A Comparative Study of George Fox and William Tuke
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John Conolly and the Historical Interpretation of Moral Management
JOHN CONOLLY AND THE HISTORICAL INTERPRETATION OF MORAL MANAGEMENT By LAURA CHRISTINE WOOD B.A., The University of British Columbia, 1978 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of History) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA December 1985 c Laura Christine Wood, 1985 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department The University of British Columbia 1956 Main Mall Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Y3 DE-6(3/81) ABSTRACT A number of explanations have been offered to account for the develop• ment and decline of the movement to reform the care and treatment of the insane, which began in Britain in the late eighteenth century, and was to find its most complete expression in the system known as moral management. The traditional or internalist school argues firstly, that humanitarianism was the motivating force behind the changes in the treatment of insanity, and secondly, that conditions for the mad improved because of a growth of medi• cal and scientific knowledge. -
The Ethic, Phenomenology and Diagnostic of Post-War French Psychiatry
The Ethic, Phenomenology and Diagnostic of post-war French Psychiatry Thesis submitted to the University of London for the award of Doctor of Philosophy By, David Reggio Goldsmiths College, Department ofHistory, University of London November 2005 1 Abstract of Thesis The thesis seeks to examine the ethical, phenomenological and diagnostic renewal of psychiatry in post-war France. The particular focus of study will be to bring to light (1) the emergence of a psychiatric movement that was to become known as Institutional Psychotherapy in 1952, (2) the inauguration of a particular post-war clinical sentiment of sympathy, (3) and the more specific developments of the psychopathology of schizophrenia undertaken by Dr. Franyois Tosquelles and Dr. Jean Oury. The thesis is composed of three chapters: The first chapter of the thesis, presents a bi-focal analysis of a philanthropic politic characterising two significant moments of medical reform, where psychiatry finds its Hippocratic and Apostolic definition as a vocation addressing the imperial need of man. The first moment, is that of Philippe Pinel in a Post Revolutionary France, who urged for more specialised spaces employing the non-violent treatment of the insane. The second, is the German Occupation of France, where the psychiatrist's personage in the questionably 'free' Vichy South is one that is dramatic and resistant. This historical study is conducted in order to bring to light the methodological shift within the history of European psychiatry: what was the art of medicine and alienation for Pinel of the Paris Pitie Salpetriere, is extended and redefmed as the art ofsympathy and dis-alienation for those of the clinical fraternity of Saint-Alban. -
Back Copies of the 'Journal'
and Society'? Is it not time we sent fewer people to prison? the facilities available in the public sector for, in this The Home Secretary's abolition of indefinite borstal instance, the humane treatment of the mentally ill. sentences and introduction of youth custody produced a From its inception in 1796 The Retreat succeeded, slight fall in the numbers of young men and women in gaol against the odds, in all it had set out to do, and in so doing (4 per cent drop for the year), and presumably the greater blazed a trail to be followed by John Conolly and others of his ilk in the development of the 'moral treatment' of the eligibility of medium term prisoners (i.e. anyone serving six months or over) to parole will bring another small fall. It insane. As an illustration of its pre-eminence, in 1812 remains to be seen whether this will be offset by the with Andrew Duncan senior came from Edinburgh and in a drawing of parole from violent men and drug traffickers veritable paean wrote: 'The Retreat at York is, at the serving five years or more and the minimum 20 years of moment, the best regulated establishment in Europe, either custody for non-domestic murderers. Surely what is for the recovery of the insane, or for their comfort, when required is Parliamentary courage to reduce the custodial they are in an incurable state' (Hunter, R. A. and sentencing powers of courts. Macalpine, I. (1963) Three Hundred Years of Psychiatry, The chapter on 'Health and Medical Services' is of great 1535-1860. -
Thorben-Peter-Simonsen-Phd-Series
The Spatial Organization of Psychiatric Practice A Situated Inquiry into ‘Healing Architecture’ Simonsen, Thorben Peter Document Version Final published version Publication date: 2020 License Unspecified Citation for published version (APA): Simonsen, T. P. (2020). The Spatial Organization of Psychiatric Practice: A Situated Inquiry into ‘Healing Architecture’. Copenhagen Business School [Phd]. PhD Series No. 03.2020 Link to publication in CBS Research Portal General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us ([email protected]) providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 03. Oct. 2021 COPENHAGEN BUSINESS SCHOOL INQUIRY INTO ‘HEALING ARCHITECTURE’ PRACTICE: A SITUATED OF PSYCHIATRIC ORGANIZATION THE SPATIAL SOLBJERG PLADS 3 DK-2000 FREDERIKSBERG DANMARK WWW.CBS.DK ISSN 0906-6934 Print ISBN: 978-87-93956-16-2 Online ISBN: 978-87-93956-17-9 Thorben Peter Simonsen THE SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF PSYCHIATRIC PRACTICE A SITUATED INQUIRY INTO ‘HEALING ARCHITECTURE’ Doctoral School of Organisation and Management Studies PhD Series 03.2020 PhD Series 03.2020 THE SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF PSYCHIATRIC PRACTICE A situated inquiry into ‘healing architecture’ Thorben -
History of Psychiatry, John Wiley Virtual Reality & Sons, 1997
A BRIEF HISTORY OF by The diagnose, prevent Brainstorms & treat mental disorders Scientific PSYCHIATRY related to mood, behaviour, cognition and perceptions. th century BCE th Explaining mental illness with demonic - century BCE possession or the supernatural. Exorcism is a trusted treatment (1). In some cultures such Hippocrates and Democritus believed beliefs are still present (2). that mental disorders have physiological rd causes and experimented on animals (1). century BCE nd First hospital for mentally ill was - century BCE built in India (3). Century Aryurveda explained mental illness as imbalance of th bodily fluids or karma (3). First bimaristan (Islamic hospital) in Baghdad with separate ward for mentally ill (4). Robert Burton published 'The Anatomy of Melancholy', the first known medical textbook describing clinical depression. William Battie wrote 'Treatise on Madness'. He believed mental disorders are caused by dysfunction of the brain and body. Marguerite & Jean-Baptiste Pussin established the "moral treatment" of psychiatric patients. - Straitjackets were still in use but dark dungeons Johann C. Reil coins the term psychiatry (5). were replaced with sunny, well-ventilated rooms. Philippe Pinel first describes dementia praecox (schizophrenia). Swiss psychiatrist Gottlieb Burckhardt performs first psychosurgery. He removes brain parts of six chronic schizophrenic patients. Sigmund Freud publishes 'The Psychopathology of Everyday Life.' John Cade discovers the effects of lithium in the treatment of mania. onwards The first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual With the discovery of the first antipsychotic of Mental Disorders (DSM) is published to affecting schizophrenics (chlorpromazine) the standardise psychiatric diagnosis. term psychopharmacology was introduced. - s The American Psychiatric Association Brain scanning (CT, PET, MRI,...) is declassifies homosexuality as a established which allows to view the living mental disorder. -
Edward Fitz Randolph
The Descendants of EDWARD FITZ RANDOLPH and ELIZABETH BLOSSOM 1630 - 1950 By Q Louise Aymar Christian and Howard Stelle Fitz Randolph 1950 Copyright 1950 Louise Aymar Christian and Howard Stelle Fitz Randolph EXPLANATION OF NUMBERING. 110. KATHERINE5 FITZ RANDOLPH (44). The first number is the individual descendant's own number; the number in parenthesis after the name is the number of that person's father; thus making it simple to trace lines back to Edward1 Fitz Randolph, the progenitor. Numbers in brackets [], refer to the list of authorities at the end of the volume. ,./ ., ., ; • .,, .. ~ t'.... < ""'"•" ~/ •• ,.- ~ " ••• ,, ;... ,.. , ... ( •• ;1/4 :·,.~·.·_,. C. "' /.,:/.~, .. ~.•If - QUAKER MARRIAGE CERTIFICATE, 1745 The Marriage of NATHANIEL FITZ RANDOLPH to his second wife MARY SHOTWELL, October 22, 1745 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank those who have helped me so generously with their valuable records: Mrs. Harry Scidmore Fitz Randolph of Jackson Heights, N. Y.; Mr. John Insley Coddington of Arlington, Va.; Mr. Willis Freeman of Chicago, Ill.; Mr. Charles Carroll Gardner of Maplewood, N. J.; and Mr. John P. Dornan of Havertown, Pa. Thanks are also due to the editors of the New England Historical and Genealogical Register for permission to include Mrs. Christian's article, "Nathaniel2 Fitz Randolph of Woodbridge, New Jersey, Quaker, and His Descendants," - with many additions and corrections - in this genealogy of the entire family, and to Mrs. Joseph W. Greene of the New Jersey Historical Society, and Mr. Arthur S. Maynard of the New York Genealogical and Biographical Society. H. S. F. R. THE DESCENDANTS OF EDWARD FITZ RANDOLPH EDWARD FITZ RANDOLPH, the Pilgrim, and the progenitor of the Fitz Randolph family in America, was undoubtedly the "Edward Fitzrandall," son of Edward Fitz., Randolph or Randall and his second wife Frances Howis or Howes, baptised at Sutton -in-Ashfield, co. -
The Story of Nursing in British Mental Hospitals
Downloaded by [New York University] at 12:59 29 November 2016 The Story of Nursing in British Mental Hospitals From their beginnings as the asylum attendants of the nineteenth century, mental health nurses have come a long way. This is the first comprehensive history of mental health nursing in Britain in over twenty years, and during this period the landscape has transformed as the large institutions have been replaced by services in the community. McCrae and Nolan examine how the role of mental health nursing has evolved in a social and professional context, brought to life by an abundance of anecdotal accounts. The nine chronologically ordered chapters follow the development from untrained attendants in the pauper lunatic asylums to the professionally qualified nurses of the twentieth century, and, finally, consider the rundown and closure of the mental hospitals from nurses’ perspectives. Throughout, the argument is made that while the training, organisation and environment of mental health nursing has changed, the aim has remained essentially the same: to nurture a therapeutic relationship with people in distress. McCrae and Nolan look forward as well as back, and highlight significant messages for the future of mental health care. For mental health nursing to be meaningfully directed, we must first understand the place from which this field has developed. This scholarly but accessible book is aimed at anyone with an interest in mental health or social history, and will also act as a useful resource for policy- makers, managers and mental health workers. Niall McCrae is a lecturer in mental health nursing at Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, King’s College London. -
The Southern Retreat, Thomas Hodgkin, and Achille-Louis Foville
Medical History, 1979, 23: 314-324. THE SOUTHERN RETREAT, THOMAS HODGKIN, AND ACHILLE-LOUIS FOVILLE by CHARLES L. CHERRY* DocuMENTS AT THE Library ofthe Religious Society of Friends in London' reveal an attempt in 1839 by prominent Quakers to establish "The Southern Retreat" as a counterpart to the already famous Tuke-inspired York Retreat. Though unsuccessful, the effort is interesting in several respects, not the least being the close involvement of Thomas Hodgkin and his relationship with Achille-Louis Foville. Spurred by the failure of Friends to gain admittance to York Asylum to visit Hannah Mills, a forty-two-year-old Quaker widow who eventually died in that institution on 29 April 1790, William Tuke in 1792 proposed the establishment of an asylum for Quaker insane, and on 16 May 1796 he opened York Retreat. The Retreat had as its philosophical foundations a commingled sense of religious exclusivity and a humanitarian concern for minds closed to the Inner Light; also implicit was an empirical awareness that the "beat and bleed" therapies conventional in many institutions were not only cruel but ineffectual. The success of its policy of moral management and the increasing reputation of the Retreat in the early nine- teenth century under the continued family leadership of Henry and especially Samuel Tuke (son and grandson respectively ofWilliam Tuke) spawned a number ofimitators. For instance, in the East Riding alone from 1814 until 1898, of the fourteen private asylums that opened and closed, seven had the name "Retreat" in their title.2 The Friends who met at Devonshire House in London on 1 June 1839, the day after Yearly Meeting, to discuss the "propriety of forming an Institution for the Insane, in the South of England" were conscious of a kinship with York Retreat that was more than semantic, for those present included men who had contributed to York Retreat and who were friendly with that institution's leaders. -
Psychiatrist Fellows of the Royal Society
HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRY Psychiatrist Fellows of the Royal Society Thomas Bewley The Royal Society is the oldest scientific society in William Battie was physician to St Luke's Great Britain and one of the earliest in Europe. It is hospital and was also proprietor of a large private usually considered to have been founded in 1660, asylum. His practice dealt exclusively with though a nucleus had been in existence for several insanity. In 1785, he published A Treatise on years before that date. From Charles H's reign Madness in which he made some censures on onwards, British Governments have constantly the practices formerly pursued at Bethlem. This appealed to the Royal Society for advice in connec led to a sharp rejoinder by Dr John Monro in a tion with scientific undertakings. The Society elects pamphlet the same year. some 32 Fellows annually, who have been proposed In 1763, he was examined before the House of by six or more existing Fellows. Foreign Members, Commons on the State of Private Madhouses, not exceeding 50 in all, may be selected by the and received, in the printed report, "testimony Council from among "men of the greatest scientific highly honourable to his professional attain eminence" abroad. From this it can be seen that ments". He resigned from St Luke's in 1764 Fellows of the Royal Society are among the most and died following a paralytic stroke in 1776. In distinguished scientists in the country. It is not Munk's Roll of the Royal College of Physicians of widely known that several psychiatrists have been London, it was reported of him that Fellows of the Royal Society. -
History of Psychiatry
History of Psychiatry http://hpy.sagepub.com Benevolent theory: moral treatment at the York Retreat Louis C. Charland History of Psychiatry 2007; 18; 61 DOI: 10.1177/0957154X07070320 The online version of this article can be found at: http://hpy.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/18/1/61 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for History of Psychiatry can be found at: Email Alerts: http://hpy.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://hpy.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Downloaded from http://hpy.sagepub.com at UNIV OF WESTERN ONTARIO on April 27, 2007 © 2007 SAGE Publications. All rights reserved. Not for commercial use or unauthorized distribution. History of Psychiatry, 18(1): 061–080 Copyright © 2007 SAGE Publications (London, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi) www.sagepublications.com [200703] DOI: 10.1177/0957154X07070320 Benevolent theory: moral treatment at the York Retreat LOUIS C. CHARLAND* University of Western Ontario The York Retreat is famous in the history of nineteenth-century psychiatry because of its association with moral treatment. Although there exists a substantial historical literature on the evolution of moral treatment at the Retreat, several interpretive problems continue to obscure its unique therapeutic legacy. The nature of moral treatment as practised at the Retreat will be clarified and discussed in a historical perspective. It will be argued that moral treatment at the Retreat was primarily a matter of affective conditioning guided by ‘benevolent theory’. Keywords: benevolence; conditioning; emotions; history; moral sense; moral treatment; passions; 19th century Established in 1796, the York Retreat in England is considered to be one of the birthplaces of moral treatment. -
Inequalities and Discrimination in Psychiatry's Chequered History 1
SPECIAL ARTICLE Learning from the past: inequalities and discrimination in psychiatry’s chequered history Claire Hilton,1 Robert Freudenthal2 BJPsych Bulletin (2021) Page 1 of 4, doi:10.1192/bjb.2021.68 1Royal College of Psychiatrists, London, Summary The Royal College of Psychiatrists’ antiquarian book collection originated 2 UK; Enfield and Haringey Mental Health from the library of psychiatrist Daniel Hack Tuke (1827–1895). A proposal to name NHS Trust, London, UK the collection after him led us to investigate aspects of his life and work, particularly Correspondence to Claire Hilton related to his attitudes concerning race, gender and homosexuality. We juxtaposed ([email protected]) his ideas with those of some of his contemporaries. We cannot separate First received 17 Dec 2020, final revision fi 26 Apr 2021, accepted 21 Jun 2021 psychiatrists, past or present, from the societal and scienti c context that shapes their professional understanding and standards. However, changes in language, © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of knowledge, values and other sociocultural factors over time can affect how we the Royal College of Psychiatrists. This is perceive our forebears and how future generations of psychiatrists may perceive us. an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Keywords Stigma and discrimination; history of psychiatry; Daniel Hack Tuke; Commons Attribution licence (http:// Henry Maudsley; remembering the past. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The Royal College of Psychiatrists (RCPsych) published its the Internet Archive (www.archive.org) and in the Journal Equality Action Plan in January 2021.1 It seeks to overcome of Mental Science (JMS, predecessor of British Journal of inequalities that may have a negative impact on the well- Psychiatry). -
Architecture, Landscape, and American Culture
The Architecture of Madness Architecture, Landscape, and American Culture SERIES EDITOR Katherine Solomonson UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA A Manufactured Wilderness: Summer Camps and the Shaping of American Youth, 1890–1960 Abigail A. Van Slyck The Architecture of Madness: Insane Asylums in the United States Carla Yanni The Architecture of Madness Insane Asylums in the United States Carla Yanni ARCHITECTURE, LANDSCAPE, AND AMERICAN CULTURE University of Minnesota Press MINNEAPOLIS • LONDON Published in cooperation with the Center for American Places, Santa Fe, New Mexico, and Staunton, Virginia. www.americanplaces.org. This book is supported by a grant from the Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts. The author and the University of Minnesota Press gratefully acknowledge the support of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and the University Research Council of Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, in the publication of this book. An earlier version of chapter 2 was previously published as “The Linear Plan for Insane Asylums in the United States to 1866,” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 62, no. 1 (March 2003). Reprinted with permission of the Society of Architectural Historians. The architectural plans in Appendix D were redrawn by Kevin Bell. Copyright 2007 by the Regents of the University of Minnesota All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Published by the University of Minnesota Press 111 Third Avenue South, Suite 290 Minneapolis, MN 55401-2520 http://www.upress.umn.edu Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Yanni, Carla.