History of Psychiatry, John Wiley Virtual Reality & Sons, 1997

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History of Psychiatry, John Wiley Virtual Reality & Sons, 1997

A BRIEF HISTORY OF by The diagnose, prevent Brainstorms & treat mental disorders Scientific PSYCHIATRY related to mood, behaviour, cognition and perceptions. th century BCE th Explaining mental illness with demonic - century BCE possession or the supernatural. Exorcism is a trusted treatment (1). In some cultures such Hippocrates and Democritus believed beliefs are still present (2). that mental disorders have physiological rd causes and experimented on animals (1). century BCE nd First hospital for mentally ill was - century BCE built in India (3). Century Aryurveda explained mental illness as imbalance of th bodily fluids or karma (3). First bimaristan (Islamic hospital) in Baghdad with separate ward for mentally ill (4). Robert Burton published 'The Anatomy of Melancholy', the first known medical textbook describing clinical depression. William Battie wrote 'Treatise on Madness'. He believed mental disorders are caused by dysfunction of the brain and body. Marguerite & Jean-Baptiste Pussin established the "moral treatment" of psychiatric patients. - Straitjackets were still in use but dark dungeons Johann C. Reil coins the term psychiatry (5). were replaced with sunny, well-ventilated rooms. Philippe Pinel first describes dementia praecox (schizophrenia). Swiss psychiatrist Gottlieb Burckhardt performs first psychosurgery. He removes brain parts of six chronic schizophrenic patients. Sigmund Freud publishes 'The Psychopathology of Everyday Life.' John Cade discovers the effects of lithium in the treatment of mania. onwards The first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual With the discovery of the first antipsychotic of Mental Disorders (DSM) is published to affecting schizophrenics (chlorpromazine) the standardise psychiatric diagnosis. term psychopharmacology was introduced. - s The American Psychiatric Association Brain scanning (CT, PET, MRI,...) is declassifies homosexuality as a established which allows to view the living mental disorder. brain without surgery. s Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is added to the DSM-3. The US National Institute of Mental Health declares the 90s the Decade of the Brain "to enhance public awareness of the benefits of brain research." Bill Clinton signs the Mental Health Parity Act, requiring psychiatric illness to be considered equal to any other medical illness by health s insurances. Research focuses more on genetic and molecular causes of psychiatric illnesses (5). s Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and direct-current stimulation (tDCS) gain 1) Elkes A., A Summary of Psychiatry, 1967. popularity for treatment-resistant depression. 2) König H., Templeton Foundation Press, 2009. 3) Neuner F., Social Science & Medicine, 2012. 4) Miller, A.C., Journal of the Royal Society of What will the next Medicine, 2006. 5) Marneros A., The British journal of psychiatry, milestone be? 2008. 5) Lee S.H., Nat Genet., 2013 Artificial Intelligence 6) Shorter, E., A History of Psychiatry, John Wiley Virtual Reality & Sons, 1997. Brain Stimulation Gut-Brain axis Neurotechnology ....

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Surgical Neurology International James I
OPEN ACCESS Editor-in-Chief: Surgical Neurology International James I. Ausman, MD, PhD For entire Editorial Board visit : University of California, Los http://www.surgicalneurologyint.com Angeles, CA, USA Historical Review Violence, mental illness, and the brain – A brief history of psychosurgery: Part 1 – From trephination to lobotomy Miguel A. Faria, Jr. Clinical Professor of Neurosurgery (ret.) and Adjunct Professor of Medical History (ret.), Mercer University School of Medicine; President, www.haciendapub.com, Macon, Georgia, USA E‑mail: *Miguel A. Faria, Jr. ‑ [email protected] *Corresponding author Received: 11 March 13 Accepted: 13 March 13 Published: 05 April 13 This article may be cited as: Faria MA. Violence, mental illness, and the brain - A brief history of psychosurgery: Part 1 - From trephination to lobotomy. Surg Neurol Int 2013;4:49. Available FREE in open access from: http://www.surgicalneurologyint.com/text.asp?2013/4/1/49/110146 Copyright: © 2013 Faria MA. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Psychosurgery was developed early in human prehistory (trephination) as a need perhaps to alter aberrant behavior and treat mental illness. The “American Crowbar Case" provided an impetus to study the brain and human behavior. The frontal lobe Access this article syndrome was avidly studied. Frontal lobotomy was developed in the 1930s for online the treatment of mental illness and to solve the pressing problem of overcrowding Website: in mental institutions in an era when no other forms of effective treatment were www.surgicalneurologyint.com DOI: available.
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