Hadina, Karl Hans Strobl, Troppau, Staackmann, Höhenliteratur, Heimatliteratur, Dichterroman, Autorenstrategie. Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem pˇredloženoudisertaˇcnípráci zpracoval samostat- nˇea použil pouze uvedenou literaturu. ZdenˇekMareˇcek V Brnˇe29. 3. 2006 ii Danksagung Mein aufrichtiger Dank gehört allen, die mir ermöglicht haben, die Arbeit in diesen (mich immer noch nicht ganz befriedigenden) Zu- stand zu bringen: – an erster Stelle dem Betreuer meiner Arbeit Prof. PhDr. JiˇríMun- zar, CSc., der als jahrelanger Institusvorstand und seit meinen Studentenjahren mein Mentor mich ermunterte und beriet; – Prof. PhDr. Ludvík Václavek, CSc., dem Vater der Idee, Hadi- nas Werk zu untersuchen, einem geduldigen Förderer meiner Bemühungen und dem Oponenten; – meinem zweiten Opponenten Prof. Dr. phil. Klaus Heydemann, meinem großen Vorbild als Ginzkey-Spezialist, dem ich einen Einblick in die Methodologie der Sozialgeschichte der Literatur und manche sprachliche Korrektur verdanke; – Dr. phil. Alois Kernbauer vom Universitätsarchiv Graz, der mir Hadinas Dissertation zukommen ließ; – Dr. phil. Becher für die Materialien zu Hadinas Versuch, Mit- glied der Reichsschrifttumskammer -
History of Psychiatry, John Wiley Virtual Reality & Sons, 1997
A BRIEF HISTORY OF by The diagnose, prevent Brainstorms & treat mental disorders Scientific PSYCHIATRY related to mood, behaviour, cognition and perceptions. th century BCE th Explaining mental illness with demonic - century BCE possession or the supernatural. Exorcism is a trusted treatment (1). In some cultures such Hippocrates and Democritus believed beliefs are still present (2). that mental disorders have physiological rd causes and experimented on animals (1). century BCE nd First hospital for mentally ill was - century BCE built in India (3). Century Aryurveda explained mental illness as imbalance of th bodily fluids or karma (3). First bimaristan (Islamic hospital) in Baghdad with separate ward for mentally ill (4). Robert Burton published 'The Anatomy of Melancholy', the first known medical textbook describing clinical depression. William Battie wrote 'Treatise on Madness'. He believed mental disorders are caused by dysfunction of the brain and body. Marguerite & Jean-Baptiste Pussin established the "moral treatment" of psychiatric patients. - Straitjackets were still in use but dark dungeons Johann C. Reil coins the term psychiatry (5). were replaced with sunny, well-ventilated rooms. Philippe Pinel first describes dementia praecox (schizophrenia). Swiss psychiatrist Gottlieb Burckhardt performs first psychosurgery. He removes brain parts of six chronic schizophrenic patients. Sigmund Freud publishes 'The Psychopathology of Everyday Life.' John Cade discovers the effects of lithium in the treatment of mania. onwards The first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual With the discovery of the first antipsychotic of Mental Disorders (DSM) is published to affecting schizophrenics (chlorpromazine) the standardise psychiatric diagnosis. term psychopharmacology was introduced. - s The American Psychiatric Association Brain scanning (CT, PET, MRI,...) is declassifies homosexuality as a established which allows to view the living mental disorder. -
Bibliographic Essay for Alex Ross's Wagnerism: Art and Politics in The
Bibliographic Essay for Alex Ross’s Wagnerism: Art and Politics in the Shadow of Music The notes in the printed text of Wagnerism give sources for material quoted in the book and cite the important primary and secondary literature on which I drew. From those notes, I have assembled an alphabetized bibliography of works cited. However, my reading and research went well beyond the literature catalogued in the notes, and in the following essay I hope to give as complete an accounting of my research as I can manage. Perhaps the document will be of use to scholars doing further work on the phenomenon of Wagnerism. As I indicate in my introduction and acknowledgments, I am tremendously grateful to those who have gone before me; a not inconsiderable number of them volunteered personal assistance as I worked. Wagner has been the subject of thousands of books—although the often-quoted claim that more has been written about him than anyone except Christ or Napoleon is one of many indestructible Wagner myths. (Barry Millington, long established one of the leading Wagner commentators in English, disposes of it briskly in an essay on “Myths and Legends” in his Wagner Compendium, published by Schirmer in 1992.) Nonetheless, the literature is vast, and since Wagner himself is not the central focus of my book I won’t attempt any sort of broad survey here. I will, however, indicate the major works that guided me in assembling the piecemeal portrait of Wagner that emerges in my book. The most extensive biography, though by no means the most trustworthy, is the six- volume, thirty-one-hundred-page life by the Wagner idolater Carl Friedrich Glasenapp (Breitkopf und Härtel, 1894–1911). -
Geschäftsbericht 2017 Zentrum Paul Klee
Geschäftsbericht 2017 Zentrum Paul Klee 1 Inhaltsverzeichnis Editorial 4 Dachstiftung KMB-ZPK 6 Ausstellungen 7 Sammlung, Ausstellung & Forschung 8 Sparten 14 Kindermuseum Creaviva 18 Sommerakademie 19 Kunstvermittlung 20 Event 21 Kommunikation & Marketing 22 Facility Management 23 Personal 24 Sponsoren & Partner 27 Statistik 28 Finanzen 29 Revisionsbericht 32 Editorial Liebe Leserinnen und Leser werkstatt, als auch die interaktive Werkstatt Provenienzfor- Wir dürfen mit Freude und auch Stolz auf das Jahr 2017 zu- schung boten der Öffentlichkeit einen vertieften Einblick in rückblicken. Viele neue Projekte und Ausstellungen wurden die anspruchsvollen Forschungs- und Restaurierungsarbei- in die Wege geleitet und umgesetzt. Es war ein abwechs- ten der Werke. lungsreiches und in vielen Aspekten aussergewöhnliches Jahr. Eine grosse Wertschätzung empfinden wir für die Ebenfalls im Rahmen einer internationalen Kooperation Leistungen aller Mitarbeitenden vom Kunstmuseum Bern entstand die Ausstellung 10 Americans. After Paul Klee im und dem Zentrum Paul Klee, die all dies mit ihrem Einsatz, Zentrum Paul Klee. In Kollaboration mit der Phillips Collec- Teamgeist und ihrer Leidenschaft für die Sache möglich tion, Washington D.C. zeigte die Ausstellung die Bedeutung gemacht haben. Allen Beteiligten, die das letzte Jahr mit von Paul Klees Werk für die Entwicklung der US-amerikani- uns gestaltet haben, danken wir an dieser Stelle herzlich. schen Kunst Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts. Im Anschluss an ihre Premiere in Bern wurde sie mit grossem Erfolg in den USA Das Jahr 2017 war von grossen Herausforderungen be- gezeigt. Auch die Klee-Forschung und das Fruchtland spiel- stimmt. Die begonnene Zusammenarbeit galt es zu konsoli- ten für das Zentrum Paul Klee eine bedeutende Rolle, eben- dieren, die Integration von beiden Kunst- und Kulturhäusern so wie die Sparten Musik und Literatur.