DOCSLIB.ORG

A Kushan King in Parthian Dress? a Note on a Statue in the Mathura Museum*

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Kushan King in Parthian Dress? a Note on a Statue in the Mathura Museum* doi: 10.2143/AWE.7.0.2033263 AWE 7 (2008) 265-285 A KUSHAN KING IN PARTHIAN DRESS? 265 A KUSHAN KING IN PARTHIAN DRESS? A NOTE ON A STATUE IN THE MATHURA MUSEUM* Elfriede R. (Kezia) KNAUER Abstract The statue of a seated Kushan king in the museum in Mathura has never been described in detail. An important feature of the king’s outfit has therefore escaped notice. The analysis of the garment permits a comparison between it and the costume of images of western Asian gods and royalty which can be dated between the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD. One of the most impressive pieces of statuary in the Government Museum at Mathura (Uttar Pradesh, India) is the enthroned effigy of a Kushan king. In the Brahmi inscription between his feet most of his name is preserved: Vima Ta… It now seems fairly certain that a Kushan ruler, Vima Taktu, is represented (Figs. 1- 2).1 Until recently he was unknown. A grandfather of the better known Kanishka, Vima Taktu was the son of Kujula Kadphises, the unifier of the rival tribes of the the Yüeh-chih (who from early in the 1st century AD called themselves Kushan).2 Coming from the north-east, several nomadic groups – first the Saka, slightly later the Yüeh-chih – had wiped out the Greek kingdom of Bactria in present-day * I am much obliged to Joan Mertens and Paul Bernard for their critical reading of this study. 1 Government Museum, Mathura, no. 215. The height of the statue is 2.35 m. See von Mitterwallner 1986, 53-64, esp. 60-62, pls. 1-4, with references. The author calls the king Vima Kadphises – at the time of the publication the only known Kushan king of a name that begins with Vima. She does not recognise or interpret the features that are the subject of this study. Through palaeographical comparisons, she dates the statute to about AD 142. The best photographs are in Bachhofer 1929 II, pls. 77-78; his text (1929 I, 52) does not go into details of dress. In 1974, I noted its inv. no. as 12.215. For the new identification, see below n. 2. 2 It is not known whether the name Kushan is a personal, family, clan or tribal name, but all Kushan rulers we know by name add this epithet to it (Fussman 2003). For evidence of the presence of Yüeh-chih/Kushans in Bactria (the Oxus valley) from the later 2nd century BC onwards, see Abdoullaev 2001. It is only through the inscription found at Rabatak (Baghlan province) in Afghani- stan in 1993 that the genealogy of the first Kusham kings could be finally established, since it men- tions Vima Taktu as father of Vima Kadphises and grandfather of Kanishka. For the inscription, see Sims-Williams and Cribb 1995-96; Fussman 1998; Cribb 1999, also available with slight adjust- ments as http://www.grifterrec.com/y/cribb/ekk_cribb_01.html. (consulted 15 January 2008); Bopearachchi 1998, 390-91; 2007; also Bopearachchi and Flandin 2005, 244-45. Clearly enlighten- ing for the genealogy, the inscription has not contributed to the establishment of the absolute chro- nology of the Kushan reigns (for a brief summary of the problem, see Alram 2004, 57). For the most recent interpretation of the coin evidence, see Bopearachchi 2008. 1197-08_Anc.West&East_14 265 12-18-2008, 11:37 266 E.R. KNAUER Fig. 1: Statue of the enthroned Kushan king Vima Taktu: frontal view. Government Museum Mathura, no. 215 (after Bachhofer 1929 II, pl. 77). 1197-08_Anc.West&East_14 266 12-18-2008, 11:37 A KUSHAN KING IN PARTHIAN DRESS? 267 Fig. 2: Statue of the enthroned Kushan king Vima Taktu: side view. Government Museum Mathura, no. 215 (after Bachhofer 1929 II, pl. 78). 1197-08_Anc.West&East_14 267 12-18-2008, 11:37 268 E.R. KNAUER northern Afghanistan about 145 BC. By ca. 70 BC the Kushan had crossed the great natural barrier of the Hindu Kush. It was not before the second quarter of the 1st century AD, however, that they conquered the kingdoms of the Indo-Greeks, the Indo-Scythians and Indo-Parthians who – receding from the mounting pressure of the Kushan – had established themselves in north-western India (Paropamisades/ Hindu Kush, Gandhara, Punjab). Vima Kadphises, son of Vima Taktu and father of Kanishka, stabilised the young Kushan empire founded by Vima Taktu who had already assumed the Iranian title ‘King of Kings’. Documented by abundant coin finds, Vima Kadphises added the immense and varied pantheon encountered in the new territories – Greek and Hindu deities – to the Iranian divinities of his own cultural heritage. Political stability, peace and a wise monetary policy were the basis of a flourishing trade with the Roman world, India and the Far East. Mathura became part of the Kushan realm. Important sculpture workshops had existed there since the turn of the 3rd to the 2nd century BC. Favoured by the availability of the typical mottled pink sandstone, Mathura’s artists catered to the very diverse demands of their Hindu, Buddhist and Jain patrons. The image of Vima is fashioned of stone from the Sikri quarries and clearly created by an indig- enous sculptor. However, Vima’s costume sets him completely apart from the rich collection of statuary assembled in the museum of this ancient city on the Yamuna/ Jumna. The statue was found broken into two pieces together with other damaged royal images. The find-spot was in and near the devakula (sacred precinct) of a hill called Tokri Tila3 in the vicinity of the village of Mat in 1911/12. The sculpture stands out by its enormous size, its iconography – the ruler is enthroned in Western fash- ion – and its strange garb.4 It is to this aspect of the image that we shall direct our attention. Though discussed frequently, certain features of the king’s costume seem to have been overlooked consistently. If analysed afresh, they may perhaps throw further light on Kushan iconography. Vima’s massive physique preserves faint traits of earlier Mathura sculptures, for example of the huge yaksha (nature spirit) from Parkham in the same museum. Vima’s statue clearly stands at the beginning of Kushan sculpture. Large scale images were not part of the cultural baggage of the 3 For a discussion of the place name which has been explained as ‘mound of the Tokri’ (=Toxároi, Tocari), see von Mitterwallner 1986, 55, with references. It is important to note that in the shrine of the sacred precinct, fragmentary images of Brahminic deities were found, most likely Shiva and Parvati. The sanctuary was built under Vima Taktu and repaired under king Huvishka, son of Kanishka, when the inscribed statue of his father, which is also in the Mathura museum, was added (see von Mitterwallner 1986, pl. 6; Verardi 1983, figs. 7-8). For the Shaivaite images, see Fussman 1989; Verardi 1983, figs. 11-13. For the importance of the place in attempting to clarify the Kushan chronology, see Falk 2002, 88-91, 95-97. 4 See von Mitterwallner 1986, 60-62. 1197-08_Anc.West&East_14 268 12-18-2008, 11:37 A KUSHAN KING IN PARTHIAN DRESS? 269 nomadic Yüeh-chih. The newly acquired regal status of the Kushan rulers called out for appropriate icons. They were found in the statuary of the Mathura school. Vima’s portrait reflects some of the archaic vitality of the older images; it is clearly a tentative piece. Interestingly, the inscribed statue of his grandson Kanishka, also in the Mathura museum, and other of Kanishka’s likenesses from Surkh Kotal are much more stylised, as if a final formula had been found for the representation of divine royalty. This holds true likewise for Kanishka’s coin portraits, as well as those of his successors.5 The sculpture of Vima, King of Kings, has lost its head, its lower left arm, its knees together with parts of the upper legs and thighs and an object in its right hand.6 The throne has a massive high back and front legs shaped like lions’ fore- parts with paws placed on turned supports. The seat is covered by a cloth that hangs down at either side – an attempt was made to depict folds where it touches the ground. It is embellished at the edges with a wave pattern and in the centre with superimposed hearts. Both patterns are of Western origin7 while the motif on the sides of the footstool has parallels in the decorative repertoire of northern In- 5 For the yaksha statue, see Härtel et al. 1971, 16, fig. 17; for Kanishka’s image, see Härtel et al. 1971, fig. 39; von Mitterwallner 1986, pl. 6. 6 Von Mitterwallner (1986, 60) assumes that Vima held a ‘scepter-like mace or more likely an ankusa’. Both objects are attested on Kushan coins: for a mace, see the gold dinar of Vima Kadphises, St Petersburg (Alram 2004, 57, fig. 27), for example; and for an elephant goad, the gold coin of Vima Kadphises seated on a cushioned stool, ankusa in right hand, mace next to stool, British Museum (von Mitterwallner 1986, book cover). Göbl (1984), referring to the coins nos. 8 and 11 of his cen- sus, calls the object a Zweig (twig). For the mace as a sign of the Universal Monarch (cakravartin), see below n. 15. Since an elephant, the supreme royal mount, was one of the symbols of the cakravartin, among them in particular the lion throne (see below), the goad would be an appropriate attribute. Both creeds, Brahminical and Buddhist, used the concept of the Universal Monarch.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mortem Et Gloriam Army Lists Use the Army Lists to Create Your Own Customised Armies Using the Mortem Et Gloriam Army Builder
    Army Lists Syria and Asia Minor Contents Asiatic Greek 670 to 129 BCE Lycian 525 to 300 BCE Bithynian 434 to 74 BCE Armenian 330 BCE to 627 CE Asiatic Successor 323 to 280 BCE Cappadocian 300 BCE to 17 CE Attalid Pergamene 282 to 129 BCE Galatian 280 to 62 BCE Early Seleucid 279 to 167 BCE Seleucid 166 to 129 BCE Commagene 163 BCE to 72 CE Late Seleucid 128 to 56 BCE Pontic 110 to 47 BCE Palmyran 258 CE to 273 CE Version 2020.02: 1st January 2020 © Simon Hall Creating an army with the Mortem et Gloriam Army Lists Use the army lists to create your own customised armies using the Mortem et Gloriam Army Builder. There are few general rules to follow: 1. An army must have at least 2 generals and can have no more than 4. 2. You must take at least the minimum of any troops noted and may not go beyond the maximum of any. 3. No army may have more than two generals who are Talented or better. 4. Unless specified otherwise, all elements in a UG must be classified identically. Unless specified otherwise, if an optional characteristic is taken, it must be taken by all the elements in the UG for which that optional characteristic is available. 5. Any UGs can be downgraded by one quality grade and/or by one shooting skill representing less strong, tired or understrength troops. If any bases are downgraded all in the UG must be downgraded. So Average-Experienced skirmishers can always be downgraded to Poor-Unskilled.
    [Show full text]
  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Peshawar Museum Is a Rich Repository of the Unique Art Pieces of Gandhara Art in Stone, Stucco, Terracotta and Bronze
    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Peshawar Museum is a rich repository of the unique art pieces of Gandhara Art in stone, stucco, terracotta and bronze. Among these relics, the Buddhist Stone Sculptures are the most extensive and the amazing ones to attract the attention of scholars and researchers. Thus, research was carried out on the Gandharan Stone Sculptures of the Peshawar Museum under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Ihsan Ali, the then Director of Archaeology and Museums, Govt. of NWFP, currently Vice Chancellor Hazara University and Muhammad Naeem Qazi, Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar. The Research team headed by the authors included Messrs. Syed Ayaz Ali Shah, Muhammad Ashfaq, Abdul Hameed Chitrali, Muhammad Zahir, Asad Raza, Shahid Khan, Muhammad Imran Khan, Asad Ali, Muhammad Haroon, Ubaidullah Afghani, Kaleem Jan, Adnan Ahmad, Farhana Waqar, Saima Afzal, Farkhanda Saeed and Ihsanullah Jan, who contributed directly or indirectly to the project. The hard working team with its coordinated efforts usefully assisted for completion of this research project and deserves admiration for their active collaboration during the period. It is great privilege to offer our sincere thanks to the staff of the Directorate of Archaeology and Museums Govt. of NWFP, for their outright support, in the execution of this research conducted during 2002-06. Particular mention is made here of Mr. Saleh Muhammad Khan, the then Curator of the Peshawar Museum, currently Director of the Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Govt. of NWFP. The pioneering and relevant guidelines offered by the Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Govt. of NWFP deserve appreciation for their technical support and ensuring the availability of relevant art pieces.
    [Show full text]
  • Durham E-Theses
    Durham E-Theses A study of the client kings in the early Roman period Everatt, J. D. How to cite: Everatt, J. D. (1972) A study of the client kings in the early Roman period, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10140/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk .UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM Department of Classics .A STUDY OF THE CLIENT KINSS IN THE EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE J_. D. EVERATT M.A. Thesis, 1972. M.A. Thesis Abstract. J. D. Everatt, B.A. Hatfield College. A Study of the Client Kings in the early Roman Empire When the city-state of Rome began to exert her influence throughout the Mediterranean, the ruling classes developed friendships and alliances with the rulers of the various kingdoms with whom contact was made.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on the Yuezhi - Kushan Relationship and Kushan Chronology”, by Hans Loeschner
    “Notes on the Yuezhi - Kushan Relationship and Kushan Chronology”, by Hans Loeschner Notes on the Yuezhi – Kushan Relationship and Kushan Chronology By Hans Loeschner Professor Michael Fedorov provided a rejoinder1 with respect to several statements in the article2 “A new Oesho/Shiva image of Sasanian ‘Peroz’ taking power in the northern part of the Kushan empire”. In the rejoinder Michael Fedorov states: “The Chinese chronicles are quite unequivocal and explicit: Bactria was conquered by the Ta-Yüeh-chih! And it were the Ta-Yüeh-chih who split the booty between five hsi-hou or rather five Ta-Yüeh-chih tribes ruled by those hsi-hou (yabgus) who created five yabguates with capitals in Ho-mo, Shuang-mi, Hu-tsao, Po-mo, Kao-fu”. He concludes the rejoinder with words of W.W. Tarn3: “The new theory, which makes the five Yüeh- chih princes (the Kushan chief being one) five Saka princes of Bactria conquered by the Yüeh- chih, throws the plain account of the Hou Han shu overboard. The theory is one more unhappy offshoot of the elementary blunder which started the belief in a Saka conquest of Greek Bactria”.1 With respect to the ethnical allocation of the five hsi-hou Laszlo Torday provides an analysis with a result which is in contrast to the statement of Michael Fedorov: “As to the kings of K’ang- chü or Ta Yüeh-shih, those chiefs of foreign tribes who acknowledged their supremacy were described in the Han Shu as “lesser kings” or hsi-hou. … The hsi-hou (and their fellow tribespeople) were ethnically as different from the Yüeh-shih and K’ang-chü as were the hou… from the Han.
    [Show full text]
  • Durham E-Theses
    Durham E-Theses A study of the client kings in the early Roman period Everatt, J. D. How to cite: Everatt, J. D. (1972) A study of the client kings in the early Roman period, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10140/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk .UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM Department of Classics .A STUDY OF THE CLIENT KINSS IN THE EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE J_. D. EVERATT M.A. Thesis, 1972. M.A. Thesis Abstract. J. D. Everatt, B.A. Hatfield College. A Study of the Client Kings in the early Roman Empire When the city-state of Rome began to exert her influence throughout the Mediterranean, the ruling classes developed friendships and alliances with the rulers of the various kingdoms with whom contact was made.
    [Show full text]
  • THE REACH of the ROMAN EMPIRE in ROUGH CILICIA by HUGHW.ELTON
    THE ECONOMIC FRINGE: THE REACH OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN ROUGH CILICIA By HUGHW.ELTON Many discussions of the Roman economy are rather vague about what they mean by 'Roman'. Phrases such as 'Roman Europe' or 'the Roman Empire' often blur two different concepts, that of the cultures of Iron Age Europe and the political institution of the Roman Empire. Cultures in Iron Age Europe varied widely. The Welsh uplands or the Atlas mountains, for example, had an aceramic culture with few public buildings, though were mIed directly by Rome for several centuries. Other regions, not under Roman control, like the regions across the middle Danube, showed higher concentrations of Mediterranean consumer goods and coins than some of these aceramic areas. 1 In Mesopotamia, many societies were urban and literate, not differing in this respect from those in Italy or Greece. Thus, determining what was imperial Roman territory by archaeological criteria alone is very difficult? But these archaeological criteria are important for two reasons. First, they allow us to analyse the cultural and economic changes that occurred in Iron Age Europe between 100 B.C. and A.D. 250. Second, they allow for the possibility of change within Europe that was not caused by the Roman state? Unlike cultures within Iron Age Europe, the Roman Empire was a political structure, imposed by force and dedicated to extracting benefits for the mling elite of the city of Rome.4 As the empire developed and matured, its form changed, but it was never about the mIed, only the rulers. If we accept that the Empire was a political, not an archaeological, structure, it follows that an examination of 'Impact of Empire: Transformation of Economic Life', has to mean an examination of the impact of the Roman imperial state.
    [Show full text]
  • Gandharan Sculptures in the Peshawar Museum (Life Story of Buddha)
    Gandharan Sculptures in the Peshawar Museum (Life Story of Buddha) Ihsan Ali Muhammad Naeem Qazi Hazara University Mansehra NWFP – Pakistan 2008 Uploaded by [email protected] © Copy Rights reserved in favour of Hazara University, Mansehra, NWFP – Pakistan Editors: Ihsan Ali* Muhammad Naeem Qazi** Price: US $ 20/- Title: Gandharan Sculptures in the Peshawar Museum (Life Story of Buddha) Frontispiece: Buddha Visiting Kashyapa Printed at: Khyber Printers, Small Industrial Estate, Kohat Road, Peshawar – Pakistan. Tel: (++92-91) 2325196 Fax: (++92-91) 5272407 E-mail: [email protected] Correspondence Address: Hazara University, Mansehra, NWFP – Pakistan Website: hu.edu.pk E-mail: [email protected] * Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar, Currently Vice Chancellor, Hazara University, Mansehra, NWFP – Pakistan ** Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan CONTRIBUTORS 1. Prof. Dr. Ihsan Ali, Vice Chancellor Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan 2. Muhammad Naeem Qazi, Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan 3. Ihsanullah Jan, Lecturer, Department of Cultural Heritage & Tourism Management, Hazara University 4. Muhammad Ashfaq, University Museum, Hazara University 5. Syed Ayaz Ali Shah, Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan 6. Abdul Hameed Chitrali, Lecturer, Department of Cultural Heritage & Tourism Management, Hazara University 7. Muhammad Imran Khan, Archaeologist, Charsadda, Pakistan 8. Muhammad Haroon, Archaeologist, Mardan, Pakistan III ABBREVIATIONS A.D.F.C. Archaeology Department, Frontier Circle A.S.I. Archaeological Survery of India A.S.I.A.R. Archaeological Survery of India, Annual Report D.G.A. Director General of Archaeology E.G.A.C. Exhibition of the German Art Council I.G.P. Inspector General Police IsMEO Instituto Italiano Per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente P.M.
    [Show full text]
  • Language and Legend in Early Kushan Coinage: Progression and Transformation Razieh Taasob Princeton University
    2018, No. 5 © Samuel Jordan Center for Persian Studies and Culture, University of California, Irvine ISSN: 2470 - 4040 Language and Legend in Early Kushan Coinage: Progression and Transformation Razieh Taasob Princeton University 71 Introdu' ion: arly Kushan coinage displays its aff iliation and syncretism with former coin pra9 ices not only in the Erepresentation of royal and religious imagery, but also in the language, legends and the execution of inscriptions. The Kushans continued the traditional Greek pra9 ices that had already been adopted by the Greco-Ba9 rians, specifically the use of the Greek language on their coinage as seen frequently in Ba9 ria. In conformity with other former traditions, the Kushans also maintained the Indo-Greek prac- tices employed south of the Hindu Kush by using bilingual inscriptions on their coinage. The languages used south of the Hindu Kush were predominantly Greek for the obverse type and PrakritH (wriJ en in Brahmi and Kharoshthi script) for the reverse. The Indo-Greeks introduced the use of the Kharoshthi script for coinage, and it was subsequently applied by the Indo-Scythians and Indo-Parthians in their respe9 ive regions. This script was used in the area of the Indus, Swat, and Kabul valleys and in a wide area of northern India and the surrounding regions. Evidence of this can be seen on the coinage of the H- “The language of Indic inscription”. The Prakrit or middle Indo-Aryan (MIA) language was the only inscriptional language from the third to firQ century BC, which endured as a common language for coinage for more than two centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • Zoroastrians Their Religious Beliefs and Practices
    Library of Religious Beliefs and Practices General Editor: John R. Hinnells The University, Manchester In the series: The Sikhs W. Owen Cole and Piara Singh Sambhi Zoroastrians Their Religious Beliefs and Practices MaryBoyce ROUTLEDGE & KEGAN PAUL London, Boston and Henley HARVARD UNIVERSITY, UBRARY.: DEe 1 81979 First published in 1979 by Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd 39 Store Street, London WC1E 7DD, Broadway House, Newtown Road, Henley-on-Thames, Oxon RG9 1EN and 9 Park Street, Boston, Mass. 02108, USA Set in 10 on 12pt Garamond and printed in Great Britain by Lowe & BrydonePrinters Ltd Thetford, Norfolk © Mary Boyce 1979 No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except for the quotation of brief passages in criticism British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Boyce, Mary Zoroastrians. - (Libraryof religious beliefs and practices). I. Zoroastrianism - History I. Title II. Series ISBN 0 7100 0121 5 Dedicated in gratitude to the memory of HECTOR MUNRO CHADWICK Elrington and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon in the University of Cambridge 1912-4 1 Contents Preface XJ1l Glossary xv Signs and abbreviations XIX \/ I The background I Introduction I The Indo-Iranians 2 The old religion 3 cult The J The gods 6 the 12 Death and hereafter Conclusion 16 2 Zoroaster and his teaching 17 Introduction 17 Zoroaster and his mission 18 Ahura Mazda and his Adversary 19 The heptad and the seven creations 21 .. vu Contents Creation and the Three Times 25 Death and the hereafter 27 3 The establishing of Mazda
    [Show full text]
  • Jale Erzen Editions.Indd
    sedimenteissä”, Geologi, n.2, 1980. 14. J. Ylo Sostra and Sören Jensen, “Trace Fossils from the Dividalen Group of Northern Finland with Remarks on Early Cambrian Trace Fossil Provincialism”, GFF, v.128, 2006, pp.321-325. 15. Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld, Vegas färd kring Asien och Europa, 1 och 2. F&G. Beijer Förlag, Stockholm 1880-1881 16. Adolf Erik, “Nordenskiöld, Beskrifningar öfver de I Finland funna mineralier”. Helsingfors, 1855. 17. Gustaf Nordenskiöld, “The Cliff Dwellers of Mesa Verde”, Southwestern Colorado: Their Pottery and Implements, 1893. 18. Elsebeth Thomsen, Pre-Quaternary fossil localities in Northern Norway, Northern Sweden and Northern Finland, TromsØ: TromsØ Museum, 1996. 19. Antero Kare, ”Alkumeren jälkifossiileja Saanalla”, Antero Järvinen, Tuomas Heikkilä, Seppo Lahti eds, Tietteen ja taiteen tunturit, Tampere: Gaudeamus, 2014, p.273-281. 20. Jo Marchant, “Fossil secrets of the da Vinci Codex”, New Scientist, Sept. 2010. 21. Hirvipeura – Deermoose, Antero Kare, ed., Somero: Pitkäjärven taide ja kulttuuri ry, 2013. 22. www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/cambrian/burgess.html; www.paleobiology.si.edu/burgess (Smithsonian Institute/Natural History Museum); www.burgess-shale.rom.on.ca (Royal Ontario JOS DE MUL Museum); www.burgess-shale.bc.ca (Burgess Shale Geoscience Foundation) Turkish Delight The lesson to be learnt from Commagene Of all the times I met with Jale Erzen over the last couple of decades, our meeting in May 2002 was perhaps the most memorable. Jale had invited me to take part in the 6th International Symposium of SANART about “Art and Social Engagement”, held at the Middle East Technical University (METU). The Symposium took place shortly after 9/11, a time when many heated discussions were held in Turkey, just as in other countries, about the political Islam, the role of religion in society, and the separation of religion and state, and in Ankara the tension was running high between the Kemalists and the politicians inspired by the Islam.
    [Show full text]
  • The Armenians the Peoples of Europe
    The Armenians The Peoples of Europe General Editors James Campbell and Barry Cunliffe This series is about the European tribes and peoples from their origins in prehistory to the present day. Drawing upon a wide range of archaeolo­ gical and historical evidence, each volume presents a fresh and absorbing account of a group’s culture, society and usually turbulent history. Already published The Etruscans The Franks Graeme Barker and Thomas Edward James Rasmussen The Russians The Lombards Robin Milner-Gulland Neil Christie The Mongols The Basques David Morgan Roger Collins The Armenians The English A.E. Redgate Geoffrey Elton The Huns The Gypsies E. A. Thompson Angus Fraser The Early Germans The Bretons Malcolm Todd Patrick Galliou and Michael Jones The Illyrians The Goths John Wilkes Peter Heather In preparation The Sicilians The Spanish David Abulafia Roger Collins The Irish The Romans Francis John Byrne and Michael Timothy Cornell Herity The Celts The Byzantines David Dumville Averil Cameron The Scots The First English Colin Kidd Sonia Chadwick Hawkes The Ancient Greeks The Normans Brian Sparkes Marjorie Chibnall The Piets The Serbs Charles Thomas Sima Cirkovic The Armenians A. E. Redgate Copyright © Anne Elizabeth Redgate 1998,2000 The right of Anne Elizabeth Redgate to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 1998 First published in paperback 2000 2468 10975 3 1 Blackwell Publishers Ltd 108 Cowley Road Oxford OX4 1JF Blackwell Publishers Inc. 350 Main Street Malden, Massachusetts 02148 USA All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeology As a Source of Shared History: a Case Study of Ancient Kashmir
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Knowledge Repository Open Network Archaeology as a Source of Shared History: A Case Study of Ancient Kashmir THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF KASHMIR FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY (M.Phil) IN HISTORY By SHAJER US SHAFIQ JAN UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF Prof. PARVEEZ AHMAD P.G. DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY, UNIVERSITY OF KASHMIR, HAZRATBAL SRINAGAR, 190006. 2012 Introduction Archaeology does not only constitute the sole source of the 99% of the total time of man on this planet and an important supplementary source of the period that followed invention of writing, but, more than that, it helps us to write a unitary history of mankind by throwing light on the origin, growth, diffusion and transmission of humans and their culture. Deeply pained by the disastrous consequences of perverted nationalism, which resulted into two heinous world wars, A. J. Toynbee embarked on the ambitious project of demolishing the Euro-centric view of history, employed by the colonial historians as an instrument to justify imperialism. And in this great human cause he was supported by archaeology. A meaningful universal view of history was possible only by bringing to focus the contributions made by different western and non-western cultures to the human civilization. Archaeology poured out profusely in favour of plural sources of human civilization which emboldened Toynbee to sail against the tide—a fact which he acknowledges radiantly. It has been empirically proven that cultures have evolved and grown owing to plural causative factors having their origins both within and outside their local geographical borders.
    [Show full text]