History of Psychiatry, John Wiley Virtual Reality & Sons, 1997
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Surgical Neurology International James I
OPEN ACCESS Editor-in-Chief: Surgical Neurology International James I. Ausman, MD, PhD For entire Editorial Board visit : University of California, Los http://www.surgicalneurologyint.com Angeles, CA, USA Historical Review Violence, mental illness, and the brain – A brief history of psychosurgery: Part 1 – From trephination to lobotomy Miguel A. Faria, Jr. Clinical Professor of Neurosurgery (ret.) and Adjunct Professor of Medical History (ret.), Mercer University School of Medicine; President, www.haciendapub.com, Macon, Georgia, USA E‑mail: *Miguel A. Faria, Jr. ‑ [email protected] *Corresponding author Received: 11 March 13 Accepted: 13 March 13 Published: 05 April 13 This article may be cited as: Faria MA. Violence, mental illness, and the brain - A brief history of psychosurgery: Part 1 - From trephination to lobotomy. Surg Neurol Int 2013;4:49. Available FREE in open access from: http://www.surgicalneurologyint.com/text.asp?2013/4/1/49/110146 Copyright: © 2013 Faria MA. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Psychosurgery was developed early in human prehistory (trephination) as a need perhaps to alter aberrant behavior and treat mental illness. The “American Crowbar Case" provided an impetus to study the brain and human behavior. The frontal lobe Access this article syndrome was avidly studied. Frontal lobotomy was developed in the 1930s for online the treatment of mental illness and to solve the pressing problem of overcrowding Website: in mental institutions in an era when no other forms of effective treatment were www.surgicalneurologyint.com DOI: available. -
NSJ-Spine January 2004
Neurosurg Focus 25 (1):E9, 2008 Modern psychosurgery before Egas Moniz: a tribute to Gottlieb Burckhardt SUNIL MANJILA, M.D., SETTI RENGACHARY, M.D., ANDREW R. XAVIER, M.D., BRANDON PARKER, B.A., AND MURALI GUTHIKONDA, M.D. Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan The history of modern psychosurgery has been written in several ways, weaving around many pioneers in the field during the 19th century. Often neglected in this history is Gottlieb Burckhardt (1836–1907), who performed the first psychosurgical procedures as early as 1888, several decades before the work of Egas Moniz (1874–1955). The uncon- ventional and original case series of Burckhardt, who claimed success in 50% of patients (3 of 6), had met with overt criticism from his contemporary medical colleagues. The authors describe 2 illustrative cases of cortical extirpation performed by Burckhardt and review his pioneering case series for surgical outcome, despite the ambiguity in postop- erative evaluation criteria. Although Burckhardt discontinued the project after publication of his surgical results in 1891, neurosurgeons around the world continued to investigate psychosurgery and revitalized his ideas in 1910; psy- chosurgery subsequently developed into a full-fledged neurosurgical specialty.(DOI: 10.3171/FOC/2008/25/7/E9) KEY WORDS • Burckhardt • Moniz • Prefargier • psychosurgery • topectomy OTTLIEB Burckhardt (1836–1907; Fig. 1), a Swiss operations of the Prefargier asylum for 5 years before retir- psychiatrist, was the first physician to perform ing in 1896.3,4 Burckhardt died of pneumonia in 1907.2 G modern psychosurgery, in which the contemporary theories about brain–behavior and brain–language relation- Contemporary Research Influences ships were amalgamated and practically applied to patient The neuroscience environment that prevailed in the late care. -
Tractographic Analysis of Historical Lesion Surgery for Depression
Neuropsychopharmacology (2010) 35, 2553–2563 & 2010 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0893-133X/10 $32.00 www.neuropsychopharmacology.org Tractographic Analysis of Historical Lesion Surgery for Depression 1,2,6 3,6 1,2 4 5 Jan-Christoph Schoene-Bake , Yaroslav Parpaley , Bernd Weber , Jaak Panksepp , Trevor A Hurwitz ,3 and Volker A Coenen* 1Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany; 2Department of NeuroCognition/Imaging, Life & Brain Center, Bonn, Germany; 3Stereotaxy and MR based OR Techniques/Department of Neurosurgery, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany; 4Department of VCAPP, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; 5Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CA, USA Various surgical brain ablation procedures for the treatment of refractory depression were developed in the twentieth century. Most notably, key target sites were (i) the anterior cingulum, (ii) the anterior limb of the internal capsule, and (iii) the subcaudate white matter, which were regarded as effective targets. Long-term symptom remissions were better following lesions of the anterior internal capsule and subcaudate white matter than of the cingulum. It is possible that the observed clinical improvements of these various surgical procedures may reflect shared influences on presently unspecified brain affect-regulating networks. Such possibilities can now be analyzed using modern brain connectivity procedures such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography. We determined whether the shared connectivities of the above lesion sites in healthy volunteers might explain the therapeutic effects of the various surgical approaches. Accordingly, modestly sized historical lesions, especially of the anatomical overlap areas, were ‘implanted’ in brain-MRI scans of 53 healthy subjects. -
A Book Review of the Lobotomist: a Maverick Medical Genius and His Tragic Quest to Rid the World of Mental Illness by Jack El-Hai
Voice of the Publisher, 2021, 7, 80-84 https://www.scirp.org/journal/vp ISSN Online: 2380-7598 ISSN Print: 2380-7571 A Book Review of the Lobotomist: A Maverick Medical Genius and His Tragic Quest to Rid the World of Mental Illness by Jack El-Hai Hamzah M. Alghzawi1*, Fatima K. Ghanem2 1Medstar Good Samaritan Hospital, Maryland, USA 2Al Albayt University, Mafraq, Jordan How to cite this paper: Alghzawi, H. M., Abstract & Ghanem, F. K. (2021). A Book Review of the Lobotomist: A Maverick Medical Ge- Review of book: Jack El-Hai, The Lobotomist: A Maverick Medical Genius nius and His Tragic Quest to Rid the World and His Tragic Quest to Rid the World of Mental Illness. Hoboken, NJ: J. of Mental Illness by Jack El-Hai. Voice of Wiley, 2005, 362 pp. ISBN: 0470098309 (ISBN13: 9780470098301): Reviewed the Publisher, 7, 80-84. https://doi.org/10.4236/vp.2021.72007 by H. Alghzawi. The author of this book, Jack El-Haim, explores one of the darkest chapters of American medicine when Walter Freeman, M.D. attempted Received: March 15, 2021 to treat the hundreds of thousands of psychiatric patients in need of help Accepted: June 6, 2021 during the middle decades of the twentieth century. Walter Freeman claimed Published: June 9, 2021 that lobotomy, a brain operation, reduces the severity of psychotic symptoms. Copyright © 2021 by author(s) and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. Keywords This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International Lobotomist, Lobotomy, Mental Illness, Book Review, Psychosurgery License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Open Access 1. -
The Ethic, Phenomenology and Diagnostic of Post-War French Psychiatry
The Ethic, Phenomenology and Diagnostic of post-war French Psychiatry Thesis submitted to the University of London for the award of Doctor of Philosophy By, David Reggio Goldsmiths College, Department ofHistory, University of London November 2005 1 Abstract of Thesis The thesis seeks to examine the ethical, phenomenological and diagnostic renewal of psychiatry in post-war France. The particular focus of study will be to bring to light (1) the emergence of a psychiatric movement that was to become known as Institutional Psychotherapy in 1952, (2) the inauguration of a particular post-war clinical sentiment of sympathy, (3) and the more specific developments of the psychopathology of schizophrenia undertaken by Dr. Franyois Tosquelles and Dr. Jean Oury. The thesis is composed of three chapters: The first chapter of the thesis, presents a bi-focal analysis of a philanthropic politic characterising two significant moments of medical reform, where psychiatry finds its Hippocratic and Apostolic definition as a vocation addressing the imperial need of man. The first moment, is that of Philippe Pinel in a Post Revolutionary France, who urged for more specialised spaces employing the non-violent treatment of the insane. The second, is the German Occupation of France, where the psychiatrist's personage in the questionably 'free' Vichy South is one that is dramatic and resistant. This historical study is conducted in order to bring to light the methodological shift within the history of European psychiatry: what was the art of medicine and alienation for Pinel of the Paris Pitie Salpetriere, is extended and redefmed as the art ofsympathy and dis-alienation for those of the clinical fraternity of Saint-Alban. -
Philosophy of Mind & Psychology Reading Group
NB: This is an author’s version of the paper published in Med Health Care and Philos (2014) 17:143–154. DOI 10.1007/s11019-013-9519-8. The final publication is available at Springer via http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11019-013-9519-8 This version may differ slightly from the published version and has different pagination. On deciding to have a lobotomy: either lobotomies were justified or decisions under risk should not always seek to Maximise Expected Utility. Rachel Cooper Abstract In the 1940s and 1950s thousands of lobotomies were performed on people with mental disorders. These operations were known to be dangerous, but thought to offer great hope. Nowadays, the lobotomies of the 1940s and 1950s are widely condemned. The consensus is that the practitioners who employed them were, at best, misguided enthusiasts, or, at worst, evil. In this paper I employ standard decision theory to understand and assess shifts in the evaluation of lobotomy. Textbooks of medical decision making generally recommend that decisions under risk are made so as to maximise expected utility (MEU) I show that using this procedure suggests that the 1940s and 1950s practice of psychosurgery was justifiable. In making sense of this finding we have a choice: Either we can accept that psychosurgery was justified, in which case condemnation of the lobotomists is misplaced. Or, we can conclude that the use of formal decision procedures, such as MEU, is problematic. Keywords Decision theory _ Lobotomy _ Psychosurgery _ Risk _ Uncertainty 1. Introduction In the 1940s and 1950s thousands of lobotomies – operations designed to destroy portions of the frontal lobes – were performed on mentally ill people. -
Psychosurgery: Review of Latest Concepts and Applications
Review 29 Psychosurgery: Review of Latest Concepts and Applications Sabri Aydin 1 Bashar Abuzayed 1 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul Address for correspondence and reprint requests Bashar Abuzayed, University, Istanbul, Turkey M.D., Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, K.M.P. Fatih, Istanbul 34089, Turkey J Neurol Surg A 2013;74:29–46. (e-mail: [email protected]). Abstract Although the utilization of psychosurgery has commenced in early 19th century, when compared with other neurosurgical fields, it faced many obstacles resulting in the delay of advancement of this type of surgical methodology. This was due to the insufficient knowledge of both neural networks of the brain and the pathophysiology of psychiatric diseases. The aggressive surgical treatment modalities with high mortality and morbid- ity rates, the controversial ethical concerns, and the introduction of antipsychotic drugs were also among those obstacles. With the recent advancements in the field of neuroscience more accurate knowledge was gained in this fieldofferingnewideas for the management of these diseases. Also, the recent technological developments Keywords aided the surgeons to define more sophisticated and minimally invasive techniques ► deep brain during the surgical procedures. Maybe the most important factor in the rerising of stimulation psychosurgery is the assemblage of the experts, clinicians, and researchers in various ► neural networks fields of neurosciences implementing a multidisciplinary approach. In this article, the ► neuromodulation authors aim to review the latest concepts of the pathophysiology and the recent ► psychiatric disorders advancements of the surgical treatment of psychiatric diseases from a neurosurgical ► psychosurgery point of view. Introduction omy in 1935.8,22 Moniz's initial trial resulted in no deaths or serious morbidities, which were seen in the other treat- Psychosurgery existed long before the advent of the frontal ments available for psychological disorders, such as insulin lobotomy. -
Thorben-Peter-Simonsen-Phd-Series
The Spatial Organization of Psychiatric Practice A Situated Inquiry into ‘Healing Architecture’ Simonsen, Thorben Peter Document Version Final published version Publication date: 2020 License Unspecified Citation for published version (APA): Simonsen, T. P. (2020). The Spatial Organization of Psychiatric Practice: A Situated Inquiry into ‘Healing Architecture’. Copenhagen Business School [Phd]. PhD Series No. 03.2020 Link to publication in CBS Research Portal General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us ([email protected]) providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 03. Oct. 2021 COPENHAGEN BUSINESS SCHOOL INQUIRY INTO ‘HEALING ARCHITECTURE’ PRACTICE: A SITUATED OF PSYCHIATRIC ORGANIZATION THE SPATIAL SOLBJERG PLADS 3 DK-2000 FREDERIKSBERG DANMARK WWW.CBS.DK ISSN 0906-6934 Print ISBN: 978-87-93956-16-2 Online ISBN: 978-87-93956-17-9 Thorben Peter Simonsen THE SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF PSYCHIATRIC PRACTICE A SITUATED INQUIRY INTO ‘HEALING ARCHITECTURE’ Doctoral School of Organisation and Management Studies PhD Series 03.2020 PhD Series 03.2020 THE SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF PSYCHIATRIC PRACTICE A situated inquiry into ‘healing architecture’ Thorben -
New Techniques for Brain Disorders Marc Lévêque
Marc Lévêque Psychosurgery New Techniques for Brain Disorders Preface by Bart Nuttin Afterword by Marwan Hariz 123 Psychosurgery Marc Lévêque Psychosurgery New Techniques for Brain Disorders Preface by Bart Nuttin Afterword by Marwan Hariz 123 Marc Lévêque Service de Neurochirurgie Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière Paris France ISBN 978-3-319-01143-1 ISBN 978-3-319-01144-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-01144-8 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013946891 Illustration: Charlotte Porcheron ([email protected]) Translation: Noam Cochin Translation from the French language edition ‘Psychochirurgie’ de Marc Lévêque, Ó Springer-Verlag France, Paris, 2013; ISBN: 978-2-8178-0453-8 Ó Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. -
Edward Fitz Randolph
The Descendants of EDWARD FITZ RANDOLPH and ELIZABETH BLOSSOM 1630 - 1950 By Q Louise Aymar Christian and Howard Stelle Fitz Randolph 1950 Copyright 1950 Louise Aymar Christian and Howard Stelle Fitz Randolph EXPLANATION OF NUMBERING. 110. KATHERINE5 FITZ RANDOLPH (44). The first number is the individual descendant's own number; the number in parenthesis after the name is the number of that person's father; thus making it simple to trace lines back to Edward1 Fitz Randolph, the progenitor. Numbers in brackets [], refer to the list of authorities at the end of the volume. ,./ ., ., ; • .,, .. ~ t'.... < ""'"•" ~/ •• ,.- ~ " ••• ,, ;... ,.. , ... ( •• ;1/4 :·,.~·.·_,. C. "' /.,:/.~, .. ~.•If - QUAKER MARRIAGE CERTIFICATE, 1745 The Marriage of NATHANIEL FITZ RANDOLPH to his second wife MARY SHOTWELL, October 22, 1745 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank those who have helped me so generously with their valuable records: Mrs. Harry Scidmore Fitz Randolph of Jackson Heights, N. Y.; Mr. John Insley Coddington of Arlington, Va.; Mr. Willis Freeman of Chicago, Ill.; Mr. Charles Carroll Gardner of Maplewood, N. J.; and Mr. John P. Dornan of Havertown, Pa. Thanks are also due to the editors of the New England Historical and Genealogical Register for permission to include Mrs. Christian's article, "Nathaniel2 Fitz Randolph of Woodbridge, New Jersey, Quaker, and His Descendants," - with many additions and corrections - in this genealogy of the entire family, and to Mrs. Joseph W. Greene of the New Jersey Historical Society, and Mr. Arthur S. Maynard of the New York Genealogical and Biographical Society. H. S. F. R. THE DESCENDANTS OF EDWARD FITZ RANDOLPH EDWARD FITZ RANDOLPH, the Pilgrim, and the progenitor of the Fitz Randolph family in America, was undoubtedly the "Edward Fitzrandall," son of Edward Fitz., Randolph or Randall and his second wife Frances Howis or Howes, baptised at Sutton -in-Ashfield, co. -
Bilateral Stereotactic Anterior Cingulotomy Is Effective in The
Case Report Bilateral Stereotactic Anterior Cingulotomy is Effective in the Treatment of Drug-Resistant Psychosis and Impulse Control Disorders Caused by Traumatic Brain Injury: A Case Report Chottiwat Tansirisithikul MD*, Bunpot Sitthinamsuwan MD, MSc*, Umpaikanit Samanwongthai MD**, Sarutabhandu Chakrabhandu Na Ayutaya MD***, Sarun Nunta-aree MD, PhD* * Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand ** Srithanya Psychiatric Hospital, Department of Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand *** Sakaeo Rajanagarindra Psychiatic Hospital, Department of Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, Sakaeo, Thailand Background: Psychotic disorders due to traumatic brain injury (PDDTBI) represent severe form of neuropsychiatric problems that can occur after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Some patients develop treatment-refractory psychiatric symptoms. Psychosurgery is a viable option with good efficacy in such debilitating cases. Objective: To report efficacy of anterior cingulotomy for suppressing intractable psychotic and impulsive symptoms caused by TBI. Case Report: The authors report a case of 37-year-old male with a history of TBI which required craniectomy with hematoma evacuation and subsequent cranioplasty. He developed severe paranoid delusion with auditory hallucination, anxiety and impulsivity. The patient was admitted to the psychiatric hospital for recurrent, severe, treatment-refractory psychotic symptoms and impulsivity. Despite multiple drug regimens, his psychiatric symptoms did not improve. He underwent psychosurgery using bilateral anterior cingulotomy. Results: His symptoms were significantly improved after the surgery. His delusion, hallucination and impulsivity disappeared and his mood became stable. He could resume daily activity. There was no recurrent symptom at 2 years postoperatively. Conclusion: Anterior cingulotomy is an effective treatment option for refractory PDDTBI, especially if the psychotic manifestation coincides with affective symptoms. -
The Story of Nursing in British Mental Hospitals
Downloaded by [New York University] at 12:59 29 November 2016 The Story of Nursing in British Mental Hospitals From their beginnings as the asylum attendants of the nineteenth century, mental health nurses have come a long way. This is the first comprehensive history of mental health nursing in Britain in over twenty years, and during this period the landscape has transformed as the large institutions have been replaced by services in the community. McCrae and Nolan examine how the role of mental health nursing has evolved in a social and professional context, brought to life by an abundance of anecdotal accounts. The nine chronologically ordered chapters follow the development from untrained attendants in the pauper lunatic asylums to the professionally qualified nurses of the twentieth century, and, finally, consider the rundown and closure of the mental hospitals from nurses’ perspectives. Throughout, the argument is made that while the training, organisation and environment of mental health nursing has changed, the aim has remained essentially the same: to nurture a therapeutic relationship with people in distress. McCrae and Nolan look forward as well as back, and highlight significant messages for the future of mental health care. For mental health nursing to be meaningfully directed, we must first understand the place from which this field has developed. This scholarly but accessible book is aimed at anyone with an interest in mental health or social history, and will also act as a useful resource for policy- makers, managers and mental health workers. Niall McCrae is a lecturer in mental health nursing at Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, King’s College London.