A BRIEF HISTORY OF by The diagnose, prevent Brainstorms & treat mental disorders Scientific PSYCHIATRY related to mood, behaviour, cognition and perceptions. th century BCE th Explaining mental illness with demonic - century BCE possession or the supernatural. Exorcism is a trusted treatment (1). In some cultures such Hippocrates and Democritus believed beliefs are still present (2). that mental disorders have physiological rd causes and experimented on animals (1). century BCE nd First hospital for mentally ill was - century BCE built in India (3). Century Aryurveda explained mental illness as imbalance of th bodily fluids or karma (3). First bimaristan (Islamic hospital) in Baghdad with separate ward for mentally ill (4). Robert Burton published 'The Anatomy of Melancholy', the first known medical textbook describing clinical depression. William Battie wrote 'Treatise on Madness'. He believed mental disorders are caused by dysfunction of the brain and body. Marguerite & Jean-Baptiste Pussin established the "moral treatment" of psychiatric patients. - Straitjackets were still in use but dark dungeons Johann C. Reil coins the term psychiatry (5). were replaced with sunny, well-ventilated rooms.

Philippe Pinel first describes dementia praecox (schizophrenia). Swiss psychiatrist Gottlieb Burckhardt performs first psychosurgery. He removes brain parts of six chronic schizophrenic patients. Sigmund Freud publishes 'The Psychopathology of Everyday Life.' John Cade discovers the effects of lithium in the treatment of mania. onwards The first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual With the discovery of the first antipsychotic of Mental Disorders (DSM) is published to affecting schizophrenics (chlorpromazine) the standardise psychiatric diagnosis. term psychopharmacology was introduced.

- s The American Psychiatric Association Brain scanning (CT, PET, MRI,...) is declassifies homosexuality as a established which allows to view the living mental disorder. brain without surgery. s Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is added to the DSM-3. The US National Institute of Mental Health declares the 90s the Decade of the Brain "to enhance public awareness of the benefits of brain research." Bill Clinton signs the Mental Health Parity Act, requiring psychiatric illness to be considered equal to any other medical illness by health s insurances. Research focuses more on genetic and molecular causes of psychiatric illnesses (5). s Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and direct-current stimulation (tDCS) gain 1) Elkes A., A Summary of Psychiatry, 1967. popularity for treatment-resistant depression. 2) König H., Templeton Foundation Press, 2009. 3) Neuner F., Social Science & Medicine, 2012. 4) Miller, A.C., Journal of the Royal Society of What will the next Medicine, 2006. 5) Marneros A., The British journal of psychiatry, milestone be? 2008. 5) Lee S.H., Nat Genet., 2013 Artificial Intelligence 6) Shorter, E., A History of Psychiatry, John Wiley Virtual Reality & Sons, 1997. Brain Stimulation Gut-Brain axis Neurotechnology ...