Periodic Table of the Elements

PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS 1 18 1 2 1 H He 1.0079 2 13 14 15 16 17 4.0026 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 Li Be B C N O F Ne

6.941 9.0122 10.811 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.180 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar 22.990 24.305 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 26.982 28.086 30.974 32.066 35.453 39.948 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 39.098 40.078 44.956 47.867 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.845 58.933 58.693 63.546 65.409 69.723 72.64 74.922 78.96 79.904 83.798 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 85.468 87.62 88.906 91.224 92.906 95.94 (98) 101.07 102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.76 127.60 126.90 131.29 55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 57 - 71 6 Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn La-Lu 132.91 137.33 178.49 180.95 183.84 186.21 190.23 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.2 208.98 (209) (210) (222) 89 - 87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Uuu 7 Ac- (223) (226) (261) (262) (266) (264) (277) (268) (281) (272) Lr

Copyright © 1998-2005 by Eni Generalic 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 Lanthanide La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu 138.91 140.12 140.91 144.24 (145) 150.36 151.96 157.25 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.04 174.97

89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Actinide HOME (227) 232.04 231.04 238.03 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262)

SOLID LIQUID GAS 100 °C 101 kPa SYNTHETIC ELEMENT

Relative atomic mass is shown with five significant figures. For the precise value of the atomic mass you must click on an element symbol in periodic table. For elements have no stable nuclides, the value enclosed in brackets indicates the mass number of the longest-lived isotope of the element. However three such elements (Th, Pa and U) do have a characteristic terrestrial isotopic composition, and for these an atomic weight is tabulated. (Atomic Weights of the Elements 1999, Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 73, No. 4 (2001) 667-683)

CONTENT: Glossary of chemical terms contain a brief definitions of selected terms of importance in chemistry and related fields of science. Individual chemical compounds are not included. It is composed of two parts:

● appendixes ● dictionary

Glossary of chemical terms A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L

M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | V | X | Z

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/ (1 de 3)28/02/2006 14:35:24 Periodic Table of the Elements

Periodic table of the elements contains the basic data about the elements in five languages:

● English (Editors: Aditya Vardhan, Eni Generalic) ● French (Editor: Michel Ditria) ● Croatian (Editors: Eni Generalic, Marija Bralic, Slobodan Brinic) ● German (Editor: Marc Hens) ● Italian (Editor: editors wanted)

Periodic Table of the The further information of each element can be found by Elements ● periodic table ● alphabetical listing names ● alphabetical listing of symbols ● ASCII periodic table

PSE.Menu is a small remote control for Periodic table of the elements. It opens in a separate window and the selected page is loaded in a parent window.

Periodic table of the elements is prepared for prints in PostScript (PS) and Portable Document Format (PDF) in two version

● black white version for laser printers ● colour version for colour printers Printable periodic table

This JavaScript programs will work for both Netscape and MSIE users, so you need to get Netscape Navigator 2.0, Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.0 or later. Pages are best viewed with Microsoft Internet Explorer 4.0 or higher.

● Scientific calculator Sci.Calc is a fully-functioning JavaScript calculator that contain of practically any common and many advanced calculator functions (cosine, sine, tangent, power, square root, exponents, etc.).

● Scientific calculator for chemists JavaScript programs Chem.Calc is a fully-functioning JavaScript scientific calculator that contains fundamental physical constants and atomic weight of elements. The calculator contains a list with task history, storing all the recent inputs and results.

● Molar mass calculator Molar mass calculator is an expression calculator for fast calculation of molecular weight of compounds. The program translates the texts with chemical element symbols or without them into a mathematical expression and calculates them.

'Tools & Toys' contains some programmes for chemists (and non-chemist). You can download a programmes in two self-install copy: one with all the files needed and other without Visual Basic library.

● EniG. Chemistry Assistant 2.4 is an expression calculator for fast calculation of molecular weight of compounds by simple entry of chemical formula (the element symbols can be written in lowercase letters). The calculator also provides a list of common physical constants and performs various conversions between English and metric units. (Update: 2002/12/12)

Visual Basic programs ● EniG. Periodic Table of the Elements 2.11 contains the basic data about the element in 7 languages (Croatian, English, French,

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German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish). It shows the change of physical condition with the change of temperature. The language, the speed of temperature changes or the exchange of elements can be adjusted by configuration file. The calculating module from the programme Chemistry Assistant has been integrated. (Update: 2003/03/28)

● Links for chemists ● Chemistry journals Links

● Statistics and awards for Periodic table of the elements

Statistics and awards ● About project

● Recommended resolution is 800x600 High Colour (16 bit). ● JavaScript enabled browser is required. ● Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. ● If you have comments, correction or suggestions about this site, please send me an e-mail.

● The project is financed by Croatian Ministry for Science and Technology.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

Last modified: 30.08.2005 (Eni Generalic)

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Hydrogen Hydrogène Vodik Idrogeno Wasserstoff

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 1

Glossary Group numbers: 1 Appendix Period: 1 H 1 PDF Table H Hydrogenium Awards 2 3 4

Links Discovery date: 1766 He Li Be

Hydrogen was discovered by Sir Henry Cavendish (England) in 1766. The origin of the name comes from the Greek words hydroand genesmeaning waterand generate. It is colourless, odourless gas, burns and forms explosive mixtures in air. Reacts violently with oxidants. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe. My Software

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 1.00794(7) Electronic configuration: 1s1 English Formal oxidation number: -1 +1 Electronegativities: 2.2 Aditya Vardhan Ω Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 0.183 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μ cm

Atomic radius: 37.3 pm Standard state (20 °C): gas French

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 76.0 (solid, 11 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 13.26 (solid, 11 K) 70.8 (liquid, b.p.) 14.24 (liquid, b.p.) Croatian 0.08988 (gas, 273 K) 22423.54 (gas, 273 K)

Eni Generalic

Marija Bralic THERMAL PROPERTIES Slobodan Brinic

German Melting point: -259.34 °C Heat of fusion: 0.12 kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Boiling point: -252.87 °C Heat of vaporization: 0.46 kJ mol-1

Italian Critical temperature: -239.96 °C Heat of atomization: 216.003 kJ mol-1 editors wanted

IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 1312.06 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): 0.53 ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm - kJ mol crust): 1400

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): (H2O) ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

1H 1.007825032(1) 99.985(1)

2H 2.014101778(1) 0.015(1)

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3H 3.016049268(1) *

MINERALS AND USES

Commercial quantities of hydrogen are produced by reacting superheated steam with methane or carbon. In lab work from reaction of metals with acid solutions or electrolysis. Most hydrogen is used in the production of ammonia and in metal refining. Also used as fuel in rockets. Its two heavier isotopes (deuterium and tritium) used respectively for nuclear fusion. The price of 99.999 % pure hydrogen gas costs 200.70 /dm3 in small quantities (1 dm3) and about 2.21 /dm3 in large quantities (300 dm3).

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation + - 2H + 2e H2(g) ±0.000 + - 2H + 2e H2(g) - 0.41 [H+] = 10-7 mol dm-3 + - 2H + 2e H2(g) - 0.005 1 mol dm-3 HCl + - -3 2H + 2e H2(g) - 0.005 1 mol dm HClO4 - - 2H2O + 2e H2(g) + 2OH - 0.83 + - H2O2 + 2H + 2e 2H2O +1.77 - - - HO2 + H2O + 2e 3OH +0.88 - - H2(g) + 2e 2H - 2.25

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

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Helium Hélium Helij Elio Helium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 2 1 Glossary Group numbers: 18 H Appendix Period: 1 He 2 3 PDF Table He Li Helium Awards 9 10 11

Links Discovery date: 1868 F Ne Na

Helium was discovered by Pierre Jules César Janssen (France) and Sir William Ramsay (Scotland)

in 1868. The origin of the name comes from the Greek word heliosmeaning sun. It is light, odourless, colourless inert gas. Second most abundant element in the universe.

My Software NOBLE GASES

EDITORS: Relative atomic Electronic 4.002602(2) 1s2 mass: configuration: English Formal oxidation 0 Electronegativities: - Aditya Vardhan number: Eni Generalic Thermal Electrical 0.155 W m-1 K-1 - μΩcm French conductivity: resistivity (20 °C):

Michel Ditria Standard state (20 Atomic radius: pm gas 128 °C): Croatian -3 (solid, pressure 6.9 Molar volume (solid, pressure 6,9 Eni Generalic Density (g dm ): ~1760 ~2.27 MPa) (cm3 mol-1): MPa) Marija Bralic 124.8 (liquid, m.p.) 32.07 (liquid, m.p.) Slobodan Brinic 0.1785 (gas, 273 K) 22423.54 (gas, 273 K) German

Marc Hens THERMAL PROPERTIES

Italian Melting point: -272.2 °C Heat of fusion: 0.021 kJ mol-1 editors wanted Boiling point: -268.93 °C Heat of vaporization: 0.082 kJ mol-1

Critical temperature: -267.97 °C Heat of atomization: 0 kJ mol-1

IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 2372.34 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): 5.2 ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 5250.56 kJ mol crust): 0.008

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.0000072 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

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3He 3.016029310(1) 0.000137(3)

4He 4.002603250(1) 99.999863(3)

MINERALS AND USES

Helium is found in natural gas deposits from wells in Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas. Used in balloons, deep sea diving and welding. Also used in very low temperature research. The price of 99.999 % pure helium gas costs 177.10 /dm3 in small quantities (1 dm3) and about 2.52 /dm3 in large quantities (300 dm3).

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

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Lithium Lithium Litij Litio Lithium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 3 1 Glossary Group numbers: 1 H Appendix Period: 2 Li 2 3 4 PDF Table He Li Be Lithium Awards 10 11 12

Links Discovery date: 1817 Ne Na Mg

Lithium was discovered by Johan August Arfvedson (Sweden) in 1817. The origin of the name

comes from the Greek word lithosmeaning stone, apparently because it was discovered from a mineral source whereas the other two elements, sodium and potassium, were discovered from plant sources. It is soft silvery-white metal. Lightest of metals. Reacts slowly with water and oxygen. My Software Flammable. Can ignite in air. Reacts with water to give off a flammable gas.

ALKALI METAL EDITORS:

English Relative atomic mass: 6.941(2) Electronic configuration: 1 [He] 2s Aditya Vardhan Formal oxidation number: +1 Electronegativities: 0.98 Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 84.7 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 8.55 μΩcm French Atomic radius: 152 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 534 (293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 13.00 (293 K) Croatian 515 (m.p.) 13.48 (m.p.)

Eni Generalic Marija Bralic THERMAL PROPERTIES Slobodan Brinic

German Melting point: 180.5 °C Heat of fusion: kJ mol-1 4.6 Marc Hens Boiling point: 1342 °C Heat of vaporization: 147.7 kJ mol-1

Italian Critical temperature: °C Heat of atomization: -1 2950 157.8 kJ mol editors wanted

IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 520.23 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 7298.22 kJ mol crust): 13

3rd ionization energy: 11815.13 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.2 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

6Li 6.0151223(5) 7.5(2)

7Li 7.0160040(5) 92.5(2)

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MINERALS AND USES

Lithium is obtained by passing electric charge through melted lithium chloride and from the silicate mineral called spodumene [LiAl(Si2O6)]. Used in batteries. Also for certain kinds of glass and ceramics. Some is used in lubricants. The price of lithium metal (99.95%) is about 550 for 1000 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Li+ + e- Li(s) - 3.045

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Beryllium Béryllium Berilij Berillio Beryllium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 4 1 Glossary Group numbers: 2 H Appendix Period: 2 Be 3 4 5 PDF Table Li Be B Beryllium Awards 11 12 13

Links Discovery date: 1828 Na Mg Al

Beryllium was discovered by Friedrich Wöhler (Germany) and independently by A. B. Bussy

(France) in 1828. The origin of the name comes from the Greek word beryllosmeaning mineral beryl; also called glucinium from the Greek word glykysmeaning sweet. It is steel-grey metal. It resists attack by concentrated nitric acid, has excellent thermal conductivity and is nonmagnetic. At ordinary My Software temperatures, it resists oxidation in air. Beryllium and its salts are toxic and should be handled with the greatest of care.

EDITORS: ALKALINE EARTH METAL English 2 Aditya Vardhan Relative atomic mass: 9.012182(3) Electronic configuration: [He] 2s Eni Generalic Formal oxidation number: +2 Electronegativities: 1.57

French Thermal conductivity: 200 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 4 μΩcm

Michel Ditria Atomic radius: 111.3 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

Croatian Density (g dm-3): 1847.7 (293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 4.88 (293 K)

Eni Generalic Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic THERMAL PROPERTIES

German -1 Melting point: 1287 °C Heat of fusion: 9.8 kJ mol Marc Hens Boiling point: 2471 °C Heat of vaporization: kJ mol-1 308.8 Italian Critical temperature: 3317 °C Heat of atomization: 320.3 kJ mol-1 editors wanted

IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 899.51 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1757.12 kJ mol crust): 1.5

3rd ionization energy: 14848.87 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.00005 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

9Be 9.0121821(4) 100

MINERALS AND USES

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Beryllium is found mostly in minerals like beryl [AlBe3(Si6O18)] and chrysoberyl (Al2BeO4). Pure beryllium is obtained by chemically reducing beryl mineral. Also by electrolysis of beryllium chloride. Its ability to absorb large amounts of heat makes it useful in spacecraft, missiles, aircraft, etc. Emeralds are beryl crystals with chromium traces giving them their green colour. The price of 99.5 % pure beryllium lump is 200.70 for 50 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Be2+ + 2e- Be(s) - 1.85 2- - - Be2O3 + 3H2O + 4e 2Be(s) + 6OH - 2.62

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Boron Bore Bor Boro Bor

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 5

Glossary Group numbers: 13 Appendix Period: 2 B 4 5 6 PDF Table Be B C Bor Awards 12 13 14

Links Discovery date: 1808 Mg Al Si

Boron compounds have been known for thousands of years, but the element was not discovered until 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy (England) and independently by Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac (France) and L. J. Thenard (France). The origin of the name comes from the Arabic word buraqand the Persian word burahmeaning boraks(Na2B4O7×10H2O). It is hard, brittle, lustrous black semimetal. My Software Unreactive with oxygen, water, alkalis or acids. Combines with most metals to form borides.

BORON GROUP EDITORS:

English Relative atomic mass: 10.811(7) Electronic configuration: [He] 2s2 2p1

Aditya Vardhan Formal oxidation number: +3 Electronegativities: 2.04 Eni Generalic -1 -1 Ω Thermal conductivity: 27 W m K Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 1.8E+12 μ cm French Atomic radius: 79.5 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 2340 (beta, 293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 4.62 (beta, 293 K) Croatian

Eni Generalic Marija Bralic THERMAL PROPERTIES Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 2075 °C Heat of fusion: 22.2 kJ mol-1 German Boiling point: 4000 °C Heat of vaporization: 504.5 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens Critical temperature: 3011 °C Heat of atomization: 557.64 kJ mol-1 Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 800.64 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 2427.09 kJ mol crust): 10

3rd ionization energy: 3659.78 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 4.8 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

10B 10.0129370(3) 19.9(2)

11B 11.0093055(5) 80.1(2)

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MINERALS AND USES

Boron is obtained from kernite, a kind of borax (Na2B4O7.10H2O). High purity boron is produced by electrolysis of molten potassium fluroborate and potassium chloride (KCl). Amorphous boron is used in pyrotechnic flares to provide a distinctive green color and in rockets as an igniter. The price of 99.5 % pure boron pieces is 997.90 for 250 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation + - H3BO3 + 3H + 3e B(s) + 3H2O - 0.869 - + - H2BO3 + 4H + 3e B(s) + 3H2O - 0.687 2- + - HBO3 + 5H + 3e B(s) + 3H2O - 0.437 3- + - BO3 + 6H + 3e B(s) + 3H2O - 0.165 + - B(OH)3 + 3H + 3e B(s) + 3H2O - 0.87 - - - BF4 + 3e B(s) + 4F - 1.04 + - H2B4O7 + 12H + 12e 4B(s) + 7H2O - 0.836 2- + - B4O7 + 14H + 12e 4B(s) + 7H2O - 0.792

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

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Carbon Carbone Ugljik Carbonio Kohlenstoff

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 6

Glossary Group numbers: 14 Appendix Period: 2 C 5 6 7 PDF Table B C N Carboneum Awards 13 14 15

Links Discovery date: Al Si P

Carbon has been known since ancient times. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word carbomeaning charcoal. Graphite form of carbon is a black, odourless, slippery solid. Graphite sublimes at 3825 °C. Diamond form is a clear or colored; an extremely hard solid. C60 is Buckminsterfullerine. Carbon black burns readily with oxidants. My Software

CARBON GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 12.0107(8) Electronic configuration: [He] 2s2 2p2 English Formal oxidation number: -4 +2 +4 Electronegativities: 2.55 Aditya Vardhan Ω Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 5.7 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 1375 μ cm

Atomic radius: 77.2 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid French

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 3513 (diamant, 293 Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 3.42 (diamant, 293 K) K) Croatian 2260 (graphit, 293 K) 5.31 (graphit, 293 K)

Eni Generalic

Marija Bralic THERMAL PROPERTIES Slobodan Brinic

German Melting point: 3550 °C Heat of fusion: 105 kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Boiling point: 4827 °C Heat of vaporization: 710.9 kJ mol-1

Italian Critical temperature: 6470 °C Heat of atomization: 711.2 kJ mol-1 editors wanted

IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 1086.46 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): 336.7 ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 2352.65 kJ mol crust): 200

3rd ionization energy: 4620.50 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 28 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

12C 12 by definition 98.90(3)

13C 13.003354838(1) 1.10(3)

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14C 14.003241988(4) *

MINERALS AND USES

Carbon is made by burning organic compounds with insufficient oxygen. There are close to ten million known carbon compounds, many thousands of which are vital to organic and life processes. Radiocarbon dating uses the carbon-14 isotope to date old objects. Black amorphous carbon (99.9 %) costs 48.40 for 1000 g. Graphite powder (99.9 %) costs 46.50 for 1000 g. Diamond powder (99.9 %) costs 265.70 for 5 g. Fullerene powder (99.5 %) costs 762.20 for 5 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation + - CO2(g) + 2H + 2e CO(g) + H2O - 0.12 + - 2CO2(g) + 2H + 2e H2C2O4 - 0.49 + - CO2(g) + 2H + 2e HCOOH - 0.20 - - - - CNO + 2H2O + 2e CN + 2OH - 0.97 + - 2HCNO + 2H + 2e (CN)2(g) + 2H2O +0.33 + - (CN)2(g) + 2H + 2e 2HCN +0.37 + - C6H4O2 + 2H + 2e C6H4(OH)2 +0.699 quinol / hidrohinol + - C6H4O2 + 2H + 2e C6H4(OH)2 +0.696 1 mol dm-3 HCl + - -3 C6H4O2 + 2H + 2e C6H4(OH)2 +0.696 1 mol dm HClO4 + - -3 C6H4O2 + 2H + 2e C6H4(OH)2 +0.696 1 mol dm H2SO4

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Nitrogen Azote Dušik Azoto Stickstoff

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 7

Glossary Group numbers: 15 Appendix Period: 2 N 6 7 8 PDF Table C N O Nitrogenium Awards 14 15 16

Links Discovery date: 1772 Si P S

Nitrogen was discovered by Daniel Rutherford (Scotland) in 1772. The origin of the name comes from the Greek words nitron genesmeaning nitreand formingand the Latin word nitrum(nitre is a common name for potassium nitrate, KNO3). It is colourless, odourless, generally inert gas. Minimally reactive at room temperature. A component of many organic and inorganic compounds. My Software Makes up about 78% of earth's atmosphere.

NITROGEN GROUP EDITORS:

English Relative atomic mass: 14.0067(2) Electronic configuration: [He] 2s2 2p3

Aditya Vardhan -3 -2 -1 +1 +2 +3 Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities: 3.04 Eni Generalic +4 +5

Ω French Thermal conductivity: 0.0258 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μ cm

Michel Ditria Atomic radius: 54.9 pm Standard state (20 °C): gas

Croatian Density (g dm-3): 1026 (21 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 13.65 (21 K) 880 (m.p.) 15.92 (m.p.) Eni Generalic 1.2506 (gas, 273 K) 22399.97 (gas, 273 K) Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic

German THERMAL PROPERTIES

Marc Hens Melting point: -210.00 °C Heat of fusion: kJ mol-1 0.72 Italian Boiling point: -195.8 °C Heat of vaporization: 5.577 kJ mol-1 editors wanted Critical temperature: -146.96 °C Heat of atomization: 470.842 kJ mol-1

IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 1402.34 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): 780900 ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 2856.11 kJ mol crust): 20

3rd ionization energy: 4578.19 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.8 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

14N 14.003074005(1) 99.634(9)

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15N 15.000108898(1) 0.366(9)

MINERALS AND USES

Nitrogen is obtained from liquid air by fractional distillation. Primarily to produce ammonia and other fertilizers. Also used in making nitric acid, which is used in explosives. Also used in welding and enhanced oil recovery. The price of 99.999 % pure nitrogen gas costs 177.10 /dm3 in small quantities (1 dm3) and about 2.05 /dm3 in large quantities (300 dm3).

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation + - N2(g) + 6H + 6e 2NH3(g) +0.057 + - N2(g) + 2H2O + 6H + 6e 2NH×H2O +0.092 + - + N2(g) + 8H + 6e 2NH4 +0.275 + - + N2(g) + 5H + 4e N2H5 - 0.23 - + - NO3 + 2H + e NO2(g) + H2O +0.775 - + - 2NO3 + 4H + 2e N2O4(g) + 2H2O +0.80 - + - NO3 + 3H + 2e HNO2 + H2O +0.94 - + - -3 NO3 + 3H + 2e HNO2 + H2O +0.92 1 mol dm HNO3 - + - - NO3 + 2H + 2e NO2 + H2O +0.835 - + - NO3 + 4H + 3e NO(g) + H2O +0.96 - - NO2(g) + e NO2 +0.893 + - NO2(g) + H + e HNO2 +1.093 + - NO2(g) + 2H + 2e NO(g) + H2O +1.049 + - 2NO2(g) + 6H + 6e N2O(g) + 3H2O +1.229 + - 2NO2(g) + 8H + 8e N2(g) + 4H2O +1.363 - + - NO2 + 2H + e NO(g) + H2O +1.202 + - HNO2 + H + e NO(g) + H2O +1.00 - + - 2NO2 + 6H + 4e N2O(g) + 3H2O +1.396 + - 2HNO2 + 4H + 4e N2O(g) + 3H2O +1.297 - + - 2NO2 + 8H + 6e N2(g) + 4H2O +1.520 + - 2HNO2 + 6H + 6e N2(g) + 4H2O +1.454 - + - NO2 + 7H + 6e NH3(g) + 2H2O +0.789 - + - NO2 + 7H + 6e NH×H2O + H2O +0.806 + - + HNO2 + 7H + 6e NH4 + 2H2O +0.864 + - 2NO(g) + 2H + 2e N2O(g) + H2O +1.591 + - 2NO(g) + 4H + 4e N2(g) + 2H2O +1.678 + - NO(g) + 5H + 5e NH×H2O +0.727 + - + NO(g) + 6H + 5e NH4 + H2O +0.836 + - N2O(g) + 2H + 2e N2(g) + H2O +1.766

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+ - N2O(g) + H2O + 8H + 8e 2NH×H2O +0.510 + - + N2O(g) + 10H + 8e 2NH4 + H2O +0.647 - - - N3 + 7H2O + 6e N2H4 + NH3(g) + 7OH - 0.62

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Oxygen Oxygène Kisik Ossigeno Sauerstoff

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 8

Glossary Group numbers: 16 Appendix Period: 2 O 7 8 9 PDF Table N O F Oxygenium Awards 15 16 17

Links Discovery date: 1774 P S Cl

Oxygen was discovered by Joseph Priestley (England) in 1774. The origin of the name comes from the Greek words oxy genesmeaning acidand forming(acid former). It is colourless, odourless gas; pale blue liquid. Extremely reactive. Forms oxides with nearly all other elements except noble gases. It is the most abundant element in the earth's crust and makes up almost 21% of the atmosphere. My Software

CHALCOGENS ELEMENT

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 15.9994(3) Electronic configuration: [He] 2s2 2p4 English Formal oxidation number: -2 Electronegativities: 3.44 Aditya Vardhan Ω Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 0.0263 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μ cm

Atomic radius: 60.4 pm Standard state (20 °C): gas French

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 2000 (solid, m.p.) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 8.00 (solid, m.p.) 1140 (b.p.) 14.03 (b.p.) Croatian 1.429 (gas, 273 K) 22392.44 (gas, 273 K)

Eni Generalic

Marija Bralic THERMAL PROPERTIES Slobodan Brinic

German Melting point: -218.79 °C Heat of fusion: 0.444 kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Boiling point: -182.95 °C Heat of vaporization: 6.82 kJ mol-1

Italian Critical temperature: -118.58 °C Heat of atomization: 246.785 kJ mol-1 editors wanted

IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 1313.95 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): 209500 ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 3388.33 kJ mol crust): 466000

3rd ionization energy: 5300.51 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): (H2O) ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

16O 15.994914622(2) 99.762(15)

17O 16.9991315(2) 0.038(3)

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18O 17.9991604(9) 0.200(12)

MINERALS AND USES

Oxygen is obtained primarily from liquid air by fractional distillation. Small amounts are made in the laboratory by electrolysis of water. Used in steel making, welding and supporting life. Naturally occurring ozone (O3) in the upper atmosphere shields the earth from ultraviolet radiation. The price of 99.99 % pure oxygen gas costs 188.90 /dm3 in small quantities (1 dm3) and about 1.46 /dm3 in large quantities (300 dm3).

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation + - O2(g) + 4H + 4e 2H2O +1.229 + - O2(g) + 4H + 4e 2H2O +0.815 [H+] = 10-7 mol dm-3 - - O2(g) + 2H2O + 4e 4OH +0.401 - - - O2(g) + H2O + 2e HO2 + OH +0.076 + - O2(g) + 2H + 2e H2O2 +0.682 + - O3(g) + 2H + 2e O2(g) + H2O +2.07 + - O3(g) + 6H + 6e 3H2O +1.501 - - O3(g) + H2O + 2e O2(g) + 2OH +1.24 - - - HO2 + H2O + 2e 3OH +0.88 + - H2O2 + 2H + 2e 2H2O +1.776

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Fluorine Fluor Fluor Fluoro Fluor

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 9 2 Glossary Group numbers: 17 He Appendix Period: 2 F 8 9 10 PDF Table O F Ne Fluor Awards 16 17 18

Links Discovery date: 1886 S Cl Ar

Fluorine was discovered by Henri Moissan (France) in 1886. The origin of the name comes from the

Latin word flueremeaning to flow. It is pale yellow to greenish gas, with an irritating pungent odour. Extremely reactive, flammable gas. Reacts violently with many materials. Toxic by inhalation or ingestion. Does not occur uncombined in nature. My Software

HALOGENS ELEMENT

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 18.9984032(5) Electronic configuration: [He] 2s2 2p5 English Formal oxidation number: -1 Electronegativities: 3.98 Aditya Vardhan Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 0.0256 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μΩcm

Atomic radius: pm Standard state (20 °C): French 70.9 gas

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 1516 (liquid, 85 Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 12.53 (liquid, 85 K) K) 22403.78 (gas, 273 K) Croatian 1.696 (gas, 273 K)

Eni Generalic Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic THERMAL PROPERTIES

German Melting point: -219.62 °C Heat of fusion: kJ mol-1 1.02 Marc Hens Boiling point: -188.12 °C Heat of vaporization: 3.26 kJ mol-1

Italian Critical temperature: °C Heat of atomization: -1 -128.86 76.9 kJ mol editors wanted

IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 1681.06 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 3374.20 kJ mol crust): 625

3rd ionization energy: 6050.48 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 1.3 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

19F 18.99840321(8) 100

MINERALS AND USES

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Fluorine is found in the minerals fluorite (CaF2) and cryolite(Na3AlF6). Electrolysis of hydrofluoric acid (HF) or potassium acid fluoride (KHF2) is the only practical method of commercial production. Used in refrigerants and other fluorocarbons. Also in toothpaste as sodium fluoride (NaF).

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation - - F2(g) + 2e 2F +2.87 + - F2(g) + 2H + 2e 2HF +2.81 + - F2(g) + 2H + 2e 2HF(aq) +3.06 + - F2O + 4H + 4e 2HF + H2O +2.12 + - - F2O + 2H + 4e 2F + H2O +2.15 + - F2O + 2H + 2e F2(g) + H2O +1.44

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Neon Néon Neon Neo Neon

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 10 2 3 Glossary Group numbers: 18 He Li Appendix Period: 2 Ne 9 10 11 PDF Table F Ne Na Neon Awards 17 18 19

Links Discovery date: 1898 Cl Ar K

Neon was discovered by Sir William Ramsay and Morris W. Travers (England) in 1898. The origin of

the name comes from the Greek word neonmeaning new. It is colourless, odourless inert gas. Non- reactive even with fluorine. Fourth most abundant element in the universe.

My Software NOBLE GASES

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 20.1797(6) Electronic configuration: [He] 2s2 2p6

English Formal oxidation number: 0 Electronegativities: -

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 0.0491 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 154 pm Standard state (20 °C): gas

French -3 3 -1 Density (g dm ): 1444 (solid, m.p.) Molar volume (cm mol ): 13.97 (solid, m.p.) Michel Ditria 1207.3 (liquid, b.p.) 16.71 (liquid, b.p.) 0.89994 (gas, 273 K) 22423.38 (gas, 273 K) Croatian

Eni Generalic Marija Bralic THERMAL PROPERTIES

Slobodan Brinic Melting point: -248.59 °C Heat of fusion: 0.324 kJ mol-1 German Boiling point: -246.08 °C Heat of vaporization: 1.736 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens Critical temperature: -228.76 °C Heat of atomization: 0 kJ mol-1 Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 2080.68 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): 18 ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 3952.38 kJ mol crust): 0.00007

3rd ionization energy: 6122.04 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.04 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

20Ne 19.992440176(2) 90.48(3) 21Ne 20.99384674(4) 0.27(1)

22Ne 21.9913855(2) 9.25(3)

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MINERALS AND USES

Neon is obtained by liquefaction of air and separated from the other gases by fractional distillation. Primarily for lighting. The price of 99.999 % pure neon gas costs 165.30 /dm3 in small quantities (1 dm3) and about 2.81 /dm3 in large quantities (300 dm3).

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/ne.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:35:59 Sodium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Sodium Sodium Natrij Sodio Natrium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 11 2 3 4 Glossary Group numbers: 1 He Li Be Appendix Period: 3 Na 10 11 12 PDF Table Ne Na Mg Natrium Awards 18 19 20

Links Discovery date: 1807 Ar K Ca

Sodium was discovered by Sir Humphry Davy (England) in 1807. The origin of the name comes from

the Latin word natriummeaning sodium carbonate. It is soft silvery-white metal. Fresh surfaces oxidize rapidly. Reacts vigorously, even violently with water. Reacts with water to give off flammable gas. Burns in air with a brilliant white flame. My Software

ALKALI METAL

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 22.989770(2) Electronic configuration: [Ne] 3s1 English Formal oxidation number: +1 Electronegativities: 0.93 Aditya Vardhan Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 141 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 4.2 μΩcm

Atomic radius: pm Standard state (20 °C): French 185.8 solid

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 971 (293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 23.68 (293 K) 928 (m.p.) 24.77 (m.p.) Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES Marija Bralic

Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 97.72 °C Heat of fusion: 2.64 kJ mol-1 German Boiling point: 883 °C Heat of vaporization: 99.2 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens Critical temperature: 2300 °C Heat of atomization: 107.566 kJ mol-1 Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 495.85 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 4562.48 kJ mol crust): 23000

3rd ionization energy: 6910.33 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 10600 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

23Na 22.9897697(2) 100

MINERALS AND USES

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/na.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:01 Sodium - Periodic Table of the Elements

Sodium is obtained by electrolysis of melted sodium chloride (salt), borax and cryolite. Metallic sodium is vital in the manufacture of organic compounds. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is table salt. Liquid sodium is used to cool nuclear reactors. The price of 99.9 % pure sodium ingot is 67.10 for 450 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Na+ + e- Na(s) - 2.714

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/na.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:01 Magnesium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Magnesium Magnésium Magnezij Magnesio Magnesium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 12 3 4 Glossary Group numbers: 2 Li Be Appendix Period: 3 Mg 11 12 PDF Table Na Mg Magnesium Awards 19 20 21

Links Discovery date: 1808 K Ca Sc

Magnesium was discovered by Sir Humphry Davy (England) in 1808. The origin of the name comes

from the Greek word Magnesia, a district of Thessaly. It is lightweight, malleable, silvery-white metal. Burns in air with a brilliant white flame and reacts with water as temperature elevates. Can ignite in air. React violently with oxidants. My Software

ALKALINE EARTH METAL

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 24.3050(6) Electronic configuration: [Ne] 3s2 English Formal oxidation number: +2 Electronegativities: 1.31 Aditya Vardhan Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 156 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 4.45 μΩcm

Atomic radius: pm Standard state (20 °C): French 159.9 solid

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 1738 (293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 13.98 (293 K) 1585 (m.p.) 15.33 (m.p.) Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES Marija Bralic

Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 650 °C Heat of fusion: 9.04 kJ mol-1 German Boiling point: 1090 °C Heat of vaporization: 127.6 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens Critical temperature: 2262 °C Heat of atomization: 146.499 kJ mol-1 Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 737.76 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1450.69 kJ mol crust): 32000

3rd ionization energy: 7732.75 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 1300 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

24Mg 23.9850419(2) 78.99(3)

25Mg 24.9858370(2) 10.00(1) 26Mg 25.9825930(2) 11.01(2)

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/mg.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:02 Magnesium - Periodic Table of the Elements

MINERALS AND USES

Magnesium is found in large deposits in the form of magnesite, dolomite and other minerals. It is usually obtained by electrolysis of melted magnesium chloride (MgCl2) derived from brines, wells and sea water. Used in alloys to make airplanes, missiles and other uses for light metals. Has structural properties similar to aluminium. The price of 99.8 % pure magnesium granules is 111.60 for 1000 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Mg2+ + 2e- Mg(s) - 2.363 - - Mg(OH)2(s) + 2e Mg(s) + 2OH - 2.69 + - MgO(s) + 2H + 2e Mg(s) + H2O - 1.722

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/mg.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:02 Aluminium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Aluminium Aluminium Aluminij Alluminio Aluminium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 13 5 6 Glossary Group numbers: 13 B C Appendix Period: 3 Al 13 14 PDF Table Al Si Aluminium Awards 30 31 32

Links Discovery date: 1827 Zn Ga Ge

Aluminium was discovered by Friedrich Wöhler (Germany) in 1827. The origin of the name comes

from the Latin word alumenmeaning alum. It is soft, lightweight, silvery-white metal. Exposed surfaces quickly form protective oxide coating. Metal reacts violently with oxidants. Third most abundant element in the earth's crust. My Software

BORON GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 26.981538(2) Electronic configuration: [Ne] 3s2 3p1 English Formal oxidation number: +3 Electronegativities: 1.61 Aditya Vardhan Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 237 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 2.65 μΩcm

Atomic radius: pm Standard state (20 °C): French 143.2 solid

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 2698 (293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 10.00 (293 K) 2390 (m.p.) 11.29 (m.p.) Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES Marija Bralic

Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 660.32 °C Heat of fusion: 10.67 kJ mol-1 German Boiling point: 2519 °C Heat of vaporization: 290.8 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens Critical temperature: 8277 °C Heat of atomization: 324.01 kJ mol-1 Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 577.54 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1816.69 kJ mol crust): 84100

3rd ionization energy: 2744.80 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.01 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

27Al 26.9815384(1) 100

MINERALS AND USES

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/al.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:04 Aluminium - Periodic Table of the Elements

Aluminium is the most abundant metal to be found in the earth's crust, but is never found free in nature. Aluminium is obtained by electrolysis from bauxite ... Used for many purposes from airplanes to beverage cans. Too soft in its pure form so less than 1% of silicon or iron is added, which hardens and strengthens it. The price of 99.9 % pure aluminium granules is 45.70 for 1000 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Al3+ + 3e- Al(s) - 1.662 Al3+ + 2e- Al+ - 2.76 Al+ + e- Al(s) - 0.55 - + - AlO2 + 4H + 3e Al(s) + 2H2O - 1.262 - - Al(OH)3(s) + 3e Al(s) + 3OH - 2.31 3- - - AlF6 + 3e Al(s) + 6F - 2.07

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Silicon Silicium Silicij Silicio Silizium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 14 5 6 7 Glossary Group numbers: 14 B C N Appendix Period: 3 Si 13 14 15 PDF Table Al Si P Silicium Awards 31 32 33

Links Discovery date: 1824 Ga Ge As

Silicon was discovered by Jöns Jacob Berzelius (Sweden) in 1824. The origin of the name comes

from the Latin word silicismeaning flint. Amorphous form of silicon is brown powder; crystalline form has grey metallic appearance. Solid form unreactive with oxygen, water and most acids. Dissolves in hot alkali. Silica dust is a moderately toxic acute irritant. My Software

CARBON GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 28.0855(3) Electronic configuration: [Ne] 3s2 3p2 English Formal oxidation number: -4 +2 +4 Electronegativities: 1.9 Aditya Vardhan Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 148 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 10 μΩcm

Atomic radius: pm Standard state (20 °C): French 117.6 solid

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 2329 (293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 12.06 (293 K) 2525 (m.p.) 11.12 (m.p.) Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES Marija Bralic

Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 1414 °C Heat of fusion: 39.6 kJ mol-1 German Boiling point: 3265 °C Heat of vaporization: 383.3 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens Critical temperature: 4886 °C Heat of atomization: 451.29 kJ mol-1 Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 786.52 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1577.15 kJ mol crust): 267700

3rd ionization energy: 3231.61 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 3 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

28Si 27.976926533(2) 92.23(1)

29Si 28.97649472(3) 4.67(1) 30Si 29.97377022(5) 3.10(1)

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MINERALS AND USES

Silicon makes up major portion of clay, granite, quartz (SiO2) and sand. Commercial production depends on a reaction between sand (SiO2) and carbon at a temperature of around 2200 °C. Used in glass as silicon dioxide (SiO2). Silicon carbide (SiC) is one of the hardest substances known and used in polishing. Also the crystalline form is used in semiconductors. The price of 99.999 % pure silicon granular is 67.40 for 1000 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation + - SiO2(s) + 4H + 4e Si(s) + 2H2O - 0.86 2- + - SiO3 + 6H + 4e Si(s) + 3H2O - 0.455 - + - HSiO3 + 5H + 4e Si(s) + 3H2O - 0.632 + - H2SiO3 + 4H + 4e Si(s) + 3H2O - 0.780 + - SiO2(s) + 8H + 8e SiH4(g) + 2H2O - 0.377 2- + - SiO3 + 10H + 8e SiH4(g) + 3H2O - 0.176 - + - HSiO3 + 9H + 8e SiH4(g) + 3H2O - 0.265 + - H2SiO3 + 8H + 8e SiH4(g) + 3H2O - 0.339 + - Si(s) + 4H + 4e SiH4(g) +0.102 2- - - SiF6 + 4e Si(s) + 6F - 1.2

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/si.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:06 Phosphorus - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Phosphorus Phosphore Fosfor Fosforo Phosphor

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 15 6 7 8 Glossary Group numbers: 15 C N O Appendix Period: 3 P 14 15 16 PDF Table Si P S Phosphor Awards 32 33 34

Links Discovery date: 1669 Ge As Se

Phosphorus was discovered by Hennig Brandt (Germany) in 1669. The origin of the name comes

from the Greek word phosphorosmeaning bringer of light. White phosphorus is white to yellow soft, waxy phosphorescent solid with acrid fumes. Toxic by inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. Red phosphorus is powdery, non-flammable and non-toxic. My Software

NITROGEN GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 30.973761(2) Electronic configuration: [Ne] 3s2 3p3 English Formal oxidation number: -3 +3 +5 Electronegativities: 2.19 Aditya Vardhan Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 0.235 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 1E+17 μΩcm

Atomic radius: pm Standard state (20 °C): French 110.5 solid

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 1820 (white, 293 Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 17.02 (white, 293 K) K) Croatian 2200 (red, 293 K) 14.08 (red, 293 K)

Eni Generalic 2690 (black, 293 K) 11.51 (black, 293 K) Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic THERMAL PROPERTIES German -1 Marc Hens Melting point: 44.15 °C Heat of fusion: 2.51 kJ mol

Boiling point: 280.5 °C Heat of vaporization: 51.9 kJ mol-1 Italian editors wanted Critical temperature: 721 °C Heat of atomization: 314 kJ mol-1

IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 1011.82 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1907.47 kJ mol crust): 1050

3rd ionization energy: 2914.14 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.07 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

31P 30.9737615(2) 100

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MINERALS AND USES

Phosphorus is found most often in phosphate rock. Pure form is obtained by heating a mixture of phosphate rock, coke and silica to about 1450 °C. Used in the production of fertilizers and detergents. Some is used in fireworks, safety matches and incendiary weapons. Phosphorus is also important in the production of steels, phosphor bronze and many other products. The price of 99 % pure phosphorus powder is 43.90 for 500 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation 3- + - 2- PO4 + 3H + 2e HPO3 + H2O +0.121 2- + - 2- HPO4 + 2H + 2e HPO3 + H2O - 0.234 - + - 2- H2PO4 + H + 2e HPO3 + H2O - 0.447 - + - - H2PO4 + 2H + 2e H2PO3 + H2O - 0.260 + - - H3PO4 + H + 2e H2PO3 + H2O - 0.329 + - H3PO4 + 2H + 2e H3PO3 + H2O - 0.276 3- + - PO4 + 8H + 5e P (red) + 4H2O - 0.128 3- + - PO4 + 8H + 5e P (white) + 4H2O - 0.156 2- + - HPO4 + 7H + 5e P (red) + 4H2O - 0.288 2- + - HPO4 + 7H + 5e P (white) + 4H2O - 0.316 - + - H2PO4 + 6H + 5e P (red) + 4H2O - 0.358 - + - H2PO4 + 6H + 5e P (white) + 4H2O - 0.386 + - H3PO4 + 5H + 5e P (red) + 4H2O - 0.383 + - H3PO4 + 5H + 5e P (white) + 4H2O - 0.411 3- + - PO4 + 11H + 8e PH3(g) + 4H2O - 0.123 2- + - HPO4 + 10H + 8e PH3(g) + 4H2O - 0.212 - + - H2PO4 + 9H + 8e PH3(g) + 4H2O - 0.265 + - H3PO4 + 8H + 8e PH3(g) + 4H2O - 0.281 + - H3PO3 + 2H + 2e H3PO2 + H2O - 0.499 2- + - HPO3 + 5H + 3e P (red) + 3H2O - 0.298 2- + - HPO3 + 5H + 3e P (white) + 3H2O - 0.346 - + - H2PO3 + 4H + 3e P (red) + 3H2O - 0.419 - + - H2PO3 + 4H + 3e P (white) + 3H2O - 0.467 + - H3PO3 + 3H + 3e P (red) + 3H2O - 0.454 + - H3PO3 + 3H + 3e P (white) + 3H2O - 0.502 + - H4P2O6 + 2H + 2e 2H3PO3 +0.38 + - 2H3PO4 + 2H + 2e H4P2O6 + 2H2O - 0.94 + - P (red) + 3H + 3e PH3(g) - 0.111 + - P (white) + 3H + 3e PH3(g) - 0.063

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/p.html (2 de 3)28/02/2006 14:36:08 Phosphorus - Periodic Table of the Elements

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/p.html (3 de 3)28/02/2006 14:36:08 Sulphur - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Sulphur Soufre Sumpor Solfo Schwefel

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 16 7 8 9 Glossary Group numbers: 16 N O F Appendix Period: 3 S 15 16 17 PDF Table P S Cl Sulfur Awards 33 34 35

Links Discovery date: As Se Br

Sulfur has been known since ancient times. The origin of the name comes from the Sanskrit word

sulveremeaning sulphur; also from the Latin word sulphuriummeaning sulphur. It is pale yellow, odourless, brittle solid, which is insoluble in water but soluble in carbon disulfide.

My Software CHALCOGENS ELEMENT

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 32.065(5) Electronic configuration: [Ne] 3s2 3p4

English Formal oxidation number: -2 +4 +6 Electronegativities: 2.58

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 0.269 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 2E+23 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 103.5 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 3 -1 Density (g dm ): 2070 (alpha, 293 Molar volume (cm mol ): 15.49 (alpha, 293 Michel Ditria K) K) 1957 (beta, 293 K) 16.38 (beta, 293 K) Croatian 1891 (liquid, 393 K) 16.96 (liquid, 393 K)

Eni Generalic Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic THERMAL PROPERTIES

German Melting point: °C Heat of fusion: -1 115.21 1.7175 kJ mol Marc Hens Boiling point: 444.60 °C Heat of vaporization: 9.62 kJ mol-1

Italian Critical temperature: Heat of atomization: -1 1041 °C 276.6 kJ mol editors wanted

IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 999.60 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): 1 ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 2251.78 kJ mol crust): 260

3rd ionization energy: 3356.75 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 900 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

32S 31.9720707(1) 95.02(9)

33S 32.9714585(1) 0.75(4)

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34S 33.9678668(1) 4.21(8)

36S 35.9670809(3) 0.02(1)

MINERALS AND USES

Sulfur is found in pure form and in ores like cinnabar, galena, sphalerite and stibnite. Pure form is obtained from underground deposits by the Frasch process. Used in matches, gunpowder, medicines, rubber and pesticides, dyes and insecticides. Also for making sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The price of 99.5 % pure sulfur powder is 23.60 for 500 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

S(s) + 2e- S2- - 0.476 S(s) + H+ + 2e- HS- - 0.065 + - S(s) + 2H + 2e H2S(g) +0.141 2- + - SO4 + 4H + 2e H2SO3 + H2O +0.172 2- - - - SO4 + 4H2O + 2e SO3 + 2OH - 0.93 2- + - SO4 + 8H + 6e S(s) + 4H2O +0.357 - + - HSO4 + 7H + 6e S(s) + 4H2O +0.339 2- + - 2- SO4 + 8H + 8e S + 4H2O +0.149 2- + - - SO4 + 9H + 8e HS + 4H2O +0.252 2- + - SO4 + 10H + 8e H2S(g) + 4H2O +0.303 - + - HSO4 + 9H + 8e H2S(g) + 4H2O +0.289 2- - 2- S2O8 + 2e 2SO4 +2.01 2- + - - S2O8 + 2H + 2e 2HSO4 +2.123 2- - 2- S4O6 + 2e 2S2O3 +0.08 2- + - S4O6 + 12H + 10e 4S(s) + 6H2O +0.416 2- - 2- S2O6 + 2e 2SO3 +0.026 + - SO2(g) + 4H + 4e S(s) + 2H2O +0.451 + - H2SO3 + 4H + 4e S(s) + 3H2O +0.450 2- + - 2- 2SO3 + 6H + 4e S2O3 + 3H2O +0.705 - + - 2- 2HSO3 + 4H + 4e S2O3 + 3H2O +0.491 - + - 2- 4HSO3 + 8H + 6e S4O6 + 6H2O +0.581 + - 2- 4H2SO3 + 4H + 6e S4O6 + 6H2O +0.509 2- + - 2- SO3 + 6H + 6e S + 3H2O +0.231 2- + - - S2 + 2H + 2e 2HS +0.298 2- - 2- S2 + 2e 2S - 0.524 2- + - - S3 + 3H + 4e 3HS +0.097 2- + - - S4 + 4H + 6e 4HS +0.033 2- + - - S5 + 5H + 8e 5HS +0.003

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/s.html (3 de 3)28/02/2006 14:36:10 Chlorine - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Chlorine Chlore Klor Cloro Chlor

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 17 8 9 10 Glossary Group numbers: 17 O F Ne Appendix Period: 3 Cl 16 17 18 PDF Table S Cl Ar Chlorum Awards 34 35 36

Links Discovery date: 1774 Se Br Kr

Chlorine was discovered by Carl William Scheele (Sweden) in 1774. The origin of the name comes

from the Greek word chlorosmeaning pale green. It is greenish-yellow, disagreeable gas with irritating odour. Gas is toxic and severe irritant by contact or inhalation. Never found in free form in nature. My Software

HALOGENS ELEMENT

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 35.453(2) Electronic configuration: [Ne] 3s2 3p5 English Formal oxidation number: -1 +1 +5 +7 Electronegativities: 3.16 Aditya Vardhan Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 0.0089 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μΩcm

Atomic radius: pm Standard state (20 °C): French 99.4 gas

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 2030 (113 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 17.46 (113 K) 1507 (239 K) 23.53 (239 K) Croatian 3.214 (273 K) 22061.61 (273 K)

Eni Generalic Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic THERMAL PROPERTIES

German Melting point: -101.5 °C Heat of fusion: kJ mol-1 6.41 Marc Hens Boiling point: -34.04 °C Heat of vaporization: 20.4033 kJ mol-1

Italian Critical temperature: °C Heat of atomization: -1 144 120 kJ mol editors wanted

IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 1251.20 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 2297.72 kJ mol crust): 130

3rd ionization energy: 3821.81 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 19000 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

35Cl 34.96885271(4) 75.77(7) 37Cl 36.96590260(5) 24.23(7)

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MINERALS AND USES

Commercial quantities of chlorine are produced by electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride (NaCl) from seawater or brine from salt mines. Used in water purification, bleaches, acids and many, many other compounds such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC).

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation - - Cl2(g) + 2e 2Cl +1.359 - - Cl2(aq) + 2e 2Cl +1.39 - + - - ClO4 + 2H + 2e ClO3 + H2O +1.19 - - - - ClO4 + H2O + 2e ClO3 + 2OH +0.36 - + - 2ClO4 + 16H + 14e Cl2(g) + 8H2O +1.39 - + - ClO3 + 3H + 2e HClO2 + H2O +1.21 - - - - ClO3 + H2O + 2e ClO2 + 2OH +0.33 - + - 2ClO3 + 12H + 10e Cl2(g) + 3H2O +1.47 + - HClO2 + 2H + 2e HClO + H2O +1.64 - - - - ClO2 + H2O + 2e ClO + 2OH +0.66 + - 2HClO + 2H + 2e Cl2(g) + H2O +1.63 - - - 2ClO + 2H2O + 2e Cl2(g) + 4OH +0.40

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Argon Argon Argon Argo Argon

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 18 9 10 11 Glossary Group numbers: 18 F Ne Na Appendix Period: 3 Ar 17 18 19 PDF Table Cl Ar K Argonum Awards 35 36 37

Links Discovery date: 1894 Br Kr Rb

Argon was discovered by Lord Raleigh and Sir William Ramsay (Scotland) in 1894. The origin of the

name comes from the Greek word argosmeaning inactive. It is colourless and odourless noble gas. Chemically inert. It is the third most abundant element in the earth's atmosphere and makes up about 1%. My Software

NOBLE GASES

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 39.948(1) Electronic configuration: [Ne] 3s2 3p6 English Formal oxidation number: 0 Electronegativities: - Aditya Vardhan Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 0.0179 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μΩcm

Atomic radius: pm Standard state (20 °C): French 188 gas

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 1656 (40 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 24.12 (40 K) 1.784 (273) 22392.38 (273) Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES Marija Bralic

Slobodan Brinic Melting point: -189.34 °C Heat of fusion: 1.21 kJ mol-1 German Boiling point: -185.89 °C Heat of vaporization: 6.53 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens Critical temperature: -122.36 °C Heat of atomization: 0 kJ mol-1 Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 1520.58 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): 9300 ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 2665.88 kJ mol crust): 1.2

3rd ionization energy: 3930.84 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.6 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

36Ar 35.9675463(3) 0.337(3)

37Ar 36.9667759(3) * 38Ar 37.9627322(5) 0.063(1)

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39Ar 38.964313(5) *

40Ar 39.962383123(3) 99.600(3)

MINERALS AND USES

Argon is continuously released into the air by decay of radioactive potassium-40. Pure form is obtained from fractional distillation of liquid air. Used in lighting products. It is often used in filling incandescent light bulbs. Some is mixed with krypton in fluorescent lamps. Crystals in the semiconductor industry are grown in argon atmospheres. The price of 99.999 % pure argon gas costs 169.90 /dm3 in small quantities (1 dm3) and about 1.84 /dm3 in large quantities (300 dm3).

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/ar.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:14 Potassium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Potassium Potassium Kalij Potassio Kalium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 19 10 11 12 Glossary Group numbers: 1 Ne Na Mg Appendix Period: 4 K 18 19 20 PDF Table Ar K Ca Kalium Awards 36 37 38

Links Discovery date: 1807 Kr Rb Sr

Potassium was discovered by Sir Humphry Davy (England) in 1807. The origin of the name comes

from the Arabic word qalimeaning alkali(the origin of the symbol K comes from the Latin word kalium). It is soft, waxy, silver-white metal. Fresh surface has silvery sheen. Quickly forms dull oxide coating on exposure to air. Reacts strongly with water. Reacts with water to give off flammable gas. My Software Reacts violently with oxidants. Occurs only in compounds.

ALKALI METAL EDITORS:

English Relative atomic mass: 39.0983(1) Electronic configuration: 1 [Ar] 4s Aditya Vardhan Formal oxidation number: +1 Electronegativities: 0.82 Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 102 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 6.15 μΩcm French Atomic radius: 227.2 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 862 (293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 45.36 (293 K) Croatian 828 (m.p.) 47.22 (m.p.)

Eni Generalic Marija Bralic THERMAL PROPERTIES Slobodan Brinic

German Melting point: 63.38 °C Heat of fusion: kJ mol-1 2.4 Marc Hens Boiling point: 759 °C Heat of vaporization: 79.1 kJ mol-1

Italian Critical temperature: °C Heat of atomization: -1 1950 90.14 kJ mol editors wanted

IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 418.81 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 3051.85 kJ mol crust): 9100

3rd ionization energy: 4419.64 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 380 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

39K 38.9637068(3) 93.2581(44)

40K 39.9639987(3) 0.0117(1)

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41K 40.9618260(3) 6.7302(44)

MINERALS AND USES

Potassium is found in minerals like carnallite [(KMgCl3).6H2O] and sylvite (KCL). Pure metal is produced by the reaction of hot potassium chloride and sodium vapours in a special retort. Used as potash in making glass and soap. Also as saltpetre, potassium nitrate (KNO3) to make explosives and to colour fireworks in mauve. Vital to function of nerve and muscle tissues. The price of 90.2 % pure potassium metal is 90.20 for 5 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

K+ + e- K(s) - 2.925

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/k.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:15 Calcium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Calcium Calcium Kalcij Calcio Calcium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 20 11 12 Glossary Group numbers: 2 Na Mg Appendix Period: 4 Ca 19 20 21 PDF Table K Ca Sc Calcium Awards 37 38 39

Links Discovery date: 1808 Rb Sr Y

Calcium was discovered by Sir Humphry Davy (England) in 1808. The origin of the name comes

from the Latin word calxmeaning lime. It is fairly hard, silvery-white metal. Exposed surfaces form oxides and nitrides. Reacts with water and oxygen. Occurs only in compounds.

My Software ALKALINE EARTH METAL

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 40.078(4) Electronic configuration: [Ar] 4s2

English Formal oxidation number: +2 Electronegativities: 1

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 190 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 3.91 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 197.4 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 3 -1 Density (g dm ): 1550 (293 K) Molar volume (cm mol ): 25.86 (293 K) Michel Ditria 1365 (m.p.) 29.36 (m.p.)

Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES

Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 842 °C Heat of fusion: 9.33 kJ mol-1

German Boiling point: 1484 °C Heat of vaporization: 150.6 kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Critical temperature: 2607 °C Heat of atomization: 177.74 kJ mol-1

Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 589.83 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1145.46 kJ mol crust): 52900

3rd ionization energy: 4912.40 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 400 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

40Ca 39.9625911(3) 96.941(18) 42Ca 41.9586183(4) 0.647(9)

43Ca 42.9587668(5) 0.135(6)

44Ca 43.9554811(9) 2.086(12)

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46Ca 45.953693(3) 0.004(3)

48Ca 47.952534(4) 0.187(4)

MINERALS AND USES

Calcium is obtained from minerals like chalk, limestone and marble. Pure metal is produced by replacing the calcium in lime (CaCO3) with aluminium in hot, low pressure retorts. Used by many forms of life to make shells and bones. Virtually no use for the pure metal, however two of its compounds are, lime (CaO) and gypsum (CaSO4), are in great demand by a number of industries. The price of 99.8 % pure calcium granules is 126.90 for 1000 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Ca2+ + 2e- Ca(s) - 2.866 + - CaO + 2H + 2e Ca(s) + H2O - 1.90 - - Ca(OH)2(s) + 2e Ca(s) + 2OH - 3.03

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/ca.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:17 Scandium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Scandium Scandium Skandij Scandio Scandium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 21 12 Glossary Group numbers: 3 Mg Appendix Period: 4 Sc 20 21 22 PDF Table Ca Sc Ti Scandium Awards 38 39 40

Links Discovery date: 1879 Sr Y Zr

Scandium was discovered by Lars Fredrik Nilson (Sweden) in 1879. The origin of the name comes

from the Latin word Scandiameaning Scandinavia. It is fairly soft, silvery-white metal. Burns easily. Tarnishes readily in air. Reaction with water releases hydrogen. Reacts with air and halogens.

My Software TRANSITION ELEMENT: SCANDIUM GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 44.955910(8) Electronic configuration: [Ar] 3d1 4s2

English Formal oxidation number: +3 Electronegativities: 1.36

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 15.8 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 61 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 160.6 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 3 -1 Density (g dm ): 2989 (273 K) Molar volume (cm mol ): 15.04 (273 K) Michel Ditria

Croatian THERMAL PROPERTIES Eni Generalic Marija Bralic Melting point: 1541 °C Heat of fusion: 15.9 kJ mol-1 Slobodan Brinic Boiling point: 2836 °C Heat of vaporization: 376.1 kJ mol-1 German Critical temperature: 5127 °C Heat of atomization: 376.02 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens

Italian IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE editors wanted 1st ionization energy: 633.09 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1234.99 kJ mol crust): 30

3rd ionization energy: 2388.67 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.00004 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

45Sc 44.955910(1) 100

MINERALS AND USES

Scandium occurs mainly in the minerals thortveitile (~34% scandium) and wiikite. Also in some tin and tungsten ores. Pure scandium is obtained as a by-product of uranium refining. Scandium metal http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/sc.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:19 Scandium - Periodic Table of the Elements

is used in some aerospace applications. Scandium oxide (Sc2O3) is used in the manufacture of high- intensity electric lamps. Scandium iodide (ScI3) is used in lamps that produce light having a colour closely matching natural sunlight. The price of 99.9 % pure scandium ingot is 263.10 for 1 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sc3+ + 3e- Sc(s) - 2.08

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/sc.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:19 Titanium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Titanium Titane Titanij Titanio Titan

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 22

Glossary Group numbers: 4 Appendix Period: 4 Ti 21 22 23 PDF Table Sc Ti V Titanum Awards 39 40 41

Links Discovery date: 1791 Y Zr Nb

Titanium was discovered by William Gregor (England) in 1791. Named after the Titans, the sons of the Earth goddess in Greek mythology. It is shiny, dark-grey metal. Powdered form burns in air. Exposed surfaces form oxide coating. It can be highly polished and is relatively immune to tarnishing. Unreactive with alkali and most acids. My Software

TRANSITION ELEMENT: TITANIUM GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 47.867(1) Electronic configuration: [Ar] 3d2 4s2 English Formal oxidation number: +2 +3 +4 Electronegativities: 1.54 Aditya Vardhan Ω Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 21.9 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 42 μ cm

Atomic radius: 144.8 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid French

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 4540 (293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 10.54 (293 K) 4110 (m.p.) 11.65 (m.p.) Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES Marija Bralic

Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 1668 °C Heat of fusion: 20.9 kJ mol-1 German Boiling point: 3287 °C Heat of vaporization: 425.5 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens Critical temperature: 5577 °C Heat of atomization: 467.14 kJ mol-1 Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 658.82 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1309.85 kJ mol crust): 5400

3rd ionization energy: 2652.56 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.001 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

46Ti 45.952629(1) 8.0(1)

47Ti 46.951764(1) 7.3(1)

48Ti 47.947947(1) 73.8(1)

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49Ti 48.947871(1) 5.5(1)

50Ti 49.944792(1) 5.4(1)

MINERALS AND USES

Titanium usually occurs in the minerals ilmenite (FeTiO3), rutile (TiO2) and iron ores. Pure metal produced by heating TiO2 with C and Cl2 to produce TiCl4 then heated with Mg gas in Ar atmosphere. Since it is strong and resists acids it is used in many alloys. Titanium dioxide (TiO2), a white pigment that covers surfaces very well, is used in paint, rubber, paper and many others. The price of 99.95 % pure titanium sponge is 202.80 for 1000 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

TiIV + e- TiIII - 0.092 1 mol dm-3 HCl TiIV + 4e- Ti(s) - 0.88 1 mol dm-3 HCl Ti3+ + e- Ti2+ - 0.369 Ti2+ + 2e- Ti(s) - 1.630 2+ + - - TiO2 + H + 4e HTiO2 +1.303 2+ + - 2+ TiO2 + 2H + 2e TiO + H2O +1.800 + - 3+ TiO2(s) + 4H + e Ti + H2O - 0.666 + - 2+ TiO2(s) + 4H + 2e Ti + H2O - 0.502 2+ + - 3+ TiO + 2H + e Ti + H2O +0.099 2+ + - 3+ -3 TiO + 2H + e Ti + H2O +0.04 1 mol dm H2SO4 2+ + - 2+ TiO + 2H + 2e Ti + H2O - 0.135 - + - 2+ HTiO2 + 5H + 2e Ti + 3H2O +0.362 2- - - TiF6 + 4e Ti(s) + 6F - 1.19

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/ti.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:20 Vanadium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Vanadium Vanadium Vanadij Vanadio Vanadium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 23

Glossary Group numbers: 5 Appendix Period: 4 V 22 23 24 PDF Table Ti V Cr Vanadium Awards 40 41 42

Links Discovery date: 1801 Zr Nb Mo

Vanadium was discovered by A. M. del Rio (Spain) in 1801 and rediscovered by Nils Sefstrom (Sweden) in 1830. Named after Vanadis, the goddess of beauty in Scandinavian mythology. It is soft, ductile, silvery-white metal. Resistant to corrosion by moisture, air and most acids and alkalis at room temperature. Exposed surfaces form oxide coating. Reacts with concentrated acids. My Software

TRANSITION ELEMENT: VANADIUM GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 50.9415(1) Electronic configuration: [Ar] 3d3 4s2 English Formal oxidation number: +2 +3 +4 +5 Electronegativities: 1.63 Aditya Vardhan Ω Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 30.7 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 19.68 μ cm

Atomic radius: 131.1 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid French

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 6110 (292 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 8.34 (292 K) 5550 (m.p.) 9.18 (m.p.) Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES Marija Bralic

Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 1910 °C Heat of fusion: 17.6 kJ mol-1 German Boiling point: 3407 °C Heat of vaporization: 459.7 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens Critical temperature: 5657 °C Heat of atomization: 510.95 kJ mol-1 Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 650.92 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1414.49 kJ mol crust): 230

3rd ionization energy: 2828.10 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.002 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

50V 49.947163(1) 0.250(2)

51V 50.943964(1) 99.750(2)

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MINERALS AND USES

Vanadium is found in the minerals patronite (VS4), vanadinite [Pb5(VO4)3Cl] and carnotite [K2(UO2) 2(VO4)2.3H2O]. Pure metal produced by heating with C and Cl to produce VCl3 which is heated with Mg in Ar atmosphere. It is mixed with other metals to make very strong and durable alloys. Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is used as a catalyst, dye and fixer-fixer. The price of 99.7 % pure vanadium granules is 299.90 for 250 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

V3+ + e- V2+ - 0.256 -3 V3+ + e- V2+ - 0.21 1 mol dm HClO4 V2+ + 2e- V(s) - 1.18 3- + - 2VO4 + 10H + 4e V2O3 + 5H2O +1.238 3- + - + VO4 + 6H + 2e VO + 3H2O +1.256 + + - 2+ VO2 + 2H + e VO + H2O +1.00 + - 2+ V2O5 + 6H + 2e 2VO + 3H2O +0.998 + - + V2O4 + 4H + 2e 2VO + 2H2O +0.246 2+ + - 3+ VO + 2H + e V + H2O +0.359

VO2+ + H+ + e- VOH2+ +0.164

VO2+ + e- VO+ - 0.044 + - 2+ V2O3 + 6H + 2e 2V + 3H2O +0.161 + + - 2+ VO + 2H + e V + H2O +0.126 2+ + - 2+ VOH + H + e V + H2O - 0.082 + + - 2+ V(OH)4 + 2H + e VO + 3H2O +1.00 + + - 2+ V(OH)4 + 2H + e VO + 3H2O +1.02 1 mol dm-3 HCl + + - 2+ -3 V(OH)4 + 2H + e VO + 3H2O +1.02 1 mol dm HClO4

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/v.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:22 Chromium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Chromium Chrome Krom Cromo Chrom

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 24

Glossary Group numbers: 6 Appendix Period: 4 Cr 23 24 25 PDF Table V Cr Mn Chromum Awards 41 42 43

Links Discovery date: 1797 Nb Mo Tc

Chromium was discovered by Louis-Nicholas Vauquelin (France) in 1797. The origin of the name comes from the Greek word chromameaning colour. It is very hard, crystalline, steel-grey metal. The pure metal has a blue-white colour. It is hard, brittle and corrosion-resistant at normal temperatures. Hexavalent compounds toxic by skin contact. My Software

TRANSITION ELEMENT: CHROMIUM GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 51.9961(6) Electronic configuration: [Ar] 3d5 4s1 English Formal oxidation number: +2 +3 +6 Electronegativities: 1.66 Aditya Vardhan Ω Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 93.7 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 12.9 μ cm

Atomic radius: 124.9 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid French

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 7190 (293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 7.23 (293 K) 6460 (m.p.) 8.05 (m.p.) Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES Marija Bralic

Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 1907 °C Heat of fusion: 15.3 kJ mol-1 German Boiling point: 2671 °C Heat of vaporization: 341.8 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens Critical temperature: 4427 °C Heat of atomization: 394.51 kJ mol-1 Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 652.87 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1590.64 kJ mol crust): 185

3rd ionization energy: 2987.21 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.00005 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

50Cr 49.946050(1) 4.345(13)

52Cr 51.940512(2) 83.789(18)

53Cr 52.940654(2) 9.501(17)

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54Cr 53.938885(1) 2.365(7)

MINERALS AND USES

The most important chromium mineral is chromite [Fe,Mg(CrO4)]. Produced commercially by heating its ore in the presence of silicon or aluminium. Used to make stainless steel. It gives the colour to rubies and emeralds. Iron-nickel-chromium alloys in various percentages yield an incredible variety of the most important metals in modern technology. The price of 99.98 % pure chromium shot is 744.80 for 1000 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Cr3+ + e- Cr2+ - 0.408 Cr3+ + 3e- Cr(s) - 0.744 Cr2+ + 2e- Cr(s) - 0.91 2- + - 3+ Cr2O7 + 14H + 6e 2Cr + 7H2O +1.33 2- + - 2+ Cr2O7 + 12H + 6e 2CrOH + 5H2O +1.26 2- + - + Cr2O7 + 10H + 6e 2Cr(OH)2 + 3H2O +1.14 2- + - Cr2O7 + 14H + 12e 2Cr(s) + 7H2O +0.29 - + - 3+ HCrO4 + 7H + 3e Cr + 4H2O +1.20 2- - - CrO4 + 4H2O + 3e Cr(OH)3(s) + 5OH - 0.13 - + - 2+ HCrO4 + 6H + 3e CrOH + 3H2O +1.28 2- + - 2+ CrO4 + 7H + 3e CrOH + 3H2O +1.40 2- + - + CrO4 + 6H + 3e Cr(OH)2 + 2H2O +1.28 2- + - - CrO4 + 4H + 3e CrO2 + 2H2O +0.95 2- + - 3- CrO4 + 2H + 3e CrO3 + H2O +0.36

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/cr.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:24 Manganese - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Manganese Manganèse Mangan Manganese Mangan

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 25

Glossary Group numbers: 7 Appendix Period: 4 Mn 24 25 26 PDF Table Cr Mn Fe Manganum Awards 42 43 44

Links Discovery date: 1774 Mo Tc Ru

Manganese was discovered by Johann Gahn (Sweden) in 1774. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word magnesmeaning magnet, or magnesia nigrimeaning black magnesia(MnO2). It is hard, brittle, grey-white metal with a pinkish tinge. Impure forms are reactive. Rusts like iron in moist air. My Software

TRANSITION ELEMENT: MANGANESE GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 54.938049(9) Electronic configuration: [Ar] 3d5 4s2 English Formal oxidation number: +2 +3 +4 +7 Electronegativities: 1.55 Aditya Vardhan Ω Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 7.82 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 144 μ cm

Atomic radius: 136.7 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid French

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 7440 (alpha, 293 Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 7.38 (alpha, 293 K) K) Croatian 6430 (m.p.) 8.54 (m.p.)

Eni Generalic

Marija Bralic THERMAL PROPERTIES Slobodan Brinic

German Melting point: 1246 °C Heat of fusion: 14.4 kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Boiling point: 2061 °C Heat of vaporization: 220.5 kJ mol-1

Italian Critical temperature: 4054 °C Heat of atomization: 279.37 kJ mol-1 editors wanted

IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 717.28 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1509.04 kJ mol crust): 1400

3rd ionization energy: 3248.49 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.002 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

55Mn 54.938050(1) 100

MINERALS AND USES

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/mn.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:25 Manganese - Periodic Table of the Elements

Manganese is most abundant ores are pyrolusite (MnO2), psilomelane [(Ba,H2O)2Mn5O10] and rhodochrosite (MnCO3). Pure metal produced by mixing MnO2 with powered Al and ignited in a furnace. Used in steel, batteries and ceramics. The steel in railroad tracks can contain as much as 1.2% manganese. It is crucial to the effectiveness of vitamin B1. The price of 99.9 % pure manganese pieces is 87.80 for 1000 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation -3 MnIV + e- MnIII +1.65 14 mol dm H2SO4 -3 MnIII + e- MnII +1.59 14 mol dm H2SO4 -3 Mn3+ + e- Mn2+ +1.51 7.5 mol dm H2SO4 Mn2+ + 2e- Mn(s) - 1.180 - - 2- MnO4 + e MnO4 +0.564 - - - MnO4 + 2H2O + 3e MnO2(s) + 4OH +0.588 - + - MnO4 + 4H + 3e MnO2(s) (alfa) + 2H2O +1.695 - + - MnO4 + 4H + 3e MnO2(s) (beta) + 2H2O +1.679 - + - 3+ MnO4 + 8H + 4e Mn + 4H2O +1.506 - + - 2+ MnO4 + 8H + 5e Mn + 4H2O +1.51 2- + - MnO4 + 4H + 2e MnO2(s) + 2H2O +2.257 2- + - - MnO4 + 5H + 2e HMnO2 + 2H2O +1.234 2- - - MnO4 + 2H2O + 2e MnO2(s) + 4OH +0.51 18 °C + - 3+ MnO2(s) + 4H + e Mn + 2H2O +0.948 + - 2+ MnO2(s) (alfa) + 4H + 2e Mn + 2H2O +1.23 + - 2+ MnO2(s) (beta) + 4H + 2e Mn + 2H2O +1.22 + - 2+ MnO2(s) (gama) + 4H + 2e Mn + 2H2O +0.21 - - Mn(OH)3(s) + e Mn(OH)2(s) + 2OH +0.1 3- - 4- Mn(CN)6 + e Mn(CN)6 - 0.244 - - Mn(OH)2(s) + 2e Mn(s) + 2OH - 1.55 - + - HMnO2 + 3H + 2e Mn(s) + 2H2O - 0.163

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/mn.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:25 Iron - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Iron Fer Željezo Ferro Eisen

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 26

Glossary Group numbers: 8 Appendix Period: 4 Fe 25 26 27 PDF Table Mn Fe Co Ferrum Awards 43 44 45

Links Discovery date: ~ 2500 BC Tc Ru Rh

Iron has been known since ancient times. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word ferrummeaning iron. It is malleable, ductile, silvery-white metal. Exposed surfaces form red-brown oxides. Forms very strong alloys (steel). Ferromagnetic. Metal dust flammable. Fourth most abundant element in the earth's crust. My Software

TRANSITION ELEMENT: IRON GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 55.845(2) Electronic configuration: [Ar] 3d6 4s2 English Formal oxidation number: +2 +3 Electronegativities: 1.83 Aditya Vardhan Ω Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 80.2 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 9.71 μ cm

Atomic radius: 124.1 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid French

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 7874 (293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 7.09 (293 K) 7035 (m.p.) 7.94 (m.p.) Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES Marija Bralic

Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 1538 °C Heat of fusion: 14.9 kJ mol-1 German Boiling point: 2861 °C Heat of vaporization: 340.2 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens Critical temperature: 5693 °C Heat of atomization: 413.96 kJ mol-1 Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 762.47 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1561.90 kJ mol crust): 70700

3rd ionization energy: 2957.49 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.01 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

54Fe 53.939615(1) 5.8(1)

56Fe 55.934942(1) 91.72(30)

57Fe 56.935399(1) 2.1(1)

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58Fe 57.933280(1) 0.28(1)

MINERALS AND USES

Iron is obtained from iron ores. Pure metal produced in blast furnaces by layering limestone, coke and iron ore and forcing hot gasses into the bottom. This heats the coke red hot and the iron is reduced from its oxides and liquefied where it flows to the bottom. Iron is the most common metal in human society. More than 90% of all metal refined in the world is iron. Used in steel and other alloys. It is the chief constituent of hemoglobin which carries oxygen in blood vessels. Its oxides are used in magnetic tapes and disks. The price of 99.97 % pure iron pieces is 53.00 for 1000 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Fe3+ + 3e- Fe(s) - 0.04 Fe3+ + e- Fe2+ +0.771 Fe3+ + e- Fe2+ +0.700 1 mol dm-3 HCl -3 Fe3+ + e- Fe2+ +0.732 1 mol dm HClO4 -3 Fe3+ + e- Fe2+ +0.68 1 mol dm H2SO4 Fe2+ + 2e- Fe(s) - 0.440 2+ + - 2+ FeOH + H + e Fe + H2O +0.91 + + - 2+ Fe(OH)2 + 2H + e Fe + 2H2O +1.19 2- + - 3+ FeO4 + 8H + 3e Fe + 4H2O +1.70 2- + - 2+ FeO4 + 7H + 3e FeOH + 3H2O +1.65 2- + - + FeO4 + 6H + 3e Fe(OH)2 + 2H2O +1.56 2- + - FeO4 + 5H + 3e HFeO2 + 2H2O +1.00 - + - HFeO2 + 3H + 2e Fe(s) + 2H2O +0.49 3- - 4- Fe(CN)6 + e Fe(CN)6 +0.36 3- - 4- Fe(CN)6 + e Fe(CN)6 +0.71 1 mol dm-3 HCl 3- - 4- -3 Fe(CN)6 + e Fe(CN)6 +0.72 1 mol dm HClO4 3- - 4- -3 Fe(CN)6 + e Fe(CN)6 +0.72 1 mol dm H2SO4 3+ - 2+ Fe(C12H8N2)3 + e Fe(C12H8N2)3 +1.06

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/fe.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:27 Cobalt - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Cobalt Cobalt Kobalt Cobalto Kobalt

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 27

Glossary Group numbers: 9 Appendix Period: 4 Co 26 27 28 PDF Table Fe Co Ni Cobaltum Awards 44 45 46

Links Discovery date: 1735 Ru Rh Pd

Cobalt was discovered by Georg Brandt (Germany) in 1735. The origin of the name comes from the German word kobaldmeaning goblinor evil spirit. It is hard, ductile, lustrous bluish-grey metal. Surfaces stable in air. Reacts over time with dilute acids. It has remarkable magnetic properties.

My Software TRANSITION ELEMENT: COBALT GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 58.933200(9) Electronic configuration: [Ar] 3d7 4s2

Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities: English +2 +3 1.88

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 100 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 6.24 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 125.3 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 (293 K) 3 -1 (293 K) Density (g dm ): 8900 Molar volume (cm mol ): 6.62 Michel Ditria 7670 (m.p.) 7.68 (m.p.)

Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES

Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 1495 °C Heat of fusion: 15.2 kJ mol-1

-1 German Boiling point: 2927 °C Heat of vaporization: 382.4 kJ mol

Marc Hens Critical temperature: 5127 °C Heat of atomization: 423.082 kJ mol-1

Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 760.41 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1648.27 kJ mol crust): 29

3rd ionization energy: 3232.28 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.0005 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

59Co 58.933200(2) 100

MINERALS AND USES

Cobalt occurs in compounds with arsenic and sulfur as in cobaltine (CoAsS) and linneite (Co3S4).

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/co.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:29 Cobalt - Periodic Table of the Elements

Pure cobalt is obtained as a by-product of refining nickel, copper and iron. Used in many hard alloys; for magnets, ceramics and special glasses. Radioactive cobalt-60 is used in cancer therapy. The price of 99.9 % pure cobalt pieces is 171.20 for 500 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Co3+ + e- Co2+ +1.808 Co2+ + 2e- Co(s) - 0.277 + - 2+ Co3O4(s) + 8H + 2e 3Co + 4H2O +2.11 + - 2+ Co2O3(s) + 6H + 2e 2Co + 3H2O +1.75 - - Co(OH)2(s) + 2e Co(s) + 2OH - 0.73 3+ - 2+ Co(NH3)6 + e Co(NH3)6 +0.1 - - CoO(OH)(s) + H2O + e Co(OH)2(s) + OH +0.17

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/co.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:29 Nickel - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Nickel Nickel Nikal Nichel Nickel

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 28

Glossary Group numbers: 10 Appendix Period: 4 Ni 27 28 29 PDF Table Co Ni Cu Niccolum Awards 45 46 47

Links Discovery date: 1751 Rh Pd Ag

Nickel was discovered by Axel Fredrik Cronstedt (Sweden) in 1751. The origin of the name comes from the German word kupfernickelmeaning Devil's copper or St Nicholas's (Old Nick's) copper. It is hard, malleable, silvery-white metal. Soluble in acids, resist alkalis. It can be polished to a lustrous finish. Resists corrosion in air under normal conditions. My Software

TRANSITION ELEMENT: NICKEL GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 58.6934(2) Electronic configuration: [Ar] 3d8 4s2 English Formal oxidation number: +2 +3 Electronegativities: 1.91 Aditya Vardhan Ω Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 90.7 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 6.84 μ cm

Atomic radius: 124.6 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid French

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 8902 (298 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 6.59 (298 K) 7780 (m.p.) 7.54 (m.p.) Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES Marija Bralic

Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 1455 °C Heat of fusion: 17.6 kJ mol-1 German Boiling point: 2913 °C Heat of vaporization: 374.8 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens Critical temperature: 5117 °C Heat of atomization: 427.659 kJ mol-1 Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 737.13 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1753.04 kJ mol crust): 105

3rd ionization energy: 3395.34 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.0005 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

58Ni 57.935348(2) 68.077(9)

60Ni 59.930791(2) 26.223(8)

61Ni 60.931060(2) 1.140(1)

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62Ni 61.928349(2) 3.634(2)

64Ni 63.927970(2) 0.926(1)

MINERALS AND USES

Nickel is chiefly found in pentlandite [(Ni,Fe)9S8] ore. The metal is produced by heating the ore in a blast furnace which replaces the sulfur with oxygen. The oxides are then treated with an acid that reacts with the iron not the nickel. Used in electroplating and metal alloys because of its resistance to corrosion. Also in nickel-cadmium batteries, as a catalyst and for coins. The price of 99.99 % pure nickel pieces is 96.60 for 500 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Ni2+ + 2e- Ni(s) - 0.250 + - 2+ NiO2(s) + 4H + 2e Ni + 2H2O +1.593 - - NiO2(s) + 2H2O + 2e Ni(OH)2(s) + 2OH +0.49 + - 2+ Ni2O3(s) + 6H + 2e 2Ni + 3H2O +1.753 - - + Ni3O4(s) + 2H2O + 2e 3HNiO2 + H - 0.718 + - 2+ Ni3O4(s) + 8H + 2e 3Ni + 4H2O +1.977 - + - HNiO2 + 3H + 2e Ni(s) + 2H2O +0.648 2- - - - Ni(CN)4 + e Ni(CN)3 + CN - 0.4 2- + - 2+ NiO4 + 8H + 4e Ni + 4H2O +1.8 2+ - Ni(NH3)6 + 2e Ni(s) + 6NH3 - 0.49

NiS(s) (alfa) + 2e- Ni(s) + S2- +0.76 NiS(s) (gama) + 2e- Ni(s) + S2- - 0.99

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FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/ni.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:31 Copper - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Copper Cuivre Bakar Rame Kupfer

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 29

Glossary Group numbers: 11 Appendix Period: 4 Cu 28 29 30 PDF Table Ni Cu Zn Cuprum Awards 46 47 48

Links Discovery date: ~ 5000 BC Pd Ag Cd

Copper has been known since ancient times. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word cuprummeaning the island of Cyprusfamed for its copper mines. It is malleable, ductile, reddish- brown metal. Resistant to air and water. Exposed surfaces form greenish carbonate film.

My Software TRANSITION ELEMENT: COPPER GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 63.546(3) Electronic configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s1

Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities: English +1 +2 1.9

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 401 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 1.673 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 127.8 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 (293 K) 3 -1 (293 K) Density (g dm ): 8960 Molar volume (cm mol ): 7.09 Michel Ditria 7940 (m.p.) 8.00 (m.p.)

Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES

Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 1084.62 °C Heat of fusion: 13 kJ mol-1

-1 German Boiling point: 2562 °C Heat of vaporization: 306.7 kJ mol

Marc Hens Critical temperature: 5148 °C Heat of atomization: 337.15 kJ mol-1

Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 745.49 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1957.93 kJ mol crust): 75

3rd ionization energy: 3554.64 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.003 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

63Cu 62.929601(2) 69.17(3) 65Cu 64.927794(2) 30.83(3)

MINERALS AND USES

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/cu.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:32 Copper - Periodic Table of the Elements

Pure copper occurs rarely in nature. Usually found in sulfides as in chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), coveline (CuS), chalcosine (Cu2S) or oxides like cuprite (Cu2O). Most often used as an electrical conductor. Also used in the manufacture of water pipes. Its alloys are used in jewellery and for coins. The price of 99.9 % pure copper shot is 26.10 for 500 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Cu2+ + 2e- Cu(s) +0.337 Cu2+ + e- Cu+ +0.153 Cu+ + e- Cu(s) +0.521 - + - + HCuO2 + 3H + e Cu + 2H2O +1.73 2- + - + CuO2 + 4H + e Cu + 2H2O +2.51 - + - HCuO2 + 3H + 2e Cu(s) + 2H2O +1.13 2- + - CuO2 + 4H + 2e Cu(s) + 2H2O +1.52 2+ - + 2Cu + H2O + 2e Cu2O(s) + 2H +0.20 - + - 2HCuO2 + 4H + 2e Cu2O(s) + 3H2O +1.78 2- + - 2CuO2 + 6H + 2e Cu2O(s) + 3H2O +2.56 + - + CuO + 2H + e Cu + H2O +0.62

Cu2+ + Br- + e- CuBr(s) +0.64 Cu2+ + Cl- + e- CuCl(s) +0.54 Cu2+ + I- + e- CuI(s) +0.86 CuI(s) + e- Cu(s) + I- - 0.185 2+ - + Cu(NH3)4 + e Cu(NH3)2 + 2NH3 - 0.01 + - Cu(NH3)2 + e Cu(s) + 2NH3 - 0.12 2+ - Cu(NH3)4 + 2e Cu(s) + 4NH3 - 0.07

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/cu.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:32 Zinc - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Zinc Zinc Cink Zinco Zink

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 30 13 Glossary Group numbers: 12 Al Appendix Period: 4 Zn 29 30 31 PDF Table Cu Zn Ga Zincum Awards 47 48 49

Links Discovery date: 1746 Ag Cd In

Zinc was discovered by Andreas Marggraf (Germany) in 1746. The origin of the name comes from

the German word zink. It is bluish-silver, ductile metal. Reacts with alkalis and acids. Tarnishes in air.

TRANSITION ELEMENT: ZINC GROUP My Software

Relative atomic mass: 65.39(2) Electronic configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 EDITORS: Formal oxidation number: +2 Electronegativities: 1.65 English Thermal conductivity: 116 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 5.964 μΩcm Aditya Vardhan Atomic radius: pm Standard state (20 °C): solid Eni Generalic 133.5 Density (g dm-3): 7133 (293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 9.17 (293 K) French 6577 (m.p.) 9.94 (m.p.) Michel Ditria

Croatian THERMAL PROPERTIES

Eni Generalic Marija Bralic Melting point: 419.53 °C Heat of fusion: 6.67 kJ mol-1 Slobodan Brinic -1 Boiling point: 907 °C Heat of vaporization: 114.2 kJ mol German Critical temperature: 3107 °C Heat of atomization: 130.181 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens

Italian IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE editors wanted 1st ionization energy: 906.41 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1733.31 kJ mol crust): 80

3rd ionization energy: 3832.71 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.01 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

64Zn 63.929147(2) 48.6(3)

66Zn 65.926037(2) 27.9(2) 67Zn 66.927131(2) 4.1(1)

68Zn 67.924848(2) 18.8(4)

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/zn.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:34 Zinc - Periodic Table of the Elements

70Zn 69.925325(4) 0.6(1)

MINERALS AND USES

Zinc is found in the minerals zinc blende (sphalerite) (ZnS), calamine, franklinite, smithsonite (ZnCO3), willemite and zincite (ZnO). Used to coat other metal (galvanizing) to protect them from rusting. Although some 90% of the zinc is used for galvanizing steel. Zinc metal is used in the common dry-cell battery. Also used in alloys such as brass, bronze. Zinc compounds is also used in the manufacture of paints, cosmetics, plastics, electronic devices, and other products. The price of 99.99 % pure zinc granules is 39.60 for 500 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Zn2+ + 2e- Zn(s) - 0.763 2- + - ZnO2 + 4H + 2e Zn(s) + 2H2O +0.441 - + - HZnO2 + 3H + 2e Zn(s) + 2H2O - 0.054 2- - - ZnO2 + 2H2O + 2e Zn(s) + 4OH - 1.216 - - Zn(OH)2(s) + 2e Zn(s) + 2OH - 1.245

ZnS(s) + 2e- Zn(s) + S2- - 1.40 2+ - Zn(NH3)4 + 2e Zn(s) + 4NH3 - 1.04 2+ - - Zn(CN)4 + 2e Zn(s) + 4CN - 1.26

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/zn.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:34 Gallium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Gallium Gallium Galij Gallio Gallium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 31 13 14 Glossary Group numbers: 13 Al Si Appendix Period: 4 Ga 30 31 32 PDF Table Zn Ga Ge Gallium Awards 48 49 50

Links Discovery date: 1875 Cd In Sn

Gallium was discovered by Lecoq de Boisbaudran (France) in 1875. The origin of the name comes

from the Latin word Galliameaning France. It is soft, blue-white metal. Stable in air and water. Reacts violently with chlorine and bromine.

My Software BORON GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 69.723(1) Electronic configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1

English Formal oxidation number: +3 Electronegativities: 1.81

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 40.6 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 17.4 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 122.1 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 3 -1 Density (g dm ): 5907 (293 K) Molar volume (cm mol ): 11.80 (293 K) Michel Ditria 6113.6 (m.p.) 11.40 (m.p.)

Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES

Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 29.76 °C Heat of fusion: 5.59 kJ mol-1

German Boiling point: 2204 °C Heat of vaporization: 270.3 kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Critical temperature: 7347 °C Heat of atomization: 276 kJ mol-1

Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 578.85 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1979.33 kJ mol crust): 18

3rd ionization energy: 2963.09 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.0005 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

69Ga 68.925581(3) 60.108(9) 71Ga 70.924705(2) 39.892(9)

MINERALS AND USES

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/ga.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:36 Gallium - Periodic Table of the Elements

Gallium is found throughout the crust in minerals like bauxite, germanite and coal. Used in semiconductor production. It us used in making LED's (light-emitting diodes) and GaAs laser diodes. The price of 99.99 % pure gallium ingot is 930.40 for 500 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Ga3+ + 2e- Ga+ - 0.4 Ga3+ + 3e- Ga(s) - 0.56 - - - H2GaO3 + 3e Ga(s) + 4OH - 1.22

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/ga.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:36 Germanium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Germanium Germanium Germanij Germanio Germanium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 32 13 14 15 Glossary Group numbers: 14 Al Si P Appendix Period: 4 Ge 31 32 33 PDF Table Ga Ge As Germanium Awards 49 50 51

Links Discovery date: 1886 In Sn Sb

Germanium was discovered by Clemens Winkler (Germany) in 1886. The origin of the name comes

from the Latin word Germaniameaning Germany. It is greyish-white semi-metal. Unaffected by alkalis and most (except nitric) acids. Stable in air and water.

My Software CARBON GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 72.64(1) Electronic configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2

English Formal oxidation number: +2 +4 Electronegativities: 2.01

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 59.9 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 46000000 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 122.5 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 3 -1 Density (g dm ): 5323 (293 K) Molar volume (cm mol ): 13.65 (293 K) Michel Ditria 5490 (m.p.) 13.23 (m.p.)

Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES

Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 938.25 °C Heat of fusion: 34.7 kJ mol-1

German Boiling point: 2833 °C Heat of vaporization: 327.6 kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Critical temperature: 8127 °C Heat of atomization: 373.8 kJ mol-1

Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 762.18 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1537.47 kJ mol crust): 1.6

3rd ionization energy: 3302.15 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.0001 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

70Ge 69.924250(2) 21.23(4) 72Ge 71.922076(2) 27.66(3)

73Ge 72.923459(2) 7.73(1)

74Ge 73.921178(2) 35.94(2)

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/ge.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:38 Germanium - Periodic Table of the Elements

76Ge 75.921403(2) 7.44(2)

MINERALS AND USES

Germanium is obtained from refining copper, zinc and lead. Widely used in semiconductors. It is a good semiconductor when combined with tiny amounts of phosphorus, arsenic, gallium and antimony. The price of 99.9999 % pure germanium ingot is 1088.10 for 120 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Ge2+ + 2e- Ge(s) +0.00 + - 2+ GeO2(s) + 4H + 2e Ge + 2H2O - 0.25 + - GeO2(s) + 4H + 4e Ge + 2H2O - 0.01 + - H2GeO3 + 4H + 4e Ge(s) + 3H2O - 0.13 + - GeO(s) + 2H + 2e Ge(s) + H2O - 0.29

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/ge.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:38 Arsenic - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Arsenic Arsenic Arsen Arsenico Arsen

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 33 14 15 16 Glossary Group numbers: 15 Si P S Appendix Period: 4 As 32 33 34 PDF Table Ge As Se Arsenum Awards 50 51 52

Links Discovery date: 1250 Sn Sb Te

Arsenic was discovered by Albertus Magnus (Germany) in 1250. The origin of the name comes from

the Greek word arsenikonmeaning yellow orpiment. It is steel-grey, brittle semi-metal. Resists water, acids and alkalis. Tarnishes in air, burns in oxygen. Highly toxic by inhalation or ingestion.

My Software NITROGEN GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 74.92160(2) Electronic configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3

English Formal oxidation number: -3 +3 +5 Electronegativities: 2.18

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 50 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 33.3 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 124.5 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 3 -1 Density (g dm ): 5780 (alpha, 293 Molar volume (cm mol ): 12.96 (alpha, 293 Michel Ditria K) K) 4700 (beta, 293 K) 15.94 (beta, 293 K) Croatian

Eni Generalic Marija Bralic THERMAL PROPERTIES

Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 817 °C Heat of fusion: 27.7 kJ mol-1 German Boiling point: 614 °C Heat of vaporization: 31.9 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens Critical temperature: 1827 °C Heat of atomization: 301.42 kJ mol-1 Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 944.46 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1797.82 kJ mol crust): 1

3rd ionization energy: 2735.48 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.003 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

75As 74.921596(2) 100

MINERALS AND USES

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/as.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:39 Arsenic - Periodic Table of the Elements

Arsenic is found in mispickel (arsenopyrite). Many of its compounds are deadly poison and used as weed killer and rat poison. Used in semiconductors. Some compounds, called arsenides, are used in the manufacture of paints, wallpapers and ceramics. The price of 99.5 % pure arsenic sponge is 322.60 for 100 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation + - + H3AsO4 + 3H + 2e AsO + 3H2O +0.55 + - H3AsO4 + 2H + 2e H3AsO3 + H2O +0.559 + - H3AsO4 + 2H + 2e H3AsO3 + H2O +0.577 1 mol dm-3 HCl + - -3 H3AsO4 + 2H + 2e H3AsO3 + H2O +0.577 1 mol dm HClO4 - + - H2AsO4 + 3H + 2e H3AsO3 + H2O +0.666 2- + - HAsO4 + 4H + 2e H3AsO3 + H2O +0.881 2- + - - HAsO4 + 3H + 2e H2AsO3 + H2O +0.609 3- - - - AsO4 + 3H2O + 2e H2AsO3 + 4OH - 0.67 + - 2H3AsO4 + 4H + 4e As2O3(s) + 5H2O +0.58 - + - 2H2AsO4 + 6H + 4e As2O3(s) + 5H2O +0.687 2- + - 2HAsO4 + 8H + 4e As2O3(s) + 5H2O +0.901 3- + - 2AsO4 + 10H + 4e As2O3(s) + 5H2O +1.27 3- + - AsO4 + 8H + 5e As(s) + 4H2O +0.648 + - As2O3(s) + 6H + 6e 2As(s) + 3H2O +0.234 + + - AsO + 2H + 3e As(s) + H2O +0.254 + - H3AsO3 + 3H + 3e As(s) + 3H2O +0.248 - + - H2AsO3 + 4H + 3e As(s) + 3H2O +0.429 - - - H2AsO3 + H2O + 3e As(s) + 4OH - 0.68 + - As(s) + 3H + 3e AsH3(g) - 0.608

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/as.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:39 Selenium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Selenium Sélénium Selenij Selenio Selen

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 34 15 16 17 Glossary Group numbers: 16 P S Cl Appendix Period: 4 Se 33 34 35 PDF Table As Se Br Selenum Awards 51 52 53

Links Discovery date: 1817 Sb Te I

Selenium was discovered by Jöns Jakob Berzelius (Sweden) in 1817. The origin of the name comes

from the Greek word selenemeaning moon. It is soft metalloid similar to sulfur. Ranges from grey metallic to red glassy appearance. Unaffected by water. Soluble in alkalis and nitric acid. Burns in air. Toxic by inhalation or ingestion. My Software

CHALCOGENS ELEMENT

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 78.96(3) Electronic configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4 English Formal oxidation number: -2 +4 +6 Electronegativities: 2.55 Aditya Vardhan Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 2.04 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 12 μΩcm

Atomic radius: pm Standard state (20 °C): French 116 solid

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 4790 (grey, 293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 16.48 (grey, 293 3987 (m.p.) K) Croatian 19.80 (m.p.)

Eni Generalic Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic THERMAL PROPERTIES

German Melting point: 221 °C Heat of fusion: kJ mol-1 5.1 Marc Hens Boiling point: 685 °C Heat of vaporization: 90 kJ mol-1

Italian Critical temperature: °C Heat of atomization: -1 1484 226.4 kJ mol editors wanted

IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 940.97 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 2044.54 kJ mol crust): 0.05

3rd ionization energy: 2973.74 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): - ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

74Se 73.922477(2) 0.89(2) 76Se 75.919214(2) 9.36(11)

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/se.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:41 Selenium - Periodic Table of the Elements

77Se 76.919915(2) 7.63(6)

78Se 77.917310(2) 23.78(9)

80Se 79.916522(2) 49.61(10)

82Se 81.916700(2) 8.73(6)

MINERALS AND USES

Selenium is obtained from lead, copper and nickel refining. Conducts electricity when struck by light. Light causes it to conduct electricity more easily. It is used in photoelectric cells, TV cameras, xerography machines and as a semiconductor in solar batteries and rectifiers. Also colours glass red. The price of 99.999 % pure amorphous selenium shot is 301.80 for 1000 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation 2- + - 2- SeO4 + 2H + 2e SeO3 + H2O +0.880 2- - 2- - SeO4 + H2O + 2e SeO3 + 2OH +0.05 2- + - - SeO4 + 3H + 2e HSeO3 + H2O +1.075 2- + - SeO4 + 4H + 2e H2SeO3 + H2O +1.15 - + - HSeO4 + 3H + 2e H2SeO3 + H2O +1.090 2- + - SeO3 + 6H + 4e Se(s) + 3H2O +0.875 - + - HSeO3 + 5H + 4e Se(s) + 3H2O +0.778 + - H2SeO3 + 4H + 4e Se(s) + 3H2O +0.740 2- + - 2- SeO3 + 6H + 6e Se + 3H2O +0.276 2- + - - SeO3 + 7H + 6e HSe + 3H2O +0.414 - + - - HSeO3 + 6H + 6e HSe + 3H2O +0.349 - + - HSeO3 + 7H + 6e H2Se(g) + 3H2O +0.386 + - H2SeO3 + 6H + 6e H2Se(g) + 3H2O +0.360 + - Se(s) + 2H + 2e H2Se(g) - 0.369

Se(s) + 2e- Se2- - 0.924 Se(s) + H+ + 2e- HSe- - 0.510 + - Se(s) + 2H + 2e H2Se(g) - 0.399

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/se.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:41 Bromine - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Bromine Brome Brom Bromo Brom

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 35 16 17 18 Glossary Group numbers: 17 S Cl Ar Appendix Period: 4 Br 34 35 36 PDF Table Se Br Kr Bromum Awards 52 53 54

Links Discovery date: 1826 Te I Xe

Bromine was discovered by Antoine J. Balard (France) in 1826. The origin of the name comes from

the Greek word bromosmeaning stench. It is reddish-brown liquid with suffocating, irritating fumes. Gives off poisonous vapour. Causes severe burns. Oxidizer.

My Software HALOGENS ELEMENT

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 79.904(1) Electronic configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5

English Formal oxidation number: -1 +1 +5 Electronegativities: 2.96

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 0.0047 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 114.5 pm Standard state (20 °C): liquid

French -3 3 -1 Density (g dm ): 4050 (123 K) Molar volume (cm mol ): 19.73 (123 K) Michel Ditria 3122.6 (293 K) 25.59 (293 K) 7.59 (gas, 273 K) 21055.07 (gas, 273 K) Croatian

Eni Generalic Marija Bralic THERMAL PROPERTIES

Slobodan Brinic Melting point: -7.2 °C Heat of fusion: 10.8 kJ mol-1 German Boiling point: 58.78 °C Heat of vaporization: 30.5 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens Critical temperature: 311 °C Heat of atomization: 117.943 kJ mol-1 Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 1139.87 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 2103.40 kJ mol crust): 2.5

3rd ionization energy: 3473.50 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 65 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

79Br 78.918338(2) 50.69(7) 81Br 80.916291(3) 49.31(7)

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/br.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:43 Bromine - Periodic Table of the Elements

MINERALS AND USES

Bromine occurs in compounds in sea water. It was once used in large quantities to make a compound that removed lead compound build up in engines burning leaded gasoline. Now it is primarily used in dyes, disinfectants and photographic chemicals. The price of 99.8 % pure bromine liquid is 79.10 for 1000 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation - - Br2(l) + 2e 2Br +1.065 - - Br2(aq) + 2e 2Br +1.087 - - - Br3 + 2e 3Br +1.05 + - - HBrO3 + 5H + 6e Br + 3H2O +1.42 + - - 3HBrO3 + 15H + 16e Br3 + 9H2O +1.462 - + - 2BrO3 + 12H + 10e Br2(l) + 6H2O +1.52 - + - - BrO3 + 6H + 6e Br + 3H2O +1.44 - - - - BrO3 + 3H2O + 6e Br + 6OH +0.61 + - 2HBrO2 + 10H + 10e Br2(l) + 6H2O +1.48 + - HBrO3 + 4H + 4e HBrO + 2H2O +1.46 + - - HBrO3 + 3H + 4e BrO + 2H2O +1.33 + - 2HBrO + 2H + 2e Br2(l) + 2H2O +1.59 - + - 2BrO + 4H + 2e Br2(l) + 2H2O +2.09 - - - 2BrO + 2H2O + 2e Br2(l) + 4OH +0.45 - - - - BrO + H2O + 2e Br + 2OH +0.76

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/br.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:43 Krypton - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Krypton Krypton Kripton Cripto Krypton

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 36 17 18 19 Glossary Group numbers: 18 Cl Ar K Appendix Period: 4 Kr 35 36 37 PDF Table Br Kr Rb Krypton Awards 53 54 55

Links Discovery date: 1898 I Xe Cs

Krypton was discovered by Sir William Ramsay and Morris W. Travers (England) in 1898. The origin

of the name comes from the Greek word kryptosmeaning hidden. It is colourless, odourless rare noble gas. Reacts only with fluorine.

My Software NOBLE GASES

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 83.80(1) Electronic configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6

English Formal oxidation number: 0 Electronegativities: -

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 0.0095 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 202 pm Standard state (20 °C): gas

French -3 3 -1 Density (g dm ): 2823 (solid, m.p.) Molar volume (cm mol ): 29.68 (solid, m.p.) Michel Ditria 2413 (liquid, b.p.) 34.73 (liquid, b.p.) 3.7493 (gas, 273 K) 22350.84 (gas, 273 K) Croatian

Eni Generalic Marija Bralic THERMAL PROPERTIES

Slobodan Brinic Melting point: -157.36 °C Heat of fusion: 1.64 kJ mol-1 German Boiling point: -153.22 °C Heat of vaporization: 9.05 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens Critical temperature: -63.76 °C Heat of atomization: 0 kJ mol-1 Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 1350.77 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): 1.14 ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 2350.39 kJ mol crust): 0.00001

3rd ionization energy: 3565.16 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.0003 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

78Kr 77.920386(7) 0.35(2) 80Kr 79.916378(4) 2.25(2)

82Kr 81.913485(3) 11.6(1)

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/kr.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:44 Krypton - Periodic Table of the Elements

83Kr 82.914136(3) 11.5(1)

84Kr 83.911507(3) 57.0(3)

86Kr 85.910610(1) 17.3(2)

MINERALS AND USES

Krypton is obtained from production of liquid air. Used in lighting products. Some is used as inert filler-gas in incandescent bulbs. Some is mixed with argon in fluorescent lamps. The most important use is in flashing stroboscopic lamps that outline airport runways. The price of 99.995 % pure krypton gas costs 165.30 /dm3 in small quantities (1 dm3) and about 4.51 /dm3 in large quantities (300 dm3).

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/kr.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:44 Rubidium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Rubidium Rubidium Rubidij Rubidio Rubidium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 37 18 19 20 Glossary Group numbers: 1 Ar K Ca Appendix Period: 5 Rb 36 37 38 PDF Table Kr Rb Sr Rubidium Awards 54 55 56

Links Discovery date: 1861 Xe Cs Ba

Rubidium was discovered by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff (Germany) in 1861. The origin of

the name comes from the Latin word rubidiusmeaning dark redor deepest red. It is soft, silvery- white, highly reactive metal. Ignites in air. Reacts violently with water or oxidants.

My Software ALKALI METAL

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 85.4678(3) Electronic configuration: [Kr] 5s1

English Formal oxidation number: +1 Electronegativities: 0.82

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 52.8 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 12.5 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 247.5 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 3 -1 Density (g dm ): 1532 (293 K) Molar volume (cm mol ): 55.79 (293 K) Michel Ditria 1475 (m.p.) 57.94 (m.p.)

Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES

Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 39.31 °C Heat of fusion: 2.2 kJ mol-1

German Boiling point: 688 °C Heat of vaporization: 75.7 kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Critical temperature: 1820 °C Heat of atomization: 82.17 kJ mol-1

Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 403.03 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 2632.62 kJ mol crust): 32

3rd ionization energy: 3859.44 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.12 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

85Rb 84.911789(3) 72.165(20) 87Rb 86.909183(3) 27.835(20)

MINERALS AND USES

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/rb.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:46 Rubidium - Periodic Table of the Elements

Rubidium occurs abundantly, but so widespread that production is limited. Usually obtained from lithium production. Used as a catalyst, photocells and vacuum and cathode-ray tubes. The price of 99.8 % pure rubidium metal is 1669.80 for 100 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Rb+ + e- Rb(s) - 2.93

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/rb.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:46 Strontium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Strontium Strontium Stroncij Stronzio Strontium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 38 19 20 21 Glossary Group numbers: 2 K Ca Sc Appendix Period: 5 Sr 37 38 39 PDF Table Rb Sr Y Strontium Awards 55 56 57

Links Discovery date: 1808 Cs Ba La

Strontium was discovered by Sir Humphry Davy (England) in 1808. Named after the village of

Strontianin Scotland. It is soft, malleable, silvery-yellow metal. Combustible in air, will react with water. Exposed surfaces form protective oxide film. Metal ignites and burns readily.

My Software ALKALINE EARTH METAL

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 87.62(1) Electronic configuration: [Kr] 5s2

English Formal oxidation number: +2 Electronegativities: 0.95

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 49 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 23 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 215.1 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 3 -1 Density (g dm ): 2540 (293 K) Molar volume (cm mol ): 34.50 (293 K) Michel Ditria 2375 (m.p.) 36.89 (m.p.)

Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES

Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 777 °C Heat of fusion: 9.16 kJ mol-1

German Boiling point: 1382 °C Heat of vaporization: 154.4 kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Critical temperature: 2786 °C Heat of atomization: 164.4 kJ mol-1

Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 549.48 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1064.25 kJ mol crust): 260

3rd ionization energy: 4138.29 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 8 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

84Sr 83.913425(4) 0.56(1) 86Sr 85.909262(2) 9.86(1)

87Sr 86.908879(2) 7.00(1)

88Sr 87.905614(2) 82.58(1)

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/sr.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:47 Strontium - Periodic Table of the Elements

MINERALS AND USES

Strontium is found in minerals celestite and strontianite. Used in flares and fireworks for crimson colour. Strontium-90 is a long lived highly radioactive fallout product of atomic-bomb explosions. The price of 99 % pure strontium ingot is 322.30 for 1000 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sr2+ + 2e- Sr(s) - 2.89

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/sr.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:47 Yttrium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Yttrium Yttrium Itrij Ittrio Yttrium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 39 20 21 22 Glossary Group numbers: 3 Ca Sc Ti Appendix Period: 5 Y 38 39 40 PDF Table Sr Y Zr Yttrium Awards 56 57 72

Links Discovery date: 1843 Ba La Hf

Yttrium was discovered by Carl Gustaf Mosander (Sweden) in 1843. Named after Ytterby, a village

in Sweden. It is silvery, ductile, fairly reactive metal. Exposed surfaces form oxide film. Easily combustible, reacts with oxygen in water to release hydrogen.

My Software TRANSITION ELEMENT: SCANDIUM GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 88.90585(2) Electronic configuration: [Kr] 4d1 5s2

English Formal oxidation number: +3 Electronegativities: 1.22

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 17.2 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 57 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 177.6 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 3 -1 Density (g dm ): 4469 (293 K) Molar volume (cm mol ): 19.89 (293 K) Michel Ditria

Croatian THERMAL PROPERTIES Eni Generalic Marija Bralic Melting point: 1522 °C Heat of fusion: 17.2 kJ mol-1 Slobodan Brinic Boiling point: 3345 °C Heat of vaporization: 367.4 kJ mol-1 German Critical temperature: 8677 °C Heat of atomization: 420.45 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens

Italian IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE editors wanted 1st ionization energy: 599.86 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1180.99 kJ mol crust): 20

3rd ionization energy: 1979.89 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.0003 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

89Y 88.905848(3) 100

MINERALS AND USES

Yttrium is found in minerals such as monazite, xenotime and yttria. Combined with europium to make red phosphors for colour TV's. Yttrium oxide and iron oxide combine to form a crystal garnet http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/y.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:49 Yttrium - Periodic Table of the Elements

used in radar. The price of 99.9 % pure yttrium ingot is 229.00 for 50 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/y.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:49 Zirconium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Zirconium Zirconium Cirkonij Zirconio Zirkonium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 40 21 22 23 Glossary Group numbers: 4 Sc Ti V Appendix Period: 5 Zr 39 40 41 PDF Table Y Zr Nb Zirconium Awards 57 72 73

Links Discovery date: 1789 La Hf Ta

Zirconium was discovered by Martin Heinrich Klaproth (Germany) in 1789. The origin of the name

comes from the Arabic word zargunmeaning gold colour. It is grey-white, lustrous, corrosion- resistant metal. Exposed surfaces form oxide protective film.

My Software TRANSITION ELEMENT: TITANIUM GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 91.224(2) Electronic configuration: [Kr] 4d2 5s2

English Formal oxidation number: +4 Electronegativities: 1.33

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 22.7 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 42.1 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 159 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 3 -1 Density (g dm ): 6506 (293 K) Molar volume (cm mol ): 14.02 (293 K) Michel Ditria 5800 (m.p.) 15.73 (m.p.)

Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES

Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 1855 °C Heat of fusion: 23 kJ mol-1

German Boiling point: 4409 °C Heat of vaporization: 566.7 kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Critical temperature: 8377 °C Heat of atomization: 607.47 kJ mol-1

Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 640.08 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1266.86 kJ mol crust): 100

3rd ionization energy: 2218.21 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.000026 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

90Zr 89.904704(2) 51.45(3) 91Zr 90.905645(2) 11.22(4)

92Zr 91.905040(2) 17.15(2)

94Zr 93.906316(3) 17.38(4)

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/zr.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:51 Zirconium - Periodic Table of the Elements

96Zr 95.908276(3) 2.80(2)

MINERALS AND USES

Zirconium is found in many minerals such as zircon and baddeleyite. Used in alloys such as zircaloy which is used in nuclear applications since it does not readily absorb neutrons. Also baddeleyite is used in lab crucibles. Used in high-performance pumps and valves. Clear zircon (ZrSiO4) is a popular gemstone. The price of 99.5 % pure zirconium slug is 81.50 for 100 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Zr4+ + 4e- Zr(s) - 1.539 - - H2ZrO3(s) + H2O + 4e Zr(s) + 4OH - 2.36 - + - HZrO3 + 5H + 4e Zr(s) + 3H2O - 1.276 2+ + - ZrO + 2H + 4e Zr(s) + H2O - 1.570 + - ZrO2(s) + 4H + 4e Zr(s) + 2H2O - 1.456 + - ZrO2×H2O(s) + 4H + 4e Zr(s) + 3H2O - 1.533 + - ZrO2×2H2O + 4H + 4e Zr(s) + 4H2O - 1.553

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/zr.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:51 Niobium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Niobium Niobium Niobij Niobio Niob

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 41 22 23 24 Glossary Group numbers: 5 Ti V Cr Appendix Period: 5 Nb 40 41 42 PDF Table Zr Nb Mo Niobium Awards 72 73 74

Links Discovery date: 1801 Hf Ta W

Niobium was discovered by Charles Hatchett (England) in 1801. The origin of the name comes from

the Greek word Niobemeaning daughter of Tantalusin Greek mythology (tantalum is closely related to niobium in the periodic table). It is shiny white, soft, ductile metal. Exposed surfaces form oxide film. My Software

TRANSITION ELEMENT: VANADIUM GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 92.90638(2) Electronic configuration: [Kr] 4d4 5s1 English Formal oxidation number: +3 +5 Electronegativities: 1.6 Aditya Vardhan Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 53.7 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 12.5 μΩcm

Atomic radius: pm Standard state (20 °C): French 142.9 solid

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 8570 (293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 10.84 (293 K) 7830 (m.p.) 11.87 (m.p.) Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES Marija Bralic

Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 2477 °C Heat of fusion: 27.2 kJ mol-1 German Boiling point: 4744 °C Heat of vaporization: 680.19 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens Critical temperature: 8427 °C Heat of atomization: 722.819 kJ mol-1 Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 652.13 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1381.68 kJ mol crust): 11

3rd ionization energy: 2416.01 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.00001 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

93Nb 92.906378(2) 100

MINERALS AND USES

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/nb.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:52 Niobium - Periodic Table of the Elements

Niobium occurs in a mineral columbite. It is used in stainless steel alloys for nuclear reactors, jets and missiles. Used as an alloy with iron and nickel. It can be used in nuclear reactors and is known to be superconductive when alloyed with tin, aluminium or zirconium. The price of 99.8 % pure niobium pieces is 47.20 for 100 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation -3 NbV + 2e- NbIII - 0.373 6 mol dm H2SO4 Nb3+ + 3e- Nb(s) - 1.1 + - Nb2O5(s) + 10H + 10e 2Nb(s) + 5H2O - 0.65 3+ + - 3+ NbO + 2H + 2e Nb + H2O - 0.343 - + - 3+ 2- NbO(SO4)2 + 2H + 2e Nb + H2O + 2SO4 - 0.1 - + - 2- NbO(SO4)2 + 2H + 5e Nb(s) + H2O + 2SO4 - 0.63

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/nb.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:52 Molybdenum - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Molybdenum Molybdène Molibden Molibdeno Molybdän

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 42 23 24 25 Glossary Group numbers: 6 V Cr Mn Appendix Period: 5 Mo 41 42 43 PDF Table Nb Mo Tc Molybdenum Awards 73 74 75

Links Discovery date: 1778 Ta W Re

Molybdenum was discovered by Carl William Scheele (Sweden) in 1778. The origin of the name

comes from the Greek word molybdosmeaning lead. It is silvery white, very hard metal, but is softer and more ductile than tungsten.

My Software TRANSITION ELEMENT: CHROMIUM GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 95.94(1) Electronic configuration: [Kr] 4d5 5s1

English Formal oxidation number: +6 Electronegativities: 2.16

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 138 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 5.34 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 136.3 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 3 -1 Density (g dm ): 10220 (293 K) Molar volume (cm mol ): 9.39 (293 K) Michel Ditria 9330 (m.p.) 10.28 (m.p.)

Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES

Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 2623 °C Heat of fusion: 27.6 kJ mol-1

German Boiling point: 4639 °C Heat of vaporization: 589.9 kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Critical temperature: 9177 °C Heat of atomization: 656.55 kJ mol-1

Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 684.32 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1559.21 kJ mol crust): 1

3rd ionization energy: 2617.67 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.01 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

92Mo 91.906810(4) 14.84(4) 94Mo 93.905088(2) 9.25(3)

95Mo 94.905841(2) 15.92(5)

96Mo 95.904679(2) 16.68(5)

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/mo.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:54 Molybdenum - Periodic Table of the Elements

97Mo 96.906021(2) 9.55(3)

98Mo 97.905408(2) 24.13(7)

100Mo 99.907477(6) 9.63(3)

MINERALS AND USES

Molybdenum is found in the minerals molybdenite (MoS2) and wulfenite (MoO4Pb). Its alloys are used in aircraft, missiles and protective coatings in boiler plate. The price of 99.7 % pure molybdenum pellets is 96.90 for 500 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation -3 MoVI + e- MoV +0.43 4.6 mol dm H2SO4 MoIII + 3e- Mo(s) - 0.2 + - + H2MoO4(aq) + 2H + e MoO2 + 2H2O +0.4 - + - HMoO4 + 3H + 2e MoO2 + 2H2O +0.429 2- + - MoO4 + 4H + 2e MoO2 + 2H2O +0.606 - + - 3+ HMoO4 + 7H + 3e Mo + 4H2O +0.390 2- + - 3+ MoO4 + 8H + 3e Mo + 4H2O +0.508 2- + - MoO4 + 8H + 6e Mo(s) + 4H2O +0.154 2- - - MoO4 + 4H2O + 6e Mo(s) + 8OH - 1.05

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/mo.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:54 Technetium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Technetium Technétium Tehnecij Tecneto Technetium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 43 24 25 26 Glossary Group numbers: 7 Cr Mn Fe Appendix Period: 5 Tc 42 43 44 PDF Table Mo Tc Ru Technetium Awards 74 75 76

Links Discovery date: 1937 W Re Os

Technetium was discovered by Carlo Perrier and Emilio Segre (Italy) in 1937. The origin of the name

comes from the Greek word technikosmeaning artificial. It is silvery-grey metal. Resists oxidation but tarnishes in moist air and burns in high oxygen environment. First synthetically produced element. Radioactive. My Software

TRANSITION ELEMENT: MANGANESE GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: [98] Electronic configuration: [Kr] 4d6 5s1 English Formal oxidation number: +4 +6 +7 Electronegativities: 2.1 Aditya Vardhan Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 50.6 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 16.9 μΩcm

Atomic radius: pm Standard state (20 °C): French 135.2 solid

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 11500 (est., 293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 8.52 (est., 293 K)

Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 2157 °C Heat of fusion: 23.81 kJ mol-1

German Boiling point: 4265 °C Heat of vaporization: 585.22 kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Critical temperature: 11227 °C Heat of atomization: 678 kJ mol-1

Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 702.42 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1472.38 kJ mol crust): -

3rd ionization energy: 2850.20 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): - ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

98Tc 97.907216(4) *

99Tc 98.906255(2) *

MINERALS AND USES

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/tc.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:55 Technetium - Periodic Table of the Elements

Technetium is made first by bombarding molybdenum with deuterons (heavy hydrogen) in a cyclotron. Added to iron in quantities as low as 55 part-per-million transforms the iron into a corrosion-resistant alloy.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/tc.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:55 Ruthenium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Ruthenium Ruthénium Rutenij Rutenio Ruthenium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 44 25 26 27 Glossary Group numbers: 8 Mn Fe Co Appendix Period: 5 Ru 43 44 45 PDF Table Tc Ru Rh Ruthenium Awards 75 76 77

Links Discovery date: 1844 Re Os Ir

Ruthenium was discovered by Karl Karlovich Klaus (Russia) in 1844. The origin of the name comes

from the Latin word Rutheniameaning Russia. It is rare, extremely brittle, silver-grey metal. Unaffected by air, water or acids. Reacts with very hot (molten) alkalis.

My Software TRANSITION ELEMENT: IRON GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 101.07(2) Electronic configuration: [Kr] 4d7 5s1

English Formal oxidation number: +3 Electronegativities: 2.2

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 117 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 7.6 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 132.5 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 3 -1 Density (g dm ): 12370 (293 K) Molar volume (cm mol ): 8.17 (293 K) Michel Ditria 10900 (m.p.) 9.27 (m.p.)

Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES

Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 2334 °C Heat of fusion: 23.7 kJ mol-1

German Boiling point: 4150 °C Heat of vaporization: 567 kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Critical temperature: 9327 °C Heat of atomization: 641.031 kJ mol-1

Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 710.19 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1617.11 kJ mol crust): 0.01

3rd ionization energy: 2746.96 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): - ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

96Ru 95.907598(8) 5.52(6) 98Ru 97.905287(7) 1.88(6)

99Ru 98.905939(2) 12.7(1)

100Ru 99.904220(2) 12.6(1)

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/ru.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:57 Ruthenium - Periodic Table of the Elements

101Ru 100.905582(2) 17.0(1)

102Ru 101.904350(2) 31.6(2)

104Ru 103.905430(4) 18.7(2)

MINERALS AND USES

Ruthenium is found in pentlandite and pyroxinite. Used to harden platinum and palladium. Aircraft magnetos use platinum alloy with 10% ruthenium. The price of 99.95 % pure ruthenium sponge is 784.80 for 50 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Ru2+ + 2e- Ru(s) +0.45 + - RuO2(s) + 4H + 4e Ru(s) + 2H2O +0.79 - - RuO4(s) + e RuO4 +1.00 - - 2- RuO4 + e RuO4 +0.59 - - 2+ - RuCl5 + 2e Ru + 5Cl +0.3 - - RuCl3 + 3e Ru(s) + 3Cl +0.68

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/ru.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:57 Rhodium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Rhodium Rhodium Rodij Rodio Rhodium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 45 26 27 28 Glossary Group numbers: 9 Fe Co Ni Appendix Period: 5 Rh 44 45 46 PDF Table Ru Rh Pd Rhodium Awards 76 77 78

Links Discovery date: 1804 Os Ir Pt

Rhodium was discovered by William Hyde Wollaston (England) in 1804. The origin of the name

comes from the Greek word rhodonmeaning rose. It is hard, silvery-white metal. Inert in air and acids. Reacts with fused alkalis.

My Software TRANSITION ELEMENT: COBALT GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 102.90550(2) Electronic configuration: [Kr] 4d8 5s1

English Formal oxidation number: +3 Electronegativities: 2.28

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 150 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 4.51 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 134.5 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 3 -1 Density (g dm ): 12410 (293 K) Molar volume (cm mol ): 8.29 (293 K) Michel Ditria 10650 (m.p.) 9.66 (m.p.)

Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES

Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 1964 °C Heat of fusion: 21.55 kJ mol-1

German Boiling point: 3695 °C Heat of vaporization: 494.34 kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Critical temperature: 6727 °C Heat of atomization: 555.59 kJ mol-1

Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 719.68 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1744.47 kJ mol crust): 0.005

3rd ionization energy: 2996.86 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 1E-10 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

103Rh 102.905504(3) 100

MINERALS AND USES

Rhodium is obtained as a by-product of nickel production. Used as a coating to prevent wear on high http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/rh.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:59 Rhodium - Periodic Table of the Elements

quality science equipment and with platinum to make thermocouples. The price of 99.9 % pure rhodium sponge is 1698.40 for 10 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Rh3+ + 3e- Rh(s) +0.8 3- - - RhCl6 + 3e Rh(s) + 6Cl +0.44 + - Rh2O3(s) + 6H + 6e 2Rh(s) + 3H2O +0.87 + - - 3- RhO2 + 4H + 6Cl + e RhCl6 + 2H2O +1.4 2+ + - 3+ RhO + 2H + e Rh + H2O +1.40 2- + - 2+ RhO4 + 6H + 2e RhO + 3H2O +1.46

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/rh.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:36:59 Palladium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Palladium Palladium Paladij Palladio Palladium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 46 27 28 29 Glossary Group numbers: 10 Co Ni Cu Appendix Period: 5 Pd 45 46 47 PDF Table Rh Pd Ag Paladium Awards 77 78 79

Links Discovery date: 1803 Ir Pt Au

Palladium was discovered by William Hyde Wollaston (England) in 1803. Named after the asteroid

Pallaswhich was discovered at about the same time and from the Greek name Pallas, goddess of wisdom. It is soft, malleable, ductile, silvery-white metal. Resists corrosion; dissolves in oxidizing acids. Absorbs hydrogen. Metal dust is combustible. My Software

TRANSITION ELEMENT: NICKEL GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 106.42(1) Electronic configuration: [Kr] 4d10 English Formal oxidation number: +2 +3 Electronegativities: 2.2 Aditya Vardhan Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 71.8 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 10.8 μΩcm

Atomic radius: pm Standard state (20 °C): French 137.6 solid

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 12020 (293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 8.85 (293 K) 10379 (m.p.) 10.25 (m.p.) Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES Marija Bralic

Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 1554.9 °C Heat of fusion: 17.2 kJ mol-1 German Boiling point: 2963 °C Heat of vaporization: 361.5 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens Critical temperature: 6827 °C Heat of atomization: 377.4 kJ mol-1 Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 804.39 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1874.72 kJ mol crust): 0.001

3rd ionization energy: 3177.28 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): - ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

102Pd 101.905608(3) 1.02(1)

104Pd 103.904035(5) 11.14(8) 105Pd 104.905084(5) 22.33(8)

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106Pd 105.903483(5) 27.33(3)

108Pd 107.903894(4) 26.46(9)

110Pd 109.90515(1) 11.72(9)

MINERALS AND USES

Palladium is obtained with platinum, nickel, copper and mercury ores. Used as a substitute for silver in dental items and jewellery. The pure metal is used as the delicate mainsprings in analog wristwatches. Also used in surgical instruments and as catalyst. The price of 99.8 % pure palladium granules is 622.00 for 25 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Pd2+ + 2e- Pd(s) +0.987 + - PdO3(s) + 2H + 2e PdO2(s) + H2O +1.22 18 °C + - PdO2(s) + 2H + 2e PdO(s) + H2O +0.95 18 °C - - PdO2 (s)+ H2O + 2e PdO(s) + 2OH +0.73 + - 2+ PdO2(s) + 4H + 2e Pd + 2H2O +1.194 2- - 2- - PdCl6 + 2e PdCl4 + 2Cl +1.288 1 mol dm-3 HCl 2- - - PdCl6 + 4e Pd(s) + 6Cl +0.96 2- - 2- - PdBr6 + 2e PdBr4 + 2Br +0.994 1 mol dm-3 KBr - - Pd(OH)4(s) + 2e Pd(OH)2(s) + 2OH +0.73 - - Pd(OH)2(s) + 2e Pd(s) + 2OH +0.07

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/pd.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:00 Silver - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Silver Argent Srebro Argento Silber

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 47 28 29 30 Glossary Group numbers: 11 Ni Cu Zn Appendix Period: 5 Ag 46 47 48 PDF Table Pd Ag Cd Argentum Awards 78 79 80

Links Discovery date: ~ 3000 BC Pt Au Hg

Silver has been known since ancient times. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word

argentummeaning silver. It is silvery-ductile and malleable metal. Stable in water and oxygen. Reacts with sulfur compounds to form black sulfides.

My Software TRANSITION ELEMENT: COPPER GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 107.8682(2) Electronic configuration: [Kr] 4d10 5s1

English Formal oxidation number: +1 Electronegativities: 1.93

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 429 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 1.59 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 144.5 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 3 -1 Density (g dm ): 10500 (293 K) Molar volume (cm mol ): 10.27 (293 K) Michel Ditria 9345 (m.p.) 11.54 (m.p.)

Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES

Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 961.78 °C Heat of fusion: 11.3 kJ mol-1

German Boiling point: 2162 °C Heat of vaporization: 257.7 kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Critical temperature: 7207 °C Heat of atomization: 284.09 kJ mol-1

Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 731.01 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 2073.48 kJ mol crust): 0.08

3rd ionization energy: 3360.61 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.0003 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

107Ag 106.905093(6) 51.839(7) 109Ag 108.904756(3) 48.161(7)

MINERALS AND USES

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/ag.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:02 Silver - Periodic Table of the Elements

Silver is found in ores called argentite (AgS), light ruby silver (Ag3AsS3), dark ruby silver (Ag3SbS3) and brittle silver. Used in alloys for jewellery and in other compounds for photography. It is also a good conductor, but expensive. The price of 99.9 % pure silver shot is 406.30 for 250 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Ag+ + e- Ag(s) +0.799 Ag+ + e- Ag(s) +0.228 1 mol dm-3 HCl -3 Ag+ + e- Ag(s) +0.792 1 mol dm HClO4 -3 Ag+ + e- Ag(s) +0.77 1 mol dm H2SO4 Ag2+ + e- Ag+ +1.998 + + - 2+ AgO + 2H + e Ag + H2O +2.016 + - 2AgO(s) + 2H + 2e Ag2O + H2O +1.41 - - 2AgO(s) + H2O + 2e Ag2O + OH +0.599 + - Ag2O(s) + 2H + 2e 2Ag(s) + H2O +1.173 - - Ag2O(s) + H2O + 2e 2Ag(s) + 2OH +0.342 - 2- Ag2CrO4(s) + 2e 2Ag(s) + CrO4 +0.446 + - Ag2S(s) + 2H + 2e 2Ag(s) + H2S(g) - 0.036 - 2- Ag2S(s) + 2e 2Ag(s) + S - 0.712

AgCl(s) + e- Ag(s) + Cl- +0.222 AgCl(s) + e- Ag(s) + Cl- +0.228 1 mol dm-3 KCl AgBr(s) + e- Ag(s) + Br- +0.073 AgI(s) + e- Ag(s) + I- - 0.151 - - - Ag(CN)2 + e Ag(s) + 2CN - 0.31 3- - 2- Ag(S2O3)2 + e Ag(s) + 2S2O3 +0.017

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/ag.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:02 Cadmium - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Cadmium Cadmium Kadmij Cadmio Cadmium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 48 29 30 31 Glossary Group numbers: 12 Cu Zn Ga Appendix Period: 5 Cd 47 48 49 PDF Table Ag Cd In Cadmium Awards 79 80 81

Links Discovery date: 1817 Au Hg Tl

Cadmium was discovered by Friedrich Strohmeyer (Germany) in 1817. The origin of the name

comes from the Latin word cadmiameaning calamine(zinc carbonate, ZnCO3), or from the Greek word kadmeiawith the same meaning. It is soft, malleable, blue-white metal. Tarnishes in air, soluble in acids, insoluble in alkalis. Boiling cadmium gives off a weird, yellow-colored vapour that is My Software poisonous. Cadmium can cause a variety of health problems, including kidney failure and high blood pressure.

EDITORS: TRANSITION ELEMENT: ZINC GROUP English 10 2 Aditya Vardhan Relative atomic mass: 112.411(8) Electronic configuration: [Kr] 4d 5s Eni Generalic Formal oxidation number: +2 Electronegativities: 1.69

French Thermal conductivity: 96.8 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 6.83 μΩcm

Michel Ditria Atomic radius: 148.9 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

Croatian Density (g dm-3): 8650 (293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 13.00 (293 K)

Eni Generalic 7996 (m.p.) 14.06 (m.p.) Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic THERMAL PROPERTIES German -1 Marc Hens Melting point: 321.07 °C Heat of fusion: 6.11 kJ mol Boiling point: 767 °C Heat of vaporization: 100 kJ mol-1 Italian

-1 editors wanted Critical temperature: 2687 °C Heat of atomization: 112.05 kJ mol

IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 867.78 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1631.42 kJ mol crust): 0.098

3rd ionization energy: 3616.30 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.0001 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

106Cd 105.906458(6) 1.25(4)

108Cd 107.904183(6) 0.89(2)

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/cd.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:04 Cadmium - Periodic Table of the Elements

110Cd 109.903006(3) 12.49(12)

111Cd 110.904182(3) 12.80(8)

112Cd 111.902757(3) 24.13(14)

113Cd 112.904401(3) 12.22(8) 114Cd 113.903358(3) 28.73(28)

116Cd 115.904755(3) 7.49(12)

MINERALS AND USES

Cadmium is obtained as a by product of zinc refining. The mayor use of cadmium is in electroplating of steel to protect it from corrosion. Also used to make nickel-cadmium batteries.The ability of cadmium to adsorb neutrons has made it of great importance in the design of nuclear reactors. Its compounds are found in paint pigments and a wide variety of intense colours. The price of 99.95 % pure cadmium shot is 187.70 for 1000 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Cd2+ + 2e- Cd(s) - 0.403 2- - - Cd(CN)4 + 2e Cd(s) + 4CN - 1.09 2+ - Cd(NH3)4 + 2e Cd(s) + 4NH3 - 0.61 - - Cd(OH)2(s) + 2e Cd(s) + 2OH - 0.81

CdS(s) + 2e- Cd(s) + S2- - 1.17

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/cd.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:04 Indium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Indium Indium Indij Indio Indium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 49 30 31 32 Glossary Group numbers: 13 Zn Ga Ge Appendix Period: 5 In 48 49 50 PDF Table Cd In Sn Indium Awards 80 81 82

Links Discovery date: 1863 Hg Tl Pb

Indium was discovered by Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymus Theodor Richter (Germany) in 1863.

Named after the indicum(colour indigo), the colour it shows in a spectroscope. It is rare, very soft, silver-white metal. Stable in air and water. Dissolves in acids. Metal can ignite and burn.

My Software BORON GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 114.818(3) Electronic configuration: [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1

English Formal oxidation number: +3 Electronegativities: 1.78

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 81.6 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 8.37 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 162.6 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 3 -1 Density (g dm ): 7310 (298 K) Molar volume (cm mol ): 15.71 (298 K) Michel Ditria 7032 (m.p.) 16.33 (m.p.)

Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES

Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 156.6 °C Heat of fusion: 3.27 kJ mol-1

German Boiling point: 2072 °C Heat of vaporization: 231.8 kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Critical temperature: 6457 °C Heat of atomization: 243.72 kJ mol-1

Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 558.30 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1820.67 kJ mol crust): 0.05

3rd ionization energy: 2704.50 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.02 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

113In 112.904061(4) 4.3(2) 115In 114.903878(5) 95.7(2)

MINERALS AND USES

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/in.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:05 Indium - Periodic Table of the Elements

Indium is found in certain zinc ores. Used to coat high speed bearings and as an alloy that lowers the melting point of other metals. Relatively small amounts are used in dental items and in electronic semiconductors. The price of 99.9 % pure indium shot is 400.30 for 250 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

In3+ + 2e- In+ - 0.404 In3+ + 3e- In(s) - 0.345 - - In(OH)3 + 3e In(s) + 3OH - 1.0

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/in.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:05 Tin - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Tin Etain Kositar Stagno Zinn

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 50 31 32 33 Glossary Group numbers: 14 Ga Ge As Appendix Period: 5 Sn 49 50 51 PDF Table In Sn Sb Stannum Awards 81 82 83

Links Discovery date: ~ 2000 BC Tl Pb Bi

Tin has been known since ancient times. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word

stannummeaning tin. It is silvery-white, soft, malleable and ductile metal. Exposed surfaces form oxide film. Resists oxygen and water. Dissolves in acids and bases. Organic tin compounds may be highly toxic. My Software

CARBON GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 118.710(7) Electronic configuration: [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2 English Formal oxidation number: +2 +4 Electronegativities: 1.96 Aditya Vardhan Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 66.6 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 11 μΩcm

Atomic radius: pm Standard state (20 °C): French 140.5 solid

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 5750 (alpha, 273 Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 20.65 (alpha, 273 K) K) Croatian 7310 (beta, 273 K) 16.24 (beta, 273 K)

Eni Generalic 6973 (m.p.) 17.02 (m.p.) Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic THERMAL PROPERTIES German -1 Marc Hens Melting point: 231.93 °C Heat of fusion: 7.2 kJ mol

Boiling point: 2602 °C Heat of vaporization: 296.2 kJ mol-1 Italian editors wanted Critical temperature: 5536 °C Heat of atomization: 302 kJ mol-1

IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 708.58 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1411.81 kJ mol crust): 2.5

3rd ionization energy: 2943.07 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.003 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

112Sn 111.904821(5) 0.97(1)

114Sn 113.902782(3) 0.65(1)

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/sn.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:07 Tin - Periodic Table of the Elements

115Sn 114.903346(3) 0.34(1)

116Sn 115.901744(3) 14.53(1)

117Sn 116.902954(3) 7.68(7)

118Sn 117.901606(3) 24.23(11) 119Sn 118.903309(3) 8.59(4)

120Sn 119.902197(3) 32.59(10)

122Sn 121.903440(3) 4.63(3) 124Sn 123.905275(1) 5.79(5)

MINERALS AND USES

Tin is principally found in the ore cassiterite (SnO2) and stannine (Cu2FeSnS4). Used as a coating for steel cans since it is non-toxic and non-corrosive. Also in solder (33%Sn:67%Pb), bronze (20% Sn:80%Cu) and pewter. Stannous fluoride (SnF2), a compound of tin and fluorine is used in some toothpaste. The price of 99.8 % pure tin shot is 57.70 for 500 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sn4+ + 2e- Sn2+ +0.154 Sn4+ + 2e- Sn2+ +0.14 1 mol dm-3 HCl Sn4+ + 4e- Sn(s) +0.01 Sn2+ + 2e- Sn(s) - 0.136 -3 Sn2+ + 2e- Sn(s) - 0.16 1 mol dm HClO4 2- + - - SnO3 + 3H + 2e HSnO2 + H2O +0.374 2- + - 2+ SnO3 + 6H + 2e Sn + 3H2O +0.844 - + - HSnO2 + 3H + 2e Sn(s) + 2H2O +0.333 + - Sn(s) + 4H + 4e SnH4(g) - 1.074

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/sn.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:07 Antimony - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Antimony Antimoine Antimon Antimonio Antimon

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 51 32 33 34 Glossary Group numbers: 15 Ge As Se Appendix Period: 5 Sb 50 51 52 PDF Table Sn Sb Te Stibium Awards 82 83 84

Links Discovery date: ~ 1600 BC Pb Bi Po

Antimony has been known since ancient times. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word

stibiummeaning mineral stibnite. It is hard, brittle, silvery-white semimetal. Stable in dry air. Toxic by ingestion or inhalation.

My Software NITROGEN GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 121.760(1) Electronic configuration: [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3

English Formal oxidation number: -3 +3 +5 Electronegativities: 2.05

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 24.3 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 39 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 145 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 3 -1 Density (g dm ): 6691 (293 K) Molar volume (cm mol ): 18.20 (293 K) Michel Ditria 6483 (m.p.) 18.78 (m.p.)

Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES

Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 630.63 °C Heat of fusion: 20.9 kJ mol-1

German Boiling point: 1587 °C Heat of vaporization: 165.8 kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Critical temperature: 4797 °C Heat of atomization: 262.04 kJ mol-1

Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 830.59 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1594.96 kJ mol crust): 0.2

3rd ionization energy: 2441.10 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.0005 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

121Sb 120.903818(2) 57.36(8) 123Sb 122.904216(2) 42.64(8)

MINERALS AND USES

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/sb.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:09 Antimony - Periodic Table of the Elements

Antimony is found in stibnite (Sb2S3) and in valentinite (Sb2O3). It is alloyed with other metals to increase their hardness. Also in the manufacture of a few special types of semiconductor devices. Also in plastics and chemicals. A few kinds of over-the-counter cold and flu remedies use antimony compounds. The price of 99.9 % pure antimony ingot is 153.50 for 450 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

SbV + 2e- SbIII +0.818 6 mol dm-3 HCl SbV + 2e- SbIII +0.746 3.5 mol dm-3 HCl + + - SbO + 2H + 3e Sb(s) + H2O +0.212 - + - - SbO3 + 2H + 2e SbO2 + H2O +0.353 - + - SbO3 + 3H + 2e HSbO2 + H2O +0.678 - + - + SbO3 + 4H + 2e SbO + 2H2O +0.704 - + - - SbO2 + 2H + 2e SbO + H2O +0.720 - + - 2SbO3 + 6H + 4e Sb2O3(s) + 3H2O +0.772 - + - SbO2 + 4H + 3e Sb(s) + 2H2O +0.446 + - HSbO2 + 3H + 3e Sb(s) + 2H2O +0.230 + - Sb2O3(s) + 6H + 6e 2Sb(s) + 3H2O +0.152 + - + Sb2O5(s) + 6H + 4e 2SbO + 3 H2O +0.581 + - Sb2O5(s) + 4H + 4e Sb2O3(s) + 2H2O +0.692 + - Sb(s) + 3H + 3e SbH3(g) - 0.510

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/sb.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:09 Tellurium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Tellurium Tellure Telurij Tellurio Tellur

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 52 33 34 35 Glossary Group numbers: 16 As Se Br Appendix Period: 5 Te 51 52 53 PDF Table Sb Te I Tellurium Awards 83 84 85

Links Discovery date: 1782 Bi Po At

Tellurium was discovered by Franz Joseph Muller von Reichstein (Romania) in 1782. The origin of

the name comes from the Latin word tellusmeaning earth. It is silvery-white, brittle semi-metal. Unreactive with water or HCl; dissolves in HNO3; burns in air or oxygen.

My Software CHALCOGENS ELEMENT

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 127.60(3) Electronic configuration: [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4

English Formal oxidation number: -2 +4 +6 Electronegativities: 2.1

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 2.35 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 436000 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 143.2 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 3 -1 Density (g dm ): 6240 (293 K) Molar volume (cm mol ): 20.45 (293 K) Michel Ditria 5797 (m.p.) 22.01 (m.p.)

Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES

Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 449.51 °C Heat of fusion: 13.5 kJ mol-1

German Boiling point: 988 °C Heat of vaporization: 104.6 kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Critical temperature: 2056 °C Heat of atomization: - kJ mol-1

Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 869.30 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1794.64 kJ mol crust): 0.01

3rd ionization energy: 2697.75 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): - ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

120Te 119.90402(1) 0.096(2) 122Te 121.903047(2) 2.603(4)

123Te 122.904273(2) 0.908(2)

124Te 123.902819(2) 4.816(6)

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/te.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:11 Tellurium - Periodic Table of the Elements

125Te 124.904425(2) 7.139(6)

126Te 125.903306(2) 18.95(1)

128Te 127.904461(2) 31.69(1)

130Te 129.906223(2) 33.80(1)

MINERALS AND USES

Tellurium is obtained as a by-product of copper and lead refining. Used to improve the machining quality of copper and stainless steel products and to colour glass and ceramics. Also in thermoelectric devices. Some is used in the rubber industry and it is a basic ingredient in manufacturing blasting caps. The price of 99.99 % pure tellurium broken ingot is 175.90 for 250 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Te4+ + 4e- Te(s) +0.568 4+ + - Te + 2H + 6e H2Te(g) +0.132 2- + - TeO4 + 4H + 2e TeO2(s) + 2H2O +1.509 - + - HTeO4 + 3H + 2e TeO2(s) + 2H2O +1.202 + - H2TeO4 + 2H + 2e TeO2(s) + 2H2O +1.020 2- + - 2- TeO4 + 2H + 2e TeO3 + H2O +0.892 - + - 2- HTeO4 + H + 2e TeO3 + H2O +0.584 - + - - HTeO4 + 2H + 2e HTeO3 + H2O +0.813 + - - H2TeO4 + H + 2e HTeO3 + H2O +0.631 + - + H2TeO4 + 3H + 2e HTeO2 + 2H2O +0.953 + - 4+ H2TeO4 + 6H + 2e Te + 4H2O +0.920 + - Te(OH)6(s) + 2H + 2e TeO2(s) + 4H2O +1.02 2- + - TeO3 + 6H + 4e Te(s) + 3H2O +0.827 - + - HTeO3 + 5H + 4e Te(s) + 3H2O +0.713 + + - HTeO2 + 3H + 4e Te(s) + 2H2O +0.551 + + - TeO2 + 5H + 6e H2Te(g) + 2H2O +0.121 + - Te(s) + 2H + 2e H2Te(g) - 0.739

Te(s) + 2e- Te2- - 1.14

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FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/te.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:11 Iodine - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Iodine Iode Jod Iodio Iod

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 53 34 35 36 Glossary Group numbers: 17 Se Br Kr Appendix Period: 5 I 52 53 54 PDF Table Te I Xe Iodum Awards 84 85 86

Links Discovery date: 1811 Po At Rn

Iodine was discovered by Bernard Courtois (France) in 1811. The origin of the name comes from the

Greek word iodesmeaning violet. It is shiny, black, non-metallic solid with characteristic odour. Sublimes easily and as a gas it is violet and intensely irritating to the eyes, nose and throat.

My Software HALOGENS ELEMENT

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 126.90447(3) Electronic configuration: [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5

English Formal oxidation number: -1 +1 +5 +7 Electronegativities: 2.66

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 0.449 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 1.3E+15 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 133.1 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 3 -1 Density (g dm ): 4930 (293 K) Molar volume (cm mol ): 25.74 (293 K) Michel Ditria

Croatian THERMAL PROPERTIES Eni Generalic Marija Bralic Melting point: 113.7 °C Heat of fusion: 15.27 kJ mol-1 Slobodan Brinic Boiling point: 184.4 °C Heat of vaporization: 41.67 kJ mol-1 German Critical temperature: 546 °C Heat of atomization: 107.24 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens

Italian IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE editors wanted 1st ionization energy: 1008.40 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1845.90 kJ mol crust): 0.5

3rd ionization energy: 3184.04 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.05 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

127I 126.904468(4) 100

MINERALS AND USES

Iodine occurs on land and in the sea in sodium and potassium compounds. Required in small amounts by humans. Once used as an antiseptic, but no longer due to its poisonous nature. The http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/i.html (1 de 3)28/02/2006 14:37:12 Iodine - Periodic Table of the Elements

price of 99.5 % pure crystalline iodine is 140.50 for 1000 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation - - I2(s) + 2e 2I +0.535 - - I2(aq) + 2e 2I +0.615 - - 3I2 + 2e 2I3 +0.789 - - - I3 + 2e 3I +0.536 + - - H5IO6 + H + 2e IO3 + 3H2O +1.601 2- + - - HIO5 + 3H + 2e IO3 + 2H2O +1.898 2- + - HIO5 + 8H + 6e HIO + 4H2O +1.389 2- + - 2HIO5 + 18H + 14e I2(s) + 10H2O +1.384 2- + - - 3HIO5 + 27H + 22e I3 + 15H2O +1.357 2- + - - HIO5 + 9H + 8e I + 5H2O +1.288 + - HIO4 + 2H + 2e HIO3 + H2O +1.626 - + - - IO4 + 2H + 2e IO3 + H2O +1.653 + - HIO4 + 6H + 6e HIO + 3H2O +1.290 - + - IO4 + 7H + 6e HIO + 3H2O +1.235 + - 2HIO4 + 14H + 14e I2(s) + 8H2O +1.300 + - - 3HIO4 + 21H + 22e I3 + 12H2O +1.276 + - - HIO4 + 7H + 8e I + 4H2O +1.215 - + - + IO3 + 6H + 4e I + 3H2O +1.155 - + - - IO3 + 4H + 4e IO + 2H2O +0.972 - + - 2IO3 + 12H + 10e I2(s) + 6H2O +1.196 - + - 2IO3 + 12H + 10e I2(aq) + 6H2O +1.178 - - + - - IO3 + 2Cl + 6H + 4e ICl2 + 3H2O +1.24 + - 2HIO3 + 10H + 10e I2(s) + 6H2O +1.169 + - - 3HIO3 + 15H + 16e I3 + 9H2O +1.145 + - - HIO3 + 5H + 6e I + 3H2O +1.078 + - 2HIO + 2H + 2e I2(s) + 2H2O +1.354 - + - 2IO + 4H + 2e I2(s) + 2H2O +2.005 + - - 3HIO + 3H + 4e I3 + 3H2O +1.213 - + - - 3IO + 6H + 4e I3 + 3H2O +1.701 - + - - IO + 2H + 2e I + H2O +1.313 + - - HIO + H + 2e I + H2O +0.987 - - 2ICl3(s) + 6e I2(s) + 6Cl +1.28 - - 2ICl(s) + 2e I2(s) + 2Cl +1.22 - - 2ICl + 2e I2(s) + 2Cl +1.19

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/i.html (2 de 3)28/02/2006 14:37:12 Iodine - Periodic Table of the Elements

- - - 2ICl2 + 2e I2(s) + 4Cl +1.056 - - 2IBr(aq) + 2e I2(s) + 2Br +1.02

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/i.html (3 de 3)28/02/2006 14:37:12 Xenon - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Xenon Xénon Ksenon Xeno Xenon

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 54 35 36 37 Glossary Group numbers: 18 Br Kr Rb Appendix Period: 5 Xe 53 54 55 PDF Table I Xe Cs Xenonum Awards 85 86 87

Links Discovery date: 1898 At Rn Fr

Xenon was discovered by Sir William Ramsay, Morris W. Travers (England) in 1898. The origin of

the name comes from the Greek word xenosmeaning stranger. It is heavy, colourless, odourless, noble gas. Reacts only with fluorine.

My Software NOBLE GASES

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 131.293(6) Electronic configuration: [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6

English Formal oxidation number: 0 Electronegativities: 2.6

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 0.0056 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 216 pm Standard state (20 °C): gas

French -3 3 -1 Density (g dm ): 3540 (solid, m.p.) Molar volume (cm mol ): 37.09 (solid, m.p.) Michel Ditria 2939 (liquid, b.p.) 44.67 (liquid, b.p.) 5.8971 (gas, 273 K) 22263.99 (gas, 273 K) Croatian

Eni Generalic Marija Bralic THERMAL PROPERTIES

Slobodan Brinic Melting point: -111.75 °C Heat of fusion: 3.1 kJ mol-1 German Boiling point: -108.0 °C Heat of vaporization: 12.65 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens Critical temperature: 16.57 °C Heat of atomization: 0 kJ mol-1 Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 1170.36 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): 0.086 ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 2046.45 kJ mol crust): 0.000002

3rd ionization energy: 3099.42 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.000047 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

124Xe 123.905896(2) 0.10(1) 126Xe 125.904269(7) 0.09(1)

128Xe 127.903530(2) 1.91(3)

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/xe.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:14 Xenon - Periodic Table of the Elements

129Xe 128.9047794(9) 26.4(6)

130Xe 129.903508(1) 4.1(1)

131Xe 130.905082(1) 21.2(4)

132Xe 131.904154(1) 26.9(5) 134Xe 133.9053945(9) 10.4(2)

136Xe 135.907220(8) 8.9(1)

MINERALS AND USES

Xenon is obtain from the small quantities in liquid air. Used for filling flash lamps and other powerful lamps. Electrical excitation of xenon produces a burst of brilliant white light. Also used in bubble chambers and modern nuclear power reactors. The price of 99.995 % pure xenon gas costs 266.50 /dm3 in small quantities (1 dm3) and about 10.62 /dm3 in large quantities (300 dm3).

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/xe.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:14 Caesium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Caesium Césium Cezij Cesio Cäsium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 55 36 37 38 Glossary Group numbers: 1 Kr Rb Sr Appendix Period: 6 Cs 54 55 56 PDF Table Xe Cs Ba Caesium Awards 86 87 88

Links Discovery date: 1860 Rn Fr Ra

Caesium was discovered by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff (Germany) in 1860. The origin of

the name comes from the Latin word caesiusmeaning sky blueor heavenly blue. It is very soft, light grey, ductile metal. Reacts readily with oxygen. Reacts explosively with water.

My Software ALKALI METAL

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 132.90545(2) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 6s1

English Formal oxidation number: +1 Electronegativities: 0.79

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 35.9 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 20 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 265.5 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 3 -1 Density (g dm ): 1873 (293 K) Molar volume (cm mol ): 70.96 (293 K) Michel Ditria 1843 (m.p.) 72.11 (m.p.)

Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES

Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 798 °C Heat of fusion: 2.09 kJ mol-1

German Boiling point: 3443 °C Heat of vaporization: 66.5 kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Critical temperature: 1784 °C Heat of atomization: 77.58 kJ mol-1

Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 375.71 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 2234.37 kJ mol crust): 1

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.0005 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

133Cs 132.905447(3) 100

MINERALS AND USES

Caesium is found in pollucite [(Cs4Al4Si9O26).H2O] and as trace in lepidolite. Used as a 'getter' to http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/cs.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:16 Caesium - Periodic Table of the Elements

remove air traces in vacuum and cathode-ray tubes. Also used in producing photoelectric devices and atomic clocks. Since it ionises readily, it is used as an ion rocket motor propellant. The price of 99.8 % pure cesium metal is 461.80 for 50 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Cs+ + e- Cs(s) - 2.91

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FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/cs.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:16 Barium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Barium Baryum Barij Bario Barium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 56 37 38 39 Glossary Group numbers: 2 Rb Sr Y Appendix Period: 6 Ba 55 56 57 PDF Table Cs Ba La Baryum Awards 87 88 89

Links Discovery date: 1808 Fr Ra Ac

Barium was discovered by Sir Humphry Davy (England) in 1808. The origin of the name comes from

the Greek word barysmeaning heavy. It is soft, slightly malleable, silvery-white metal. Attacked by air and water. Soluble compounds toxic by ingestion.

My Software ALKALINE EARTH METAL

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 137.327(7) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 6s2

English Formal oxidation number: +2 Electronegativities: 0.89

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 18.4 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 50 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 217.4 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 3 -1 Density (g dm ): 3594 (293 K) Molar volume (cm mol ): 38.21 (293 K) Michel Ditria 3325 (m.p.) 41.30 (m.p.)

Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES

Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 727 °C Heat of fusion: 7.66 kJ mol-1

German Boiling point: 1897 °C Heat of vaporization: 150.9 kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Critical temperature: 2997 °C Heat of atomization: 180.7 kJ mol-1

Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 502.86 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 965.24 kJ mol crust): 250

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.03 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

130Ba 129.906310(7) 0.106(2) 132Ba 131.905056(3) 0.101(2)

134Ba 133.904503(3) 2.417(27)

135Ba 134.905683(3) 6.592(18)

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/ba.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:17 Barium - Periodic Table of the Elements

136Ba 135.904570(3) 7.854(36)

137Ba 136.905821(3) 11.23(4)

138Ba 137.905241(3) 71.70(7)

MINERALS AND USES

Barium is found in barytine (BaSO4) and witherite (BaCO3), never found in pure form due to its reactivity. Must be stored under kerosene to remain pure. Barite, or barium sulfate (BaSO4), when ground is used as a filter for rubber, plastics and resins. It is insoluble in water and so is used in X- rays of the digestive system. Barium nitrate, Ba(NO3)2, burns brilliant green and is used in fireworks. The price of 99.2 % pure barium pieces is 1347.20 for 1000 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Ba2+ + 2e- Ba(s) - 2.906 + - BaO + 2H + 2e Ba(s) + H2O - 2.166

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/ba.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:17 Hafnium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Hafnium Hafnium Hafnij Afnio Hafnium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 72 39 40 41 Glossary Group numbers: 4 Y Zr Nb Appendix Period: 6 Hf 71 72 73 PDF Table Lu Hf Ta Hafnium Awards 103 104 105

Links Discovery date: 1923 Lr Rf Db

Hafnium was discovered by Dirk Coster (Denmark) and Georg Karl von Hevesy (Hungary) in 1923.

The origin of the name comes from the Latin name Hafniameaning Copenhagen. It is silvery, ductile metal. Exposed surfaces form oxide film. Resists alkalis and acids (except HF). Toxic. Metal ignites and burns readily. My Software

TRANSITION ELEMENT: TITANIUM GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 178.49(2) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2 English Formal oxidation number: +4 Electronegativities: 1.3 Aditya Vardhan Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 23 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 33.08 μΩcm

Atomic radius: pm Standard state (20 °C): French 156.4 solid

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 13310 (293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 13.41 (293 K) 12000 (m.p.) 14.87 (m.p.) Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES Marija Bralic

Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 2233 °C Heat of fusion: 25.5 kJ mol-1 German Boiling point: 4603 °C Heat of vaporization: 570.7 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens Critical temperature: 10127 °C Heat of atomization: 618.9 kJ mol-1 Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 658.52 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1437.64 kJ mol crust): 3

3rd ionization energy: 2248.12 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.008 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

174Hf 173.940040(3) 0.162(3)

176Hf 175.941402(3) 5.206(5) 177Hf 176.943220(3) 18.606(4)

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/hf.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:19 Hafnium - Periodic Table of the Elements

178Hf 177.943698(3) 27.297(4)

179Hf 178.945815(3) 13.629(6)

180Hf 179.946549(3) 35.100(7)

MINERALS AND USES

Hafnium is obtained from mineral zircon or baddeleyite. Used in reactor control rods because of its ability to absorb neutrons. The price of 99.9 % pure hafnium pieces is 260.60 for 50 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Hf4+ + 4e- Hf(s) - 1.70 + - HfO2(s) + 4H + 4e Hf(s) + 2H2O - 1.57 2+ + - HfO + 2H + 4e Hf(s) + H2O - 1.70 - - HfO(OH)2(s) + H2O + 4e Hf(s) + 4OH - 2.50

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/hf.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:19 Tantalum - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Tantalum Tantale Tantal Tantalio Tantal

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 73 40 41 42 Glossary Group numbers: 5 Zr Nb Mo Appendix Period: 6 Ta 72 73 74 PDF Table Hf Ta W Tantal Awards 104 105 106

Links Discovery date: 1802 Rf Db Sg

Tantalum was discovered by Anders Ekeberg (Sweden) in 1802. The origin of the name comes from

the Greek word Tantalosmeaning father of Niobein Greek mythology, (tantalum is closely related to niobium in the periodic table). It is rare, grey, heavy, hard but ductile, metal with a high melting point. Exposed surfaces form corrosion resistant oxide film. Attacked by HF and fused alkalis. Metal ignites My Software in air.

TRANSITION ELEMENT: VANADIUM GROUP EDITORS:

English Relative atomic mass: 180.9479(1) Electronic configuration: 14 3 2 [Xe] 4f 5d 6s Aditya Vardhan Formal oxidation number: +5 Electronegativities: 1.5 Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 57.5 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 13.15 μΩcm French Atomic radius: 143 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 16654 (293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 10.87 (293 K) Croatian 15000 (m.p.) 12.06 (m.p.)

Eni Generalic Marija Bralic THERMAL PROPERTIES Slobodan Brinic

German Melting point: 3017 °C Heat of fusion: kJ mol-1 31.4 Marc Hens Boiling point: 5458 °C Heat of vaporization: 758.22 kJ mol-1

Italian Critical temperature: °C Heat of atomization: -1 9977 781.425 kJ mol editors wanted

IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 728.43 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm - kJ mol crust): 1

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.0025 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

180Ta 179.947466(3) 0.012(2)

181Ta 180.947996(3) 99.988(2)

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/ta.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:20 Tantalum - Periodic Table of the Elements

MINERALS AND USES

Tantalum always found with niobium. Chiefly occurs in the mineral tantalite. Often used as an economical substitute for platinum. Tantalum pentoxide is used in capacitors and in camera lenses to increase refracting power. It and its alloys are corrosion and wear resistant so it is used to make surgical and dental tools. The price of 99.95 % pure tantalum slug is 184.20 for 100 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation + - Ta2O5 + 10H + 10e 2Ta(s) + 5H2O - 0.81

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/ta.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:20 Tungsten - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Tungsten Tungstène Volfram Wolframio Wolfram

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 74 41 42 43 Glossary Group numbers: 6 Nb Mo Tc Appendix Period: 6 W 73 74 75 PDF Table Ta W Re Wolframum Awards 105 106 107

Links Discovery date: 1783 Db Sg Bh

Tungsten was discovered by Fausto and Juan Jose de Elhuyar (Spain) in 1783. Named after the

tungsten mineral wolframite. It is hard, steel-grey to white metal. Highest melting point of all metals. Resists oxygen, acids and alkalis.

My Software TRANSITION ELEMENT: CHROMIUM GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 183.84(1) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2

English Formal oxidation number: +6 Electronegativities: 1.7

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 174 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 5.4 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 137 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 3 -1 Density (g dm ): 19300 (293 K) Molar volume (cm mol ): 9.53 (293 K) Michel Ditria 17700 (m.p.) 10.39 (m.p.)

Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES

Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 3422 °C Heat of fusion: 35.2 kJ mol-1

German Boiling point: 5555 °C Heat of vaporization: 824.2 kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Critical temperature: 11727 °C Heat of atomization: 848.1 kJ mol-1

Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 758.77 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm - kJ mol crust): 1

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.000001 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

180W 179.946706(5) 0.13(4) 182W 181.948206(3) 26.3(2)

183W 182.950224(3) 14.3(1)

184W 183.950933(3) 30.67(15)

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/w.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:22 Tungsten - Periodic Table of the Elements

186W 185.954362(3) 28.6(2)

MINERALS AND USES

Tungsten occurs in the minerals scheelite (CaWO4) and wolframite [(Fe,Mn)WO4]. Made into filaments for vacuum tubes and electric lights. Also as contact points in cars. Tungsten carbide is extremely hard and is used for making cutting tools and abrasives. The price of 99.95 % pure tungsten powder is 193.60 for 250 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation + - 2WO3(s) + 2H + 2e W2O5(s) + H2O - 0.029 + - WO3(s) + 6H + 6e W(s) + 3H2O - 0.09 2- + - 2WO4 + 6H + 2e W2O5(s) + 3H2O +0.801 2- + - WO4 + 4H + e WO2(s) + 2H2O +0.386 2- + - WO4 + 8H + 6e W(s) + 4H2O +0.049 + - W2O5(s) + 2H + 2e 2WO2(s) + H2O - 0.031 + - WO2(s) + 4H + 4e W(s) + 2H2O - 0.12 3- - 4- W(CN)8 + e W(CN)8 +0.457

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/w.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:22 Rhenium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Rhenium Rhénium Renij Renio Rhenium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 75 42 43 44 Glossary Group numbers: 7 Mo Tc Ru Appendix Period: 6 Re 74 75 76 PDF Table W Re Os Rhenium Awards 106 107 108

Links Discovery date: 1925 Sg Bh Hs

Rhenium was discovered by Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke and Otto Berg (Germany) in 1925. The

origin of the name comes from the Latin word Rhenusmeaning river Rhine. It is rare and costly, dense, silvery-white metal. Tarnishes in moist air. Resists corrosion and oxidation. Dissolves in nitric and sulfuric acids. Has a very high melting point. My Software

TRANSITION ELEMENT: MANGANESE GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 186.207(1) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2 English Formal oxidation number: +4 +6 +7 Electronegativities: 1.9 Aditya Vardhan Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 47.9 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 19.3 μΩcm

Atomic radius: pm Standard state (20 °C): French 137.1 solid

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 21020 (293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 8.86 (293 K) 18900 (m.p.) 9.85 (m.p.) Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES Marija Bralic

Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 3186 °C Heat of fusion: 33.1 kJ mol-1 German Boiling point: 5596 °C Heat of vaporization: 704.25 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens Critical temperature: 20227 °C Heat of atomization: 769 kJ mol-1 Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 755.82 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm - kJ mol crust): 0.0005

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 1E-10 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

185Re 184.952956(3) 37.40(2)

187Re 186.955751(3) 62.60(2)

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/re.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:24 Rhenium - Periodic Table of the Elements

MINERALS AND USES

Rhenium is found in small amounts in gadolinite and molybdenite. Mixed with tungsten or platinum to make filaments for mass spectrographs. Its main value is as a trace alloying agent for hardening metal components that are subjected to continuous frictional forces. The price of 99.99 % pure rhenium slug is 503.00 for 50 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Re3+ +3e- Re(s) +0.3 + - ReO2(s) + 4H + 4e Re(s) + 2H2O +0.26 - + - ReO4 + 8H + 7e Re(s) + 4H2O +0.37 - - - ReO4 + 4H2O + 7e Re(s) + 8OH - 0.584 - + - ReO4 + 4H + 3e ReO2(s) + 2H2O +0.51 - - - ReO4 + 2H2O + 3e ReO2(s) + 4OH - 0.595 - + - ReO4 + 2H + e ReO3(s) + 2H2O +0.77

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/re.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:24 Osmium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Osmium Osmium Osmij Osmio Osmium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 76 43 44 45 Glossary Group numbers: 8 Tc Ru Rh Appendix Period: 6 Os 75 76 77 PDF Table Re Os Ir Osmium Awards 107 108 109

Links Discovery date: 1803 Bh Hs Mt

Osmium was discovered by Smithson Tennant (England) in 1803. The origin of the name comes

from the Greek word osmemeaning smell. It is hard fine black powder or hard, lustrous, blue-white metal. Unaffected by air, water and acids. Characteristic acrid, chlorine like odour due to tetroxide compound. Osmium tetroxide highly toxic. My Software

TRANSITION ELEMENT: IRON GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 190.23(3) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2 English Formal oxidation number: +3 +4 Electronegativities: 2.2 Aditya Vardhan Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 87.6 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 9.5 μΩcm

Atomic radius: pm Standard state (20 °C): French 133.8 solid

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 22590 (293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 8.42 (293 K) 20100 (m.p.) 9.46 (m.p.) Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES Marija Bralic

Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 3033 °C Heat of fusion: 29.3 kJ mol-1 German Boiling point: 5012 °C Heat of vaporization: 738.06 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens Critical temperature: 12427 °C Heat of atomization: 791 kJ mol-1 Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 814.17 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm - kJ mol crust): 0.005

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): - ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

184Os 183.952491(3) 0.02(1)

186Os 185.953838(3) 1.58(30) 187Os 186.955748(3) 1.6(3)

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/os.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:25 Osmium - Periodic Table of the Elements

188Os 187.955836(3) 13.3(7)

189Os 188.958145(3) 16.1(8)

190Os 189.958445(3) 26.4(12)

192Os 191.961479(4) 41.0(8)

MINERALS AND USES

Osmium is obtained from the same ores as platinum. Used to tip gold pen points, instrument pivots, to make electric light filaments. Used for high temperature alloys and pressure bearings. Very hard and resists corrosion better than any other. The price of 99.95 % pure osmium powder is 2159.60 for 25 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Os2+ + 2e- Os(s) +0.85 1 mol dm-3 HCl - - OsO2(s) + 2H2O + 4e Os(s) + 4OH - 0.15 + - OsO4(s) + 8H + 8e Os(s) + 4H2O +0.85 + - - 2- OsO4(s) + 8H + 6Cl + 4e OsCl6 + 4H2O +1.0 - - 2- - HOsO5 + 2e OsO4 + OH +0.3 2- - - OsO4 + 2H2O + 2e OsO2(s) + 4OH +0.1 2- - 3- OsCl6 + e OsCl6 +0.85 3- - 2+ - OsCl6 + e Os + 6Cl +0.4 3- - - OsCl6 + 3e Os(s) + 6Cl +0.71

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/os.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:25 Iridium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Iridium Iridium Iridij Iridio Iridium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 77 44 45 46 Glossary Group numbers: 9 Ru Rh Pd Appendix Period: 6 Ir 76 77 78 PDF Table Os Ir Pt Iridium Awards 108 109

Links Discovery date: 1803 Hs Mt

Iridium was discovered by Smithson Tennant (England) in 1803. The origin of the name comes from

the Latin word iris, meaning rainbow, because its salts are highly colored. It is heavy, brittle, white metal. Unreactive in air, water and acids. Attacked by fused NaOH. Metal ignites and burns readily.

My Software TRANSITION ELEMENT: COBALT GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 192.217(3) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2

English Formal oxidation number: +3 +4 Electronegativities: 2.2

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 147 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 5.3 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 135.7 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 3 -1 Density (g dm ): 22420 (290 K) Molar volume (cm mol ): 8.57 (290 K) Michel Ditria 20000 (m.p.) 8.74 (m.p.)

Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES

Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 2446 °C Heat of fusion: 26.4 kJ mol-1

German Boiling point: 4428 °C Heat of vaporization: 612.1 kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Critical temperature: 7527 °C Heat of atomization: 664.34 kJ mol-1

Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 865.19 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm - kJ mol crust): 0.0001

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): - ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

191Ir 190.960591(3) 37.3(5) 193Ir 192.962924(3) 62.7(5)

MINERALS AND USES

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/ir.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:27 Iridium - Periodic Table of the Elements

Iridium is found in gravel deposits with platinum. Used with osmium to tip gold pen points, to make crucible and special containers. Also to make alloys used for standard weights and measures and heat-resistant alloys. Also as hardening agent for platinum. The price of 99.95 % pure iridium sponge is 829.60 for 10 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Ir3+ + 3e- Ir(s) +1.15 2- - 3- IrCl6 + e IrCl6 +1.026 2- - - IrCl6 + 4e Ir(s) + 6Cl +0.835 3- - - IrCl6 + 3e Ir(s) + 6Cl +0.77 + - IrO2(s) + 4H + 4e Ir(s) + H2O +0.93 - - IrO2(s) + 2H2O + 4e Ir(s) + 4OH +0.1 - - Ir2O3 + 3H2O + 6e 2Ir(s) + 6OH +0.1

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/ir.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:27 Platinum - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Platinum Platine Platina Platino Platin

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 78 45 46 47 Glossary Group numbers: 10 Rh Pd Ag Appendix Period: 6 Pt 77 78 79 PDF Table Ir Pt Au Platinum Awards 109

Links Discovery date: 1735 Mt

Platinum was discovered by Antonio de Ulloa (South America) in 1735. The origin of the name

comes from the Spanish word platinameaning silver. It is rare, very heavy, soft, silvery-white metal. Resists oxygen and water.

My Software TRANSITION ELEMENT: NICKEL GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 195.078(2) Electronic configuration: Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1

English Formal oxidation number: +2 +4 Electronegativities: 2.2

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 71.6 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 10.6 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 137.3 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 3 -1 Density (g dm ): 21450 (293 K) Molar volume (cm mol ): 9.09 (293 K) Michel Ditria

Croatian THERMAL PROPERTIES Eni Generalic Marija Bralic Melting point: 1768.4 °C Heat of fusion: 19.7 kJ mol-1 Slobodan Brinic Boiling point: 3825 °C Heat of vaporization: 469 kJ mol-1 German Critical temperature: 8177 °C Heat of atomization: 564.42 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens

Italian IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE editors wanted 1st ionization energy: 864.39 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1791.07 kJ mol crust): 0.01

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): - ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

190Pt 189.959930(7) 0.01(1) 192Pt 191.961035(4) 0.79(6)

194Pt 193.962664(3) 32.9(6)

195Pt 194.964774(3) 33.8(6)

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196Pt 195.964935(3) 25.3(6)

198Pt 197.967876(5) 7.2(2)

MINERALS AND USES

Platinum is produced from deposits of native, or elemental. Used in jewellery, to make crucible and special containers and as a catalyst. Used with cobalt to produce very strong magnets. Also to make standard weights and measures. Resists corrosion and acid attacks except aqua regia. The price of 99.9 % pure platinum shot is 464.80 for 5 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Pt2+ + 2e- Pt(s) +1.2 + - PtO2(s) + 2H + 2e Pt(OH)2(s) +1.1 - - Pt(OH)2(s) + 2e Pt(s) + 2OH +0.15 + - Pt(OH)2(s) + 2H + 2e Pt(s) + 2H2O +0.98 2- - 2- - PtCl6 + 2e PtCl4 + 2Cl +0.68 2- - - PtCl4 + 2e Pt(s) + 4Cl +0.73

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/pt.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:29 Gold - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Gold Or Zlato Oro Gold

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 79 46 47 48 Glossary Group numbers: 11 Pd Ag Cd Appendix Period: 6 Au 78 79 80 PDF Table Pt Au Hg

Awards Aurum

Links Discovery date: ~ 3000 BC

Gold has been known since ancient times. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word aurummeaning gold. It is soft, malleable, bright yellow metal. Unaffected by air, water, alkalis and most acids.

My Software TRANSITION ELEMENT: COPPER GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 196.96655(2) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f142 5d10 6s1

Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities: English +1 +3 2.4

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 317 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 2.35 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 144.2 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 (293 K) 3 -1 (293 K) Density (g dm ): 19320 Molar volume (cm mol ): 10.19 Michel Ditria 17280 (m.p.) 11.11 (m.p.)

Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES

Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 1064.18 °C Heat of fusion: 12.7 kJ mol-1

-1 German Boiling point: 2856 °C Heat of vaporization: 343.1 kJ mol

Marc Hens Critical temperature: 9227 °C Heat of atomization: 365.93 kJ mol-1

Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 890.13 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1977.96 kJ mol crust): 0.003

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.000004 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

197Au 196.966552(3) 100

MINERALS AND USES

Gold is found in veins in the crust, with copper ore and native. Used in electronics,jewellery and

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/au.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:30 Gold - Periodic Table of the Elements

coins. It is a good reflector of infrared radiation, so a thin film of gold is applied to the glass of skyscrapers to reduce internal heating from sunlight. The price of 99.99 % pure gold grain is 1652.50 for 25 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Au3+ + 2e- Au+ +1.41 Au3+ + 3e- Au(s) +1.50 Au+ + e- Au(s) +1.68 - - - - AuCl4 + 2e AuCl2 + 2Cl +0.926 - - - - AuBr4 + 2e AuBr2 + 2Br +0.805 - - - AuCl4 + 3e Au(s) + 4Cl +1.002 - - - AuBr4 + 3e Au(s) + 4Br +0.858 - - - AuCl2 + e Au(s) + 2Cl +1.154 - - - AuBr2 + e Au(s) + 2Br +0.963

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/au.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:30 Mercury - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Mercury Mercure Živa Mercurio Quecksilber

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 80 47 48 49 Glossary Group numbers: 12 Ag Cd In Appendix Period: 6 Hg 79 80 81 PDF Table Au Hg Tl

Awards Hydrargyrum

Links Discovery date: ~ 1500 BC

Mercury has been known since ancient times. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word hydrargyrummeaning liquid silver. It is heavy, silver-white metal, liquid at ordinary temperatures. Stable in air and water. Unreactive with alkalis and most acids. Gives off poisonous vapour. Chronic cumulative effects. My Software

TRANSITION ELEMENT: ZINC GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 200.59(2) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 English Formal oxidation number: +1 +2 Electronegativities: 1.9 Aditya Vardhan Ω Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 8.34 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 95.8 μ cm

Atomic radius: 150.3 pm Standard state (20 °C): liquid French

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 13546 (293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 14.81 (293 K)

Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic Melting point: -38.83 °C Heat of fusion: 2.331 kJ mol-1

German Boiling point: 356.73 °C Heat of vaporization: 59.11 kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Critical temperature: 1462 °C Heat of atomization: 64.463 kJ mol-1

Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 1007.07 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1809.69 kJ mol crust): 0.08

3rd ionization energy: 3299.82 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.00003 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

196Hg 195.965815(4) 0.15(1)

198Hg 197.966752(3) 9.97(8)

199Hg 198.968262(3) 16.87(10) 200Hg 199.968309(3) 23.10(16)

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/hg.html (1 de 3)28/02/2006 14:37:32 Mercury - Periodic Table of the Elements

201Hg 200.970285(3) 13.18(8)

202Hg 201.970626(3) 29.86(20)

204Hg 203.973476(3) 6.87(4)

MINERALS AND USES

Mercury only rarely occurs free in nature. The chief ore is cinnabar or mercury sulfide (HgS). Used in thermometers, barometers and batteries. Also used in electrical switches and mercury-vapour lighting products. The price of 99.998 % pure redistilled mercury metal is 54.90 for 450 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Hg2+ + 2e- Hg(l) +0.854 2+ - 2+ 2Hg + 2e Hg2 +0.920 2+ - 2+ -3 2Hg + 2e Hg2 +0.907 1 mol dm HClO4 2+ - Hg2 + 2e 2Hg(l) +0.788 2+ - Hg2 + 2e 2Hg(l) +0.274 1 mol dm-3 HCl 2+ - -3 Hg2 + 2e 2Hg(l) +0.776 1 mol dm HClO4 2+ - -3 Hg2 + 2e 2Hg(l) +0.674 1 mol dm H2SO4 - - HgO(s) + H2O + 2e Hg(l) + 2OH +0.10 + - HgO(s) + 2H + 2e Hg(l) + H2O +0.93 + - 2+ 2Hg(OH)2(s) + 4H + 2e Hg2 + 4H2O +1.28 - - Hg2Cl2(s) + 2e 2Hg(l) + 2Cl +0.268 - - Hg2Cl2(s) + 2e 2Hg(l) + 2Cl +0.244 saturated KCl - - Hg2Cl2(s) + 2e 2Hg(l) + 2Cl +0.282 1 mol dm-3 KCl - - Hg2Cl2(s) + 2e 2Hg(l) + 2Cl +0.334 0.1 mol dm-3 KCl - - Hg2Br2(s) + 2e 2Hg(l) + 2Br +0.14 - - Hg2I2(s) + 2e 2Hg(l) + 2I - 0.04 - 2- Hg2C2O4(s) + 2e 2Hg(l) + C2O4 +0.42 - 2- Hg2SO4(s) + 2e 2Hg(l) + SO4 +0.615

HgS(s) (black) + 2e- Hg(l) + S2- - 0.67 HgS(s) (red) + 2e- Hg + S2- - 0.70 2- - - Hg(CN)4 + 2e Hg(l) + 4CN - 0.37

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/hg.html (3 de 3)28/02/2006 14:37:32 Thallium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Thallium Thallium Talij Tallio Thallium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 81 48 49 50 Glossary Group numbers: 13 Cd In Sn Appendix Period: 6 Tl 80 81 82 PDF Table Hg Tl Pb

Awards Thallium

Links Discovery date: 1861

Thallium was discovered by Sir William Crookes (England) in 1861. The origin of the name comes from the Greek word thallosmeaning green twigor green shoot. It is soft grey metal that looks like lead. Tarnishes in moist air. Reacts in heated moist air and in acids. Compounds highly toxic by inhalation or ingestion. Cumulative effects. My Software

BORON GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 204.3833(2) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1 English Formal oxidation number: +1 +3 Electronegativities: 1.8 Aditya Vardhan Ω Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 46.1 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 18 μ cm

Atomic radius: 170 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid French

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 11850 (293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 17.25 (293 K) 11290 (m.p.) 18.10 (m.p.) Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES Marija Bralic

Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 304 °C Heat of fusion: 4.31 kJ mol-1 German Boiling point: 1473 °C Heat of vaporization: 166.1 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens Critical temperature: 2056 °C Heat of atomization: 182.845 kJ mol-1 Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 589.36 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1971.02 kJ mol crust): 0.36

3rd ionization energy: 2878.18 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.00001 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

203Tl 202.972329(3) 29.524(14)

205Tl 204.974412(3) 70.476(14)

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/tl.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:33 Thallium - Periodic Table of the Elements

MINERALS AND USES

Thallium is found in iron pyrites. Also in crookesite, hutchinsonite and lorandite. Most is recovered from the by-products of lead and zinc refining. Its compounds are used in rat and ant poisons. Also for detecting infrared radiation. The price of 99.999 % pure thallium granules is 566.70 for 500 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Tl3+ + 2e- Tl+ +1.25 Tl+ + e- Tl(s) - 0.336 - + - Tl2O3 + 3H2O + 4e 2Tl + 6OH +0.02

TlOH + e- Tl(s) + OH- - 0.344 TlCl(s) + e- Tl(s) + Cl- - 0.557 TlBr(s) + e- Tl(s) + Br- - 0.657 TlI(s) + e- Tl(s) + I- - 0.766

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/tl.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:33 Lead - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Lead Plomb Olovo Piombo Blei

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 82 49 50 51 Glossary Group numbers: 14 In Sn Sb Appendix Period: 6 Pb 81 82 83 PDF Table Tl Pb Bi

Awards Plumbum

Links Discovery date: ~ 1000 BC

Lead has been known since ancient times. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word plumbummeaning liquid silver. It is very soft, highly malleable and ductile, blue-white shiny metal. Tarnishes in moist air; stable in oxygen and water. Dissolves in nitric acid. Compounds toxic by inhalation or ingestion. Danger of cumulative effects. My Software

CARBON GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 207.2(1) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 English Formal oxidation number: +2 +4 Electronegativities: 1.8 Aditya Vardhan Ω Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 35.3 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 20.648 μ cm

Atomic radius: 175 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid French

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 11350 (293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 18.26 (293 K) 10678 (m.p.) 19.40 (m.p.) Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES Marija Bralic

Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 327.46 °C Heat of fusion: 5.121 kJ mol-1 German Boiling point: 1749 °C Heat of vaporization: 177.8 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens Critical temperature: 5127 °C Heat of atomization: 195.74 kJ mol-1 Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 715.60 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1450.40 kJ mol crust): 8

3rd ionization energy: 3081.50 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.003 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

204Pb 203.973029(3) 1.4(1)

206Pb 205.974449(3) 24.1(1)

207Pb 206.975881(3) 22.1(1)

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208Pb 207.976636(3) 52.4(1)

MINERALS AND USES

Lead is found most often in ores called galena or lead sulfide (PbS). Used in solder, shielding against radiation and in batteries. The price of 99.5 % pure lead granules is 28.70 for 500 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Pb4+ + 2e- Pb2+ +1.694 Pb2+ + 2e- Pb(s) - 0.126 -3 Pb2+ + 2e- Pb(s) - 0.14 1 mol dm HClO4 -3 Pb2+ + 2e- Pb(s) - 0.29 1 mol dm H2SO4 - - 3PbO2(s) + 2H2O + 4e Pb3O4(s) + 4OH +0.295 + - 2+ PbO2(s) + 4H + 2e Pb + 2H2O +1.455 + 2- - PbO2(s) + 4H + SO4 + 2e PbSO4(s) + 2H2O +1.685 + - - PbO2(s) + H + 2e HPbO2 +0.621 2- + - 3PbO3 + 10H + 4e Pb3O4(s) + 5H2O +2.515 2- + - PbO3 + 4H + 2e PbO(s) + 2H2O +2.001 2- + - - PbO3 + 3H + e HPbO2 + H2O +1.547 2- + - 2+ PbO3 + 6H + 2e Pb + 3H2O +2.375 - - Pb3O4(s) + H2O + 2e 3PbO(s) + 2OH +0.249 + - 2+ Pb3O4(s) + 8H + 2e 3Pb + 3H2O +2.094 - - + Pb3O4(s) + 2H2O + 2e 3HPbO2 + H - 0.390 + - PbO(s) + 2H + 2e Pb(s) + H2O +0.249 - 2- PbSO4 + 2e Pb(s) + SO4 - 0.350 - + - HPbO2 + 3H + 2e Pb(s) + 2H2O +0.702 + - Pb(s) + 2H + 2e PbH2 - 1.507

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/pb.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:35 Bismuth - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Bismuth Bismuth Bizmut Bismuto Bismut

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 83 50 51 52 Glossary Group numbers: 15 Sn Sb Te Appendix Period: 6 Bi 82 83 84 PDF Table Pb Bi Po

Awards Bismuthum

Links Discovery date: 1753

Bismuth was discovered by Claude Geoffroy (France) in 1753. The origin of the name comes from the German words Weisse Massemeaning white mass; now spelled wismutand bisemutum. It is hard, brittle, steel-grey metal with a pink tint. Stable in oxygen and water. Dissolves in concentrated nitric acid. My Software

NITROGEN GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 208.98038(2) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3 English Formal oxidation number: +3 +5 Electronegativities: 1.9 Aditya Vardhan Ω Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 7.87 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 106.8 μ cm

Atomic radius: 154.5 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid French

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 9747 (293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 21.44 (293 K) 10050 (m.p.) 20.79 (m.p.) Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES Marija Bralic

Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 271.4 °C Heat of fusion: 10.48 kJ mol-1 German Boiling point: 1564 °C Heat of vaporization: 179.1 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens Critical temperature: 4347 °C Heat of atomization: 207.36 kJ mol-1 Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 702.96 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1610.35 kJ mol crust): 0.06

3rd ionization energy: 2466.18 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.0002 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

209Bi 208.980383(3) 100

MINERALS AND USES

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/bi.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:37 Bismuth - Periodic Table of the Elements

Bismuth can be found free in nature and in minerals like bismuthine (Bi2S3) and in bismuth ochre (Bi2O3) Main use is in pharmaceuticals and low melting point alloys used as fuses. The price of 99.99 % pure bismuth pieces is 110.20 for 1000 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Bi3+ + 3e- Bi(s) +0.215 2+ + - BiOH + H + 3e Bi(s) + H2O +0.254 + + - BiO + 2H + 3e Bi(s) + H2O +0.320 + - - BiOCl(s) + 2H + 3e Bi(s) + H2O + Cl +0.160 - - Bi2O3(s) + 3H2O + 6e 2Bi(s) + 6OH - 0.46 + - 3+ Bi2O5(s) + 10H + 4e 2Bi + 5H2O +1.759 + - 2+ Bi2O5(s) + 8H + 4e 2BiOH + 3H2O +1.700 + - + Bi2O5(s) + 6H + 4e 2BiO + 3H2O +1.605 + - + + NaBiO3(s) + 4H + 2e BiO + Na + H2O +1.80 - - - BiCl4 + 3e Bi(s) + 4Cl +0.16 + - Bi(s) + 3H + 3e BiH3(g) - 0.800

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/bi.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:37 Polonium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Polonium Polonium Polonij Polonio Polonium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 84 51 52 53 Glossary Group numbers: 16 Sb Te I Appendix Period: 6 Po 83 84 85 PDF Table Bi Po At

Awards Polonium

Links Discovery date: 1898

Polonium was discovered by Marie Curie (Poland) in 1898. Named for Poland, native country of Marie Curie. It is silvery-grey, extremely rare, radioactive metal. Soluble in dilute acids. Highly toxic. Severe radiotoxicity. Carcinogen.

My Software CHALCOGENS ELEMENT

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: [209] Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4

Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities: English +2 +4 2

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 20 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 140 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 167.3 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 (alpha, 293 K) 3 -1 (alpha, 293 K) Density (g dm ): 9320 Molar volume (cm mol ): 22.42 Michel Ditria

Croatian THERMAL PROPERTIES Eni Generalic Marija Bralic Melting point: 254 °C Heat of fusion: 10 kJ mol-1 Slobodan Brinic Boiling point: 962 °C Heat of vaporization: 100.8 kJ mol-1 German Critical temperature: 2607 °C Heat of atomization: 141 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens

Italian IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE editors wanted 1st ionization energy: 812.09 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm - kJ mol crust): -

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): - ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

209Po 208.982416(3) *

MINERALS AND USES

Polonium occurs in pitchblende. Produced by bombarding bismuth with neutrons. Used in industrial equipment that eliminates static electricity caused by such processes as rolling paper, wire and http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/po.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:38 Polonium - Periodic Table of the Elements

sheet metal.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/po.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:38 Astatine - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Astatine Astate Astat Astato Astat

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 85 52 53 54 Glossary Group numbers: 17 Te I Xe Appendix Period: 6 At 84 85 86 PDF Table Po At Rn

Awards Astate

Links Discovery date: 1940

Astatine was discovered by Emilio Gino Segrè, Dale R. Corson and K. R. MacKenzie (USA) in 1940. The origin of the name comes from the Greek word astatosmeaning unstable. It is unstable, radioactive member of the halogen group.

My Software HALOGENS ELEMENT

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: [210] Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p5

Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities: English 2.2

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 1.7 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 145 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 - 3 -1 - Density (g dm ): Molar volume (cm mol ): Michel Ditria

Croatian THERMAL PROPERTIES Eni Generalic Marija Bralic Melting point: 302 °C Heat of fusion: 23.8 kJ mol-1 Slobodan Brinic Boiling point: 337 °C Heat of vaporization: - kJ mol-1 German Critical temperature: 787 °C Heat of atomization: 91 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens

Italian IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE editors wanted 1st ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm - kJ mol crust): -

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): - ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

210At 209.987131(9) *

MINERALS AND USES

Astatine does not occur in nature. Similar to iodine. Produced by bombarding bismuth with alpha particles. Since its isotopes have such short half-lives there are no commercially significant http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/at.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:40 Astatine - Periodic Table of the Elements

compounds of astatine.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

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FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Radon Radon Radon Radon Radon

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 86 53 54 55 Glossary Group numbers: 18 I Xe Cs Appendix Period: 6 Rn 85 86 87 PDF Table At Rn Fr

Awards Radon

Links Discovery date: 1900

Radon was discovered by Friedrich Ernst Dorn (Germany) in 1900. The origin of the name is variation of the name of element radium; radon was called niton at first, from the Latin word nitensmeaning shining. It is colourless, odourless radioactive, heavy, noble gas. Chemically inert and non-flammable. Highly radiotoxic. Carcinogen by inhalation. My Software

NOBLE GASES

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: [222] Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6 English Formal oxidation number: 0 Electronegativities: - Aditya Vardhan Ω Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 0.0036 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μ cm

Atomic radius: 240 pm Standard state (20 °C): gas French

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 4400 (liquid, b.p.) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 50.45 (liquid, b.p.) 9.73 (gas, 273 K) 22816.03 (gas, 273 K) Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES Marija Bralic

Slobodan Brinic Melting point: -71 °C Heat of fusion: 2.7 kJ mol-1 German Boiling point: -61.7 °C Heat of vaporization: 18.1 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens Critical temperature: 104 °C Heat of atomization: 0 kJ mol-1 Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 1037.08 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm - kJ mol crust): -

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 9E-15 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

211Rn 210.990585(8) *

222Rn 222.017570(3) *

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/rn.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:42 Radon - Periodic Table of the Elements

MINERALS AND USES

Radon is formed from the decay of radium in the earths crust. Used to treat some forms of cancer.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/rn.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:42 Francium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Francium Francium Francij Francio Francium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 87 54 55 56 Glossary Group numbers: 1 Xe Cs Ba Appendix Period: 7 Fr 86 87 88 PDF Table Rn Fr Ra

Awards Francium

Links Discovery date: 1939

Francium was discovered by Marguerite Perey (France) in 1939. Named for France, the nation of its discovery. It is highly rare and unstable, radioactive metal. Chemical properties similar to cesium.

ALKALI METAL My Software

Relative atomic mass: [223] Electronic configuration: [Rn] 7s1 EDITORS: Formal oxidation number: +1 Electronegativities: 0.7

English Ω Thermal conductivity: 15 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μ cm Aditya Vardhan Atomic radius: 282 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid Eni Generalic Density (g dm-3): - Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): - French

Michel Ditria THERMAL PROPERTIES Croatian

Eni Generalic Melting point: 27 °C Heat of fusion: - kJ mol-1 Marija Bralic -1 Slobodan Brinic Boiling point: 677 °C Heat of vaporization: - kJ mol

Critical temperature: °C Heat of atomization: -1 German 1470 75 kJ mol

Marc Hens IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE Italian editors wanted 1st ionization energy: 392.96 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm - kJ mol crust): -

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): - ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

223Fr 223.019731(3) *

MINERALS AND USES

Francium is formed by decay of actinium. Produced by bombarding radium or astatine with neutrons. Since its isotopes have such short half-lives there are no commercially significant compounds of francium. http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/fr.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:43 Francium - Periodic Table of the Elements

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/fr.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:43 Radium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Radium Radium Radij Radio Radium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 88 55 56 57 Glossary Group numbers: 2 Cs Ba La Appendix Period: 7 Ra 87 88 89 PDF Table Fr Ra Ac

Awards Radium

Links Discovery date: 1898

Radium was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie (France) in 1898. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word radiusmeaning ray. It is silvery-white radioactive metal. Reacts with oxygen and water. Highly radiotoxic. Carcinogen by inhalation, ingestion, or exposure.

My Software ALKALINE EARTH METAL

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: [226] Electronic configuration: [Rn] 7s2

Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities: English +2 0.9

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 18.6 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 100 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 235 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 (293 K) 3 -1 (est., 293 K) Density (g dm ): 5000 r. Molar volume (cm mol ): 45.20 Michel Ditria

Croatian THERMAL PROPERTIES Eni Generalic Marija Bralic Melting point: 700 °C Heat of fusion: 7.15 kJ mol-1 Slobodan Brinic Boiling point: 1140 °C Heat of vaporization: 136.7 kJ mol-1 German Critical temperature: 3237 °C Heat of atomization: 159 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens

Italian IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE editors wanted 1st ionization energy: 509.29 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 979.06 kJ mol crust): -

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 3E-11 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

223Ra 223.018497(3) *

225Ra 225.023604(3) *

226Ra 226.025403(3) *

MINERALS AND USES http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/ra.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:45 Radium - Periodic Table of the Elements

Radium is found in uranium ores at 1 part per 3 million parts uranium. Used in treating cancer because of the gamma rays it gives off.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Ra2+ + 2e- Ra(s) - 2.92

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FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/ra.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:45 Rutherfordium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Rutherfordium Rutherfordium Ruthefordij Rutherfordio Rutherfordium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 104 71 72 73 Glossary Group numbers: 4 Lu Hf Ta Appendix Period: 7 Rf 103 104 105 PDF Table Lr Rf Db

Awards Rutherfordium

Links Discovery date: 1964

Rutherfordium was discovered by workers at the Nuclear Institute at Dubna (USSR) and by workers at the University of California, Berkeley (USA) in 1964. Name in honour of Lord Rutherford, the physicist and chemist from New Zealand. It is synthetic radioactive metal.

My Software TRANSITION ELEMENT: TITANIUM GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: [261] Electronic configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2

Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities: English +4 -

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: - W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: - pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 - 3 -1 - Density (g dm ): Molar volume (cm mol ): Michel Ditria

Croatian THERMAL PROPERTIES Eni Generalic Marija Bralic Melting point: - °C Heat of fusion: - kJ mol-1 Slobodan Brinic Boiling point: - °C Heat of vaporization: - kJ mol-1 German Critical temperature: - °C Heat of atomization: - kJ mol-1 Marc Hens

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): - ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

MINERALS AND USES

Rutherfordium was made by bombarding californium-249 with beams of carbon-12 and 13. Six isotopes of rutherfordium have so far been identified. Rutherfordium-261, the longest-lived, has a half-life of 62 seconds.

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/rf.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:46 Rutherfordium - Periodic Table of the Elements

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/rf.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:46 Dubnium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Dubnium Dubnium Dubnij Dubnio Dubnium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 105 72 73 74 Glossary Group numbers: 5 Hf Ta W Appendix Period: 7 Db 104 105 106 PDF Table Rf Db Sg

Awards Dubnium

Links Discovery date: 1967

Dubnium was discovered by workers at the Nuclear Institute at Dubna (USSR) and by workers at the University of California, Berkeley (USA) in 1967. The origin of the name dubnium is the Joint Nuclear Institute at Dubna, Russia, an institute heavily involved in the search for heavy elements. It is synthetic radioactive metal. My Software

TRANSITION ELEMENT: VANADIUM GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: [262] Electronic configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d3 7s2 English Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities: - Aditya Vardhan Ω Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: - W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μ cm

Atomic radius: - pm Standard state (20 °C): solid French

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): - Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): -

Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic Melting point: - °C Heat of fusion: - kJ mol-1

German Boiling point: - °C Heat of vaporization: - kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Critical temperature: - °C Heat of atomization: - kJ mol-1

Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm - kJ mol crust): -

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): - ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

MINERALS AND USES

Dubnium was made by bombarding californium-249 with a beam of nitrogen-15 ions. There are now five known isotopes of dubnium. The longest-lived is dubnium-262, with a half-life of 34 seconds.

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/db.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:48 Dubnium - Periodic Table of the Elements

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/db.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:48 Seaborgium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Seaborgium Seaborgium Seaborgij Seaborgio Seaborgium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 106 73 74 75 Glossary Group numbers: 6 Ta W Re Appendix Period: 7 Sg 105 106 107 PDF Table Db Sg Bh

Awards Seaborgium

Links Discovery date: 1974

Seaborgium was discovered by workers at the Nuclear Institute at Dubna (USSR) and by workers at the University of California, Berkeley (USA) in 1974. Named in honour of Glenn T. Seaborg, American nuclear chemist and Nobel prize winner. It is synthetic radioactive metal.

My Software TRANSITION ELEMENT: CHROMIUM GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: [266] Electronic configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d4 7s2

Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities: English -

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: - W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: - pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 - 3 -1 - Density (g dm ): Molar volume (cm mol ): Michel Ditria

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): - ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

MINERALS AND USES

Seaborgium was made by bombarding californium-249 with oxygen-18.

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/sg.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:49 Seaborgium - Periodic Table of the Elements

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/sg.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:49 Bohrium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Bohrium Bohrium Bohrij Bohrio Bohrium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 107 74 75 76 Glossary Group numbers: 7 W Re Os Appendix Period: 7 Bh 106 107 108 PDF Table Sg Bh Hs

Awards Bohrium

Links Discovery date: 1981

Bohrium was discovered by Peter Armbruster, Gottfried Münzenber and their co-workers at the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung, GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany in 1981. Named in honour of Niels Bohr, the Danish physicist. It is synthetic radioactive metal. My Software

TRANSITION ELEMENT: MANGANESE GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: [264] Electronic configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d5 7s2 English Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities: - Aditya Vardhan Ω Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: - W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μ cm

Atomic radius: - pm Standard state (20 °C): solid French

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): - Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): -

Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic Melting point: - °C Heat of fusion: - kJ mol-1

German Boiling point: - °C Heat of vaporization: - kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Critical temperature: - °C Heat of atomization: - kJ mol-1

Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm - kJ mol crust): -

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): - ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

MINERALS AND USES

Bohrium was produced by bombarding bismuth-204 with chromium-54.

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/bh.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:51 Bohrium - Periodic Table of the Elements

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/bh.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:51 Hassium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Hassium Hassium Hassij Hassio Hassium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 108 75 76 77 Glossary Group numbers: 8 Re Os Ir Appendix Period: 7 Hs 107 108 109 PDF Table Bh Hs Mt

Awards Hassium

Links Discovery date: 1984

Hassium was discovered by Peter Armbruster, Gottfried Münzenber and their co-workers at the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung, GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany in 1984. The origin of the name is the Latin word Hassiasmeaning Hess, the German state. It is synthetic radioactive metal. My Software

TRANSITION ELEMENT: IRON GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: [277] Electronic configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d6 7s2 English Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities: - Aditya Vardhan Ω Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: - W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μ cm

Atomic radius: - pm Standard state (20 °C): solid French

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): - Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): -

Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic Melting point: - °C Heat of fusion: - kJ mol-1

German Boiling point: - °C Heat of vaporization: - kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Critical temperature: - °C Heat of atomization: - kJ mol-1

Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm - kJ mol crust): -

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): - ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

MINERALS AND USES

Hassium was produced bythe bombardment of lead-208 with iron-58.

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/hs.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:52 Hassium - Periodic Table of the Elements

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/hs.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:52 Meitnerium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Meitnerium Meitnerium Meitnerij Meitnerio Meitnerium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 109 76 77 78 Glossary Group numbers: 9 Os Ir Pt Appendix Period: 7 Mt 108 109 110 PDF Table Hs Mt Ds

Awards Meitnerium

Links Discovery date: 1982

Meitnerium was discovered by Peter Armbruster, Gottfried Münzenber and their co-workers at the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung, GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany in 1982. Named in honour of Lise Meitner, the Austrian physicist. It is synthetic radioactive metal. My Software

TRANSITION ELEMENT: COBALT GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: [268] Electronic configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d7 7s2 English Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities: - Aditya Vardhan Ω Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: - W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μ cm

Atomic radius: - pm Standard state (20 °C): solid French

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): - Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): -

Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic Melting point: - °C Heat of fusion: - kJ mol-1

German Boiling point: - °C Heat of vaporization: - kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Critical temperature: - °C Heat of atomization: - kJ mol-1

Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm - kJ mol crust): -

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): - ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

MINERALS AND USES

Meitnerium was produced bybombarding bismuth-209 with iron-58.

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/mt.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:54 Meitnerium - Periodic Table of the Elements

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/mt.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:54 Darmstadtium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Darmstadtium Darmstadtium Darmstadtij Darmstadtio Darmstadtium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 110 77 78 79 Glossary Group numbers: 10 Ir Pt Au Appendix Period: 7 Ds 109 110 111 PDF Table Mt Ds Uuu

Awards Darmstadtium

Links Discovery date: 1994

Darmstadtium was discovered by S. Hofmann et al. collaboration at the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung, GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany in November 1994. The title honours the Laboratory for Heavy Ion Research (called GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany, where the substance was first made. It is synthetic radioactive metal. My Software

TRANSITION ELEMENT: NICKEL GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: [281] Electronic configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d9 7s1 English Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities: - Aditya Vardhan Ω Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: - W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μ cm

Atomic radius: - pm Standard state (20 °C): solid French

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): - Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): -

Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic Melting point: - °C Heat of fusion: - kJ mol-1

German Boiling point: - °C Heat of vaporization: - kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Critical temperature: - °C Heat of atomization: - kJ mol-1

Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm - kJ mol crust): -

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): - ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

MINERALS AND USES

The fusion-evaporation reaction using a 62Ni beam on an isotopically enriched 208Pb target produced four chains of alpha-emitting nuclides following the presumed formation of 269110 + 1n.

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/ds.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:55 Darmstadtium - Periodic Table of the Elements

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/ds.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:55 Unununium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Unununium Unununium Unununij Unununio Unununium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 111 78 79 80 Glossary Group numbers: 11 Pt Au Hg Appendix Period: 7 Uuu 110 111 112 PDF Table Ds Uuu Uub

Awards Unununium

Links Discovery date: 1994

Unununium was discovered by S. Hofmann et al. collaboration at the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung, GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany in December 1994. The new element has not yet been officially named, but it is known as unununium, according to the system designated by the IUPAC for naming new elements. It is synthetic radioactive metal. My Software

TRANSITION ELEMENT: COPPER GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: [272] Electronic configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s1 English Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities: - Aditya Vardhan Ω Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: - W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μ cm

Atomic radius: - pm Standard state (20 °C): solid French

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): - Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): -

Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic Melting point: - °C Heat of fusion: - kJ mol-1

German Boiling point: - °C Heat of vaporization: - kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Critical temperature: - °C Heat of atomization: - kJ mol-1

Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm - kJ mol crust): -

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): - ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

MINERALS AND USES

In bombardments of 209Bi targets with 64Ni using the velocity selector SHIP facility to discriminate in favor of the fused product, 272111 + 1n, three sets of localized alpha-decay chains were observed

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/uuu.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:57 Unununium - Periodic Table of the Elements

with position-sensitive detectors.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

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FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/uuu.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:57 Lanthanum - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Lanthanum Lanthane Lantan Lantanio Lanthan

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 57 38 39 Glossary Group numbers: 3 Sr Y Appendix Period: 6 La 56 57 58 PDF Table Ba La Ce Lanthanum Awards 88 89 90

Links Discovery date: 1839 Ra Ac Th

Lanthanum was discovered by Carl Gustaf Mosander (Sweden) in 1839. The origin of the name

comes from the Greek word lanthaneinmeaning to lie hidden. It is soft, silvery-white, malleable, ductile metal. Readily tarnishes in air. Reaction with water releases hydrogen gas. Metal ignites and burns readily. Reacts with oxidants. My Software

TRANSITION ELEMENT: SCANDIUM GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 138.9055(2) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 5d1 6s2 English Formal oxidation number: +3 Electronegativities: 1.1 Aditya Vardhan Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 13.5 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 57 μΩcm

Atomic radius: pm Standard state (20 °C): French 187 solid

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 6145 (298 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 22.60 (298 K)

Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 918 °C Heat of fusion: 10.04 kJ mol-1

German Boiling point: 3464 °C Heat of vaporization: 402.1 kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Critical temperature: 10227 °C Heat of atomization: 431.29 kJ mol-1

Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 538.10 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1067.14 kJ mol crust): 16

3rd ionization energy: 1850.34 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.0003 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

138La 137.907107(4) 0.0902(2)

139La 138.906348(3) 99.9098(2)

MINERALS AND USES

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/la.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:58 Lanthanum - Periodic Table of the Elements

Lanthanum is found with rare earths in monazite and bastnasite. Monazite sand typical contains 25% lanthanum. It is used in the electrodes of high-intensity, carbon-arc lights. Because it gives glass refractive properties, it is used in expensive camera lenses. The price of 99.9 % pure lanthanum pieces is 232.50 for 100 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

La3+ + 3e- La(s) - 2.52 - - La(OH)3(s) + 3e La(s) + 3OH - 2.90

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/la.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:37:58 Cerium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Cerium Cérium Cerij Cerio Cer

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 58 39 Glossary Group numbers: 3 Y Appendix Period: 6 Ce 57 58 59 PDF Table La Ce Pr Cerium Awards 89 90 91

Links Discovery date: 1814 Ac Th Pa

Cerium was discovered by Martin Heinrich Klaproth (Germany) and by Jöns Jacob Berzelius

(Sweden) in 1803 and Wilhelm von Hisinger (Germany) in 1814. Named after the asteroid Cereswhich discovered two years before the element. It is malleable, ductile, iron-grey metal. Tarnishes in air; reacts easily with water. Dissolves in acids; ignites when heated. Metal ignites and My Software burns readily. Strong reductant.

TRANSITION ELEMENT: LANTHANIDE EDITORS:

English Relative atomic mass: 140.116(1) Electronic configuration: 2 2 [Xe] 4f 6s Aditya Vardhan Formal oxidation number: +3 +4 Electronegativities: 1.12 Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 11.4 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 75 μΩcm French Atomic radius: 182.5 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 8240 (alpha, 298 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 17.00 (alpha, 298 K) Croatian 6749 (beta, 298 K) 20.76 (beta, 298 K)

Eni Generalic 6773 (gamma, 298 K) 20.69 (gamma, 298 K) Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic THERMAL PROPERTIES German -1 Marc Hens Melting point: 798 °C Heat of fusion: 8.87 kJ mol

Boiling point: 3424 °C Heat of vaporization: 398 kJ mol-1 Italian editors wanted Critical temperature: 10127 °C Heat of atomization: 423.4 kJ mol-1

IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 534.41 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1046.87 kJ mol crust): 33

3rd ionization energy: 1948.82 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.0004 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

136Ce 135.90714(5) 0.19(1)

137Ce 136.90778(5) *

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/ce.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:00 Cerium - Periodic Table of the Elements

138Ce 137.90599(1) 0.25(1)

139Ce 138.906647(8) *

140Ce 139.905434(3) 88.48(10)

141Ce 140.908271(3) * 142Ce 141.909240(4) 11.08(10)

MINERALS AND USES

Cerium is most abundant rare earth metal. Found in many minerals like monazite sand [Ce(PO4)]. Its oxides are used in the optics and glass-making industries. Its salts are used in the photography and textile industry. Used in high-intensity carbon lamps and as alloying agents in special metals. The price of 99.8 % pure cerium ingot is 256.20 for 250 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Ce3+ + 3e- Ce(s) - 2.48 2+ + - 3+ Ce(OH)2 + 2H + e Ce + 2H2O +1.73 3+ + - 3+ Ce(OH) + H + e Ce + H2O +1.71 2- - 3+ - -3 Ce(ClO4)6 + e Ce + 6ClO4 +1.70 1 mol dm HClO4 2- - 3+ - -3 Ce(NO3)6 + e Ce + 6NO3 +1.61 1 mol dm HNO3 2- - 3+ 2- -3 Ce(SO4)3 + e Ce + 3SO4 +1.44 1 mol dm H2SO4

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/ce.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:00 Praseodymium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Praseodymium Praséodyme Praseodimij Praseodimio Praseodym

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 59

Glossary Group numbers: 3 Appendix Period: 6 Pr 58 59 60 PDF Table Ce Pr Nd Praseodym Awards 90 91 92

Links Discovery date: 1885 Th Pa U

Praseodymium was discovered by Carl F. Auer von Welsbach (Austria) in 1885. The origin of the name comes from the Greek words prasios didymosmeaning green twin. It is silvery white, moderately soft, malleable, ductile metal. Reacts slowly with oxygen. Reacts rapidly with water. Metal ignites and burns readily. My Software

TRANSITION ELEMENT: LANTHANIDE

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 140.90765(2) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f3 6s2 English Formal oxidation number: +3 Electronegativities: 1.13 Aditya Vardhan Ω Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 12.5 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 68 μ cm

Atomic radius: 182 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid French

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 6773 (293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 20.80 (293 K)

Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 931 °C Heat of fusion: 11.3 kJ mol-1

German Boiling point: 3520 °C Heat of vaporization: 357 kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Critical temperature: 8627 °C Heat of atomization: 356.69 kJ mol-1

Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 527.20 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1017.93 kJ mol crust): 3.9

3rd ionization energy: 2086.41 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.0000002 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

141Pr 140.907648(3) 100

MINERALS AND USES

Praseodymium is obtained from same salts as neodymium. Used with neodymium to make lenses http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/pr.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:02 Praseodymium - Periodic Table of the Elements

for glass maker's goggles since it filters out the yellow light present in glass blowing. Alloyed with magnesium creates a high-strength metal used in aircraft engines. Misch metal, used in the manufacture of pyrophoric alloys for cigarette lighters, contains about 5% praseodymium metal. (Typically composition of misch metal are Ce:Nd:Pr:La:Other rare earth=50:18:6:22:4). The price of 99.9 % pure praseodymium ingot is 184.50 for 50 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/pr.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:02 Neodymium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Neodymium Néodyme Neodimij Neodimio Neodym

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 60

Glossary Group numbers: 3 Appendix Period: 6 Nd 59 60 61 PDF Table Pr Nd Pm Neodym Awards 91 92 93

Links Discovery date: 1885 Pa U Np

Neodymium was discovered by Carl F. Auer von Welsbach (Austria) in 1885. The origin of the name comes from the Greek words neos didymosmeaning new twin. It is silvery-white, rare-earth metal that oxidizes easily in air. Reacts slowly in cold water, more rapidly as heated. Metal ignites and burns readily. My Software

TRANSITION ELEMENT: LANTHANIDE

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 144.24(3) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f4 6s2 English Formal oxidation number: +3 Electronegativities: 1.14 Aditya Vardhan Ω Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 16.5 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 64 μ cm

Atomic radius: 181.4 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid French

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 7007 (293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 20.59 (293 K)

Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 1021 °C Heat of fusion: 7.113 kJ mol-1

German Boiling point: 3074 °C Heat of vaporization: 328 kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Critical temperature: 7627 °C Heat of atomization: 328.57 kJ mol-1

Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 533.09 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1035.30 kJ mol crust): 16

3rd ionization energy: 2132.34 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.000003 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

142Nd 141.907719(3) 27.13(12)

143Nd 142.909810(3) 12.18(6)

144Nd 143.910083(3) 23.80(12) 145Nd 144.912569(3) 8.30(6)

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/nd.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:03 Neodymium - Periodic Table of the Elements

146Nd 145.913112(3) 17.19(9)

148Nd 147.916889(3) 5.76(3)

150Nd 149.920887(4) 5.64(3)

MINERALS AND USES

Neodymium is made from electrolysis of its halide salts, which are made from monazite sand. Used in making artificial ruby for lasers. Also in ceramics and for a special lens with praseodymium. Also to produce bright purple glass and special glass that filters infrared radiation. Misch metal, used in the manufacture of pyrophoric alloys for cigarette lighters, contains about 18% neodymium metal. (Typically composition of misch metal are Ce:Nd:Pr:La:Other rare earth=50:18:6:22:4). Neodymium is used to create some of the most powerful permanent magnets on Earth, known as NIB magnets they consist of neodymium, iron, and boron. The price of 99.9 % pure neodymium ingot is 146.70 for 100 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

NiS(s) (alfa) + 2e- Ni(s) + S2- +0.76 NiS(s) (gama) + 2e- Ni(s) + S2- - 0.99

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/nd.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:03 Promethium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Promethium Prométhium Prometij Prometio Promethium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 61

Glossary Group numbers: 3 Appendix Period: 6 Pm 60 61 62 PDF Table Nd Pm Sm Promethium Awards 92 93 94

Links Discovery date: 1945 U Np Pu

Promethium was discovered by J. A. Marinsky, Lawrence Glendenin and Charles D. Coryell (USA) in 1945. Named after Prometheusin Greek mythology, who stole fire from the gods. It is rare earth metal of synthetic origin on the earth, naturally made in stars. Poison. Radiotoxic. Radioactive.

My Software TRANSITION ELEMENT: LANTHANIDE

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: [145] Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f5 6s2

Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities: English +3 -

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 17.9 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 183.4 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 (298 K) 3 -1 (298 K) Density (g dm ): 7220 Molar volume (cm mol ): 20.08 Michel Ditria

Croatian THERMAL PROPERTIES Eni Generalic Marija Bralic Melting point: 1042 °C Heat of fusion: 12.6 kJ mol-1 Slobodan Brinic Boiling point: 3000 °C Heat of vaporization: - kJ mol-1 German Critical temperature: 6527 °C Heat of atomization: 308 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens

Italian IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE editors wanted 1st ionization energy: 538.39 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1051.70 kJ mol crust): -

3rd ionization energy: 2151.64 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): - ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

143Pm 142.910928(4) *

145Pm 144.912744(4) *

147Pm 146.915134(3) *

MINERALS AND USES http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/pm.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:05 Promethium - Periodic Table of the Elements

Promethium does not occur naturally. Found among fission products of uranium, thorium and plutonium. It has been used as a source of radioactivity for thickness-measuring gages.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/pm.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:05 Samarium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Samarium Samarium Samarij Samario Samarium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 62

Glossary Group numbers: 3 Appendix Period: 6 Sm 61 62 63 PDF Table Pm Sm Eu Samarium Awards 93 94 95

Links Discovery date: 1879 Np Pu Am

Samarium was discovered by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran (France) in 1879. Named after the mineral samarskite. It is silvery rare earth metal. Stable in dry air. Oxide coating forms on surfaces exposed to moist air. Metal ignites and burns readily. Reacts with water.

My Software TRANSITION ELEMENT: LANTHANIDE

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 150.36(3) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f6 6s2

Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities: English +2 +3 1.17

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 13.3 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 88 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 180.4 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 (293 K) 3 -1 (293 K) Density (g dm ): 7520 Molar volume (cm mol ): 19.99 Michel Ditria

Croatian THERMAL PROPERTIES Eni Generalic Marija Bralic Melting point: 1074 °C Heat of fusion: 10.9 kJ mol-1 Slobodan Brinic Boiling point: 1794 °C Heat of vaporization: 164.8 kJ mol-1 German Critical temperature: 5167 °C Heat of atomization: 206.1 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens

Italian IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE editors wanted 1st ionization energy: 544.53 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1068.10 kJ mol crust): 3.5

3rd ionization energy: 2257.77 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.0000002 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

144Sm 143.911995(4) 3.1(1)

147Sm 146.914893(3) 15.0(2)

148Sm 147.914818(3) 11.3(1)

149Sm 148.917180(3) 13.8(1)

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/sm.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:06 Samarium - Periodic Table of the Elements

150Sm 149.917271(3) 7.4(1)

152Sm 151.919728(3) 26.7(2)

154Sm 153.922205(3) 22.7(2)

MINERALS AND USES

Samarium is found with other rare earths in monazite sand. It is used in the electronics and ceramics industries. It is easily magnetized and very difficult to demagnetise. This suggests important future applications in solid-state and superconductor technologies. The price of 99.9 % pure samarium ingot is 191.00 for 100 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/sm.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:06 Europium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Europium Europium Europij Europio Europium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 63

Glossary Group numbers: 3 Appendix Period: 6 Eu 62 63 64 PDF Table Sm Eu Gd Europium Awards 94 95 96

Links Discovery date: 1896 Pu Am Cm

Europium was discovered by Eugene Demarcay (France) in 1896. Named for the continent of Europe. It is soft, silvery-white metal. Extremely reactive with oxygen and water.

TRANSITION ELEMENT: LANTHANIDE My Software

Relative atomic mass: 151.964(1) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f7 6s2 EDITORS: Formal oxidation number: +2 +3 Electronegativities: -

English Ω Thermal conductivity: 13.9 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 90 μ cm Aditya Vardhan Atomic radius: 199.5 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid Eni Generalic Density (g dm-3): 5243 (293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 28.98 (293 K) French

Michel Ditria THERMAL PROPERTIES Croatian

Eni Generalic Melting point: 822 °C Heat of fusion: 10.5 kJ mol-1 Marija Bralic -1 Slobodan Brinic Boiling point: 1529 °C Heat of vaporization: 176 kJ mol

Critical temperature: °C Heat of atomization: -1 German 4327 177.11 kJ mol

Marc Hens IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE Italian editors wanted 1st ionization energy: 547.11 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1084.60 kJ mol crust): 1.1

3rd ionization energy: 2404.43 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.00000004 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

151Eu 150.919846(3) 47.8(15)

153Eu 152.921226(3) 52.2(15)

MINERALS AND USES

Europium is obtained from monazite sand, which is a mixture of phosphates of calcium, thorium,

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/eu.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:08 Europium - Periodic Table of the Elements

cerium and most other rare earths. Used with yttrium oxide to make red phosphors for colour televisions. The price of 99.9 % pure europium ingot is 254.30 for 5 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/eu.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:08 Gadolinium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Gadolinium Gadolinium Gadolinij Gadolinio Gadolinium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 64

Glossary Group numbers: 3 Appendix Period: 6 Gd 63 64 65 PDF Table Eu Gd Tb Gadolinium Awards 95 96 97

Links Discovery date: 1880 Am Cm Bk

Gadolinium was discovered by Jean de Marignac (France) in 1880. Named after the mineral gadolinite, named for J. Gadolin, a Finnish chemist and mineralogist. It is soft, ductile, silvery-white metal. Reacts slowly with water and oxygen. Dissolves in acids. Metal ignites and burns readily.

My Software TRANSITION ELEMENT: LANTHANIDE

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 157.25(3) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2

Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities: English +3 1.2

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 10.6 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 140.5 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 178.7 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 (298 K) 3 -1 (298 K) Density (g dm ): 7900.4 Molar volume (cm mol ): 19.90 Michel Ditria

Croatian THERMAL PROPERTIES Eni Generalic Marija Bralic Melting point: 1313 °C Heat of fusion: 15.5 kJ mol-1 Slobodan Brinic Boiling point: 3273 °C Heat of vaporization: 301 kJ mol-1 German Critical temperature: 8397 °C Heat of atomization: 398.94 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens

Italian IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE editors wanted 1st ionization energy: 593.40 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1166.52 kJ mol crust): 3.3

3rd ionization energy: 1990.51 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.0000002 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

152Gd 151.919788(3) 0.20(1)

154Gd 153.920862(3) 2.18(3)

155Gd 154.922619(3) 14.80(5)

156Gd 155.922120(3) 20.47(4)

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/gd.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:10 Gadolinium - Periodic Table of the Elements

157Gd 156.923957(3) 15.65(3)

158Gd 157.924101(3) 24.84(12)

160Gd 159.927051(3) 21.86(4)

MINERALS AND USES

Gadolinium is found with other rare earths in gadolinite and monazite sand. Used in steel alloying agents and the manufacture of electronic components. The price of 99.9 % pure gadolinium pieces is 218.80 for 50 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

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http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/gd.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:10 Terbium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Terbium Terbium Terbij Terbio Terbium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 65

Glossary Group numbers: 3 Appendix Period: 6 Tb 64 65 66 PDF Table Gd Tb Dy Terbium Awards 96 97 98

Links Discovery date: 1843 Cm Bk Cf

Terbium was discovered by Carl Gustaf Mosander (Sweden) in 1843. Named after Ytterby, a village in Sweden. It is soft, ductile, silvery-grey, rare earth metal. Oxidizes slowly in air. Reacts with cold water.

My Software TRANSITION ELEMENT: LANTHANIDE

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 158.92534(2) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f9 6s2

Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities: English +3 -

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 11.1 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 116 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 176.3 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 (293 K) 3 -1 (293 K) Density (g dm ): 8229 Molar volume (cm mol ): 19.31 Michel Ditria

Croatian THERMAL PROPERTIES Eni Generalic Marija Bralic Melting point: 1356 °C Heat of fusion: 16.3 kJ mol-1 Slobodan Brinic Boiling point: 3230 °C Heat of vaporization: 391 kJ mol-1 German Critical temperature: 8197 °C Heat of atomization: 390.62 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens

Italian IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE editors wanted 1st ionization energy: 565.77 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1111.52 kJ mol crust): 0.6

3rd ionization energy: 2114.01 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.0000014 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

159Tb 158.925343(3) 100

MINERALS AND USES

Terbium is found with other rare earths in monazite sand. Other sources are xenotime and euxenite, both of which are oxide mixtures that can contain up to 1% terbium. It is used in modest amounts in http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/tb.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:12 Terbium - Periodic Table of the Elements

special lasers and solid-state devices. The price of 99.9 % pure terbium ingot is 266.30 for 10 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/tb.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:12 Dysprosium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Dysprosium Dysprosium Disprozij Disprosio Dysprosium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 66

Glossary Group numbers: 3 Appendix Period: 6 Dy 65 66 67 PDF Table Tb Dy Ho Dysprosium Awards 97 98 99

Links Discovery date: 1886 Bk Cf Es

Dysprosium was discovered by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran (France) in 1886. The origin of the name comes from the Greek word dysprositosmeaning hard to obtain. It is soft, lustrous, silvery metal. Reacts with oxygen. Reacts rapidly with water; dissolves in acids. Metal ignites and burns readily. Reductant. My Software

TRANSITION ELEMENT: LANTHANIDE

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 162.50(3) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f10 6s2 English Formal oxidation number: +3 Electronegativities: 1.22 Aditya Vardhan Ω Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 10.7 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 57 μ cm

Atomic radius: 175.2 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid French

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 8550 (293 K) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 19.01 (293 K)

Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 1412 °C Heat of fusion: 17.2 kJ mol-1

German Boiling point: 2567 °C Heat of vaporization: 293 kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Critical temperature: 7367 °C Heat of atomization: 293.05 kJ mol-1

Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 573.02 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1125.99 kJ mol crust): 3.6

3rd ionization energy: 2199.88 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.0000002 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

156Dy 155.924278(7) 0.06(1)

158Dy 157.924405(4) 0.10(1)

160Dy 159.925194(3) 2.34(6) 161Dy 160.926930(3) 18.9(2)

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/dy.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:13 Dysprosium - Periodic Table of the Elements

162Dy 161.926795(3) 25.5(2)

163Dy 162.928728(3) 24.9(2)

164Dy 163.929171(3) 28.2(2)

MINERALS AND USES

Dysprosium usually found with erbium, holmium and other rare earths in some minerals such as monazite sand. Dysprosium uses are limited to the experimental and esoteric. Some isotopes of dysprosium are effective absorbers of thermal neutrons and are being considered for use in the control rods in nuclear reactors. The price of 99.9 % pure dysprosium ingot is 201.10 for 100 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/dy.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:13 Holmium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Holmium Holmium Holmij Olmio Holmium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 67

Glossary Group numbers: 3 Appendix Period: 6 Ho 66 67 68 PDF Table Dy Ho Er Holmium Awards 98 99 100

Links Discovery date: 1879 Cf Es Fm

Holmium was discovered by Per Theodore Cleve (Sweden) in 1879. The origin of the name comes from the Greek word Holmiameaning Stockholm. It is fairly soft, malleable, lustrous, silvery metal. Reacts slowly with oxygen and water. Dissolves in acids. Can react violently with air or halogens.

My Software TRANSITION ELEMENT: LANTHANIDE

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 164.93032(2) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f11 6s2

Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities: English +3 1.23

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 16.2 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 87 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 174.3 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 (298 K) 3 -1 (298 K) Density (g dm ): 8795 Molar volume (cm mol ): 18.75 Michel Ditria

Croatian THERMAL PROPERTIES Eni Generalic Marija Bralic Melting point: 1474 °C Heat of fusion: 17.2 kJ mol-1 Slobodan Brinic Boiling point: 2700 °C Heat of vaporization: 303 kJ mol-1 German Critical temperature: 7297 °C Heat of atomization: 302.63 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens

Italian IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE editors wanted 1st ionization energy: 580.99 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1138.54 kJ mol crust): 0.78

3rd ionization energy: 2203.74 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.00000008 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

165Ho 164.930319(3) 100

MINERALS AND USES

Holmium occurs in gadolinite. Most often from monazite sand. It has very few practical applications; however, it has some unusual magnetic properties that offer some hope for future applications. The http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/ho.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:15 Holmium - Periodic Table of the Elements

price of 99.9 % pure holmium pieces is 348.50 for 25 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/ho.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:15 Erbium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Erbium Erbium Erbij Erbio Erbium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 68

Glossary Group numbers: 3 Appendix Period: 6 Er 67 68 69 PDF Table Ho Er Tm Erbium Awards 99 100 101

Links Discovery date: 1843 Es Fm Md

Erbium was discovered by Carl Gustaf Mosander (Sweden) in 1843. Named after Ytterby, a village in Sweden. It is soft, malleable, silvery metal. Reacts slowly with water. Dissolves in acids. Metal ignites and burns readily.

My Software TRANSITION ELEMENT: LANTHANIDE

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 167.259(3) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f12 6s2

Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities: English +3 1.24

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 14.3 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 107 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 173.4 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 (298 K) 3 -1 (298 K) Density (g dm ): 9066 Molar volume (cm mol ): 18.45 Michel Ditria

Croatian THERMAL PROPERTIES Eni Generalic Marija Bralic Melting point: 1529 °C Heat of fusion: 17.2 kJ mol-1 Slobodan Brinic Boiling point: 2868 °C Heat of vaporization: 280 kJ mol-1 German Critical temperature: 6977 °C Heat of atomization: 318.32 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens

Italian IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE editors wanted 1st ionization energy: 589.31 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1151.08 kJ mol crust): 2.2

3rd ionization energy: 2194.09 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.0000002 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

162Er 161.928775(4) 0.14(1)

164Er 163.929197(4) 1.61(2)

166Er 165.930290(3) 33.6(2)

167Er 166.932045(3) 22.95(15)

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/er.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:16 Erbium - Periodic Table of the Elements

168Er 167.932368(3) 26.8(2)

170Er 169.935460(3) 14.9(2)

MINERALS AND USES

Erbium is found with other heavier rare earths in xenotime and euxenite. Erbium oxide is used in ceramics to obtain a pink glaze. Also a few uses in the nuclear industry and as an alloying agent for other exotic metals. The price of 99.9 % pure erbium pieces is 232.60 for 50 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/er.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:16 Thulium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Thulium Thulium Tulij Tulio Thulium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 69

Glossary Group numbers: 3 Appendix Period: 6 Tm 68 69 70 PDF Table Er Tm Yb Thulium Awards 100 101 102

Links Discovery date: 1879 Fm Md No

Thulium was discovered by Per Theodore Cleve (Sweden) in 1879. Named after Thule, an ancient name for Scandinavia. It is soft, malleable, ductile, silvery metal. Tarnishes in air. Reacts with water. Flammable dust.

My Software TRANSITION ELEMENT: LANTHANIDE

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 168.93421(2) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f13 6s2

Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities: English +3 1.25

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 16.8 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 79 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 172.4 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 (293 K) 3 -1 (293 K) Density (g dm ): 9321 Molar volume (cm mol ): 18.12 Michel Ditria

Croatian THERMAL PROPERTIES Eni Generalic Marija Bralic Melting point: 1545 °C Heat of fusion: 18.4 kJ mol-1 Slobodan Brinic Boiling point: 1950 °C Heat of vaporization: 247 kJ mol-1 German Critical temperature: 6157 °C Heat of atomization: 233.43 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens

Italian IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE editors wanted 1st ionization energy: 596.70 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1162.66 kJ mol crust): 0.32

3rd ionization energy: 2284.79 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.00000004 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

169Tm 168.934211(3) 100

MINERALS AND USES

Thulium is found with other rare earths in the minerals gadolinite, euxenite, xenotime and monazite. Radioactive thulium is used to power portable x-ray machines, eliminating the need for electrical http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/tm.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:18 Thulium - Periodic Table of the Elements

equipment. The price of 99.9 % pure thulium pieces is 291.00 for 5 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/tm.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:18 Ytterbium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Ytterbium Ytterbium Iterbij Itterbio Ytterbium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 70 39 Glossary Group numbers: 3 Y Appendix Period: 6 Yb 69 70 71 PDF Table Tm Yb Lu Ytterbium Awards 101 102 103

Links Discovery date: 1878 Md No Lr

Ytterbium was discovered by Jean de Marignac (France) in 1878. Named after Ytterby, a village in

Sweden. It is silvery, lustrous, malleable and ductile metal. Oxidizes slowly in air. Reacts with water. Flammable dust.

My Software TRANSITION ELEMENT: LANTHANIDE

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 173.04(3) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f14 6s2

English Formal oxidation number: +2 +3 Electronegativities: -

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 34.9 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 29 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 194 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 3 -1 Density (g dm ): 6965 (293 K) Molar volume (cm mol ): 24.84 (293 K) Michel Ditria

Croatian THERMAL PROPERTIES Eni Generalic Marija Bralic Melting point: 819 °C Heat of fusion: 9.2 kJ mol-1 Slobodan Brinic Boiling point: 1196 °C Heat of vaporization: 159 kJ mol-1 German Critical temperature: 4147 °C Heat of atomization: 152.8 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens

Italian IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE editors wanted 1st ionization energy: 603.44 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1174.82 kJ mol crust): 2.2

3rd ionization energy: 2416.97 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.0000002 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

168Yb 167.933894(5) 0.13(1) 170Yb 169.934759(3) 3.05(6)

171Yb 170.936322(3) 14.3(2)

172Yb 171.936378(3) 21.9(3)

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/yb.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:19 Ytterbium - Periodic Table of the Elements

173Yb 172.938207(3) 16.12(21)

174Yb 173.938858(3) 31.8(4)

176Yb 175.942568(3) 12.7(2)

MINERALS AND USES

Ytterbium is found in minerals such as yttria, monazite, gadolinite and xenotime. Used in metallurgical and chemical experiments. The price of 99.9 % pure ytterbium ingot is 188.50 for 25 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/yb.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:19 Lutetium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Lutetium Lutétium Lutecij Lutezio Lutetium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 71 39 40 Glossary Group numbers: 3 Y Zr Appendix Period: 6 Lu 70 71 72 PDF Table Yb Lu Hf Lutetium Awards 102 103 104

Links Discovery date: 1907 No Lr Rf

Lutetium was discovered by Georges Urbain (France) and independently by Carl Auer von

Welsbach (Austria) in 1907. The origin of the name comes from the Greek word Lutetiameaning Paris. It is silvery-white and relatively stable in air, rare earth metal.

My Software TRANSITION ELEMENT: LANTHANIDE

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 174.967(1) Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d1 6s2

English Formal oxidation number: +3 Electronegativities: 1

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 16.4 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 79 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 171.8 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 3 -1 Density (g dm ): 9840 (298 K) Molar volume (cm mol ): 17.78 (298 K) Michel Ditria

Croatian THERMAL PROPERTIES Eni Generalic Marija Bralic Melting point: 1663 °C Heat of fusion: 19.2 kJ mol-1 Slobodan Brinic Boiling point: 3402 °C Heat of vaporization: 428 kJ mol-1 German Critical temperature: 3267 °C Heat of atomization: 427.37 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens

Italian IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE editors wanted 1st ionization energy: 523.52 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1341.16 kJ mol crust): 0.3

3rd ionization energy: 2022.29 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): - ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

175Lu 174.940768(3) 97.41(2)

176Lu 175.942682(3) 2.59(2)

MINERALS AND USES

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/lu.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:24 Lutetium - Periodic Table of the Elements

Lutetium is found with ytterbium in gadolinite and xenotime. Stable lutetium nuclides can be used as catalysts in cracking, alkylation, hydrogenation, and polymerization. The price of 99.9 % pure lutetium pieces is 555.30 for 5 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/lu.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:24 Actinium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Actinium Actinium Aktinij Attinio Actinium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 89 56 57 58 Glossary Group numbers: 3 Ba La Ce Appendix Period: 7 Ac 88 89 90 PDF Table Ra Ac Th

Awards Actinium

Links Discovery date: 1899

Actinium was discovered by André Debierne (France) in 1899. The origin of the name comes from the Greek word aktinosmeaning ray. It is heavy, silvery-white, very radioactive metal. Reacts with water. Glows in the dark.

My Software TRANSITION ELEMENT: SCANDIUM GROUP

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: [227] Electronic configuration: [Rn] 6d1 7s2

Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities: English +3 1.1

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 12 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 188 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 (293 K) 3 -1 (293 K) Density (g dm ): 10060 Molar volume (cm mol ): 22.56 Michel Ditria

Croatian THERMAL PROPERTIES Eni Generalic Marija Bralic Melting point: 1051 °C Heat of fusion: - kJ mol-1 Slobodan Brinic Boiling point: 3198 °C Heat of vaporization: - kJ mol-1 German Critical temperature: 15997 °C Heat of atomization: 406 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens

Italian IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE editors wanted 1st ionization energy: 498.83 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1167.48 kJ mol crust): -

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): - ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

227Ac 227.027747(3) *

MINERALS AND USES

Actinium is extremely rare, found in all uranium ores. Usually obtained by treating radium with neutrons in a reactor. http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/ac.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:26 Actinium - Periodic Table of the Elements

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/ac.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:26 Thorium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Thorium Thorium Torij Torio Thorium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 90 57 58 59 Glossary Group numbers: 3 La Ce Pr Appendix Period: 7 Th 89 90 91 PDF Table Ac Th Pa

Awards Thorium

Links Discovery date: 1828

Thorium was discovered by Jöns Jakob Berzelius (Sweden) in 1828. Named after Thor, the mythological Scandinavian god of war. It is heavy, grey, soft, malleable, ductile, radioactive metal. Tarnishes in air; reacts with water. Reacts violently with oxidants.

My Software TRANSITION ELEMENT: ACTINIDE

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 232.0381(1) Electronic configuration: [Rn] 6d2 7s2

Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities: English +4 1.3

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 54 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 13 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 179.8 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 (293 K) 3 -1 (293 K) Density (g dm ): 11720 Molar volume (cm mol ): 19.80 Michel Ditria

Croatian THERMAL PROPERTIES Eni Generalic Marija Bralic Melting point: 1750 °C Heat of fusion: 19.2 kJ mol-1 Slobodan Brinic Boiling point: 4788 °C Heat of vaporization: 513.67 kJ mol-1 German Critical temperature: 14277 °C Heat of atomization: 598.65 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens

Italian IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE editors wanted 1st ionization energy: 608.51 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm 1109.59 kJ mol crust): 3.5

3rd ionization energy: 1929.72 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.0007 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

229Th 229.031755(3) *

232Th 232.038050(2) 100

MINERALS AND USES

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/th.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:27 Thorium - Periodic Table of the Elements

Thorium is found in various minerals like monazite and thorite. Used in making strong alloys. Also in ultraviolet photoelectric cells. It is a common ingredient in high-quality lenses. Bombarded with neutrons make uranium-233, a nuclear fuel. The price of 99.8 % pure thorium powder is 464.20 for 10 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Th4+ + 4e- Th(s) - 1.90 - - Th(OH)4(s) + 4e Th(s) + 4OH - 2.48

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/th.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:27 Protactinium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Protactinium Protactinium Protaktinij Protoattinio Protactinium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 91 58 59 60 Glossary Group numbers: 3 Ce Pr Nd Appendix Period: 7 Pa 90 91 92 PDF Table Th Pa U

Awards Protactinium

Links Discovery date: 1917

Protactinium was discovered by Otto Hahn (Germany) and Lise Meitner (Austria) in 1917. The origin of the name comes from the Greek word protosmeaning first. It is very rare, silvery-white, extremely radioactive metal. Resists alkalis; reacts with oxygen and acids. Attacked by steam. Highly radiotoxic. Protactinium is extremely toxic and must be handled with great care. My Software

TRANSITION ELEMENT: ACTINIDE

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 231.03588(2) Electronic configuration: [Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2 English Formal oxidation number: +4 +5 Electronegativities: 1.5 Aditya Vardhan Ω Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: 47 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 19.1 μ cm

Atomic radius: 156.1 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid French

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): 15370 (pretp.) Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): 15.03 (pretp.)

Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 1572 °C Heat of fusion: 16.7 kJ mol-1

German Boiling point: - °C Heat of vaporization: 481 kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Critical temperature: 13727 °C Heat of atomization: 607 kJ mol-1

Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 568.30 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm - kJ mol crust): 2E-12

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): - ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

231Pa 231.035879(3) *

MINERALS AND USES

Protactinium does not occur in nature. Found among fission products of uranium, thorium and http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/pa.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:29 Protactinium - Periodic Table of the Elements

plutonium.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/pa.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:29 Uranium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Uranium Uranium Uranij Uranio Uran

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 92 59 60 61 Glossary Group numbers: 3 Pr Nd Pm Appendix Period: 7 U 91 92 93 PDF Table Pa U Np

Awards Uranium

Links Discovery date: 1789

Uranium was discovered by Martin Heinrich Klaproth (Germany) in 1789. Named after the planet Uranus. It is silvery-white, dense, ductile, malleable, radioactive metal. Resists alkalis; tarnishes in air; attacked by steam and acids. Radiotoxic.

My Software TRANSITION ELEMENT: ACTINIDE

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: 238.02891(3) Electronic configuration: [Rn] 5f3 6d1 7s2

Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities: English +3 +4 +5 +6 1.7

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 27.6 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 30 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 138.5 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 (293 K) 3 -1 (293 K) Density (g dm ): 18950 Molar volume (cm mol ): 12.56 Michel Ditria 17907 (m.p.) 13.29 (m.p.)

Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES

Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 1135 °C Heat of fusion: 15.5 kJ mol-1

-1 German Boiling point: 4131 °C Heat of vaporization: 417.1 kJ mol

Marc Hens Critical temperature: 12227 °C Heat of atomization: 535.43 kJ mol-1

Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 597.64 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm - kJ mol crust): 0.91

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): 0.003 ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

234U 234.040946(2) 0.0055(5) 235U 235.043923(2) 0.7200(12)

238U 238.050783(2) 99.2745(60)

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/u.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:30 Uranium - Periodic Table of the Elements

MINERALS AND USES

Uranium occurs in many rocks, but in large amounts only in such minerals as pitchblende and carnotite. For many centuries it was used as a pigment for glass. Now it is used as a fuel in nuclear reactors and in bombs. The price of 99.7 % pure uranium turnings is 217.60 for 25 g.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

U4+ + e- U3+ - 0.607 U3+ + 3e- U(s) - 1.798 2+ - + UO2 + e UO2 +0.052 2+ + - 3+ UO2 + 3H + 2e UOH + H2O +0.299 2+ + - 4+ UO2 + 4H + 2e U + 2H2O +0.334 2+ - UO2 + 2e UO2(s) +0.45 + + - 3+ UO2 + 3H + e UOH + H2O +0.546 + + - 4+ UO2 + 4H + e U + 2H2O +0.612 3+ + - 3+ UOH + H + e U + H2O - 0.538 + - UO2(s) + 4H + 4e U(s) + 2H2O - 1.444 - - UO2(s) + 2H2O + 4e U(s) + 4OH - 2.39 + - U3O8(s) + 4H + 4e 3UO2 + 2H2O +0.260 - - U(OH)3(s) + 3e U(s) + 3OH - 2.17

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/u.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:30 Neptunium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Neptunium Neptunium Neptunij Nettunio Neptunium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 93 60 61 62 Glossary Group numbers: 3 Nd Pm Sm Appendix Period: 7 Np 92 93 94 PDF Table U Np Pu

Awards Neptunium

Links Discovery date: 1940

Neptunium was discovered by Edwin M. McMillan and P. H. Abelson (USA) in 1940. Named after the planet Neptune. It is rare, silvery radioactive metal. Resists alkalis; reacts with oxygen and acids. Attacked by steam. Radiotoxic.

My Software TRANSITION ELEMENT: ACTINIDE

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: [237] Electronic configuration: [Rn] 5f4 6d1 7s2

Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities: English +3 +4 +5 +6 1.3

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 6.3 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 122 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 130 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 (293 K) 3 -1 (293 K) Density (g dm ): 20250 Molar volume (cm mol ): 11.70 Michel Ditria

Croatian THERMAL PROPERTIES Eni Generalic Marija Bralic Melting point: 644 °C Heat of fusion: 9.46 kJ mol-1 Slobodan Brinic Boiling point: 3902 °C Heat of vaporization: 336.6 kJ mol-1 German Critical temperature: 11727 °C Heat of atomization: 457 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens

Italian IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE editors wanted 1st ionization energy: 604.55 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm - kJ mol crust): -

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): - ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

237Np 237.048167(2) *

MINERALS AND USES

Neptunium was produced by bombarding uranium with slow neutrons.

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/np.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:32 Neptunium - Periodic Table of the Elements

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/np.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:32 Plutonium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Plutonium Plutonium Plutonij Plutonio Plutonium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 94 61 62 63 Glossary Group numbers: 3 Pm Sm Eu Appendix Period: 7 Pu 93 94 95 PDF Table Np Pu Am

Awards Plutonium

Links Discovery date: 1940

Plutonium was discovered by Glenn T. Seaborg, Edwin M. McMillan, J. W. Kennedy and A. C. Wahl (USA) in 1940. Named after the planet Pluto. It is silvery-white, extremely radioactive artificially produced metal. Reacts with oxygen and acids; resists alkalis. Attacked by steam. Highly toxic.

My Software TRANSITION ELEMENT: ACTINIDE

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: [244] Electronic configuration: [Rn] 5f6 7s2

Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities: English +3 +4 +5 +6 1.3

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 6.74 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 150 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 151.3 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 (298 K) 3 -1 (298 K) Density (g dm ): 19840 Molar volume (cm mol ): 12.30 Michel Ditria 16623 (m.p.) 14.68 (m.p.)

Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES

Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic Melting point: 640 °C Heat of fusion: 2.8 kJ mol-1

-1 German Boiling point: 3228 °C Heat of vaporization: 343.5 kJ mol

Marc Hens Critical temperature: 10867 °C Heat of atomization: 348 kJ mol-1

Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 581.44 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm - kJ mol crust): -

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): - ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

239Pu 239.052157(2) * 244Pu 244.064198(5) *

MINERALS AND USES

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/pu.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:33 Plutonium - Periodic Table of the Elements

Plutonium is found rarely in some uranium ores. Made by bombarding uranium with neutrons. Used in bombs and reactors. Small quantities are used in thermo-electric generators.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Pu4+ + e- Pu3+ +0.970 Pu3+ + 3e- Pu(s) - 2.03 2+ + - 4+ PuO2 + 4H + 2e Pu + 2H2O +1.04 2+ - + PuO2 + e PuO2 +0.916 - - Pu(OH)3(s) + 3e Pu(s) + 3OH - 2.42 - - Pu(OH)4(s) + e Pu(OH)3(s) + OH - 0.95

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/pu.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:33 Americium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Americium Américium Americij Americio Americium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 95 62 63 64 Glossary Group numbers: 3 Sm Eu Gd Appendix Period: 7 Am 94 95 96 PDF Table Pu Am Cm

Awards Americium

Links Discovery date: 1944

Americium was discovered by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Stanley G. Thompson and Albert Ghiorso (USA) in 1944. Named for the Americancontinent. It is silvery-white, artificially produced radioactive metal.

My Software TRANSITION ELEMENT: ACTINIDE

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: [243] Electronic configuration: [Rn] 5f7 7s2

Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities: English +3 +4 +5 +6 -

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: 10 W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): 68 μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 173 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 (293 K) 3 -1 (293 K) Density (g dm ): 13670 Molar volume (cm mol ): 17.78 Michel Ditria

Croatian THERMAL PROPERTIES Eni Generalic Marija Bralic Melting point: 1176 °C Heat of fusion: 14.4 kJ mol-1 Slobodan Brinic Boiling point: 2011 °C Heat of vaporization: 238.5 kJ mol-1 German Critical temperature: 10527 °C Heat of atomization: 266 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens

Italian IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE editors wanted 1st ionization energy: 576.39 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm - kJ mol crust): -

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): - ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

MINERALS AND USES

Americium was produced by bombarding plutonium with neutrons. Americium-241 is currently used in smoke detectors.

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/am.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:35 Americium - Periodic Table of the Elements

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/am.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:35 Curium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Curium Curium Kurij Curio Curium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 96 63 64 65 Glossary Group numbers: 3 Eu Gd Tb Appendix Period: 7 Cm 95 96 97 PDF Table Am Cm Bk

Awards Curium

Links Discovery date: 1944

Curium was discovered by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James and Albert Ghiorso (USA) in 1944. Named in honour of Pierre and Marie Curie. It is silvery, malleable, synthetic radioactive metal. So radioactive it glows in the dark.

My Software TRANSITION ELEMENT: ACTINIDE

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: [247] Electronic configuration: [Rn] 5f7 6d1 7s2

Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities: English +3 -

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: - W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 174 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 (293 K) 3 -1 (293 K) Density (g dm ): 13300 Molar volume (cm mol ): 18.57 Michel Ditria

Croatian THERMAL PROPERTIES Eni Generalic Marija Bralic Melting point: 1345 °C Heat of fusion: - kJ mol-1 Slobodan Brinic Boiling point: - °C Heat of vaporization: - kJ mol-1 German Critical temperature: - °C Heat of atomization: 382 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens

Italian IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE editors wanted 1st ionization energy: 580.85 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm - kJ mol crust): -

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): - ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

MINERALS AND USES

Curium was made by bombarding plutonium with helium ions.

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/cm.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:36 Curium - Periodic Table of the Elements

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/cm.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:36 Berkelium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Berkelium Berkélium Berkelij Berkelio Berkelium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 97 64 65 66 Glossary Group numbers: 3 Gd Tb Dy Appendix Period: 7 Bk 96 97 98 PDF Table Cm Bk Cf

Awards Berkelium

Links Discovery date: 1949

Berkelium was discovered by Stanley G. Thompson, Albert Ghiorso and Glenn T. Seaborg (USA) in 1949. Named after Berkeley, a city in California, home of the University of California, USA. It is synthetic radioactive metal.

My Software TRANSITION ELEMENT: ACTINIDE

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: [247] Electronic configuration: [Rn] 5f9 7s2

Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities: English +3 +4 -

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: - W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 170 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 (293 K) 3 -1 (293 K) Density (g dm ): 14790 Molar volume (cm mol ): 16.70 Michel Ditria

Croatian THERMAL PROPERTIES Eni Generalic Marija Bralic Melting point: 1050 °C Heat of fusion: - kJ mol-1 Slobodan Brinic Boiling point: - °C Heat of vaporization: - kJ mol-1 German Critical temperature: - °C Heat of atomization: 291 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens

Italian IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE editors wanted 1st ionization energy: 601.11 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm - kJ mol crust): -

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): - ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

MINERALS AND USES

Berkelium was made by bombarding americium with alpha particles.

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/bk.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:38 Berkelium - Periodic Table of the Elements

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/bk.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:38 Californium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Californium Californium Kalifornij Californio Californium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 98 65 66 67 Glossary Group numbers: 3 Tb Dy Ho Appendix Period: 7 Cf 97 98 99 PDF Table Bk Cf Es

Awards Californium

Links Discovery date: 1950

Californium was discovered by Stanley G. Thompson, Kenneth Street Jr. and Albert Ghiorso (USA) in 1950. Named after the State and University of California, USA. It is synthetic radioactive metal. Powerful neutron emitter.

My Software TRANSITION ELEMENT: ACTINIDE

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: [251] Electronic configuration: [Rn] 5f10 7s2

Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities: English +3 -

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: - W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: 186 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 - 3 -1 - Density (g dm ): Molar volume (cm mol ): Michel Ditria

Croatian THERMAL PROPERTIES Eni Generalic Marija Bralic Melting point: 900 °C Heat of fusion: - kJ mol-1 Slobodan Brinic Boiling point: - °C Heat of vaporization: - kJ mol-1 German Critical temperature: - °C Heat of atomization: 175 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens

Italian IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE editors wanted 1st ionization energy: 607.86 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm - kJ mol crust): -

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): - ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

MINERALS AND USES

Californium was made by bombarding curium with helium ions.

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/cf.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:39 Californium - Periodic Table of the Elements

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/cf.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:39 Einsteinium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Einsteinium Einsteinium Einsteinij Einsteinio Einsteinium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 99 66 67 68 Glossary Group numbers: 3 Dy Ho Er Appendix Period: 7 Es 98 99 100 PDF Table Cf Es Fm

Awards Einsteinium

Links Discovery date: 1952

Einsteinium was discovered by Albert Ghiorso (USA) in 1952. Named in honour of Albert Einstein. It is synthetic radioactive metal.

TRANSITION ELEMENT: ACTINIDE My Software

Relative atomic mass: [252] Electronic configuration: [Rn] 5f11 7s2 EDITORS: Formal oxidation number: +3 Electronegativities: -

English Ω Thermal conductivity: - W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μ cm Aditya Vardhan Atomic radius: 186 pm Standard state (20 °C): solid Eni Generalic Density (g dm-3): - Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): - French

Michel Ditria THERMAL PROPERTIES Croatian

Eni Generalic Melting point: 860 °C Heat of fusion: - kJ mol-1 Marija Bralic -1 Slobodan Brinic Boiling point: - °C Heat of vaporization: - kJ mol

Critical temperature: °C Heat of atomization: -1 German - 150 kJ mol

Marc Hens IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE Italian editors wanted 1st ionization energy: 619.44 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm - kJ mol crust): -

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): - ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

MINERALS AND USES

Einsteinium was made by bombarding uranium with neutrons.

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/es.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:41 Einsteinium - Periodic Table of the Elements

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/es.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:41 Fermium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Fermium Fermium Fermij Fermio Fermium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 100 67 68 69 Glossary Group numbers: 3 Ho Er Tm Appendix Period: 7 Fm 99 100 101 PDF Table Es Fm Md

Awards Fermium

Links Discovery date: 1953

Fermium was discovered by Albert Ghiorso (USA) in 1953. Named in honour of Enrico Fermi. It is synthetic radioactive metal.

TRANSITION ELEMENT: ACTINIDE My Software

Relative atomic mass: [257] Electronic configuration: [Rn] 5f12 7s2 EDITORS: Formal oxidation number: +3 Electronegativities: -

English Ω Thermal conductivity: - W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μ cm Aditya Vardhan Atomic radius: - pm Standard state (20 °C): solid Eni Generalic Density (g dm-3): - Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): - French

Michel Ditria THERMAL PROPERTIES Croatian

Eni Generalic Melting point: 1527 °C Heat of fusion: - kJ mol-1 Marija Bralic -1 Slobodan Brinic Boiling point: - °C Heat of vaporization: - kJ mol

Critical temperature: °C Heat of atomization: -1 German - 141 kJ mol

Marc Hens IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE Italian editors wanted 1st ionization energy: 627.16 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm - kJ mol crust): -

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): - ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

MINERALS AND USES

Fermium was produced by bombarding lighter transuranium elements with still lighter particles or by neutron capture.

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/fm.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:42 Fermium - Periodic Table of the Elements

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/fm.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:42 Mendelevium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Mendelevium Mendelévium Mendelevij Mendelevio Mendelevium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 101 68 69 70 Glossary Group numbers: 3 Er Tm Yb Appendix Period: 7 Md 100 101 102 PDF Table Fm Md No

Awards Mendelevium

Links Discovery date: 1955

Mendelevium was discovered by Albert Ghiorso, Bernard G. Harvey, Gregory R. Choppin, Stanley G. Thompson and Glenn T. Seaborg (USA) in 1955. Named in honour of Dimitri Mendeljejev, the Russian chemist who devised the periodic table. It is synthetic radioactive metal.

My Software TRANSITION ELEMENT: ACTINIDE

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: [258] Electronic configuration: [Rn] 5f13 7s2

Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities: English +2 +3 -

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: - W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: - pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 - 3 -1 - Density (g dm ): Molar volume (cm mol ): Michel Ditria

Croatian THERMAL PROPERTIES Eni Generalic Marija Bralic Melting point: 827 °C Heat of fusion: - kJ mol-1 Slobodan Brinic Boiling point: - °C Heat of vaporization: - kJ mol-1 German Critical temperature: - °C Heat of atomization: 116 kJ mol-1 Marc Hens

Italian IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE editors wanted 1st ionization energy: 634.88 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm - kJ mol crust): -

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): - ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

MINERALS AND USES

Mendelevium was made by bombarding einsteinium with helium ions.

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/md.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:44 Mendelevium - Periodic Table of the Elements

REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/md.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:38:44 Nobelium - Periodic Table of the Elements

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Nobelium Nobélium Nobelij Nobelio Nobelium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 102 69 70 71 Glossary Group numbers: 3 Tm Yb Lu Appendix Period: 7 No 101 102 103 PDF Table Md No Lr

Awards Nobelium

Links Discovery date: 1958

Nobelium was discovered by Nobel Institute of Physics in Stockholm and later by Albert Ghiorso, Torbjorn Sikkeland, J. R. Walton and Glenn T. Seaborg (USA) in 1958. Named in honour of Alfred Nobel, Swedish chemist who discovered dynamite and founder of the Nobel Prizes. It is synthetic radioactive metal. My Software

TRANSITION ELEMENT: ACTINIDE

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: [259] Electronic configuration: [Rn] 5f14 7s2 English Formal oxidation number: +2 +3 Electronegativities: - Aditya Vardhan Ω Eni Generalic Thermal conductivity: - W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μ cm

Atomic radius: - pm Standard state (20 °C): solid French

Michel Ditria Density (g dm-3): - Molar volume (cm3 mol-1): -

Croatian

Eni Generalic THERMAL PROPERTIES Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic Melting point: - °C Heat of fusion: - kJ mol-1

German Boiling point: - °C Heat of vaporization: - kJ mol-1

Marc Hens Critical temperature: - °C Heat of atomization: 108 kJ mol-1

Italian editors wanted IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ABUNDANCE

1st ionization energy: 641.63 kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (air): - ppm Abundance of element (Earth's 2nd ionization energy: -1 ppm - kJ mol crust): -

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): - ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

MINERALS AND USES

Nobelium was made by bombarding curium with carbon-13

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REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

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FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

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FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Lawrencium Lawrencium Lawrencij Lawrentio Lawrencium

NEIGHBOURS Atomic number: 103 70 71 72 Glossary Group numbers: 3 Yb Lu Hf Appendix Period: 7 Lr 102 103 104 PDF Table No Lr Rf

Awards Lawrencium

Links Discovery date: 1961

Lawrencium was discovered by Albert Ghiorso, Torbjorn Sikkeland, Almon E. Larsh and Robert M. Latimer (USA) in 1961. Named in honour of Ernest O. Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron. It is synthetic radioactive metal.

My Software TRANSITION ELEMENT: ACTINIDE

EDITORS: Relative atomic mass: [262] Electronic configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d1 7s2

Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities: English +3 -

Aditya Vardhan Thermal conductivity: - W m-1 K-1 Electrical resistivity (20 °C): - μΩcm Eni Generalic Atomic radius: - pm Standard state (20 °C): solid

French -3 - 3 -1 - Density (g dm ): Molar volume (cm mol ): Michel Ditria

3rd ionization energy: - kJ mol-1 Abundance of element (oceans): - ppm

ISOTOPES

Isotopes Relative atomic mass Abundance (%)

MINERALS AND USES

Lawrencium was produced by bombarding a mixture of three isotopes of californium with boron-10 and boron-11 ions. Eight isotopes of lawrencium have been synthesized to date, with the longest- lived being lawrencium-256, which has a half-life of about 30 seconds.

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REDUCTION POTENTIALS

Balanced half-reaction Eo / V Annotation

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FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z

KTF-SPLIT EniG. Glossary of chemical terms R

● racemate

● Raman effect

● Rankine cycle

● Raoult's law racemate ● rare earth elements Racemate is a mixture of equal quantities of the d- and l-forms of an optically ● Rayleigh scattering active compound. A racemic mixture is not optically active.

● relative atomic mass Raman effect ● relative density

● relative humidity Raman effect is a type of scattering of electromagnetic radiation in which light suffers a change in frequency and a change in phase as it passes ● relative molecular through a material medium. Is named according to the Indian physicist C. V. mass Raman (1889-1970). The intensity of Raman scattering is about one- ● rem thousandth of that in Rayleigh scattering in liquids.

● resistance Rankine cycle ● Reynolds number

● rheology Rankine cycle is a thermodynamic cycle which can be used to calculate the ideal performance of a heat engine that uses a condensable vapor as the ● ribonucleic acids working fluid. ● RNA

Raoult's law

Raoult's law is the expression for the vapor pressure pA of component A in an ideal solution, viz.,

o pA = pA xA

o My Software where xA is the mole fraction of component A and pA the vapor pressure of the pure substance A.

rare earth elements Rare earth elements are the elements Sc, Y, and the lanthanides (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu). These elements got their name from the fact that chemists first isolated them in their oxide forms. These oxides somewhat resemble calcium, magnesium and aluminum oxides, sometimes called common earths.

Rayleigh scattering Rayleigh scattering is the scattering of light by particles which are much smaller than the wavelength of the light.

relative atomic mass

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Relative atomic mass (Ar) is the ratio of the average mass per atom of the naturally occurring form of an element to 1/12 of the mass of nuclide 12C. The term atomic weight is synonymous with relative atomic mass.

relative density Relative density is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of some reference substance. For liquids or solids it is the ratio of the density (usualy at 20 °C) to the density of water at 4 °C. This quantity was formerly called specific gravity.

relative humidity Relative humidity is the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapour in air to the saturation vapour pressure of water at the same temperature, expressed as a percentage.

relative molecular mass

Relative molecular mass (Mr) is the ratio of the average mass per molecule or specified entity of a substance to 1/12 of the mass of nuclide 12C. Also called molecular weight. It is equal to the sum of the relative atomic masses of all the atoms that comprise a molecule. For example

Mr(H2SO4) = 2×Ar(H) + Ar(S) + 4×Ar(O)

= 2×1.0079 + 32.066 + 4×15.999

= 2.0158 + 32.066 + 63.996

= 98.078

rem Rem (rem) (roentgen equivalent man) is a non-SI unit of dose equivalent employed in radioprotection (rem = 10-2 Sv).

resistance Resistance (R) is electric potential difference divided by current when there is no electromotive force in the conductor. This definition applies to direct current. More generally, resistance is defined as the real part of impedance.

Reynolds number Reynolds number (Re) is a dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by

Re = r vl/h

where r is density, v is velocity, l is length, and h is viscosity.

rheology Rheology is the study of the deformation and flow of materials. Has important bearing on the behavior of viscous liquids in plastic molding.

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ribonucleic acids Ribonucleic acids (RNA) is naturally occurring polyribonucleotides that is concerned with protein synthesis. Four types are recognized: messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and viral RNA.

RNA RNA is abbreviation for ribonucleic acid.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z

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FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z

KTF-SPLIT EniG. Glossary of chemical terms I

● ideal gas

● ideal gas law

● ideal solution

● index of refraction ideal gas ● indicator Ideal gas is a gas in which there is complete absence of cohesive forces ● insulator between the component molecules; the behavior of such a gas can be predicted accurately by the ideal gas equation through all ranges of ● international system temperature and pressure. The concept is theoretical, since no actual gas of units meets the ideal requirement. ● ion

● ion exchange ideal gas law ● ion exchanger The generalized ideal gas law is derived from a combination of the laws of ● ionic strength Boyle and Charles. Ideal gas law is the equation of state

● ionization energy pV = RT ● isobar

● isobars which defines an ideal gas, where p is pressure, V molar volume, T ● isochore temperature, and R the molar gas constant (8.314 JK-1mol-1). ● isoelectric point

● isomers ● isomorphism ideal solution

● isotherm Ideal solution is a solution in which solvent-solvent and solvent-solute

● isothermal process interactions are identical, so that properties such as volume and enthalpy are exactly additive. Ideal solutions follow Raoult's law, which states that the ● isotones * vapor pressure pi of component i is pi = xi pi , where xi is the mole fraction of ● isotopes * component i and pi the vapor pressure of the pure substance i. ● isotropy

● IUPAC index of refraction For a non-absorbing medium, index of refraction (n) is the ratio of the velocity of electromagnetic radiation in vacuo to the phase velocity of radiation of a specified frequency in the medium.

indicator Indicator is a substance used to show the presence of a chemical substance or ion by its colour. Acid-base indicators are compounds, such as My Software phenolphtaleine and methyl orange, that change colour reversibly, depending on whether the solution is acidic or basic. Oxidation-reduction indicators are substances that show a reversible colour change between oxidized and reduced forms.

insulator

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Insulator is a material in which the highest occupied energy band (valence band) is completely filled with electrons, while the next higher band (conduction band) is empty. Solids with an energy gap of 5 eV or more are generally considered as insulators at room temperature. Their conductivity is less than 10-6 S/m and increases with temperature.

international system of units International System of Units (SI) is the unit system adopted by the General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1960 and recommended for use in all scientific and technical fields. It consists of seven base units (meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, candela), plus derived units and prefixes.

ion Ion is an atomic or molecular particle having a net electric charge.

ion exchange Ion exchange is a process involving the adsorption of one or several ionic species accompanied by the simultaneous desorption (displacement) of one or more other ionic species.

ion exchanger Ion-exchanger is a solid or liquid material containing ions that are exchangeable with other ions with a like charge that are present in a solution in which the material is insoluble. Ion-exchange resins consist of various copolymers having a cross-linked three-dimensional structure to which ionic groups have been attached.

ionic strength Ionic strength (μ or I) is a measure of the total concentration of ions in a solution, defined by

where zi is the charge of ionic species i and ci is its concentration.

ionization energy Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to remove an electron from an isolated atom or molecule (in its vibrational ground state) in the gaseous phase.

isobar Isobar is a line connecting points of equal pressure on a graphical representation of a physical system.

isobars Isobars are nuclide having the same mass number but different atomic numbers. 54Cr and 54Fe, 112Cd and 112Sn are isobars.

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isochore Isochore is a line or surface of constant volume on a graphical representation of a physical system.

isoelectric point Isoelectric point is the pH of a solution or dispersion at which the net charge on the macromolecules or colloidal particles is zero. In electrophoresis there is no motion of the particles in an electric field at the isoelectric point.

isomers Isomers are compounds that have identical molecular formulae but differ in the nature or sequence of bonding of their atoms (structural isomerism) or in the arrangement of their atoms in space (stereoisomerism).

isomorphism Isomorphism is the existence of two or more substances that have the same crystal structure, so that they form solid solutions.

isotherm Isotherm is a line connecting points of equal temperature on a graphical representation of a physical system.

isothermal process Isothermal process is a thermodynamic process in which the temperature of the system does not change.

isotones Isotones are nuclides having the same neutron number N but different atomic number Z.

isotopes Isotopes are two or more nuclides with the same atomic number Z but different mass number A. The term is sometimes used synonymously with nuclide, but it is preferable to reserve the word nuclide for a species of specific Z and A.

isotropy Isotropy is the property of molecules and materials of having identical physical properties in all directions.

IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is a voluntary nonprofit association of national organizations representing chemist in 45 member countries. It was formed in 1919 with the object of facilitating international agreement and uniform practice in both academic and industrial aspects of chemistry.

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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z

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FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

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FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

GLOSSARY OF CHEMICAL TERMS

Glossary

Appendix PDF Table Awards A B C D E F G H Links I J K L M N O

P R S T U V X Z

My Software GLOSSARY - APPENDIX

EDITORS:

● English Alphabetical listing of the names of the elements

Aditya Vardhan ● Alphabetical listing of the symbols of the elements

Eni Generalic ● Electronic configuration of the elements

French ● Fundamental physical constants

Michel Ditria ● Greek alphabet and Roman numbers

● Solubility product constants Croatian

Eni Generalic

Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic

German

Marc Hens

Italian editors wanted

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FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z

KTF-SPLIT EniG. Glossary of chemical terms A

● absorbance

● absorbed dose

● absorptance

● absorption absorbance coefficient Absorbance (A) is defined as -log(1-a) = log(1/t), where a is the absorptance ● absorption and t the transmittance of a medium through which a light beam passes. coefficient, molar

● acid absorbed dose ● acid dissociation For any ionising radiation, absorbed dose (D) is the mean energy imparted to constant an element of irradiated matter divided by the mass of that element. ● actinides ● activation energy absorptance

● activity Absorptance (a) is ratio of the radiant or luminous flux in a given spectral

● activity coefficient interval absorbed in a medium to that of the incident radiation. Also called absorption factor. ● adiabatic process

● adsorption absorption coefficient ● aerosol Absorption coefficient (a) is the relative decrease in the intensity of a ● alcohols collimated beam of electromagnetic radiation, as a result of absorption by a ● aldehydes medium, during traversal of an infinitesimal layer of the medium, divided by the length traversed. ● aliphatic compounds

● alkali metals absorption coefficient, molar ● alkaline earth metals Molar absorption coefficient (e) is absorption coefficient divided by amount-of- ● alkaloids substance concentration of the absorbing material in the sample solution (e = ● alkanes a/c). The SI unit is m2mol-1. Also called extinction coefficient, but usually in ● alkenes units of dm3cm-1mol-1. ● alkynes ● allotropy acid

● alpha particle Acid is a type of compound that contains hydrogen and dissociates in water

● amines to produce positive hydrogen ions. The reaction, for an acid HA is commonly written: ● amino acids

● ampere HA H+ + A- ● angstrom

● anion In fact, the hydrogen ion (the proton) is solvated, and the complete reaction

● anion exchange is:

● anisotropy + - HA + H2O H3O + A ● antiparticle

● ar This definition of acids comes from the Arrhenius theory. Such acids tend to ● are be corrosive substances with a sharp taste, which turn litmus red and give colour changes with other indicators. They are referred to as protonic acids

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● arenes and are classified into strong acids, which are almost completely dissociated

● aromatic in water (e.g. sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid), and weak acids, which compounds are only partially dissociated (e.g. acetic acid and hydrogen sulphide). The strength of an acid depends on the extent to to which it dissociates, and is ● astronomical unit measured by its dissociation constant. ● atomic number

● atomic weight In the Lowry-Brønsted theory of acids and bases (1923), the definition was extended to one in which an acid is a proton donor (a Brønsted acid), and a ● autoignition base is a proton acceptor (a Brønsted base). An important feature of the temperature Lowry-Brønsted concept is that when an acid gives up a proton, a conjugate ● Avogadro constant base is formed that is capable of accepting a proton.

● azeotrope + ● azo compounds acid base + H

Similarly, every base produces its conjugate acid as a result of accepting a proton.

base + H+ acid

For example, acetate ion is the conjugate base of acetic acid, and ammonium ion is the conjugate acid of ammonia. My Software As the acid of a conjugate acid/base pair becomes weaker, its conjugate base becomes stronger and vice versa.

A further extension of the idea of acids and bases was made in the Lewis theory. In this, a G. N. Lewis acid is a compound or atom that can accept a pair of electrons and a Lewis base is one that can donate an electron pair. This definition encompasses "traditional" acid-base reactions, but it also includes reactions that do not involve ions, e.g.

→ H3N: BCl3 H3NBCl3

in which NH3 is the base (donor) and BCl3 the acid (acceptor).

acid dissociation constant

Acid dissociation constant (Ka) is the equilibrium constant for the dissociation of an acid HA through the reaction

- + HA + H2O A + H3O

The quantity pKa = -log Ka is often used to express the acid dissociation constant.

pKa = -log Ka

actinides

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The actinides (actinons or actinoids) are the fourteen elements from thorium to lawrencium inclusive, which follow actinium in the periodic table. The position of actinium is somewhat equivocal and, although not itself an actinide, it is often included with them for comparative purpose. The series includes the following elements: thorium (Th), protactinium (Pa), uranium (U), neptunium (Np), plutonium (Pu), amercium (Am), curium (Cm), berkelium (Bk), californium (Cf), einsteinium (Es), fermium (Fm), mendelevium (Md), nobelium (No) and lawrencium (Lr). Every known isotope of the actinide elements is radioactive. Traces of Pa, Np and Pu are consequently found, but only Th and U occur naturally to any useful extent.

activation energy In general, activation energy is the energy that must be added to a system in order for a process to occur, even though the process may already be thermodynamically possible. In chemical kinetics, the activation energy is the height of the potential barrier separating the products and reactants. It determines the temperature dependence of the reaction rate.

activity Activity (a) is a thermodynamic function used in place of concentration in equilibrium constants for reactions involving nonideal gases and solutions. For the species i activity is defined as

a = f × c

where ai is the activity of the species i, ci is its molar concentration, and fi is a dimensionless quantity called the activity coefficient.

activity coefficient Activity coefficient (g or f) is a fractional number which when multiplied by the molar concentration of a substance in solution yields the chemical activity. This term gives an idea of how much interaction exists between molecules at higher concentration.

In solutions of very low ionic strength, when m is less than 0.01, the Debye- Hückel limiting law can be used to calculate approximate activity coefficients

where gi = activity coefficient of the species i, zi = charge on the species i and μ = ionic strength of the solution.

adiabatic process Adiabatic process is a thermodynamic process in which no heat enters or leaves the system. In general, an adiabatic change involves a fall or rise in temperature of the system.

adsorption Adsorption is a process in which molecules of gas, of dissolved substances in liquids, or of liquids adhere in an extremely thin layer to surfaces of solid bodies with which they are in contact.

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aerosol Aerosols are colloidal dispersions of liquid or solid particles in a gas, as in a mist or smoke. The commonly used aerosol sprays contain an inert propellant liquefied under pressure. The pressure of the gas causes the mixture to be released as a fine spray (aerosol) or foam (aerogel) when a valve is opened.

alcohols Alcohols are compounds in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom.

aldehydes Aldehydes are broad class of organic compounds having the generic formula RCHO, and characterized by unsaturated carbonyl group (C=O). They are formed from alcohols by either dehydrogenation or oxidation. Their chemical derivation is indicated by the name al(cohol) + dehyd(rogenation).

aliphatic compounds Aliphatic compounds are acyclic or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon compounds, excluding aromatic compounds.

alkali metals Alkali metal is a term that refers to six elements: lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs), and francium (Fr). These elements make up group 1 of the periodic table of elements. They all form singly charged positive ions, and are extremely reactive. They react violently with water, forming hydroxides and releasing hydrogen gas and heat. Caesium and francium are the most reactive and lithium is the least.

alkaline earth metals Alkali earth metal is a term that refers to six elements: beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra). These elements make up group 2 of the periodic table of elements. They all exhibit a single oxidation state, +2. They are all light and very reactive. Barium and radium are the most reactive and beryllium is the least.

Chemists to denote slightly soluble metal oxides formerly used the term "earth". The oxides of barium, strontium, and calcium resemble alumina (Al2O3), a typical "earth", but form alkaline mixtures with water. For this reason barium, strontium, and calcium were called alkaline earth metals. This name has now been extended to include all of the elements of group 2.

alkaloids Alkaloids are basic nitrogen organic compounds (mostly heterocyclic) derived from plants and having diverse pharmacological properties. Alkaloids include morphine, cocaine, atropine, quinine, and caffeine, most of which are used in medicine as analgesics or anaesthetics. Some alkaloids are poisonous, e.g. strychnine and coniine, and colchicine inhibit cell division.

alkanes

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Alkanes (paraffins) are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2, and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. In systematic chemical nomenclature alkane names end in the suffix -ane. They form a homologous series (the alkane series) methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), butane

(C4H10), etc. The lower members of the series are gases; the high-molecular mass alkanes are waxy solid. Generaly the alkanes are fairly unreactive. They form haloalkanes with halogens when irradiated with ultraviolet radiation. Alkanes are present in natural gas and petroleum.

alkenes Alkenes are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having one or more double carbon-carbon bonds in their molecules. In systematic chemical nomenclature, alkene names end in the suffix -ene. The general formula is C H were x is the number of double bonds. Alkenes that have only n (2n+2)-2x

one double bond form a homologous series: ethene (ethylene), CH2=CH2,

propene, CH3CH2=CH2, etc. Alkenes typically undergo addition reactions to the double bond.

alkynes Alkynes (acetylenes) are acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having a one or more triple carbon-carbon bond. In systematic chemical nomenclature alkine names end in the suffix -yne. The general formula is CnH were x is the number of triple bonds. Alkynes that have only one (2n+2)-4x triple bond form a homologous series: ethyne (acetylene), CH≡CH, propyne, ≡ CH3CH CH, etc. Like alkenes, alkynes undergo addition reaction.

allotropy Allotropy is the occurrence of an element in two or more crystalline forms.

alpha particle Alpha particle is a helium nucleus emitted spontaneously from radioactive elements both natural and manufactured. Its energy is in range 4-8 MeV and is dissipated in a very short path, i.e. a few centimetres of air or less than 0.005 mm of aluminium. As a helium nucleus consists of two protons and two neutrons bound together as a stable entity the loss of an alpha particle involves a decrease in nucleon number of 4 and decrease of 2 in the atomic number, e.g.

A stream of alpha particles is known as an alpha ray or alpha-radiation.

amines Amines are compounds formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two, or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups, and having the general structures RNH2 (primary amines), R2NH (secondary amines), R3N (tertiary amines).

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amino acids Amino acids are compounds containing both a carboxylic acid group (- COOH) and an amino group (-NH2 ). The most important are the a-amino

acids, in which the -NH2 group in attached to the C atom adjacent to the - COOH group. In the β-amino acids, there is an intervening carbon atom.

ampere Ampere (A) is the SI base unit of electric current.

The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 metre apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2×10-7 newton per metre of length.

angstrom Ångström (Å) is a unit of length equal to 10-10 m. The Ångström is defined in terms of the wavelength of the emission spectra's red line of an atom of cadmium (6438.4696 Å).

anion Anion is a negatively charged atomic or molecular particle.

anion exchange An anionic resin has negative ions built into its structure and therefore exchanges positive ions. In anion exchange, the side groups are ionized + - basic groups, such as (-NH2, -NRH, -NR2, -NR3 ) to which anions OH are attached. The exchange reaction is one in which different anions in the solution displace the OH- from the solid.

anisotropy Anisotropy is the property of molecules and materials to exhibit variations in physical properties along different molecular axes of the substance.

antiparticle Antiparticle is a particle having the same mass as a given elementary particle and a charge equal in magnitude but opposite in sign.

ar Ar is symbol for element argon.

are Are (a) is a unit of area equal to 100 m2. The unit is still used in agriculture.

arenes Arenes are monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. See aromatic compounds.

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aromatic compounds Aromatic compounds are major group of unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more rings, typified by benzene, which has a 6-carbon ring containing three double bonds. All the bonds in benzene (C6H6) are the same length intermediate between double and single C-C bonds. The properties arise because the electrons in the p-orbitals are delocalised over the ring, giving extra stabilization energy of 150 kJ/mol over the energy of Kekulé structure. Aromatic compounds are unsaturated compounds, yet they do not easily partake in addition reactions.

Historical use of the term implies a ring containing only carbon (e.g., benzene, naphthalene), but it is often generalized to include heterocyclic structures such as pyridine and thiophene.

astronomical unit Astronomical unit (AU) is a unit of length employed in astronomy for describing planetary distance. It is the mean distance of the earth from the sun, equal to 1.49597870×1011 m.

atomic number Atomic number (Z) is a characteristic property of an element, equal to the number of protons in the nucleus.

atomic weight See Relative atomic mass

autoignition temperature Autoignition temperature is the minimum temperature required to initiate or cause self-sustained combustion in any substance in the absence of a spark or flame. This varies with the test method.

Avogadro constant

Avogadro constant (NA or L) is the number of elementary entities in one mole of a substance.

L = N / n

It has the value (6.022 045 ± 0.000 031) × 1023 mol-1.

azeotrope Azeotrope is a mixture of two liquids that boils at constant composition, i.e. the composition of the vapour is the same as that of the liquid. Azeotropes occur because of deviations in Raoult's law leading to a maximum or minimum in the boiling point - composition diagram. The composition of an azeotrope depends on the pressure.

azo compounds

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Azo compounds are organic compounds containing the group -N=N- linking two other groups. They can be formed by reaction of a diazonium ion with a benzene ring.

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KTF-SPLIT EniG. Glossary of chemical terms B

● ball mills

● bar

● barrel

● base ball mills ● becquerel Ball mills, also known as centrifugal or planetary mills, are devices used to ● Beer's law rapidly grind materials to colloidal fineness (approximately 1 micron and below) by developing high grinding energy via centrifugal and/or planetary ● beta particles action. ● beta radiation

● biogas bar ● black body radiation Bar (bar) is a unit of pressure equal to 105 Pa. Its use is temporarily ● blackbody maintained with the SI. The milibar (100 Pa) is commonly used in

● Bohr magneton meteorology.

● boiling point barrel ● Boltzmann constant

● Born-Haber cycle Barrel (US, petrol) is an American unit of capacity usually employed in the petroleum industry and trading in fuels (barell = 158.9872949 L). ● Boyle's law

● Bragg angle base ● Brownian motion Historically, base is a substance that yields an OH - ion when it dissociates in ● buffer solution, resulting in a pH>7. In the Brønsted definition, a base is a substance capable of accepting a proton in any type of reaction. The more general definition, due to G.N. Lewis, classifies any chemical species capable of donating an electron pair as a base. Typically, bases are metal oxides, hydroxides, or compounds (such as ammonia) that give hydroxide ions in aqueous solution.

becquerel Becquerel (Bq) is the SI derived unit, with a special name, for radioactivity, My Software equal to s-1. It describes a radioactivity of an amount of radionuclide

decaying at the rate, on average, of one spontaneous nuclear transition per second. The unit is named after the French scientist A. H. Becquerel (1852- 1908) (disintegrations per unit time), equal to s-1.

Beer's law

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Beer's law is the functional relationship between the quantity measured in an absorption method (A) and the quantity sought, the analyte concentration (c). As a consequence of interactions between the photons and absorbing particles, the power of the beam is attenuated from P0 to P. Beer's law can be written

A = log (P0/P) = abc

where a is a proportionality constant called the absorptivity and b is the path length of the radiation through the absorbing medium. Also called the Beer- Lambert law.

beta particles Beta particle is a charged particle emitted from a radioactive atomic nucleus either natural or manufactured. The energies of beta particles range from 0 to 4 MeV. They carry a single charge; if this is negative, the particle is identical with an electron; if positive, it is a positron.

An unstable atomic nucleus changes into a nucleus of the same mass number but different proton number with the emission of an electron and an antineutrino (or a positron and a neutrino)

beta radiation Streams of beta particles are known as beta ray or beta radiation. Beta rays may cause skin burns and are harmful within the body. A thin sheet of metal can afford protection to the skin.

biogas Biogas is a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide resulting from the anaerobic decomposition of such waste materials as domestic, industrial, and agricultural sewage. Methanogenic bacteria carry out the decomposition; these obligate anaerobes produce methane, the main component of biogas, which can be collected and used as an energy source for domestic processes, such as heating, cooking, and lighting.

black body radiation Black body radiation is the radiation emitted by a perfect black body, i.e., a body which absorbs all radiation incident on it and reflects none. The wavelength dependence of the radiated energy density r (energy per unit volume per unit wavelength range) is given by the Planck formula

where l is the wavelength, h is Planck's constant, c is the speed of light, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature.

blackbody

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In radiation physics, an ideal blackbody is a theoretical object that absorbs all the radiant energy falling upon it and emits it in the form of thermal radiation. Planck's radiation law gives the power radiated by a unit area of blackbody, and the Stefan-Boltzman law expresses the total power radiated.

Bohr magneton

Bohr magneton (μ B) is the atomic unit of magnetic moment, defined as

-24 2 μ B = eh/4pme = 9.274×10 A m

where h is Planck's constant, me the electron mass, and e the elementary charge. It is the moment associated with a single electron spin.

boiling point Boiling point is the temperature at which the liquid and gas phases of a substance are in equilibrium at a specified pressure. The normal boiling point is the boiling point at normal atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa).

Boltzmann constant Boltzmann constant (k) is the molar gas constant R divided by Avogadro's constant. It has the value 1.380658×10-23 J/K.

Born-Haber cycle Born-Haber cycle is a cycle of reactions used for calculating the lattice energies of ionic crystalline solids. For a compound MX, the lattice energy is the enthalpy of the reaction

+ - → + - ∆ M (g) + X (g) M X (s) HL

The standard enthalpy of formation of the ionic solid is the enthalpy of the reaction

→ + - ∆ M(s) + 1/2X2(g) M X (s) Hf

The cycle involves equating this enthalpy (which can be measured) to the sum of the enthalpies of a number of steps proceeding from the elements to the ionic solid. The steps are:

1) Atomization of the metal

→ ∆ M(s) M(g) H1

2) Atomization of the nonmetal

→ ∆ 1/2X2(g) X(g) H2

3) Ionization of the metal

→ + - ∆ M(g) M (g) + e H3

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This is obtained from the ionization potential.

4) Ionization of the nonmetal

- → - ∆ X(g) + e X (g) H4

This is electron affinity.

5) Formation of the ionic solids

+ - → + - ∆ M (g) + X (g) M X (s) HL

Equation the enthalpies gives

∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ Hf = H1 + H2 + H3 + H4 + HL

∆ from which HL can be found.

Boyle's law Boyle's law is the empirical law, exact only for an ideal gas, which states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure at constant temperature.

Bragg angle Bragg angle (θ) is defined by the equation

nl = 2dsinθ

which relates the angle θ between a crystal plane and the diffracted x-ray beam, the wavelength l of the x-rays, the crystal plane spacing d, and the diffraction order n (any integer).

Brownian motion Brownian motion is the continuous random movement of small particles suspended in a fluid, which arise from collisions with the fluid molecules. First observed by the British botanist R. Brown (1773-1858) when studying pollen particles. The effect is also visible in particles of smoke suspended in a still gas.

buffer Buffer is a solution designed to maintain a constant pH when small amounts of a strong acid or base are added. Buffers usually consist of a fairly weak acid and its salt with a strong base. Suitable concentrations are chosen so that the pH of the solution remains close to the pKa of the weak acid.

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KTF-SPLIT EniG. Glossary of chemical terms C

● calomel electrode

● candela

● carboxylic acids

● Carnot cycle calomel electrode ● catalyst Calomel electrode (calomel half cell) is a type of half cell in which the ● cathode electrode is mercury coated with calomel (Hg2Cl2) and the electrolyte is a

● cation solution of potassium chloride and saturated calomel. In the calomel half cell the overall reaction is ● cation exchange

● ceramics - - Hg2Cl2(s) + 2e 2Hg(l) + 2Cl ● cgs system of units

● chalcogens The standard electrode potential is ● Charles' law

● chelate Electrode potential SHE, V ● chemical equation T, °C 0.1 M KCl 3.5 M KCl sat. KCl

● chemical potential 15 0.3362 0.254 0.2511

● chiral molecule 20 0.3359 0.252 0.2479 25 0.3356 0.250 0.2444 ● chromatography 30 0.3351 0.248 0.2411 ● Clapeyron equation 35 0.3344 0.246 0.2376 ● colloid

● colloid mills

● concentration candela ● copolymer Candela (cd) is the SI base unit of luminous intensity. ● cosmic rays

● coulomb The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that 12 ● Coulomb's law emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540×10 Hz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian. ● covalent bond

● critical mass carboxylic acids ● critical point Carboxylic acids are organic compounds characterized by the presence of ● critical pressure one or more RC(=O)OH groups (the carboxyl group). In systematic chemical ● critical temperature nomenclature carboxylic acids names end in the suffix -oic (e.g. ethanoic acids, CH COOH). The carbon of the terminal group being counted as part ● critical volume 3

● cross-linking of the chain. They are generally weak acids. Carboxylic acids include the large and important class of fatty acids and may be either saturated or ● crust unsaturated. There are also some natural aromatic carboxylic acids (benzoic, ● cryoscopic constant salicylic). ● Curie temperature

● cycloalkanes Carnot cycle

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Carnot cycle is the most efficient cycle of operations for a reversible heat engine. Published in 1824 by N. L. S. Carnot (1796-1832), it consists of four operations on the working substance in the engine:

a) Isothermal expansion at thermodynamic temperature T1 with heat q1 My Software taken in.

b) Adiabatic expansion with a fall of temperature to T2.

c) Isothermal compression at temperature T2 with heat q2 given out.

d) Adiabatic compression at temperature back to T1.

According to the Carnot principle, the efficiency of any reversible heat engine depends only on the temperature range through which it works, rather than the properties of the working substances.

catalyst Catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change. Catalyst that have the same phase as the reactants are homogenous catalysts (e.g. enzymes in biochemical reactions). Those that have a different phase are heterogeneous catalyst (e.g. metals or oxides used in gas reactions).

The catalyst provides an alternative pathway by which the reaction can proceed, in which the activation energy is lower. In thus increases the rate at which the reaction comes to equilibrium, although it does not alter the position of the equilibrium.

cathode Cathode is a negative electrode of an electrolytic cell; to which positively charged ions (cations) migrate when a current is passed as in electroplating baths.

In a primary or secondary cell (battery or accumulator) the cathode is the electrode that spontaneously becomes negative during discharge, and form which therefore electrons emerge.

In vacuum electronic devices, electrons are emitted by the cathode and flow to the anode.

cation Cation is a positively charged atomic or molecular particle.

cation exchange A cationic resin has positive ions built into its structure and therefore exchanges negative ions. In cation exchange, the side groups are ionized + acidic groups, such as (-SO3H, -COOH, -OH) to which cations H are attached. The exchange reaction is one in which different cations in the solution displace the H+ from the solid.

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ceramics Ceramics are an inorganic material of very high melting point. Ceramics are metal silicates, oxides, nitrides, etc.

cgs system of units Cgs system of units is a system of units based upon the centimetre, gram, and second. The International System (SI) has supplanted the cgs system.

chalcogens Chalcogens are the Group 16 elements: oxygen (O), sulphur (S), selenium Se), tellurium (Te), and polonium (Po). Compounds of these elements are called chalcogenides.

Charles' law The volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure expand by constant fraction of its volume at 0 °C for each Celsius degree or kelvin its temperature is raised. For any ideal gas fraction is approximately 1/273. This can expressed by the equation

were V0 is the volume at 0°C and V is its volume at t°C.

This is equivalent to the statement that the volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure is proportional to its thermodynamic temperature

V = kT

This law also know as Gay-Lussac's law.

An equation similar to that given above applies to pressures for ideal gases:

chelate Chelate is a compound characterized by the presence of bonds from two or more bonding sites within the same ligand to a central metal atom.

chemical equation

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Chemical equation is a way of denoting a chemical reaction using the symbol for the participating particles (atoms, molecules, ions, etc.); for example,

aA + bB cC + dD

The single arrow is used for an irreversible reaction; double arrows are used for reversible reactions. When reactions involve different phases it is usual to put the phase in brackets after the symbol.

s = solid l = liquid g = gas aq = aqueous

The numbers a, b, c, and d, showing the relative numbers of molecules reacting, are called the stoichiometric coefficients. The convention is that stoichiometric coefficients positive for reactants and negative for products. If the sum of the coefficients is zero the equation is balanced.

chemical potential

For a mixture of substances, the chemical potential of constituent B (μ B) is defined as the partial derivative of the Gibbs energy G with respect to the amount (number of moles) of B, with temperature, pressure, and amounts of all other constituents held constant.

Also called partial molar Gibbs energy. Components are in equilibrium if their chemical potentials are equal.

chiral molecule Chiral molecule is a molecule which cannot be superimposed on its mirror image. A common example is an organic molecule containing a carbon atom to which four different atoms or groups are attached. Such molecules exhibit optical activity, i.e., they rotate the plane of a polarized light beam.

chromatography Chromatography is a method for separation of the components of a sample in which the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary while the other moves. In gas chromatography, the gas moves over a liquid or solid stationary phase. In liquid chromatography, the liquid mixture moves through another liquid, a solid, or a gel. The mechanism of separation of components may be adsorption, differential solubility, ion- exchange, permeation, or other mechanisms.

Clapeyron equation

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Clapeyron equation is a relation between pressure and temperature of two phases of a pure substance that are in equilibrium,

∆ ∆ where trsS is the difference in entropy between the phases and trsV the corresponding difference in volume.

colloid Colloids are systems in which there are two or more phases, with one (the dispersed phase) distributed in the other (the continuous phase). Moreover, at least one of the phases has small dimensions, in the range between 1 nanometer and 1 micrometer (10-9 - 10-6 m). Dimension, rather than the nature of the material, is characteristic. In this size range, the surface area of the particle is large with respect to its volume so that unusual phenomena occur, e.g., the particles do not settle out of the suspension by gravity and are small enough to pass through filter membranes. Macromolecules (proteins and other high polymers) are at the lower limit of this range; the upper limit is usually taken to be the point at which the particles can be resolved in an optical microscope.

Colloidal particles may be gaseous, liquid, or solid, and occur in various types of suspensions:

Sols - dispersions of small solid particles in a liquid.

Emulsions - colloidal systems in which the dispersed and continuous phases are both liquids.

Gels - colloids in which both dispersed and continuous phases have a three- dimensional network throughout the material.

Aerosols - colloidal dispersions of liquid or solid particles in a gas.

Foams - dispersions of gases in liquids or solids.

colloid mills Colloid mills are machines used to grind aggregates into very fine particles or to apply very high shearing within a fluid to produce colloid suspensions or emulsions in which the particle sizes are less than 1 micrometer. One type of colloid mill is called a disc mill, in which a mixture of a solid and liquid (or two liquid) is passed between two discs a small distance apart, which rotate very rapidly relative to each other. Applications of colloid mills occur in food processing, in paint manufacture, and in the pharmaceutical industry.

concentration

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Concentration is the amount of given substance in a stated unit of a mixture, solution, or ore.

The concentration of an atom, ion, or molecule in a solution may be symbolized by the use of square brackets, as [Ca2+].

copolymer Copolymers are also known as heteropolymers. They made from two (or more) different monomers, which usually undergo a condensation reaction with the elimination of a simple molecule, such as ammonia or water. A typical example is the condensation of 1,6-diaminohexane (hexamethylenediamine) with hexanedioic acid (adipic acid) to form nylon 6,6.

The properties of a polymeric plastic can most easily be modified if it is a copolymer of two or more different monomers, e.g. acrylonitrile-butadiene- styrene copolymer (ABS). Varying the proportions of the component monomers can preselect its properties.

cosmic rays Cosmic rays are high energy (1015 - 1017 eV) nuclear particles, electrons, and photons, originating mostly outside the solar system, which continually bombard the Earth's atmosphere.

coulomb Coulomb (C) is the SI unit of electric charge. It is equal to the charge transferred by a current of one ampere in one second (C = A s). The unit is named after French physicist C. A. Coulomb (1736-1806).

Coulomb's law Coulomb's law is the statement that the force F between two electrical charges q1 and q2 separated by a distance r is

ε where 0 is the permittivity of a vacuum, equal to

ε -12 0 = 8.8542×10 F/m.

covalent bond Covalent bond is a chemical bond between two atoms whose stability results from the sharing of two electrons, one from each atom.

critical mass Critical mass is the minimum mass of a fissionable material (235U or 239Pu) that will initiate an uncontrolled chain reaction as in an atomic bomb. The critical mass of pure 239Pu is about 4.5 kg, and of 235U about 15 kg.

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critical point In general, critical point is the point on the phase diagram of a two-phase system at which the two coexisting phases have identical properties and therefore represent a single phase. At the liquid-gas critical point of a pure substance, the distinction between liquid and gas vanishes, and the vapour pressure curve ends. The coordinates of this point are called the critical temperature and critical pressure. Above the critical temperature, it is not possible to liquefy the substance.

critical pressure Critical pressure is the pressure of a fluid in its critical point; i.e. when it is at its critical temperature and critical volume.

critical temperature Critical temperature is the temperature of the liquid-vapour critical point, that is, the temperature above which a gas cannot be liquefied by an increase of pressure.

critical volume Critical volume is the volume of a fixed mass of a fluid at critical temperature and pressure.

cross-linking Cross-linking is attachment of two chains of polymer molecules by bridges, composed of either an element, a group, or a compound, that join certain carbon atoms of the chains by primary chemical bonds, as indicated in the schematic diagram

Cross-linking occurs in nature in substances made up of polypeptide chains that are joined by the disulfide bonds of the cysteine residue, as in keratins or insulin. Cross-linking can be effected artificially, either adding a chemical substance (cross-linking agent), or by subjecting the polymer to high-energy radiation. Examples are: vulcanisation of rubber with sulphur, cross-linking of polystyrene with divinylbenzene, or cross-linking of polyethylene by means of high-energy radiation.

Cross-linking has the effect of changing a plastic from thermoplastic to thermosetting. Thus, it also increases strength, heat and electrical resistance, and especially resistance to solvents and other chemicals.

crust Crust is the outer layer of the solid earth, above the Mohorovicic discontinuity. Its thickness averages about 35 km on the continents and about 7 km below the ocean floor.

cryoscopic constant

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Cryoscopic constant (Ef) is the constant that expresses the amount by which

the freezing point Tf of a solvent is lowered by a non-dissociating solute, through the relation

∆ Tf = Ef m

where m is the molality of the solute.

Curie temperature

For a ferromagnetic material, Curie temperature or Curie point (TC) is the critical temperature above which the material becomes paramagnetic. For iron the Curie point is 760 °C and for nickel 356 °C. It is named after French physicist Pierre Curie (1859-1906).

cycloalkanes Cycloalkanes are cyclic saturated hydrocarbons containing a ring of carbon atoms joined by single bonds. They have the general formula CnH2n, for

example cyclohexane, C6H12. In general, they behave like the alkanes but are rather less reactive.

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FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z

KTF-SPLIT EniG. Glossary of chemical terms D

● degree of

polymerisation

● density

● diamagnetism degree of polymerisation ● diazo compounds Degree of polymerisation is the number of monomeric units in a ● dielectric constant macromolecule or an oligomer molecule. ● dienes

● diffusion density

● dipole In the most common usage, density (r) is mass density or mass per unit volume. ● dipole moment

● disaccharides r = m / V ● dissociation ● dissociation More generally, the amount of some quantity (mass, charge, energy, etc.) constant divided by a length, area, or volume.

● distillation Relative density is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of some reference substance. For liquids or solids, it is the ratio of the density (usually at 20 °C) to the density of water at 4 °C. This quantity was formerly called specific gravity.

diamagnetism In diamagnetism the magnetization is in the opposite direction to that of applied field, i.e. susceptibility is negative. It results from changes induced in My Software the orbits of electrons in the atoms of a substance by the applied field, the direction of the change opposing the applied flux.

diazo compounds Diazo compounds are compounds having the divalent diazo group, =N+=N-, attached to a carbon atom. The term includes azo compounds, diazonium compounds, and also such compounds as diazomethane, CH2=N2.

dielectric constant

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Dielectric constant or permittivity (e) is an index of the ability of a substance to attenuate the transmission of an electrostatic force from one charged body to another. The lower the value, the greater the attenuation. The standard measurement apparatus utilizes a vacuum whose dielectric constant is 1. In reference to this, various materials interposed between the charged terminal have the following value at 20 °C:

air 1.00058 glass 3 benzene 2.3 acetic acid 6.2 ammonia 15.5 ethanol 25 glycerol 56 water 81

The exceptionally high value for water accounts for its unique behaviour as a solvent and in electrolytic solutions. Dielectric constant values decrease as the temperature rises.

dienes Dienes are unsaturated organic compounds that contain two fixed double bonds between carbon atoms. Dienes in which the two double-bond units are linked by one single bond are termed conjugated.

diffusion Diffusion is the spontaneous mixing of one substance with another when in contact or separated by a permeable membrane. Diffusion is a result of the random motions of their component atoms, molecules, ions, or other particles. Diffusion occurs most readily in gases, less so in liquids, and least in solids. The rate of diffusion is proportional to the concentration of the substance and increases with temperature. The theoretical principles are stated in Fick's laws.

dipole Dipole is a pair of separated opposite electric charges. Electric dipole is an assemblage of atoms or subatomic particles having equal electric charges of opposite sign separated by a finite distance. In the case of HCl, the electrons are attracted towards the more electronegative chlorine atom.

dipole moment Electric dipole moment (μ ) is the product of the positive charge and the distance between the charges. Dipole moments are often stated in debyes; The SI unit is the coulomb metre. In a diatomic molecule, such as HCl, the dipole moment is a measure of the polar nature of the bond; i.e. the extent to which the average electron charges is displaced towards one atom (in the case of HCl, the electrons are attracted towards the more electronegative chlorine atom). In a polyatomic molecule, the dipole moment is the vector sum of the dipole moments of the individual bonds. In a symmetrical molecule, such as tetrafluoromethane (CF4) there is no overall dipole moment, although the individual C-F bonds are polar.

disaccharides

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Disaccharides are compounds in which two monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic bond. For example, sucrose comprises one glucose molecule and one fructose molecule bonded together.

dissociation Dissociation is the process by which a chemical combination breaks up into simpler constituents as a result of either added energy (dissociated by heat), or the effect of a solvent on a dissolved polar compound (electrolytic dissociation). It may occur in the gaseous, solid, or liquid state, or in solution.

An example of dissociation is the reversible reaction of hydrogen iodide at high temperatures

2HI(g) H2(g) + I2(g)

The term dissociation is also applied to ionisation reactions of acids and bases in water. For example

+ - HCN + H2O H2O + CN

which is often regarded as a straightforward dissociation into ions

HCN H+ + CN-

dissociation constant Dissociation constant is a constant whose numerical value depends on the equilibrium between the undissociated and dissociated forms of a molecule. A higher value indicates greater dissociation.

The term dissociation is also applied to ionisation reactions of acids and bases in water. For example

+ - HCN + H2O H2O + CN

which is often regarded as a straightforward dissociation into ions

HCN H+ + CN-

The equilibrium constant of such a dissociation is called the acid dissociation constant or acidity constant, given by

The concentration of water [H2O] can be taken as constant.

Similarly, for a base, the equilibrium

+ - NH3 NH4 + OH

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is also a dissociation; with the base dissociation constant or basicity constant, given by

Ka (Kb) is a measure of the strength of the acid (base).

distillation Distillation is the process of boiling a liquid and condensing and collecting the vapour. The liquid collected is the distillate. The usual purpose of distillation is purification or separation of the components of a mixture. This is possible because the composition of the vapour is usually different from that of liquid mixture from which it is obtained. Gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil, and lubricating oil are produced from petroleum by distillation.

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KTF-SPLIT EniG. Glossary of chemical terms E

● ebullioscopic

constant

● electrical resistivity

● electrochemical ebullioscopic constant series Ebullioscopic constant (Eb) is the constant that expresses the amount by ● electrode potential which the boiling point Tb of a solvent is raised by a nondissociating solute, ● electrolysis through the relation ● electromotive force

● electron ∆ Tb = Eb b ● electron affinity

● electron spin where b is the molality of the solute. ● electron volt

● electronegativity electrical resistivity

● electrophoresis Electrical resistivity (r) is electric field strength divided by current density ● emulsion when there is no electromotive force in the conductor. Resistivity is an intrinsic property of a material. For a conductor of uniform cross section with ● enantiomers area A and length L, and whose resistance is R, the resistivity is given by ● energy

● enthalpy

● entropy

● enzyme Ω ● epoxy resin The SI unit is m.

● equation of state electrochemical series ● equilibrium constant

● erg Electrochemical series is a series of chemical elements arranged in order of their standard electrode potentials. The hydrogen electrode ● esters

● ethers + - H (aq) + e 1/2H2(g) ● Euler number

● eutectic is taken as having zero electrode potential. An electrode potential is, by definition, a reduction potential.

Elements that have a greater tendency than hydrogen to lose electrons to their solution are taken as electropositive; those that gain electrons from their solution are below hydrogen in the series and are called electronegative.

The series shows the order in which metals replace one another from their salts; electropositive metals will replace hydrogen from acids. My Software

electrode potential

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Electrode potential is defined as the potential of a cell consisting of the electrode in question acting as a cathode and the standard hydrogen electrode acting as an anode. Reduction always takes place at the cathode, and oxidation at the anode. According to the IUPAC convention, the term electrode potential is reserved exclusively to describe half-reactions written as reductions. The sign of the half-cell in question determines the sign of an electrode potential when it is coupled to a standard hydrogen electrode.

Electrode potential is defined by measuring the potential relative to a standard hydrogen half cell

+ - H2(g) 2H (aq) + 2e

The convention is to designate the cell so that the oxidized form is written first. For example

+ 2+ Pt(s)|H2(g)|H (aq)||Zn (aq)|Zn(s)

The e.m.f. of this cell is

e.m.f. = Eright - Eleft

+ By convention, at p(H2) = 101325 Pa and a(H ) = 1.00, the potential of the standard hydrogen electrode is 0.000 V at all temperatures. As a consequence of this definition, any potential developed in a galvanic cell consisting of a standard hydrogen electrode and some other electrode is attributed entirely to the other electrode

e.m.f. = E(Zn2+/Zn)

electrolysis Electrolysis is the decomposition of a substance as a result of passing an electric current between two electrodes immersed in the sample.

electromotive force

Electromotive force (e.m.f. or EMF) is the difference in electric potential that exists between two dissimilar electrodes immersed in the same electrolyte or otherwise connected by ionic conductors.

electron

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Electron is discovered by J.J. Thompson (1856-1940) in 1896. The electron is an elementary particle with a negative electric charge of (1.602 189 2 ± 0.000 004 6) × 10-19 C and a mass of 1/1837 that of a proton, equivalent to (9.109 534 ± 0.000 047) × 10-31 kg. Electrons are arranged in from one to seven shells around the nucleus; the maximum number of electrons in each shell is strictly limited by the laws of physics (2n2). The outer shells are not always filled: sodium has two electrons in the first shell (2×12 = 2), eight in the second (2×22 = 8), and only one in the third (2×32 = 18). A single electron in the outer shell may be attracted into an incomplete shell of another element, leaving the original atom with a net positive charge. Valence electrons are those that can be captured by or shared with another atom.

Electrons can be removed from the atoms by heat, light, electric energy, or bombardment with high-energy particles. Decaying radioactive nuclei spontaneously emits free electrons, called β particles.

electron affinity

Electron affinity (EA) is the energy change occurring when an atom or molecule gains an electron to form a negative ion. For an atom or molecule X, it is the energy released for the electron-attachment reaction

X(g) + e- X- (g)

Often this is measured in electronvolts. Alternatively, the molar enthalpy change, ∆H, can be used.

electron spin Electron spin (s) is the quantum number, equal to 1/2, that specifies the intrinsic angular momentum of the electron.

electron volt Electron volt (eV) is a non-SI unit of energy used in atomic and nuclear physics, equal to approximately 1.602177 × 10-19 J. The electron volt is defined as the kinetic energy acquired by an electron upon acceleration through a potential difference of 1 V.

electronegativity Electronegativity is a parameter originally introduced by L. Pauling which describes, on a relative basis, the power of an atom to attract electrons. For example, in hydrogen chloride, the chlorine atom is more electronegative than the hydrogen and the molecule is polar, with negative charge on the chlorine atom.

There are various ways of assigning values for the electronegativity of an element. Pauling electronegativities are based on bond dissociation energies using a scale in which fluorine, the most electronegative element, has value 4 and francium, the lowest electronegative element, has value 0.7.

electrophoresis

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Electrophoresis is a technique for the analysis and separation of colloids, based on the movement of charged colloidal particles in an electric field. The migration is toward electrodes of charge opposite to that of the particles. The rate of migration of the particles depends on the field, the charge on the particles, and on other factors, such as the size and shape of the particles.

Electrophoresis is important in the study of proteins. The acidity of the solution can be used to control the direction in which a protein moves upon electrophoresis.

emulsion Emulsion is colloidal system in which the dispersed and continuous phases are both liquids (e.g. oil in water or water in oil). Such systems require an emulsifying agent to stabilize the dispersed particles.

enantiomers Enantiomers are a chiral molecule and its non-superposable mirror image. The two forms rotate the plane of polarized light by equal amounts in opposite directions. Also called optical isomers.

energy Energy (E, U) is the characteristic of a system that enables it to do work. Like work itself, it is measured in joules (J).

The internal energy of a body is the sum of the potential energy and the kinetic energy of its component atoms and molecules.

Potential energy is the energy stored in a body or system as a consequence of its position, shape, or state (this includes gravitational energy, electrical energy, nuclear energy, and chemical energy).

Kinetic energy is energy of motion and is usually defined as the work that will be done by body possessing the energy when it is brought to rest. For a body of mass m having a speed v, the kinetic energy is mv2/2. Kinetic energy is most clearly exhibited in gases, in which molecules have much greater freedom of motion than in liquids and solids.

enthalpy Enthalpy (H) is a thermodynamic property of a system defined by

H = U + pV

where U is the internal energy of the system, p its pressure, and V its volume. J.W. Gibbs put the concept of an ensemble forward in 1902. In a chemical reaction carried out in the atmosphere the pressure remains constant and the enthalpy of reaction (∆H), is to equal

∆H = ∆U + p∆V

For an exothermic reaction ∆H is taken to be negative.

entropy

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Entropy (S) is a measure of the unavailability of a system's energy to do work; in a closed system, an increase in entropy is accompanied by a decrease in energy availability. When a system undergoes a reversible change the entropy (S) changes by an amount equal to the energy (Q) transferred to the system by heat divided by the thermodynamic temperature (T) at which this occurs.

All real processes are to a certain extent irreversible changes and in any closed system an irreversible change is always accompanied by an increase in entropy.

enzyme Enzyme is a protein that acts as a catalyst in biochemical reactions. Each enzyme is specific to a particular reaction or group of similar reactions. Many require the association of certain nonprotein cofactors in order to function. The molecule undergoing reaction (the substrate) binds to a specific active site on the enzyme molecule to form a short-lived intermediate: this greatly increases (by a factor of up to 1020) the rate at which the reaction proceeds to form the product.

epoxy resin Epoxy resins are thermosetting resins produced by copolymerising epoxide compounds with phenols (e.g. epichlorohydrin and bisphenol A). They contain ether linkages (-O-) and form a tight, cross-linked polymer network. Toughness, good adhesion, corrosive-chemical resistance, and good dielectric properties characterize epoxy resins. Most epoxy resins are two- part type which harden when blended.

equation of state Equation of state is an equation relating the pressure, volume, and temperature of a substance or system. Equation of state for ideal gas

pV = nRT

where p is pressure, V molar volume, T temperature, and R the molar gas constant (8.314 JK-1mol-1).

equilibrium constant The equilibrium constant (K) was originally introduced in 1863 by Norse chemists C.M. Guldberg and P. Waage using the law of mass action. For a reversible chemical reaction represented by the equation

aA + bB cC + dD

chemical equilibrium occurs when the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the back reaction, so that the concentrations of products and reactants reach steady-state values.

The equilibrium constant is the ratio of chemical activities of the species A, B, C, and D at equilibrium.

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To a certain approximation, the activities can be replaced by concentrations.

For gas reactions, partial pressures are used rather than concentrations

The units of Kp and Kc depend on the numbers of molecules appearing in the stoichiometric equation (a, b, c, and d).

The value equilibrium constant depends on the temperature. If the forward reaction is exothermic, the equilibrium constant decreases as the temperature rises. The equilibrium constant shows the position of equilibrium. A low value of K indicates that [C] and [D] are small compared to [A] and [B]; i.e. that the back reaction predominates.

The equilibrium constant is related to DrG°, the standard Gibbs free energy change in the reaction, by

∆ RT lnK = - rG°

erg Erg (erg) is a non-SI (cgs) unit of energy, equal to 10-7 J.

esters Esters are organic compounds formed by reaction between alcohol and acids. Esters formed from carboxylic acids have the general formula RCOOR'. Triesters, molecules containing three ester groups, occur in nature as oils and fats.

ethers Ethers are organic compounds with formula R-O-R, where R is not equal to H. They may be derived from alcohols by elimination of water, but the major method is catalytic hydration of olefins. They are volatile highly flammable compounds; when containing peroxides they can detonate on heating. The term ether is often used synonymously with ethyl ether.

Euler number

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Euler number (Eu) is a dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by

where p is pressure, r is density, and v is velocity.

eutectic Eutectic is a solid solution consisting of two or more substances and having the lowest freezing point of any possible mixture of these components.

Eutectic point is the lowest temperature at which the eutectic mixture can exist in liquid phase. A liquid having the eutectic composition will freeze at a single temperature without change of composition.

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KTF-SPLIT EniG. Glossary of chemical terms F

● Fahrenheit scale

● farad

● Faraday constant

● fatty acids Fahrenheit scale ● Fermi level Fahrenheit scale is the temperature scale in which 212 degrees is the boiling ● fermion point of water and 32 degrees is the freezing point of water. The scale was invented in 1714 by a German physicist G.D. Fahrenheit (1686-1736). ● ferrites

● ferromagnetism 32°F = 0°C ● Fick's law 212°F = 100°C

● flash point 1°F =(5/9)°C T(°C) = (5/9)[T(°F) - 32] ● foam T(°F) = (9/5)T(°C) + 32 ● free radical

● free radical farad

● freezing point Farad (F) is the SI derived unit of electric capacitance. The farad is the ● frequency capacitance of an electric capacitor between the two plates of which there

● Froude number appears a difference of electric potential of one volt when it is charged by a quantity of electricity equal to one coulomb (F = C/V). The unit is named after ● fugacity the British scientist M. Faraday (1791-1867).

Faraday constant Faraday constant (F) is the electric charge of 1 mol of singly charged positive ions.

-1 F = NA × e = 96487 C mol

My Software where N is Avogadro's constant (6.022 × 1023 mol-1) and e is the A elementary charge (1.602 × 10-19 C).

fatty acids Fatty acids are aliphatic monocarboxylic acids characterized by a terminal carboxyl group (R-COOH). Natural fatty acids commonly have a chain of 4 to 28 carbons (usually unbranched and even-numbered), which may be saturated or unsaturated. The most important of saturated fatty acids are butyric (C4), lauric (C12), palmitic (C16), and stearic (C18). The most common unsaturated acids are oleic, linoleic, and linolenic (all C18).

The physical properties of fatty acids are determined by chain length, degree of unsaturation, and chain branching. Short-chain acids are pungent liquids, soluble in water. As chain length increases, melting points are raised and water-solubility decreases. Unsaturation and chain branching tend to lower melting points.

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Fermi level Fermi level is the highest energy of occupied states in a solid at zero temperature. The Fermi level in conductors lies in the conduction band, in insulators it lies in the valence band, and in semiconductors it falls in the gap between the conduction band and the valence band. It is named after the Italian physicst Enrico Fermi (1901 - 1954).

fermion Fermion is any particle with spin equal to an odd multiple of 1/2. Fermion is a particle that obeys Fermi-Dirac statistics, e.g. electron, proton, neutron, muon, etc.

ferrites

Ferrites are ceramic materials of nominal formula MO.Fe2O3, where M is a divalent metal (Co, Mn, NI, or Zn). The ferrites show either ferrimagnetism or ferromagnetism, but are not electrical conductors, and they are used in high- frequency circuits as magnetic cores, in rectifiers on memory and record tapes, and various related uses in radio, television, radar, computers, and automatic control systems.

ferromagnetism Ferromagnetism is a type of magnetism in which the magnetic moments of atoms in a solid are aligned within domains which can in turn be aligned with each other by a weak magnetic field. The total magnetic moment of a sample of the substance is the vector sum of the magnetic moments of the component domains. In an unmagnetized piece of ferromagnetic material the magnetic moments of the domains themselves are not aligned; when an external field is applied those domains that are aligned with the field increase in size at the expense of the others. Ferromagnetic materials can retain their magnetization when the external field is removed, as long as the temperature is below a critical value, the Curie temperature. They are characterized by a large positive magnetic susceptibility.

Fick's law Fick's law is the statement that the flux J of a diffusing substance is proportional to the concentration gradient, i.e.,

J = -D(dc/dx)

where D is called the diffusion coefficient.

flash point Flash point is the lowest temperature at which a liquid or volatile solid gives off vapour sufficient to form an ignitable mixture with the air near the surface of the liquid or within the test vessel (NFPA).

foam

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Foams are dispersions of gases in liquids or solids. The gas globule may be of any size, from colloidal to macroscopic, as in soap bubbles. Bakers' bread and sponge rubber are examples of solid foams. Typical liquid foams are those used in fire-fighting, shaving creams, etc. Foams made by mechanical incorporation of air are widely used in the food industry (e.g. whipped cream, egg white, ice cream, etc.). Foams can be stabilized by surfactants.

free radical Free radical is a molecular fragment having one or more unpaired electrons, usually short-lived and highly reactive. They can be produced by photolysis or pyrolysis in which a bond is broken without forming ions. In formulas, a free radical is conventionally indicated by a dot (Cl•). Free radicals are known to be formed by ionising radiation and thus play a part in deleterious degradation effects that occur in irradiated tissue. They also act as initiators or intermediates in oxidation, combustion, photolysis, and polymerisation.

free radical Free radical is highly reactive molecule or atom with an unpaired electron. The species is often represented by a formula with a single dot as the unpaired electron (•CH3, •SnH3, •Cl).

freezing point See Melting point

frequency Frequency (n) is number of cycles of a periodic phenomenon divided by time. Hertz (Hz) is the SI derived unit, with a special name, for frequency, equal to s-1. It is named after the German scientist Heinrich Hertza (1857-1894).

Froude number Froude number (Fr) is a dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by

where v is velocity, l is length, and g is acceleration due to gravity.

fugacity Fugacity (f) is a thermodynamic function used in place of partial pressure in reactions involving real gases and mixtures. For a component of a mixture, it is defined by

dμ = RT(lnf)

where μ is the chemical potential.

The fugacity of a gas is equal to the pressure if the gas is ideal. The fugacity of a liquid or solid is the fugacity of the vapour with which it is in equilibrium. The ratio of the fugacity to the fugacity in some standard state is the activity.

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KTF-SPLIT EniG. Glossary of chemical terms G

● gal

● gallon

● gamma radiation

● gas gal ● gauss Gal is a non-SI unit of acceleration, equal to 1 cm/s2. Also called galileo. ● Gaussian system of

units gallon ● Gay-Lussac's law Gallon (US) is a unit of volume equal to 3.785412 L. ● gel

● Gibbs free energy Gallon (UK, Imperial) is a unit of volume equal to 4.546090 L.

● Gibbs phase rule

● glass transition gamma radiation temperature Gamma radiation is electromagnetic radiation of extremely short wavelength. -15 -10 ● Glauber's salt Gamma radiation ranges in energy from about 10 to 10 J (10 keV to 10 MeV) (wavelength less than about 1 pm). Gamma rays are emitted by ● glycerides excited atomic nuclei during the process of passing to a lower excitation ● grain state.

● Grashof number

● gravimetry Gamma rays are extremely penetrating and are absorbed by dense materials like lead and uranium. Exposure to gamma radiation may be lethal. ● gravitational constant gas ● gray Gas is a state of matter in which the matter concerned occupies the whole of ● Grignard reagents its container irrespective of its quantity.

gauss Gauss (G) is a non-SI unit of magnetic flux density (B). 1 G = 10-4 T.

Gaussian system of units

Gaussian system of units is a hybrid system used in electromagnetic theory, My Software which combines features of both the electrostatic cgs subsystem (esu) and electromagnetic cgs subsystem (emu). With three base units, it uses em

units in magnetism and es units in electrostatics. This involves using the constant c (the velocity of light in vacuum) to interrelate these sets of units.

Gay-Lussac's law See Charles' law

gel

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Gels are colloids in which both dispersed and continuous phases have a three-dimensional network throughout the material, so that it forms a jelly-like mass (e.g. gelatine). One component may sometimes be removed to leave a rigid gel (e.g. heating silica gel).

Gibbs free energy Gibbs free energy (G) is an important function in chemical thermodynamics, defined by

G = H-TS

where H is the enthalpy, S the entropy, and T the thermodynamic temperature. Gibbs free energy is the energy liberated or absorbed in a reversible process at constant pressure and constant temperature. Sometimes called Gibbs energy and, in older literature, simply "free energy".

Changes in Gibbs free energy, ∆G, are useful in indicating the conditions under which a chemical reaction will occur. If ∆G is negative the reaction will proceed spontaneously to equilibrium. In equilibrium position ∆G = 0.

Gibbs phase rule Gibbs phase rule is the relationship used to determine the number of state variables, usually chosen from among temperature, pressure, and species composition in each phase, which must be specified to fix the thermodynamic state of a system in equilibrium:

F = C - P + 2

where C is the number of components in a mixture, P is the number of phases, and F is the degrees of freedom, i.e., the number of intensive variables that can be changed independently without affecting the number of phases.

glass transition temperature Glass transition temperature is the temperature at which an amorphous polymer is transformed, in a reversible way, from a viscous or rubbery condition to a hard and relatively brittle one.

Glauber's salt

Glauber's salt is sodium sulfate decahydrate (Na2SO4×10H2O). Loses water of hydration at 100 °C. Energy storage capacity is more than seven times that of water.

glycerides Glycerides are esters of glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) with fatty acids, widely distributed in nature. They are by long-established custom subdivided into triglycerides, 1,2- or 1,3-diglycerides, and 1- or 2- monoglycerides, according to the number and positions of acyl groups.

grain Grain (gr) is a non-SI unit of mass, equal to 64.79891 mg.

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Grashof number Grashof number (Gr) is a dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by

Gr = l3ga∆Tr2/h2

where T is temperature, r is density, l is length, h is viscosity, a is cubic expansion coefficient, and g is acceleration of gravity.

gravimetry Gravimetry is the quantitative measurement of an analyte by weighing a pure, solid form of the analyte. Since gravimetric analysis is an absolute measurement, it is the principal method for analyzing and preparing primary standards.

A typical experimental procedure to determine an unknown concentration of an analyte in solution is as follows:

- quantitatively precipitate the analyte from solution

- collect the precipitate by filtering and wash it to remove impurities

- dry the solid in an oven to remove solvent

- weigh the solid on an analytical balance

- calculate the analyte concentration in the original solution based on the weight of the precipitate.

gravitational constant Gravitational constant (G) is the universal constant in the equation for the gravitational force between two particles

2 F = Gm1m2/r

where r is the distance between the particles and m1 and m2 are their masses.

gray Gray (Gy) is the SI derived unit of absorbed dose of radiation. The gray is the absorbed dose when the energy per unit mass imparted to matter by ionizing radiation is one joule per kilogram (Gy = J/kg). The unit is named after the British scientist Louis Harold Gray (1905-1965).

Grignard reagents Grignard reagents are organomagnesium halides, RMgX, having a carbon- magnesium bond (or their equilibrium mixtures in solution with R2Mg +

MgX2).

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FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z

KTF-SPLIT EniG. Glossary of chemical terms H

● half-life

● halocarbon

● halogens

● hardness half-life

● heat For a given reaction the half life t1/2 of a reactant is the time required for its ● heat capacity concentration to reach a value that is the arithmetic mean of its initial and ● hectare final (equilibrium) value.

● Heisenberg uncertainty principle In nuclear chemistry, (radioactive) half life is defined, for a simple radioactive decay process, as the time required for the activity to decrease to half its ● Helmholz free value by that process. energy

● henry N = N0/2 ● Henry's law

● hertz halocarbon ● heterocyclic Halocarbon is a compound containing no elements other than carbon, one or compounds more halogens, and sometimes hydrogen. The simplest are compounds ● Heusler alloys such as tetrachloromethane (CCl4), tetrabromomethane (CBr4), etc. The ● holography lower members of the various homologous series are used as refrigerants,

● Hooke's law propellant gases, fireextinguishing agents, and blowing agents for urethane foams. When polymerized, they yield plastics characterized by extreme ● horse power chemical resistance, high electrical resistivity, and good heat resistance. ● HPLC

● hydration halogens ● hydrocarbon The halogens are the elements fluorine (F) chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine ● hydrolysis (I), and astatine (At). They are non-metals, and make up part of the 17 group

● hydrophilic in the periodic table. Compounds of these elements are called halogenides or halides. ● hydrophobic

● hydrophobic The halogens all have a strong unpleasant odor and will burn flesh. They do interaction not dissolve well in water. The five elements are strongly electronegative. They are oxidizing agents, with fluorine being the strongest and astatine being the weakest. They react with most metals and many non-metals.

Halogens form molecules which consists of atoms covalently bonded. With

increasing atomic weight there is a gradation in physical properties. For example: Fluorine is a pale green gas of low density. Chlorine is a greenish- yellow gas 1.892 times as dense as fluorine. Bromine is a deep reddish- brown liquid which is three times as dense as water. Iodine is a grayish-black My Software crystalline solid with a metallic appearance. And astatine is a solid with properties which indicate that it is somewhat metallic in character.

hardness

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Hardness is the resistance of a material to deformation of an indenter of specific size and shape under known load. This definition applies to all types of hardness scales except Mohs scale, which is a based on the concept of scratch hardness and is used chiefly for minerals. The most generally used hardness scales are Brinell (for cast iron), Rockwell (for sheet metal and heat-treated steel), Knoop (for metals).

heat Heat is a form of energy associated with and proportional to molecular motion. It can be transferred from one body to another by radiation, conduction, or convection.

Heat of atomization is the energy required to dissociate one mole of a given substance into atoms.

Heat of combustion is the heat evolved when a definite quantity of a substance is completely oxidized (burned).

Heat of crystallization is the heat evolved or absorbed when one mole of given substance crystallizes from a saturated solution of the same substance.

Heat of formation is the heat evolved or absorbed when one mole of a compound is formed in their standard state from its constituent elements.

Heat of fusion is the heat required to convert a substance from the solid to the liquid state with no temperature change (also called latent heat of fusion or melting).

Heat of hydration is the heat evolved or absorbed when a hydrate of a compound is formed.

Heat of reaction is the heat evolved or absorbed as a result of the complete chemical reaction of molar amounts of the reactants.

Heat of sublimation is the energy required to convert one mole of a substance from the solid to the gas state (sublimation) without the appearance of the liquid state.

Heat of vaporization is the heat required to convert a substance from the liquid to the gaseous state with no temperature change (also called latent heat of vaporization).

heat capacity Heat capacity is defined in general as dQ/dT, where dQ is the amount of heat that must be added to a system to increase its temperature by a small ∂ ∂ amount dT. The heat capacity at constant pressure is Cp = ( H/ T)p; that at ∂ ∂ constant volume is CV = ( E/ T)V, where H is enthalpy, E is internal energy, p is pressure, V is volume, and T is temperature. An upper case C normally indicates the molar heat capacity, while a lower case c is used for the specific (per unit mass) heat capacity.

hectare

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Hectare (ha) is a unit of area equal to 104 m2. The unit is still used in agriculture.

Heisenberg uncertainty principle Heisenberg uncertainty principle is the principle that it is not possible to know with unlimited accuracy both the position and momentum of a particle. German physicist Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976) discovers this principle in 1927.

Helmholz free energy Helmholz free energy (A) is a thermodynamic function defined by A = U - TS, where U is the internal energy, S the entropy, and T the thermodynamic temperature. For a reversible isothermal process ∆A represents the useful work available.

henry Henry (H) is the SI derived unit of inductance equal to the inductance of a closed circuit in which an e.m.f. of one volt is produced when the electric current in the circuit varies uniformly at the rate of one ampere per second (H = V•s/A). The unit is named after the US physicst Joseph Henry (1797-1878).

Henry's law Henry's law is discovered in 1801 by the British chemist William Henry (1775- 1836). At a constant temperature the mass of gas dissolved in a liquid at equilibrium is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas. It applies only to gases that not react with the solvent.

xi = Kx•pi

where pi is the partial pressure of component i above the solution, xi is its

mole fraction in the solution, and Kx is the Henry's law constant (a characteristic of the given gas and solvent, as well as the temperature).

hertz Hertz (Hz) is the SI derived unit, with a special name, for frequency. The hertz is the frequency of a periodic phenomenon of which the period is one second (Hz = 1 s-1). It is named after the German scientist Heinrich Hertza (1857 - 1894).

heterocyclic compounds Heterocyclic compounds are cyclic compounds having as ring members atoms of at least two different elements, e.g., quinoline, 1,2-thiazole.

Heusler alloys Heusler alloys are alloys of manganese, copper, aluminum, nickel, and sometimes other metals which find important uses as permanent magnets.

holography

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Holography is a technique for creating a three-dimensional image of an object by recording the interference pattern between a light beam diffracted from the object and a reference beam. The image can be reconstructed from this pattern by a suitable optical system.

Hooke's law When a load is applied to any elastic body is deformed or strained, then the resulting stress (the tendency of the body to resume its normal condition) is proportional to the strain. Stress is measured in units of force per unit area, strain is the extent of the deformation.

horse power Horse power is obsolete non-SI of power introduced by James Watt in 1782 to allow to describe the power of steam machinery. It was equal to the work effort of a horse needed to raise vertically 528 cubic feet of water to one metre in one minute (HP = 735.498750 W).

HPLC HPLC is abbreviation for high-performance liquid chromatography. HPLC is a variation of liquid chromatography that utilizes high-pressure pumps to increase the efficiency of the separation.

hydration Hydration is addition of water or the elements of water (i.e. H and OH) to a molecular entity. The term is also used in a more restricted sense for the process:

A+B- A+(aq) + B-(aq)

hydrocarbon Hydrocarbon is a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen.

hydrolysis Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which water reacts with another substance to form two or more new substances. This involves ionization of the water molecule as well as splitting of the compound hydrolyzed, e.g.

CH3COOC2H5 + H2O CH3COOH + C2H5OH

Examples are conversion of starch to glucose by water in presence of suitable catalysts and reaction of the ions of a dissolved salt to form various products, such as acids, complex ions, etc.

hydrophilic Hydrophilic is having a strong tendency to bind or absorb water, which results in swelling and formation of reversible gels. This property is characteristic of carbohydrate.

hydrophobic

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Hydrophobic is antagonistic to water, incapable of dissolving in vater. This property is characteristic of oill, fats, waxes, and many resins.

hydrophobic interaction Hydrophobic interaction is the tendency of hydrocarbons (or of lipophilic hydrocarbon-like groups in solutes) to form intermolecular aggregates in an aqueous medium, and analogous intramolecular interactions. The name arises from the attribution of the phenomenon to the apparent repulsion between water and hydrocarbons. Use of the misleading alternative term hydrophobic bond is discouraged.

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KTF-SPLIT EniG. Glossary of chemical terms J

● joule

● Joule-Thomson coefficient

joule Joule (J) is the SI derived unit of energy, work, and heat. The joule is the work done when the point of application of a force of one newton is displaced a distance of one metre in the direction of the force (J = N m). The unit is named after the British scientist James Prescott Joule (1818-1889).

Joule-Thomson coefficient My Software Joule-Thomson coefficient (μ ) is a parameter which describes the temperature change when a gas expands adiabatically through a nozzle from a high pressure to a low pressure region. It is defined by

where H is enthalpy.

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KTF-SPLIT EniG. Glossary of chemical terms K

● kelvin

● ketones

● kilogram

● Kjeldhal flask kelvin ● Kjeldhal's method Kelvin (K) is the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature. The kelvin, unit ● Knudsen number of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. The unit is named ● Kohlrausch's law after the British scientist Sir. W. Thompson, Lord Kelvin (1824-1907).

ketones Ketones are compounds in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon

atoms: R1R2C=O (neither R may be H). They are derived by oxidation of

secondary alcohols. The simplest member of the series is acetone, (CH3)

2CO.

My Software kilogram Kilogram (kg) is the SI base unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram.

The prototype of the standard is a cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy, 39 mm in diameter and 39 mm high. Prototype of the kilogram kept by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures) at S?evres, near Paris.

Kjeldhal flask Kjeldhal flask is a round bottom flask with a long wide neck that is used in the determination of nitrogen by Kjeldhal's method.

Kjeldhal's method Kjeldhal's method is an analytical method for determination of nitrogen in certain organic compounds. The method was developed by the Danish chemist Johan Kjeldahl (1849-1900).

It involves addition of a small amount of anhydrous potassium sulfate to the test compound, followed by heating mixture with concentrated sulfuric acid, often with a catalyst such as copper sulfate. As a result ammonia is formed. After alkalyzing the mixture with sodium hydroxyde, the ammonia is separated by distilation, collected in standard acid, and the nitrogen determined by back-titration.

Knudsen number

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Knudsen number (Kn) is a dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by

Kn = l/l

where l is mean free path and l is length.

Kohlrausch's law If a salt is dissolved in water, the conductivity of the solution is the sum of the conductances of the anions and cations. The law, which depends on the independent migration of ions, was deduced experimentally by German chemist Friedrich Kohlrausch (1840-1910).

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KTF-SPLIT EniG. Glossary of chemical terms L

● laminar flow

● lanthanides

● laser

● latent heat laminar flow ● lattice constants Laminar flow is smooth, uniform, non-turbulent flow of a gas or liquid in ● lattice energy parallel layers, with little mixing between layers. It is characterized by small values of the Reynolds number. ● Le Chatelier's principle lanthanides ● Lewis acid Lanthanides (lanthanons, lanthanoids or rare-earth elements) are a series of ● Lewis base fourteen elements in the periodic table, generally considered to range in ● ligand proton number from cerium to lutetium inclusive. It was convenient to divide ● ligand field theory these elements into the cerium group or light earth: cerium (Ce),

● light year praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu); and the yttrium group or heavy earths: gadolinium (Gd), ● lignins terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ● lipids ytterbium (Yb) i lutetium (Lu). The position of lanthanum is somewhat ● liter equivocal and, although not itself a lanthanides, it is often included with them ● lithosphere for comparative purpose. The lanthanides are sometimes simply called the rare earths. Apart from unstable Pm the lanthanides are actually not rare. ● LPG Cerium is the 26. most abundant of all elements, 5 times as abundant as Pb. ● lumen All are silvery very reactive metals. ● luminous flux

● lux laser ● Lyman series Laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) is a light amplifier usually used to produce monochromatic coherent radiation in the infrared, visible, and ultraviolet regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

latent heat

Latent Heat (L) is the quantity of heat absorbed or released when a substance changes its physical phase at constant temperature (e.g. from solid to liquid at the melting point or from liquid to gas at the boiling point).

My Software lattice constants Lattice constants are parameters specifying the dimensions of a unit cell in a crystal lattice, specifically the lengths of the cell edges and the angles between them.

lattice energy Lattice energy is the energy per ion pair required to separate completely the ions in a crystal lattice at a temperature of absolute zero.

Le Chatelier's principle

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The idea that a system at equilibrium will respond to a stress placed upon it in such a manner as to partially offset that stress. The principle was first stated in 1888 by French physical chemist Henri Le Chatelier (1850-1936).

Lewis acid Lewis acid is an agent capable of accepoting a pair of electrons to form a coordinate bond.

Lewis base Lewis base is an agent capable of donating a pair of electrons to form a coordinate bond.

ligand - - - - 2- - - - - Ligand is an ion (F , Cl , Br , I , S , CN , NCS , OH , NH2 ) or molecule (NH3,

H2O, NO, CO) that donates a pair of electron to a metal atom or ion in forming a coordination complex.

ligand field theory Ligand field theory is a description of the structure of crystals containing a transition metal ion surrounded by nonmetallic ions (ligands). It is based on construction of molecular orbitals involving the d-orbitals of the central metal ion and combinations of atomic orbitals of the ligands.

light year Light year (ly) is a unit of distance used in astronomy, defined as the distance light travels in one year in a vacuum (ly = 9.46052973•1015).

lignins Lignins are macromolecular constituents of wood related to lignans, composed of phenolic propylbenzene skeletal units, linked at various sites and apparently randomly.

lipids Lipids are a loosely defined term for substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They consist of saponifiable lipids, such as glycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids, as well as nonsaponifiable lipids, principally steroids.

liter Liter (l, L) is a synonym for cubic decimeter (L = dm3).

lithosphere Lithosphere is the outer layer of the solid earth, extending from the base of the mantle to the surface of the crust.

LPG LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas) is a mixture of short hydrocarbons with most of the volume being propane and butane. LPG is considered an alternative fuel that burns cleaner than gasoline.

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lumen Lumen (lm) is the SI derived unit of luminous flux. The lumen is the luminous flux emitted in a solid angle of one steradian by a point source having a uniform intensity of one candela (1lm =1 cd•sr).

luminous flux Luminous flux (F) is the intensity of light from a source multiplied by the solid angle. The SI unit is lumen.

lux Lux (lx) is the SI derived unit of illuminance. The lux is the illuminance produced by a luminous flux of one lumen uniformly distributed over a surface of one square metre (lx = lm·m-2).

Lyman series Lyman series is the series of lines in the spectrum of the hydrogen atom which corresponds to transitions between the ground state (principal quantum number n = 1) and successive excited states.

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KTF-SPLIT EniG. Glossary of chemical terms M

● macromolecule

● mass

● mass fraction

● mass number macromolecule ● mass spectrometry Macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass (molecular ● mean free path weight), the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative ● Meissner effect molecular mass. ● melting point

● meniscus mass ● mercaptans Mass (m) is the quantity of matter contained in a particle or body regardless ● metalloid of its location in the universe. Mass is constant, whereas weight is affected

● metals by the distance of a body from the center of the Earth (or of other planet). The SI unit is kilogram. ● metre

● mho According to the Einstein equation ● micelle

● micron E = mc2

● millimeter of mercury all forms of energy possess a mass equivalent.

● molality mass fraction ● molar

● molar mass Mass fraction (wA) is the ratio of the mass of substance A to the total mass of

● molar quantity a mixture.

● molar volume

● molarity

● mole

● mole fraction mass number ● molecular weight Mass number (A) is a characteristic property of a specific isotope of an ● molecule element, equal to the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the ● momentum nucleus. ● monomer ● monosaccharides mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique in which ions are separated according to the mass/charge (m/e) ratio and detected by a suitable detector.

In a mass spectrometer a sample is ionized and the positive ions produced

are accelerated into a high-vacuum region containing electric and magnetic fields. These fields deflect and focus the ions onto a detector. A mass spectrum is thus obtained consisting of a series of peaks of variable intensity to which m/e values can be assigned. Different molecules can be identified My Software by their characteristic pattern of lines.

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mean free path Mean free path is the average distance a gas molecule travels between collisions.

Meissner effect Meissner effect is the complete exclusion of magnetic induction from the interior of a superconductor.

melting point Melting point (or freezing point) is the temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a substance are in equilibrium at a specified pressure (normally taken to be atmospheric unless stated otherwise). A pure substance under standard condition of pressure has a single reproducible melting point. The terms melting point and freezing point are often used interchangeably, depending on whether the substance is being heated or cooled.

meniscus Meniscus is the concave curve of a liquid surface in a graduate or narrow tube. Caused by surface tension.

mercaptans Mercaptans are a traditional term abandoned by IUPAC, synonymous with thiols. This term is still widely used.

metalloid Metalloid (semimetal) is any of a class of chemical elements intermediate in properties between metals and nonmetals. The classification is not clear cut, but typical metalloids are boron (B), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), and tellurium (Te). They are electrical semiconductors and their oxides are amphoteric.

metals Metals are a material in which the highest occupied energy band (conduction band) is only partially filled with electrons.

Their physical properties generally include:

- They are good conductors of heat and electricity. The electrical conductivity of metals generally decreases with temperature.

- They are malleable and ductile in their solid state.

- They show metallic luster.

- They are opaque.

- They have high density.

- They are solids (except mercury)

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- They have crystal structure in which each atom is surrounded by eight to twelve near neighbors

Their chemical properties generally are:

- They have one to four valence electrons.

- They have low ionization potentials; they readily lose electrons.

- They are good reducing agents.

- They have hydroxides which are bases or amphoteric.

- They are electropositive.

Metallic characteristics of the elements decrease and non-metallic characteristics increase with the increase of valence electrons. Also metallic characteristics increase with the number of electron shells. Therefore, there is no sharp dividing line between the metals and the non-metals.

Of the 113 elements now known, only 17 show primarily non-metallic characteristics, 7 others are metalloids, and 89 may be classed as metals.

metre Metre (m) is the SI base unit of length.

The meter is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 s.

This definition, adopted by the General Conference on Weights and Measure in October 1983, replaced the 1967 definition based on the krypton lamp.

mho Mho is an archaic name for the SI unit siemens (reciprocal ohm).

micelle Micelle is an electrically charged colloidal particle, usually organic in nature, composed of aggregates of large molecules, e.g., in soaps and surfactants. For aqueous solutions, the hydrophilic end of the molecule is on the surface of the micelle, while the hydrophobic end (often a hydrocarbon chain) points toward the center.

micron Micron (μ ) is an obsolete name for micrometer (μm).

millimeter of mercury Millimeter of mercury (mmHg) is a non-SI unit of pressure, equal to 133.322 Pa. The name is generally considered interchangeable with torr.

molality

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Molality or molal concentration (b; formerly m) is a concentration in which the amount of solute is stated in moles and the amount of solvent in kilograms.

The unit of molality is mol kg-1.

molar Denoting that an extensive physical property is being expressed per amount of substance, usually per mole.

molar mass Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance.

M = m/n

It is normally expressed in units of g mol-1, in which case its numerical value is identical with the relative molecular mass.

molar quantity Molar quantity is often convenient to express an extensive quantity (e.g., volume, enthalpy, heat capacity, etc.) as the actual value divided by amount of substance (number of moles). The resulting quantity is called molar volume, molar enthalpy, etc.

molar volume Molar volume is the volume occupied by substance per unit amount of substance. The volume of the gas at 0 °C and 101 325 Pa is 22.4 dm3mol-1.

molarity Formerly name for concentration.

mole Mole (mol) is the SI base unit of amount of substance.

The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon 12.

When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particules, or specified groups of such particles. In this definition, it is understood that the carbon 12 atoms are unbound, at rest and in their ground state.

mole fraction

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Mole fraction (xA) is the ratio of the amount of substance (number of moles) of substance A to the total amount of substance in a mixture.

molecular weight See Relative molecular mass

molecule Molecule is the smallest part of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction. The atoms of a molecule are held together by chemical bonds.

momentum Momentum (p) is the product of mass and velocity (p = m•v).

monomer Monomer is a simple molecule which is capable of combining with a number of like or unlike molecules to form a polymer. Monomer is repeating structure unit within a polymer.

monosaccharides Monosaccharide is a charbohydrate that cannot be split into smaller units by the action of dilute acids.

Monosaccharide is any of several simple sugars having the formula C6H12O6; the best-known are glucose, fructose, and galactose. Monosaccharides combine to form more-complex sugars known as oligo- and polysaccharide.

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KTF-SPLIT EniG. Glossary of chemical terms N

● nautical mile

● Néel temperature

● neoprene

● Nessler's reagent nautical mile ● neutralization Nautical mile is a legal international unit of length temporarily maintained with ● neutrino the SI. It is still used in navigation (mercantile marine, aviation). It is equal to the length of an arc of one minute measured at a latitude of N45° (mile = ● neutron 1852 m). The international nautical mile has been taken equal to the nautical ● neutron number mile. ● newton ● NMR Néel temperature

● noble gas Néel temperature (TN) is the critical temperature above which an ● non-metals antiferromagnetic substance becomes paramagnetic. The phenomenon was

● nuclear magnetic discovered around 1930 by L.E.F. Néel (1904- ). resonance

● nuclear reactor neoprene

● nucleic acids Neoprene is a synthetic ruber made by polimerizing the compound 2- chlorobuta-1,2-diene. Neoprene is often used in place of natural rubber in ● nucleon applications requiring resistance to chemical attack. ● nuclide

Nessler's reagent

Nessler's reagent is a solution of mercury(II) iodide (HgI2) in potassium iodide and potassium hydroxide named after Julius Nessler (1827-1905). It is

used in testing for ammonia, with which it forms a brown coloration or precipitate.

neutralization My Software Neutralization is the process in which an acid reacts with a base to form a salt and water.

+ - H + OH H2O

neutrino Neutrino is a stable elementary particle in the lepton family. Neutrinos have zero (or at least near-zero) rest mass and spin 1/2.

neutron Neutron is an elementary particle on spin 1/2 and zero charge. The free neutron has a mean lifetime of 887 seconds. Neutrons and protons, which are collectively called nucleons, are the constituents of the nucleus.

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neutron number Neutron number (N) is a characteristic property of a specific isotope of an element, equal to the number of neutrons in the nucleus.

newton Newton (N) is the SI unit of force, being the force required to give a mass of one kilogram an acceleration of 1 m s-2 (N = kg m s-2). It is named after British scientist Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727).

NMR See Nuclear magnetic resonance

noble gas Noble gas refers to any element of the group of six elements in group 18 of the periodic table. They are helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr) , xenon (Xe), and radon (Rn). Unlike most elements, the noble gases are monoatomic. The atoms have stable configurations of electrons. Therefore, under normal conditions they do not form compounds with other elements.

They were generally called inert gases until about 1962 when xenon tetrafluoride, XeF4, was produced in the laboratory. This was the first report of a stable compound of a noble gas with another single element.

non-metals Non-metals are defined as elements that are not metals.

Their physical properties generally include:

- They are poor conductors.

- They are brittle, not ductile in their solid state.

- They show no metallic luster.

- They may be transparent or translucent.

- They have low density.

- They form molecules which consists of atoms covalently bonded; the noble gases are monoatomic.

Their chemical properties are generally:

- They usually have four to eight valence electrons.

- They have high electron affinities (except the noble gases)

- They are good oxidizing agents (except the noble gases)

- They have hydroxides which are acidic (except the noble gases)

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- They are electronegative.

nuclear magnetic resonance Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a type of radio-frequency spectroscopy based on the magnetic field generated by the spinning of electrically charged atomic nuclei. This nuclear magnetic field is caused to interact with a very large (1 T - 5 T) magnetic field of the instrument magnet. NMR techniques have been applied to studies of electron densities and chemical bonding and has become a fundamental research tool for structure determinations in organic chemistry.

nuclear reactor Nuclear reactor is an assembly of fissionable material (uranium-235 or plutonium-239) designed to produce a sustained and controllable chain reaction for the generation of electric power. The essential components of a nuclear reactor are:

1. The core, metal rods containing enough fissionable material to maintain a chain reaction at the necessary power level (as much as 50 t of uranium may be required).

2. A source of neutrons to initiate the reaction (such as a mixture of polonium and beryllium)

3. A moderator to reduce the energy of fast neutrons for more efficient fission (material such as graphite, beryllium, heavy water, and light water are used)

4. A coolant to remove the fission-generated heat (water, sodium, helium, and nitrogen may be used)

5. A control system such as rods of boron or cadmium that have high capture cross sections (to absorbs neutrons)

6. Adequate shielding, remote-control equipment, and appropriate instrumentation are essential for personnel safety and efficient operation.

nucleic acids Nucleic acids are macromolecules (relative molecular mass over 5 000 000), the major organic matter of the nuclei of biological cells, made up of nucleotide units, and hydrolyzable into certain pyrimidine or purine bases (usually adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil), D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D- ribose.

nucleon Nucleon is a collective term for the proton and neutron.

nuclide Nuclide is a species of atoms in which each atom has identical atomic number Z and identical mass number A.

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KTF-SPLIT EniG. Glossary of chemical terms O

● oersted

● ohm

● olefins

● oligomer oersted ● Onsager relations Oersted (Oe) is a non-SI unit of magnetic field (H), equal to 79.57747157 A/ ● orbital m. The unit is named after the H.C. Oersted (1777-1851).

● osmosis ohm ● osmotic pressure

● Ostwald's dilution Ohm (W) is the SI derived unit of electric resistance. The ohm is the electric law resistance between two points of a conductor when a constant difference of potential of one volt, applied between these two points, produces in this ● overpotential conductor a current of one ampere, this conductor not being the source of ● oxidation electromotive force (W = V/A). The unit is named after the German physicist Georg Simon Ohm (1789-1854). ● oximes

● oxo compounds olefins ● ozone Olefins are acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons having one or more carbon- carbon double bonds, apart from the formal ones in aromatic compounds. The class olefins subsumes alkenes and cycloalkenes and the corresponding polyenes.

oligomer Oligomer is a substance consisting of molecules of intermediate relative molecular mass (molecular weight), the structure of which essentially My Software comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. In contrast to a polymer, the properties of an oligomer can vary significantly with the removal of one or a few of its units.

Onsager relations Onsager relations are an important set of equations in the thermodynamics of irreversible processes. They express the symmetry between the transport coefficients describing reciprocal processes in systems with a linear dependence of flux (Ji) on driving forces (Xj).

In Onsager's theory the coupling coefficients are equal, Lij = Lji. This are known as reciprocal relations. The theory was developed by the Norwegian chemist Lars Onsager (1903-1976) in 1931.

orbital

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Orbital is the area in space about an atom or molecule in which the probability of finding an electron is greatest.

The possible atomic orbitals correspond to subshells of the atom. Thus there is one s-orbital for each shell (orbital quantum number l = 0). There are three p-orbitals (corresponding to the three values of l) and five d-orbitals. The shapes of orbitals depend on the value of l.

osmosis Osmosis is the flow of a solvent in a system in which two solutions of different concentration are separated by a semipermeable membrane which cannot pass solute molecules. The solvent will flow from the side of lower concentration to that of higher concentration, thus tending to equalize the concentrations. The pressure that must be applied to the more concentrated side to stop the flow is called the osmotic pressure.

osmotic pressure Osmotic pressure (P) is the excess pressure necessary to maintain osmotic equilibrium between a solution and the pure solvent separated by a membrane permeable only to the solvent. In an ideal dilute solution

P = cB RT

where cB is the amount-of-substance concentration of the solute, R is the molar gas constant, and T the temperature.

Ostwald's dilution law Ostwald's dilution law is a relation for the concentration dependence of the molar conductivity L of an electrolyte solution, viz.

where c is the solute concentration, Kc is the equilibrium constant for

dissociation of the solute, and L0 is the conductivity at cL = 0. The law was first put forward by the German chemist Wilhelm Ostwald (1853-1932).

overpotential Overpotential (h) is a potential that must be applied in an electrolytic cell in addition to the theoretical potential required to liberate a given substance at an electrode. The value depends on the electrode material and on the current density.

oxidation The term oxidation originally meant a reaction in which oxygen combines chemically with another substance. More generally, oxidation is a part of a chemical reaction in which a reactant loses electrons (increase oxidation number). Simultaneous reduction of a different reactant must occur (redox reaction).

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oximes

Oximes are organic compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.

oxo compounds Oxo compounds are organic compounds that contain the karbonyl group, C=O. The term thus embraces aldehydes, carboxylic acids, ketones, amides, and esters.

ozone Ozone is an alotropic form of oxygen. It is unstable blue gas with pungent odor. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. The gas is made by passing oxygen through a silent electric discharge.

3O2(g) 2O3(g)

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KTF-SPLIT EniG. Glossary of chemical terms P

● paraffins

● paramagnetism

● pascal

● Paschen series paraffins ● Pauli exclusion Paraffins are obsolescent term for alkanes. Still widely used in the principle petrochemical industry. ● Peltier effect

● peptides paramagnetism

● periodic table Paramagnetism is a type of magnetism characterized by a positive magnetic susceptibility, so that the material becomes weakly magnetized in the ● periods direction of an external field. The magnetization disappears when the field in ● peroxides removed. ● petroleum ether

● pH pascal ● phase Paramagnetism is a type of magnetism characterized by a positive magnetic ● phase diagram susceptibility, so that the material becomes weakly magnetized in the direction of an external field. The magnetization disappears when the field in ● phenols removed. ● photoelectric effect

● photon Paschen series ● pK Paschen series are the series of lines in the spectrum of the hydrogen atom ● Planck constant which corresponds to transitions between the state with principal quantum

● plasma number n = 3 and successive higher states.

● polymer Pauli exclusion principle ● polypeptides Pauli exclusion principle is the statement that two electrons in an atom ● polysaccharides cannot have identical all four quantum numbers. It was first formulated in ● positron 1925 by Austrian-born Swiss physicst Wolfgang Ernst Pauli (1900-1958). ● pressure

● proton Peltier effect ● qualitative analysis Peltier effect is the absorption or generation of heat (depending on the ● quantitative analysis current direction) which occurs when an electric current is passed through a junction between two materials. ● quantum

● quasicrystal peptides

Peptides are amides derived from two or more amino acids (the same or different) linked by peptide bonds. These bonds are formed by the reaction between adjancent carboxyl (-COOH) i amino (-NH2) groups with the elimination of water.

periodic table

My Software

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Periodic table is a table of the elements, written in sequence in the order of atomic number or atomic weight and arranged in horizontal rows (periods) and vertical columns (groups) to illustrate the occurrence of similarities in the properties of the elements as a periodic function of the sequence. The original form was proposed by Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) in 1869 using relative atomic masses.

periods Periods are horizontal rows in the periodic table. Each period beginning with an alkali metal (one electron in the outermost principal quantum level) and ending with an noble gas (each having eight electrons in the outermost principal quantum level, except for helium, which is limited to two).

peroxides Peroxides are compounds of structure ROOR in which R may be any organic -2 group. In inorganic chemistry, salts of the anion O2 . They are strong oxidizing agents.

petroleum ether

Petroleum ether is the petroleum fraction consisting of C5 and C6 hydrocarbons and boiling in the range 35 °C to 60 °C; commonly used as a laboratory solvent.

pH pH is a convenient measure of the acid-base character of a solution, usually defined by

pH = -logc(H+)

where c(H+) is the concentration of hydrogen ions in moles per liter. The more precise definition is in terms af activity rather than concentration.

A solution of pH 0 to 7 is acid, pH of 7 is neutral, pH over 7 to 14 is alkaline.

phase Phase is a portion of a physical system (solid, liquid, gas) that is homogeneous throughout, has definable boundaries, and can be separated physically from other phases.

phase diagram Phase diagram is a graphical representation of the equilibrium relationships between phases (such as vapor-liquid, liquid-solid) of a chemical compound, mixture of compounds, or solution.

phenols Phenols are compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to benzene or other arene ring.

photoelectric effect

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Photoelectric effect is the complete absorption of a photon by a solid with the emission of an electron. The energy of a photon (hn) is

photon Photon is an elementary particle of zero mass and spin 1/2. The photon is involved in electromagnetic interactions and is the quantum of electromagnetic radiation. The photon may also be regarded as a unit of energy equal to

E = h•n

where h is Planck constant and ν is the frequency of the radiation.

pK pK is the negative logarithm (base 10) of an equilibrium constant K.

Planck constant Planck constant (h) is a constant that when multipled by the frequency of radiation gives the quantity of energy contained in one quantum.

E = hn

Equal to 6.6260755(40)•10-34 J s. It is named after Max Planck (1858-1947).

plasma Plasma is a highly ionized gas in which the charge of the electrons is balanced by the charge of the positive ions, so that the system as a whole is electrically neutral. Temperatures of 10 000 °C to 15 000 °C can be reached.

polymer Polymer is a substance composed of molecules of high relative molecular mass (molecular weight), the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass (monomers). In most cases the number of monomers is quite large and often is not precisely known. A single molecule of a polymer is called a macromolecule.

polypeptides Polypeptides are peptides containing ten or more amino acid residues. The properties of a polypeptide are determined by the type and sequence of its constituent amino acids.

polysaccharides Polysaccharides are compounds consisting of a large number of monosaccharides linked together by glycosidic bonds. Some important examples are starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

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positron Positron is the antiparticle of the electron. It has the same mass and spin as an electron, and an equal but opposite charge.

pressure Pressure (p) is the force acting normally on unit area of a surface. It is measured in pascals in Si units (Pa)

p = F/A

proton Proton is a stable elementary particle of unit positive charge and spin 1/2. Protons and neutrons, which are collectively called nucleons, are the constituents of the nucleus.

qualitative analysis Qualitative analysis involves determining the nature of a pure unknown compound or the compounds present in a mixture.

quantitative analysis Quantitative analysis is the determination of the amount of substances present in a sample.

quantum Quantum is the smallest quantity of energy that can be emitted (or absorbed) in the form of electromagnetic radiation. Energy of a quantum (E) is equal to

E = h•n

where h is Planck constant and n is the frequency of the radiation.

quasicrystal Quasicrystal is a solid having conventional crystalline properties but whose lattice does not display translational periodicity.

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KTF-SPLIT EniG. Glossary of chemical terms S

● s.t.p.

● salinity

● salt

● salt bridge s.t.p. ● saturated solution Standard temperature (273.15 K) and pressure (101 325 Pa) is the standard ● Schiff base conditions used as a basis for calculations involving quantities that vary with temperature and pressure. These conditions are used when comparing the ● Schrödinger properties of gases. equation

● second salinity ● selenides Salinity (S) is a parameter used in oceanography to describe the ● semiconductor concentration of dissolved salts in seawater. The salinity of normal seawater ● semimetal is 35 parts salt per 1000 parts water.

● SI units salt ● siemens

● sievert Salt is an ionic compound formed by the reaction of an acid and a base. The reaction of sodium hidroxide to hydrochloric acid give sodium chloride ● significant figures

● silanes NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O ● silicones

● siloxanes salt bridge ● smog Salt bridge is a permeable material soaked in a salt solution that allows ions ● sol to be transferred from one container to another. The salt solution remains ● solubility unchanged during this transfer. ● solubility product constant saturated solution ● specific gravity Saturated solution is a solution that holds the maximum possible amount of ● specific heat dissolved material. When saturated, the rate of dissolving solid and that of recrystallisation solid are the same, and a condition of equilibrium is reached. ● specific quantity The amount of material in solution varies with the temperature; cold solutions ● standard electrode can hold less dissolved solid material than hot solutions. Gases are more potential soluble in cold liquids than in hot liquids. ● standard hydrogen electrode Schiff base ● standard mean Schiff base is a class of compounds derived by chemical reaction ocean water (condesation) of aldehydes or ketones with aromatic amines, for example

● standards RNH + R'CHO RN:CHR' + H O ● stoichiometric 2 2 number

● stoichiometry They are named after the German chemist Hugo Schiff (1834-1915).

● stratosphere Schrödinger equation ● superconductor

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● superfluid Schrödinger equation is the basic equation of wave mechanics which, for systems not dependent on time, takes the form:

where Y is the wavefunction, V is the potential energy expressed as a

function of the spatial coordinates, E its total energy, 2 is the Laplacian My Software operator, h is Planck's constant, and m is the mass.

second Second (s) is the SI base unit of time.

The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels (F = 4, mF =

0 to F = 3, mF = 0) of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom.

selenides Selenides are compounds having the structure RSeR (R not equal to H). They are thus selenium analogues of ethers. Also used for metal salts of H2Se.

semiconductor Semiconductor is a material in which the highest occupied energy band (valence band) is completely filled with electrons at T = 0 K, and the energy gap to the next highest band (conduction band) ranges from 0 to 4 or 5 eV. With increasing temperature electrons are excited into the conduction band, leading to an increase in the electrical conductivity.

semimetal See Metalloid

SI units See International System of Units

siemens Siemens (S) is the SI derived unit of of electrical conductance of a conductor in which a current of one ampere is produced by an electrical potential difference of one volt (S = A•V-1 = Ω-1). The unit is named after the German scientist Ernst Werner von Siemens (1816-1892).

sievert Sievert (Sv) is the SI derived unit of dose equivalent when the absorbed dose of ionizing radiation multiplied by the stipulated dimensionless factors is 1 J/kg. It is named after the Swedish physicst Rolf Sievert (1896-1966).

significant figures

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Measurements are not infinitely accurate: we must estimate measurement uncertainty. The number of significant figures is all of the certain digits plus the first uncertain digit.

Rules for significant figures:

1. Disregard all initial zeros.

2. Disregard all final zeros unless they follow a decimal point.

3. All remaining digits including zeros between nonzero digits are significant.

0.0023 have two significant figures 0.109 have three significant figures 2.00 have three significant figures 70 have one significant figure

In adition and subtraction, the number of significant figures in the answer depends on the original number in the calculation that has the fewest digits to the right of the decimal point.

In multiplication and division, the number of significant figures in a calculated result is determined by the original measurement that has the fewest number of significant digits.

In a logarithm of a number, keep as many digits to the right of the decimal point as there are significant figures in the original number.

In an antilogarithm of a number, keep as many digits as there are digits to the right of the decimal point in the original number.

silanes Silanes are saturated silicon hydrides, analogues of the alkanes (compounds of the general formula Si H ). n 2n+2

silicones Silicones are polymeric or oligomeric siloxanes, usually considered unbranched, of general formula [-OSiR2-]n (R not equal to H).

siloxanes Siloxanes are saturated silicon-oxygen hydrides with unbranched or branched chains of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms (-Si-O-Si-).

smog Smog is a mixture of smoke and fog. The term is used to describe city fogs in which there is a large proportion of particulate matter (tiny pieces of carbon from exhausts) and also a high concentration of sulphur and nitrogen gases.

sol

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Sols are dispersions of small solid particles in a liquid. The particles may be macromolecules or may be clusters of small molecules. Lyophobic sols are those in which there is no affinity between the dispersed phase and the liquid (e.g. silver chloride dispersed in water). Lyophobic sols are inherently unstable, in time the particles aggregate, and form a precipitate. Lyiophilic sols, on the other hand, are more like true solutions in which the solute molecules are large and have an affinity for the solvent (e.g. starch in water). Association colloids are systems in which the dispersed phase consists of clusters of molecules that have lyophobic and lyophilic parts (e.g. soap in water).

solubility Solubility is the maximum amount of solute that dissolves in a given quantity of solvent at a specific temperature. Generally, for a solid in a liquid, solubility increases with temperature; for a gas, solubility decreases. Common measures of solubility include the mass of solute per unit mass of solution (mass fraction), mole fraction of solute, molality, molarity, and others.

solubility product constant

Solubility product constant (Ksp) (or the solubility product) is the product of the molar concentrations of the constituent ions, each raised to the power of its stoichiometric coefficient in the equilibrium equation. For instance, if a compound AaBb is in equilibrium with its solution

+ AaBb(s) aA + bB

the solubility product is given by

+ a - b Ksp(AaBb) = [A ] •[B ]

specific gravity Specific gravity is ratio of the density of a material to that density of a water. Since one must specify the temperature of both the sample and the water to have a precisely defined quantity, the use of this term is now discouraged.

specific heat Specific heat is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius.

specific quantity Specific quantity is often convenient to express an extensive quantity (e.g., volume, enthalpy, heat capacity, etc.) as the actual value divided by mass. The resulting quantity is called specific volume, specific enthalpy, etc.

standard electrode potential

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Standard electrode potential (E°) (standard reduction potentialis) are defined by measuring the potential relative to a standard hydrogen electrode using 1 mol solution at 25 °C. The convention is to designate the cell so that the oxidized form is written first. For example,

+ 2+ Pt(s)|H2(g)H (aq)|Zn (aq)|Zn(s)

The e.m.f. of this cell is -0.76 V and the standard electrode potential of the Zn2+|Zn half cell is -0.76 V.

standard hydrogen electrode Standard hydrogen electrode is a system in which hydrogen ion and gaseous hydrogen are present in their standard states. The convention is to designate the cell so that the standard hydrogen electrode is written first.

+ - H2(g) 2H (aq) + 2e

The electrode is used as a reference (of zero) for the values of other standard electrode potentials.

standard mean ocean water Standard mean ocean water (SMOW) is a standard sample of pure water of accurately known isotopic composition which is maintained by the International Atomic Energy Agency. It is used for precise calibration of density and isotopic composition measurements.

standards Standards are materials containing a known concentration of an analyte. They provide a reference to determine unknown concentrations or to calibrate analytical instruments.

The accuracy of an analytical measurement is how close a result comes to the true value. Determining the accuracy of a measurement usually requires calibration of the analytical method with a known standard. This is often done with standards of several concentrations to make a calibration or working curve.

A primary standard is a reagent that is extremely pure, stable, has no waters of hydration, and has a high molecular weight.

A secondary standard is a standard that is prepared in the laboratory for a specific analysis. It is usually standardized against a primary standard.

stoichiometric number Stoichiometric number (n) is the number appearing before the symbol for each compound in the equation for a chemical reaction. By convention, it is negative for reactants and positive for products.

stoichiometry

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Stoichiometry is the relative proportions in which elements from compounds or in which substances react. Every chemical reaction has its characteristic proportions. For example, when methane unites with oxygen in complete combustion, 1 mol of methane requires 2 mol of oxygen.

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

At the same time, 1 mol of carbon dioxide and 2 mol of water are formed as reaction productions.

Alternatively, 16 g of methane and 64 g of oxygen produce 44 g of carbon dioxide and 36 g of water.

stratosphere Stratosphere is the part of the earth's atmosphere extending from the top of the troposphere (typically 10 km to 15 km above the surface) to about 50 km. It is characterized by an increase in temperature with increasing altitude.

superconductor Superconductor is a material that experiences a nearly total loss of electrical resistivity below a critical temperature Tc.

superfluid Superfluid is a fluid with near-zero viscosity and extremely high thermal conductivity. Liquid helium exhibits these properties below 2.186 K (the λ point).

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KTF-SPLIT EniG. Glossary of chemical terms T

● temperature

● tesla

● theoretical yield

● thermal conductivity temperature ● thermodynamic laws Temperature is measure to the average kinetic energy of its molecules. The ● thermodynamics SI unit in which thermodynamic temperature is expressed is the kelvin (K).

● thermosphere tesla ● three way safety bulb Tesla (T) is the SI derived unit of magnetic flux density. The tesla is magnetic 2 ● titration curve flux density of a magnetic flux of one weber per square metre (T = Wb/m ). The unit is named after the Croatian scientist Nikola Tesla (1857-1943), ● tonne equal to V s/m2. ● transition metals

● transmittance theoretical yield ● triple point Theoretical yield is the maximum quantity of a product that could be formed ● troposphere in a chemical reaction if all the limiting reactant reacted to form products (distinguished from actual yield).

thermal conductivity

Thermal conductivity (L) is rate of heat flow divided by area and by temperature gradient.

thermodynamic laws My Software Thermodynamic laws are the foundation of the science of thermodynamics:

First law: The internal energy of an isolated system is constant; if energy is supplied to the system in the form of heat dq and work dw, then the change in energy dU = dq + dw.

Second law: No process is possible in which the only result is the transfer of heat from a reservoir and its complete conversion to work.

Third law: The entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero as the thermodynamic temperature approaches zero.

thermodynamics Thermodynamics is the scientific study of the interconversion of heat and other forms of energy.

thermosphere

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Thermosphere is the layer of the earth's atmosphere extending from the top of the mesosphere (80 km - 90 km above the surface) to about 500 km. It is characterized by a rapid increase in temperature with increasing altitude up to about 200 km, followed by a leveling off in the 300 km - 500 km region.

three way safety bulb The three way safety bulb is used for pipeting. The attachment is placed over the mouth of the pipet. The air (A) valve is used to empty the bulb of air. The suction (S) valve is used to draw liquid into the pipet. The empty (E) valve is used to drain liquid out of a pipet.

titration curve Titration curve is a graphical representation of the amount of a species present (often hydrogen ion) vs. volume of solution added during a titration.

tonne Tonne (t) is an alternative name for megagram (1000 kg).

transition metals This group of metals is distinguished from other metals not by their physical properties, but by their electronic structure. Transition metals are elements characterized by a partially filled d subshell. The First Transition Series comprises scandium (Sc), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu). The Second and Third Transition Series include the lanthanides and actinides, respectively.

The transition metals are noted for their variability in oxidation state. Thus, manganese has two electrons in its outside shell and five electrons in the next shell down, and exhibits oxidation states of +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, and +7.

They are also characterized by the fact that well into the series, going from left to right, the properties of succeeding metals do not differ greatly from preceding ones.

transmittance Transmittance (t) is ratio of the radiant or luminous flux at a given wavelength that is transmitted to that of the incident radiation. Also called transmission factor.

triple point Triple point is the point in p,T space where the solid, liquid, and gas phases of a substance are in thermodynamic equilibrium.

troposphere Troposphere is the lowest part of the earth's atmosphere, extending to 110 km to 15 km above the surface. It is characterized by a decrease in temperature with increasing altitude. The exact height varies with latitude and season.

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KTF-SPLIT EniG. Glossary of chemical terms U

● unified atomic mass

unit

● unit cell

● unsaturated unified atomic mass unit hydrocarbons Unified atomic mass unit (u or mu) is a unit of mass used in atomic, ● unsaturated solution molecular, and nuclear science, defined as the mass of one atom of 12C

divided by 12. Its approximate value is

u = (1.660 565±0.000 008 6)•10-27 kg.

unit cell Unit cell is the smallest fragment of the structure of a solid that by repetition can generate the entire structure. My Software

unsaturated hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons are organic compounds containing double (alkenes) or triple (alkynes) bonds in its molecules.

unsaturated solution Unsaturated solution is a solution that contains less than the maximum possible equilibrium concentration of a solute.

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KTF-SPLIT EniG. Glossary of chemical terms V

● vacancy

● van der Waals' equation

● van der Waals' force vacancy ● van't Hoff equation Vacancy is a missing atom or ion in a crystal lattice. ● vapor pressure

● volt van der Waals' equation ● volume fraction Van der Waals' equation is an equation of state for fluids which takes the ● watt form:

● weak acid

● weber

● weight

● Wöhler's synthesis

where p is pressure, Vm is molar volume, T is temperature, R is the molar gas constant, and a and b are characteristic parameters of the substance which describe the effect of attractive and repulsive intermolecular forces.

van der Waals' force Van derWaals' force is the weak attractive force between two molecules which arises from electric dipole interactions. It can lead to the formation of My Software stable but weakly bound dimer molecules or clusters. They are named after the Dutch physicist Johannes van der Waals (1837-1923).

van't Hoff equation Van't Hoff equation is the equation expressing the temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant K of a chemical reaction:

∆ where rH° is the standard enthalpy of reaction, R the molar gas constant, and T the temperature.

vapor pressure Vapor pressure is the pressure of a gas in equilibrium with a liquid (or, in some usage, a solid) at a specified temperature.

volt

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Volt (V) is the SI derived unit of electric potential. One volt is the difference of potential between two points of an electical conductor when a current of 1 ampere flowing between those points dissipates a power of 1 watt. It is named after the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta (1745-1827).

volume fraction

Volume fraction (fj) is defined as

where Vj is the volume of the specified component and the Vi are the volumes of all the components of a mixture prior to mixing.

watt Watt (W) is the SI derived unit of power. One watt is a power of one joule per second (W = J/s). It is named after the Scottish engineer James Watt (1736- 1819).

weak acid Weak acid is an acid that incompletely dissociated in aqueous solution.

weber Weber (Wb) is the SI derived unit of magnetic flux. The weber is the magnetic flux which, linking a circuit of one turn, produces in it an electromotive force of one volt as it is reduced to zero at a uniform rate in one second (Wb = V•s). The unit is named after the German scientist W.E. Weber (1804-1891).

weight Weight is a measure of the pull of gravitational force on an object. It is directly proportional to mass.

Wöhler's synthesis Wöhler's synthesis is a synthesis of urea performed by German chemist Friedrich Wöhler (1800-1882) in 1828. He discovered that urea (CO(NH2)2)

was formed when a solution of ammonium isocyanate (NH4NCO) was evaporated. At the time it was believed that organic substances such as urea could be made only by living organisms, and its production form an inorganic compound was a notable discovery.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

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FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z

KTF-SPLIT EniG. Glossary of chemical terms X

● X-rays

X-rays

X-rays are electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than ultraviolet radiation (10-11 m to 10-9 m or 0.01 nm to 1 nm) produced by bombardment of atoms by high-quantum-energy particles. X-rays can pass through many forms of matter and they are therefore used medically and industrially to My Software examine internal structure.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/abc/x.html28/02/2006 14:39:27 Z - Glossary of chemical terms

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z

KTF-SPLIT EniG. Glossary of chemical terms Z

● Zeeman effect

● zeolite

● zeotrope

● zero-order reaction Zeeman effect ● zeta potential Zeeman effect is the splitting of the lines in a spectrum when the source of ● Ziegler process the spectrum is exposed to a magnetic field. It was discovered in 1896 by Pieter Zeeman (1865-1943). ● zwitterion

zeolite Zeolite is a natural or synthetic hydrated aluminosilicate with an open three- dimensional crystal structure, in which water molecules are held in cavites in the latice. The water can be driven off by heating and the zeolite can then absorb other molecules of suitable size. Zeolites are used for separating mixtures by selective absorption.

My Software zeotrope

Zeotrope is a liquid mixture that shows no maximum or minimum when vapor pressure is plotted against composition at constant temperature. See Azeotrope.

zero-order reaction Zero-order reaction is a reaction for which the rate of reaction is independent of the concentration of reactants.

zeta potential Zeta potential (z) is the electric potential at the surface of a colloidal particle relative to the potential in the bulk medium at a long distance. Also called electrokinetic potential.

Zeta potential (z) is the potential across the interface of all solids and liquids. Specifically, the potential across the diffuse layer of ions surrounding a charged colloidal particle, which is largely responsible for colloidal stability. Also called electrokinetic potential.

Ziegler process Ziegler process is an industrial process for the manufacture of high-density polyethene using catalysts of titanium(IV) chloride (TiCl4) and aluminium

alkyls (e.g. triethylaluminium, Al(C2H5)3). The process was introduced in 1953 by the German chemist Karl Ziegler (1898-1973). It allowed the manufacture of polythene at lower temperatures (about 60 °C) and pressures (about 1 atm) than used in the original process.

zwitterion

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/abc/z.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:39:29 Z - Glossary of chemical terms

Zwitterion is an ion that has a positive and negative charge on the same group of atoms. Zwitterions can be formed from compounds that contain both acid groups and basic groups in their molecules. It is also called ampholyte ion.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

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FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF NAMES

Glossary Alphabetical listing of symbols Appendix

PDF Table Awards ● Actinium Links ● Aluminium

● Americium

● Antimony

● Argon

● Arsenic My Software ● Astatine

● Barium EDITORS: ● Berkelium English ● Beryllium Aditya Vardhan Eni Generalic ● Bismuth

● Bohrium French ● Boron Michel Ditria ● Bromine Croatian ● Cadmium Eni Generalic ● Marija Bralic Caesium

Slobodan Brinic ● Calcium

German ● Californium

Marc Hens ● Carbon

● Cerium Italian editors wanted ● Chlorine

● Chromium

● Cobalt

● Copper

● Curium

● Darmstadtium

● Dubnium

● Dysprosium

● Einsteinium

● Erbium http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/abc/imena.html (1 de 4)28/02/2006 14:39:30 Alphabetical listing of names of the elements

● Europium

● Fermium

● Fluorine

● Francium

● Gadolinium

● Gallium

● Germanium

● Gold

● Hafnium

● Hassium

● Helium

● Holmium

● Hydrogen

● Indium

● Iodine

● Iridium

● Iron

● Krypton

● Lanthanum

● Lawrencium

● Lead

● Lithium

● Lutetium

● Magnesium

● Manganese

● Meitnerium

● Mendelevium

● Mercury

● Molybdenum

● Neodymium

● Neon

● Neptunium

● Nickel

● Niobium

● Nitrogen

● Nobelium

● Osmium

● Oxygen

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● Palladium

● Phosphorus

● Platinum

● Plutonium

● Polonium

● Potassium

● Praseodymium

● Promethium

● Protactinium

● Radium

● Radon

● Rhenium

● Rhodium

● Rubidium

● Ruthenium

● Rutherfordium

● Samarium

● Scandium

● Seaborgium

● Selenium

● Silicon

● Silver

● Sodium

● Strontium

● Sulfur

● Tantalum

● Technetium

● Tellurium

● Terbium

● Thallium

● Thorium

● Thulium

● Tin

● Titanium

● Tungsten

● Uranium

● Vanadium

● Xenon

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● Ytterbium

● Yttrium

● Zinc

● Zirconium

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

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FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF SYMBOLS

Glossary Alphabetical listing of names Appendix

PDF Table A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P R S T U V W X Y Z Awards Links A Ac Ag Al Am Ar As At Au

B B Ba Be Bh

My Software Bi Bk Br

EDITORS: C C Ca Cd Ce English Cf Cl Cm Co Aditya Vardhan Cr Cs Cu Eni Generalic

French

Michel Ditria D Db Ds Dy

Croatian

Eni Generalic Marija Bralic E Er Es Eu Slobodan Brinic

German

Marc Hens F F Fe Fm Fr

Italian editors wanted G Ga Gd Ge

H H He Hf Hg Ho Hs

I I In Ir

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K K Kr

L La Li Lr Lu

M Md Mg Mn Mo Mt

N N Na Nb Nd Ne Ni No Np

O O Os

P P Pa Pb Pd Pm Po Pr Pt Pu

R Ra Rb Re Rf Rh Rn Ru

S S Sb Sc Se Sg Si Sm Sn Sr

T Ta Tb Tc Te Th Ti Tl Tm

U U

V V

W W

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X Xe

Y Y Yb

Z Zn Zr

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

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PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

______

| |

|1 H He |

| |

|2 Li Be B C N O F Ne |

| |

|3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar |

| |

|4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr |

| |

|5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe |

| |

|6 Cs Ba * Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn |

| |

|7 Fr Ra ** Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds |

|______|

| |

| Lantanoidi* La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu |

| |

| Aktinoidi** Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr |

|______|

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/txt/index.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:39:32 Periodic Table of the Elements English - French - Croatian - German - Italian

Periodic table of the elements 1.7 contains general information of chemical elements and interactive JavaScript calculators that contain of practically any common and many advanced calculator functions. Glossary of chemical terms is added in order to help users to find relevant information more efficiently.

● If you have comments, correction or suggestions about this site, please send me an e-mail.

Glossary of chemical terms - Periodic Table of the Elements - Scientific calculator for chemists

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/txt/index.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:39:32 Printable Periodic Table

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

Glossary Appendix Black white version PDF Table Colour version

Awards

Links

Date: March 13, 2003

Black white version of the periodic table is prepared for prints in PostScript (PS) and Portable Document Format (PDF). The atomic weights of the elements are My Software rounded to 5 significant figures.

Download PDF: en-black.pdf (67.5 kB) EDITORS:

English Download PS: en-black.ps (276 kB)

Aditya Vardhan Eni Generalic

French Date: March 27, 2003

Michel Ditria Colour version of the periodic table is prepared for prints in PostScript (PS) and Croatian Portable Document Format (PDF). The

atomic weights of the elements are Eni Generalic rounded to 5 significant figures. Marija Bralic Slobodan Brinic Download PDF: German

Marc Hens ● en-color100.pdf - 100 °C (387 kB)

● en-color25.pdf - 25 °C (387 kB) Italian editors wanted Download PS:

● en-color100.ps - 100 °C (302 kB)

● en-color25.ps - 25 °C (302 kB)

Original PostScript (PS) files are converting in Portable Document Format (PDF) with GhostScript program. For read and print these files you need the GSview (PS and PDF) or the Adobe Acrobat Reader (PDF).

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Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS _verzija 1.x_

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FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Rad Deg EniG.

Glossary Appendix PDF Table Awards Links

My Software

EDITORS:

English Scientific calculator for chemists with notebook Aditya Vardhan Eni Generalic Scientific calculator for chemists with notebook is a fully functioning JavaScript calculator. French This calculator can be used as common scientific calculator (sin, cos, log, power, root, memory), but it also includes a molecular weight calculator and the tables with various Michel Ditria physical and chemical constants. The calculator contains a list with task history, storing all

Croatian the recent inputs and results. Scientific calculator displays the numbers rounded to a user- specified number of decimal places. Eni Generalic Marija Bralic

Slobodan Brinic Entering expression

German Type your expression directly onto the input line or copy and paste an

Marc Hens expression from another programs. When you finish entering your expression, pres ENTER or click [=] button. Italian editors wanted Rules for typing expression

● Spaces are irrelevant, for example 54 + 3*2 is equal 54+3*2

● If you press a function button without argument, the last result becomes a function argument

● If the first character in the expression is a math operator (+, *, /) then the last result is put in before the math operator

Angle measure

In trigonometric calculations, angles are interpreted as radians (default) or degrees, depending on mode setting (Deg or Rad mode). http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/calc4chem.html (1 de 3)28/02/2006 14:39:36 Scientific calculator for chemists with notebook

Number formats

Results can be rounded to a user-specified number of decimal places (max 15- digit). This calculator can round mantissa under scientific notation, also. For example, numbers rounded to a 4 digit like this: decimal number 3.5269, integer number 35269.0000 and scientific number 3.5269 e-31.

Arithmetic operators

To perform basic mathematical operations use the following arithmetic operators: addition (+), subtraction / minus sign (-), multiplication (*) and division (/)

Positive numbers

Enter a positive number by pressing the appropriate digit keys (or buttons) and, if necessary, the decimal point key [.]. Period and comas are equivalents as decimal separator in numbers (3,2 + 4.3 = 7.5).

Negative numbers

Negative numbers are obtained by simple putting the minus sign (-) before the number.

Scientific notation

Use standard calculator notation for scientific notation, for example 1e-5 is 0.00001; 1e+3 or 1e3 is 1000. Enter the mantissa as the positive or negative number, and then click [E] button or just type lower e and type exponent as the positive or negative number.

Parentheses

Operations with the same precedence are performed from left to right, with operations enclosed in parentheses performed first. If parentheses are nested, the operations enclosed in the innermost set of parentheses are performed first. All types of parentheses are correct, for example 25.3/(K3[Fe(CN)6]).

Chemical formulae

● The element symbols in chemical formula must be properly capitalized.

● For indicating hydration you must use a + sign (CuSO4+5*H2O).

● It is correct to type the leading number before formula without parentheses: 3*CO2 is equal 3*(CO2)

Physical constants

Clicking the Constants button expand of Scientific calculator for chemists you get access physical constants table. Click the button near constant that you

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/calc4chem.html (2 de 3)28/02/2006 14:39:36 Scientific calculator for chemists with notebook

want to insert into expression.

Examples:

2+5-3.25 = 10.25 +5 = 15.25 8+7+(42-16)*3 = 90 8+7+[(42-16)-7]*3 = 72 5*-7 = -35 7e-6/3e-9 = 2333.3333333333 H2SO4 = H*2+S+O*4 = 1.00794*2+32.066+15.9994*4 = 98.079

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS _verzija 1.x_

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EniG. Rad Deg

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/scicalc.html28/02/2006 14:39:37 Molecular weight calculations

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

EniG. Rad Deg

Glossary Appendix

PDF Table Awards Links

My Software

Molecular weight calculations EDITORS:

English

Aditya Vardhan Entering expression Eni Generalic Type your expression directly onto the input line or copy and paste an expression from French another programs. When you finish entering your expression, pres ENTER or click [=] Michel Ditria button.

Croatian Rules for typing expression Eni Generalic Marija Bralic ● Spaces are irrelevant, for example 54 + 3*2 is equal 54+3*2 Slobodan Brinic ● If you press a function button without argument, the last result becomes a function German argument

Marc Hens ● If the first character in the expression is a math operator (+, *, /) then the last result is put in before the math operator Italian editors wanted Angle measure

In trigonometric calculations, angles are interpreted as radians (default) or degrees, depending on mode setting (Deg or Rad mode).

Number formats

Results can be rounded to a user-specified number of decimal places (max 15-digit). This calculator can round mantissa under scientific notation, also. http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/calculator.html (1 de 4)28/02/2006 14:39:40 Molecular weight calculations

For example, numbers rounded to a 4 digit like this: decimal number 3.5269, integer number 35269.0000 and scientific number 3.5269 e-31.

Arithmetic operators

To perform basic mathematical operations use the following arithmetic operators: addition (+), subtraction / minus sign (-), multiplication (*) and division (/)

Positive numbers

Negative numbers

Negative numbers are obtained by simple putting the minus sign (-) before the number.

Scientific notation

Parentheses

Chemical formulae

● The element symbols in chemical formula must be properly capitalized.

● For indicating hydration you must use a + sign (CuSO4+5*H2O).

● It is correct to type the leading number before formula without parentheses: 3*CO2 is equal 3*(CO2)

Molecular weight calculations

Scientific calculator for chemists translates the chemical formula into mathematical text, and replaces the element symbols with their atomic weight.

The relative molecular weight of the substance will be defined as the sum of relative atomic weights of the elements, multiplied by the number of atoms in http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/calculator.html (2 de 4)28/02/2006 14:39:40 Molecular weight calculations

the formula of this substance.

Any atom in periodic system can be used in the chemical formula. The symbol of the atom is a capital letter if it consists of only one character, such as S for sulfur or N for nitrogen. If the symbol consists of two characters then only the first one is a capital letter, such as Si for silicon or Na for sodium.

For example, when manual calculating the relative molecular weight of lead- nitrate, you must type the correct chemical formula.

Pb(NO3)2

Make a list of each element and the number of atoms of each element present in the substance:

Pb * 1 N * 1 * 2 O * 3 * 2

Go to periodic table and determine the relative atomic weights of each element, and multiply by the number of atoms in the formula:

Pb 207.2 * 1 = 207.2 N 14.00674 * 2 = 28.01348 O 15.9994 * 6 = 95.9964

Sum of weights of the each elements give relative molecular weight of the lead-nitrate.

Pb(NO3)2 = 207.2 + 28.01348 + 95.9964 = 331.2

When program calculating the relative molecular weight of a copper(II)- sulfate pentahydrate, type

CuSO4+5*H2O

The next step is the convert of chemical formula into the mathematical expression

Cu+S+O*4+5*(H*2+O)

and the change of chemical symbols with the relative atomic weight for each element

63.546+32.066+15.9994*4+5*(1.00794*2+15.9994)

The last step is calculate this created mathematical expression and display the results

CuSO4+5*H2O = 249.686

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/calculator.html (3 de 4)28/02/2006 14:39:40 Molecular weight calculations

Examples:

2+5-3.25 = 10.25 8+7+(42-16)*3 = 90 8+7+[(42-16)-7]*3 = 72 5*-7 = -35 7e-6/3e-9 = 2333.3333333333 H2SO4 = H*2+S+O*4 = 1.00794*2+32.066+15.9994*4 = 98,079

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

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FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

CHEMISTRY LINKS

Glossary Alta Vista CROSS Excite Lycos Infoseek Yahoo! -o- -o- -o- -o- -o- Appendix PDF Table CARNet users' homepages -o- CARNet Whois -o- Bigfoot - People Search Awards

Links

Republic of Croatia Republic of Croatia

Ministry of Science and Technology My Software CARNet

University EDITORS:

English Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek

Aditya Vardhan University of Rijeka Eni Generalic University of Split

French University of Zagreb

Michel Ditria List of Chemistry Links Croatian Links for Chemists - University of Liverpool Eni Generalic Marija Bralic Sheffield ChemDex Slobodan Brinic ChemCenter - American Chemical Society German The World-Wide Web Virtual Library: Chemistry Marc Hens Martindale's: Chemistry Italian List of Chemistry Journals editors wanted List of University Chemistry Departments

Education resources Federal Resources for Educational Excellence - Science 30 Federal agencies formed a working group to make hundreds of federally supported education resources available at this web site. Science Hypermedia, Inc. On-line and CD-ROM educational hypermedia for general chemistry, analytical chemistry, instrumental analysis, optics, and electronics. Laboratory Encyclopedia

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The Laboratory Resources are a set of web pages that include text, images, video, and self check questions. The topics included are those that are commonly encountered in the first-year chemistry laboratory.

ChemEd: Chemistry Education Resources Courses and Topics, Chemical Images and Databases, Chemical Safety, Periodicals and Presentations, Software, Educational Organizations, History of Chemistry, Science Reference Desk, Material Sciences, Other Chemistry Links

Principles of Chemistry This site presents information and exercises on selected topics in introductory chemistry to the web-surfing chemistry students of the world.

Periodic Table of the Elements Periodni sustav elemenata - Croatian language

Periodická tabulka prvku - Czech language

Seilnachts Periodensystem der Elemente - German language

Tableau périodique des éléments - French language

Tavola periodica degli elementi - Italian language

Softciencias Tabela Periódica - Portuguese language

Periodic Table - WebElements - English language

Interesting links Translation tools from SYSTRAN Translate website or text via translation software or online translator. Solutions for corporate, small business and personal. Customized dictionary. Language: English, Chinese, Spanish, French, German, Japanese, Portuguese. Amethyst Galleries' Mineral Gallery The Mineral Gallery is a constantly growing database of mineral descriptions, images, and specimens, together with several ways of accessing these descriptions. The descriptions include searchable mineralogical data, plus other information of interest to students and rock hounds! Mineral Collectors Page This is the home-page of the Mineralogy Club of Antwerp, Belgium. We bring information relevant to mineral collectors, with lots of links to other mineralogy or earth science related sites. NIST Chemistry WebBook NIST site provides chemical and physical property data on over 30,000 compounds. Winners of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry A comprehensive list of Nobel Prize Laureates in Chemistry, at the Nobel Prize Internet Archive.

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

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FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

JOURNALS

Glossary Appendix

PDF Table ● Acta Chimica Slovenica Awards Abbreviation: Acta Chim. Slov. Links ISSN: 1318-0207 Publisher: Slovenian Chemical Society ● Acta Polymerica

Abbreviation: Acta Polym. ISSN: 0323-7648 Publisher: Wiley - VCH ● Additives for Polymers My Software Abbreviation: ISSN: 0306-3747 EDITORS: Publisher: Elsevier Advanced Technology - Elsevier Science ● Analytical Letters English Abbreviation: Anal. Lett. Aditya Vardhan ISSN: 0003-2719 Eni Generalic Publisher: Marcel Dekker Journals ● Analusis French Abbreviation: Analusis Michel Ditria ISSN: 0365-4877

Publisher: EDP Science and WILEY-VCH Croatian ● Analyst Eni Generalic Abbreviation: Analyst Marija Bralic ISSN: 0003-2654 Slobodan Brinic Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry German ● Analytica Chimica Acta

Marc Hens Abbreviation: Anal. Chim. Acta ISSN: 0003-2670 Italian Publisher: Elsevier Science

● Analytical Biochemistry editors wanted Abbreviation: Anal. Biochem. ISSN: 0003-2697 Publisher: Academic Press ● Analytical Chemistry Abbreviation: Anal. Chem. ISSN: 0003-2700 Publisher: American Chemical Society Publications ● Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education (Former title: Biochemical Education) a publication of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Abbreviation: ISSN: 1470-8175

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Publisher: Elsevier Science ● Biochemistry Abbreviation: Biochemistry-US ISSN: 0006-2960 Publisher: American Chemical Society Publications ● Cement and Concrete Research Abbreviation: Cement Concrete Res. ISSN: 0008-8846 Publisher: Pergamon - Elsevier Science ● Chemical Educator Abbreviation: ISSN: 1430-4171 Publisher: Springer ● Chemical Engineering and Processing Abbreviation: Chem. Eng. Process. ISSN: 0255-2701 Publisher: Elsevier Science ● Chemical Engineering & Technology Abbreviation: Chem. Eng. Technol. ISSN: 0930-7516 Publisher: Wiley-VCH ● Chemical Engineering Science Abbreviation: Chem. Eng. Sci. ISSN: 0009-2509 Publisher: Pergamon - Elsevier Science ● Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems - a journal sponsored by the Chemometrics Society Abbreviation: Chemometr. Intell. Lab. ISSN: 0169-7439 Publisher: Elsevier Science ● Chromatographia Abbreviation: Chromatographia ISSN: 0009-5893 Publisher: Elsevier Science ● Computers & Chemical Engineering Abbreviation: Comput. Chem. Eng. ISSN: 0098-1354 Publisher: Pergamon - Elsevier Science ● Computers & Chemistry Abbreviation: Comput. Chem. ISSN: 0097-8485 Publisher: Pergamon - Elsevier Science ● Corrosion Science - an official journal of the Institute of Corrosion Abbreviation: Corros. Sci. ISSN: 0010-938X Publisher: Pergamon - Elsevier Science ● Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry Abbreviation: Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. ISSN: 1040-8347 Publisher: CRC Press ● Croatica Chemica Acta Abbreviation: Croat. Chem. Acta http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/abc/journal.html (2 de 5)28/02/2006 14:39:44 Chemistry journals

ISSN: 0011-1643 Publisher: Croatian Chemical Society ● Electroanalysis Abbreviation: Electroanal. ISSN: 1040-0397 Publisher: Wiley-VCH ● Electrochimica Acta - a journal of the International Society of Electrochemistry Abbreviation: Electrochim. Acta ISSN: 0013-4686 Publisher: Pergamon - Elsevier Science ● Environmental Science & Technology Abbreviation: Environ. Sci. Technol. ISSN: 0013-936X Publisher: American Chemical Society Publications ● Flavour and Fragrance Journal Abbreviation: ISSN: 0882-5734 Publisher: Wiley-Interscience Publication ● Food Chemistry Abbreviation: Food Chem. ISSN: 0308-8146 Publisher: Elsevier Science ● Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry in cooperation with the FECS Division of Analytical Chemistry Abbreviation: Fresen. J. Anal. Chem. ISSN: 0937-0633 Publisher: Springer ● Journal of Applied Electrochemistry Abbreviation: J. Appl. Electrochem. ISSN: 0021-891X Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers ● Journal of Applied Polymer Science Abbreviation: J. Appl. Polym. Sci. ISSN: 0021-8995 Publisher: Wiley-Interscience Publication ● Journal of Chemical Education Abbreviation: J. Chem. Educ. ISSN: 0021-9584 Publisher: Division of Chemical Education, American Chemical Society ● Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology - a journal of the Society of Chemical Industry (SCI) Abbreviation: J. Chem. Technol. Biot. ISSN: 0268-2575 Publisher: Wiley-Interscience) ● Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics Abbreviation: J. Chem. Thermodyn. ISSN: 0021-9614 Publisher: Academic Press ● Journal of Chemometrics Abbreviation: J. Chemometr. ISSN: 0886-9383 Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

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● Journal of Computational Chemistry Abbreviation: J. Comput. Chem. ISSN: 0192-8651 Publisher: Wiley-Interscience Publication ● Journal for Corrosion Science and Engineering published in collaboration with the International Corrosion Council Abbreviation: ISSN: 1466-8858 Publisher: Corrosion and Protection Centre ● Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry Abbreviation: J. Electroanal. Chem. ISSN: 0022-0728 Publisher: Elsevier Science ● Journal of Materials Science Abbreviation: J. Mater. Sci. ISSN: 0022-2461 Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers ● Journal of Physical Chemistry A Abbreviation: J. Phys. Chem. A ISSN: 1089-5639 Publisher: American Chemical Society Publications ● Journal of Physical Chemistry B Abbreviation: J. Phys. Chem. B ISSN: 1089-5647 Publisher: American Chemical Society Publications ● Journal of Power Sources Abbreviation: J. Power Sources ISSN: 0378-7753 Publisher: Elsevier Science ● Materials Chemistry & Physics Abbreviation: Mater. Chem. Phys. ISSN: 0254-0584 Publisher: Elsevier Science ● Microchemical Journal - a journal of the Americal Microchemical Society Abbreviation: Microchem. J. ISSN: 0026-265X Publisher: Elsevier Science ● Mikrochimica Acta Abbreviation: Mikrochim. Acta ISSN: 0026-3672 Publisher: Springer ● Nature Abbreviation: Nature ISSN: 0028-0836 Publisher: Macmillan Publishers ● Polymer Degradation & Stability Abbreviation: Polym. Degrad. Stabil. ISSN: 0141-3910 Publisher: Elsevier Science ● Sensors & Actuators B: Chemical Abbreviation: Sensor Actuat. B-Chem. ISSN: 0925-4005 http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/abc/journal.html (4 de 5)28/02/2006 14:39:44 Chemistry journals

Publisher: Elsevier Science ● Surface Science Abbreviation: Surf. Sci. ISSN: 0039-6028 Publisher: North-Holland - Elsevier Science ● Talanta Abbreviation: Talanta ISSN: 0039-9140 Publisher: Elsevier Science ● Thermochimica Acta Abbreviation: Thermochim. Acta ISSN: 0040-6031 Publisher: Elsevier Science ● Water Research - a journal of the International Water Association (IWA) Abbreviation: Water Res. ISSN: 0043-1354 Publisher: Pergamon - Elsevier Science

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

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FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Eni Generalic

Glossary Statistics

Appendix Awards PDF Table

Awards STATISTICS FOR PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS Links Statistics for Periodic table of the elements from September 1, 1998 to December 31, 2005

1998. 988 1999. 10 344 2000. 11 301 My Software 2001. 35 583 2002. 125 617 EDITORS: 2003. 178 242

English 2004. 261 073

Aditya Vardhan 2005. Eni Generalic 376 852

French AWARDS Michel Ditria

Croatian

Eni Generalic From November 25, 2003 Glossary of chemical terms is financed by Marija Bralic Croatian Ministry for Science and Technology. Slobodan Brinic

German

Marc Hens Croatian Journal Kemija u industriji (Vol. 52, No 7-8, July-August 2003) Italian described Periodic Table of the Elements as an excelent Croatian site. editors wanted ("Rijec je o stranicama koje na interaktivni nacin prikazuju periodni sustav elemenata, ali pruzaju i neke druge zanimljive sadrzaje koji su prije svega edukativni,...")

Croatian magazine Enter (Issue 5, February 2003) was chosen the Periodic Table of the Elements as the best periodic table on the Croatian Web. ("Izvrsna stranica na koju cete se, dok ucite kemiju, cesto vracati.")

German magazine c't (Issue 13, June 2002) was chosen in Software Collection a programs EniG. Chemistry Assistant (Software-Kollektion: Wissenschaft un Technik) and EniG. Periodic Table of the Elements (Software-Kollektion für Edutainment und Wisswnsvermittlung).

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Eongenius(tm) Enterprise (April 2002, Delhi, India) has collected the best java scripts collection (1100 Best Java Scripts) and put EniG. Scientific Calculator in the Best of the Best category (Top 100).

American journal The Surgical Technologist (Vol. 34, No 4, April 2002.) was given a center page for the colour version of the Periodic table of the elements .

From November 5, 2001 to November 5, 2002 Periodic Table of the Elements is financed by Croatian Ministry for Science and Technology.

Spanish magazine Computer Hoy (Extra Issue, Summer 2001) was given a full page for the program EniG. Periodic Table of the Elements ("Si eres estudiante o profesional de cualquier actividad cientifica, seguramente utilizas a menudo la Tabla Periódica de Elementos. Esta aplicación te permitrá consultarla en tu ordenador, y realizar cálculos con toda exactitud y en seis idiomas, includio el espa?ol.")

Softonic was given a marks Excelente! for the program EniG. Periodic Table of the Elements ("Sabes cuál es el quinto elemento? No! no el de la película de Bruce Willis (Milla Jovovich), es el Bor. Periodic Table of Elements presenta los datos básicos acerca de todos los elementos en ...")

Nonags ("... a large collection of 32-bit Windows software that has no disabled features, nags, time limits, or any other tricks.") was given a top marks for the programs EniG. Periodic Table of the Elements and EniG. Chemistry Assistant.

Lockergnome (October 10, 2000) was chosen the EniG. Periodic Table of the Elements for the GnomePROGRAM. ("... When I ran this rendition for the first time, I was pleasantly surprised by its configurability (quickly change colors, language, etc.). Crank up the temperature to see exactly when these two-letter characters change from solid to liquid to gas. It even has a mole calculator (for scientific groundhogs).")

ZDNet was given a five stars for program EniG. Periodic Table of the Elements. ("... is an exceptionally attractive periodic table with the added feature of a temperature scale that lets you view the change of state of the elements as the temperature rises.")

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German magazine HomeP@ge (Issue 7, July 2000) was chosen a Scientific Calculator as an example for programming in JavaScript. ("Fur kuhle Rechner: Der Scientific Calculator bietet mehr Funktionen als gewohnliche Taschenrechner.").

ZDNet was given a four stars for program EniG. Chemistry Assistant. ("... is a handy free calculator for rapid computation of molecular mass of chemical compounds.")

The III. Gymnasium school paper Trema (Issue 9, May 2000) was chosen the best Croatian WWW site in some categories, and placed Periodic Table of the Elements in category Education. ("Ne volite uciti kemiju, a volite surfati po Internetu? Pokusajte utipkati ovu adresu ...").

PC Chip magazine (Issue 56, January 2000) was ranked of the 100 best Croatian WWW site in twenty categories. Periodic Table of the Elements was won the second place in category Education. ("Imate problema sa kemijom ili vam se zagubio periodni sustav elemenata, ovaj site nudi cijeli niz materijala zbog kojih ce vam se kemija uciniti jednostavna. Magicna rijec je interaktivnost!").

BUG magazine (Issue 83, October 1999) was ranked program EniG. Chemistry Assistant as "absolutely install". ("... onima kojima kemija spada u opis radnog mjesta ili je jedna od ocjena na fakultetu ili u skoli, ovaj program dolazi kao spas.")

On the 1st CARNet Users Conference (September 1999) the Jury officially was given Special Mentions for site Periodic Table of the Elements ("This web site presents the content on a very high level of quality with interactive elements. It is applicable for a wide range of users.") Apart from the official contest, all visitors of the official Conference web site had the opportunity to vote for the best web site in the contest and a special award - "Users' Choice" was given for Periodic Table of the Elements.

BUG magazine (Issue 78, May 1999) was ranked program EniG. Periodic Table of the Elements as "absolutely install". ("... naucio sam koliko je ta Mendeljejeva tablica korisna. Dakako, ova elektronicka verzija jos je korisnija jer posjeduje neke vrlo zanimljive mogucnosti.")

BUG magazine (Issue 77, April 1999) was ranked program EniG. Change Code Page as "don't miss it". ("... program svoj posao radi odlicno, i zahvaljujuci mogucnosti konvertiranja vise datoteka unutar jednog ili vise direktorija zajedno, vrlo je velike prakticne upotrebe.")

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Internet Monitor magazine (December 1, 1998) was chosen the Periodic Table of the Elements for Croatian link of the week. ("... vrlo korisne stranice za dake, studente i rjesavatelje krizaljki. Na jednoj stranici nalaze se uredno poslozeni svi prirodni elementi, a s svakog elementa vodi link na njegov detaljan opis. Pri ruci vam je i kompletan pojmovnik kemijskih termina.")

The NeT magazine (November 1998) was put the Periodic Table of the

Elements in TOP 10! of the month.

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

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FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Project for Information Technologies (IT) Application

PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

Glossary

Appendix PDF Table Project Data Awards Project Name Links

Periodic Table of the Elements URL: http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/

Financing

My Software Ministry of Science and Technology Strossmayerov trg 4, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia URL: http://www.mzt.hr/ EDITORS:

English Institution

Aditya Vardhan Faculty of Chemical Technology Eni Generalic University of Split

Teslina 10/V, 21000 Split, Croatia French URL: http://www.ktf-split.hr/en/ Michel Ditria

Croatian Project Leader

Eni Generalic Eni Generalic Marija Bralic URL: http://www.ktf-split.hr/~eni/ Slobodan Brinic E-mail: [email protected] German

Marc Hens Collaborators

Italian Dr. sc. Marija Bralic editors wanted Drago Radic Mr. sc. Aditya Vardhan Vutturi Mr. sc. Michel Ditria

Duration

Start at September 1, 1998 Financed by Croatian Ministry for Science and Technology from November 5, 2001 to November 5, 2002

Project Goals:

One of project goals is to incorporate periodic table of elements as the most compact survey of information about chemical elements, with web http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/abc/projekt.html (1 de 2)28/02/2006 14:39:48 Project IT: Periodic Table of the Elements

technology. Adding glossary of chemical terms and interactive educational materials enables fast and simple gathering of information and knowledge. This useful database shall be translated on main world languages.

Periodic table of the elements contains a lot of useful chemistry materials arranged in several sections. The most important are:

● Periodic table,

● Glossary of chemical terms,

● Software for chemist.

Periodic table of elements contains basic facts about elements in five languages. The periodic table of elements is also available in PostScript and PDF formats.

Glossary of chemical terms is added in order to help users to find relevant information more efficiently. It is organized in three parts:

● Dictionary of chemical terms,

● Detailed described articles,

● Tables with data and constants.

Software for chemists contains Visual Basic programs and interactive JavaScript calculators that contain many advanced calculator functions. Visual Basic programs were developed independently. The software is included in the Periodic table set because it proved useful for chemists (and not just for chemists!).

Despite the fact that a Periodic table contains comprehensive material the navigation is simple and intuitive thanks to a small JavaScript remote control.

Guiding idea for creation of Periodic table set is to help students of the Faculty of Chemical Technology and similar faculties. With its development and by adding glossary and software programs, the circle of potential users is widely enlarged. Possible users are pupils, students as well as scientists. Multi-language support makes this set interesting for translators.

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/abc/projekt.html (2 de 2)28/02/2006 14:39:48 Bibliography

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V X Z KTF-SPLIT EniG.

Bibliography

Glossary Appendix 1. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Ed. D. R. Lide, The Chemical Rubber Co., 1999. PDF Table 2. Alfa Aesar, Research Chemicals, Metals and Materials, A Johnson Matthey Awards Company, 1999.-2000. Links 3. I. Filipovic, S. Lipanovic: Opca i anorganska kemija, Skolska knjiga, Zagreb, 1982. 4. D. A. Skoog, D. M. West, F. J. Holler: Osnove analiticke kemije, Skolska knjiga, Zagreb, 1999. 5. A. I. Vogel: A Text-book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, Longman, London, 1975. 6. M. Herak, Lj. Kusec, M. Markovic, A. Petreski, K. Skoric, D. Galas: Osnove My Software fizikalne kemije, Skolska knjiga, Zagreb, 1979.

7. Hrvatska nomenklatura anorganske kemije, Skolska knjiga, Zagreb, 1996. EDITORS: 8. Z. Soljic: Racunanje u analitickoj kemiji, Udzbenici Sveucilista u Zagrebu, Zagreb, 1998. English 9. Lj. Kovacevic, I. Zugaj: Kemijski elementi, Media Sci, Zagreb, 1996. Aditya Vardhan Eni Generalic 10. I. P. Alimarin, N. N. Usakova: Spravocioe posobie po analiticeskoi himii, Izdateljstvo Moskovskogo universiteta, Moskva, 1977. French 11. Atomic Weights of the Elements 1999, Pure & Appl. Chem., Vol. 73, No. 4, 667- Michel Ditria 683 (2001) 12. Names and Symbols of Transfermium Elements, Pure & Appl. Chem., Vol. 69, No. Croatian 12, 2471-2473 (1997) Eni Generalic 13. Guide for the Use of the International System of Units, National Institute of Marija Bralic Standards and Technology Special Publication 811, B. N. Taylor, Washington, 1995 Slobodan Brinic

German

Marc Hens

Italian editors wanted

Sources of literature are given on the bibliographic page. If you have comments, corrections or suggestions about this site, please send me a e-mail.

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY IN SPLIT PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS version 1.7

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