Important Dates 2019–2020
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Ocean Data Standards
Manuals and Guides 54 Ocean Data Standards Volume 2 Recommendation to Adopt ISO 8601:2004 as the Standard for the Representation of Date and Time in Oceanographic Data Exchange UNESCO Manuals and Guides 54 Ocean Data Standards Volume 2 Recommendation to Adopt ISO 8601:2004 as the Standard for the Representation of Date and Time in Oceanographic Data Exchange UNESCO 2011 IOC Manuals and Guides, 54, Volume 2 Version 1 January 2011 For bibliographic purposes this document should be cited as follows: Paris. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO. 2011.Ocean Data Standards, Vol.2: Recommendation to adopt ISO 8601:2004 as the standard for the representation of dates and times in oceanographic data exchange.(IOC Manuals and Guides, 54, Vol. 2.) 17 pp. (English.)(IOC/2011/MG/54-2) © UNESCO 2011 Printed in France IOC Manuals and Guides No. 54 (2) Page (i) TABLE OF CONTENTS page 1. BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................... 1 2. DATE AND TIME FOR DATA EXCHANGE ......................................................................... 1 3. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8601:2004 .............................................................. 1 4. DATE AND TIME REPRESENTATION................................................................................ 2 4.1 Date ................................................................................................................................................. 2 4.2 Time ............................................................................................................................................... -
2020 Report of the 2019 Committee to Review the Academic Calendar
Report of the 2019 Committee to Review the Academic Calendar Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 5 The Committee ................................................................................................................................... 5 The work of the Committee ................................................................................................................ 5 History of the academic calendar at UChicago .................................................................................... 7 The 2019 landscape ............................................................................................................................ 8 Table 1: Comparison of doctoral student populations, AY97 and AY18........................................................... 9 Table 2. Comparison of faculty at the ranks of Assistant, Associate, and Professor, AY97 and AY18 ................ 9 Stakeholders and Findings........................................................................................................ 10 Excursus 1. Student mental health ................................................................................................... 13 Excursus 2: Leaves-of-absence ......................................................................................................... -
The History of School and Summer Vacation
Journal of Inquiry & Action in Education, 5(1), 2012 The History of School and Summer Vacation James Pedersen Seton Hall University For more than 100 years the public school system has been the foundation of our society. Millions of our nation’s citizens have moved through the primary, middle and secondary schools which, although they vary slightly from region to region, provided a shared experience and are a part of Americana. History tells us the reasons that school systems used only a 10 month calendar were due to agrarian needs, but in recent years this rationale does not seem as applicable. In light of global competition and America’s consistently poor international rankings, it would seem logical conclusion to extend the school year to increase instructional time. But the move to year-round schooling isn’t so easy, nor is it unanimously embraced by parents, community members, businesses or politicians. Background For more than 100 years the public school system has been the foundation of our society. Millions of our nation’s citizens have moved through the primary, middle and secondary schools which, although they vary slightly from region to region, provided a shared experience and are a part of Americana. History tells us the reasons that school systems used only a 10-month calendar were due to agrarian needs, but in recent years this rationale does not seem as applicable. In light of global competition and America’s consistently poor international rankings, it would seem a logical conclusion to extend the school year to increase instructional time. But the move to year-round schooling isn’t so easy, nor do parents, community members, businesses or politicians unanimously embrace it. -
International Standard Iso 8601-1:2019(E)
This preview is downloaded from www.sis.se. Buy the entire standard via https://www.sis.se/std-80010314 INTERNATIONAL ISO STANDARD 8601-1 First edition 2019-02 Date and time — Representations for information interchange — Part 1: Basic rules Date et heure — Représentations pour l'échange d'information — Partie 1: Règles de base Reference number ISO 8601-1:2019(E) © ISO 2019 This preview is downloaded from www.sis.se. Buy the entire standard via https://www.sis.se/std-80010314 ISO 8601-1:2019(E) COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT © ISO 2019 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address belowCP 401or ISO’s • Ch. member de Blandonnet body in 8 the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Phone: +41 22 749 01 11 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva Fax:Website: +41 22www.iso.org 749 09 47 PublishedEmail: [email protected] Switzerland ii © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved This preview is downloaded from www.sis.se. Buy the entire standard via https://www.sis.se/std-80010314 ISO 8601-1:2019(E) Contents Page Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v -
Calendar As a Criterion in the Study of Culture
Article Calendar as a Criterion in the Study of Culture Marija Šegan-Radonji´c 1,‡ and Stevo Šegan 2,‡ 1 Mathematical Institute of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts 2 Department of Mathematics, State University of Novi Pazar Abstract: The paper considers the calendar as a link between the cosmos and mankind, and it introduces it as an instrument in studying culture. It uses the concept of calendars/calendar systems as a criterion for recognition and formation of culture in general. Starting from an assumption that the calendar is a structurally organized system of events or holidays, it analyses the basic units of a calendar: day, month and year, and distinguishes a calendar holiday from a non-calendar holiday. It states that the calendars are a structural list of collective memory within a social group, where this memory is described in cyclical categories – calendar holidays. Furthermore, considering that the initial epoch of year counting may be different in different cultures, it discusses how cultural self-awareness is expressed through the epoch of the calendar era. Finally, it explores how and to what extent the formation, interaction, and reforms of calendars and their systems reflect the change in culture. The paper concludes that calendars and their systems should be used as a criterion in defining culture. Keywords: Calendar; Culture. 1. Introduction Culture, as a notion, can be considered in a narrower and a broader sense1, and some theoreticians have succeeded to identify as many as 164 definitions of this phenomenon [2]. Furthermore, modern science strives to comprehend and describe this phenomenon as generally as possible, and the new complex disciplines, such as the problem of culture typology (criterion) [3], have appeared and been developed. -
The Calendar: Its History, Structure And
!!i\LENDAR jS, HISTORY, STRUCTURE 1 III i; Q^^feiTAA^gvyuLj^^ v^ i Jb^ n n !> f llfelftr I ^'^\C)SL<^ THE CALENDAR BY THE SAME AUTHOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE GREGORIAN CALENDAR, WITH NOTES OF AN ADDRESS ON CALENDAR REFORM AND SOCIAL PRO- GRESS DELIVERED TO THE ABERDEEN ROTARY CLUB. 32 pp. Crown 8vo. zs.dd. GEORGE ROUTLEDGE & SONS, Ltd. A PLEA FOR AN ORDERLY ALMANAC. 62 pp. Crown 8vo. Cloth zs. 6d. Stiff boards is. 6d. BRECHIN : D. H. EDWARDS. LONDON : GEORGE ROUTLEDGE & SONS, Ltd. THE CALENDAR ITS HISTORY, STRUCTURE AND IMPROVEMENT BY ALEXANDER PHILIP, LL.B., F.R.S. Edin. CAMBRIDGE AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS I 9 2 I CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS C. F. Clay, Manager LONDON : FETTER LANE, E.C.4 fij n*'A NEW YORK : THE MACMILLAN CO. BOM HAY ) CALCUTTA I MACMILLAN AND CO., Ltd. MADRAS j TORONTO : THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ltd. TOKYO : MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA ALL RIGHTS RESERVED M u rO(Ku CE 73 f.HS PREFACE THE following essay is intended to serve as a text-book for those interested in current discussion concerning the Calendar. Its design is to exhibit a concise view of the origin and develop- ment of the Calendar now in use in Europe and America, to explain the principles and rules of its construction, to show the human purposes for which it is required and employed and to indicate how far it effectively serves these purposes, where it is deficient and how its deficiencies can be most simply and efficiently amended. After the reform of the Calendar initiated by Pope Gregory XIII there were published a number of exhaustive treatises on the subject—^voluminous tomes characterised by the prolix eru- dition of the seventeenth century. -
In Interdisciplinary Studies of Climate and History
PERSPECTIVE Theimportanceof“year zero” in interdisciplinary studies of climate and history PERSPECTIVE Ulf Büntgena,b,c,d,1,2 and Clive Oppenheimera,e,1,2 Edited by Jean Jouzel, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de L’Environ, Orme des Merisiers, France, and approved October 21, 2020 (received for review August 28, 2020) The mathematical aberration of the Gregorian chronology’s missing “year zero” retains enduring potential to sow confusion in studies of paleoclimatology and environmental ancient history. The possibility of dating error is especially high when pre-Common Era proxy evidence from tree rings, ice cores, radiocar- bon dates, and documentary sources is integrated. This calls for renewed vigilance, with systematic ref- erence to astronomical time (including year zero) or, at the very least, clarification of the dating scheme(s) employed in individual studies. paleoclimate | year zero | climate reconstructions | dating precision | geoscience The harmonization of astronomical and civil calendars have still not collectively agreed on a calendrical in the depths of human history likely emerged from convention, nor, more generally, is there standardi- the significance of the seasonal cycle for hunting and zation of epochs within and between communities and gathering, agriculture, and navigation. But difficulties disciplines. Ice core specialists and astronomers use arose from the noninteger number of days it takes 2000 CE, while, in dendrochronology, some labora- Earth to complete an orbit of the Sun. In revising their tories develop multimillennial-long tree-ring chronol- 360-d calendar by adding 5 d, the ancient Egyptians ogies with year zero but others do not. Further were able to slow, but not halt, the divergence of confusion emerges from phasing of the extratropical civil and seasonal calendars (1). -
Calendar -Where Are We Now.Pdf
History of the Calendar WHERE ARE WE NOW? WHAT YEAR IS IT REALLY? OUR WESTERN CALENDAR The calendar as we know it has evolved from a Roman calendar established by Romulus, consisting of a year of 304 days divided into 10 months, commencing with March. modified by Numa, added two extra months, January and February, making a year consist of 12 months of 30 and 29 days alternately plus one extra day and thus a year of 355 days. required an Intercalary month of 22 or 23 days in alternate years. In the year 46 B.C. Julius Caesar asked for the help of the Egyptian astronomer Sosigenes, had found that the calendar had fallen into some confusion. led to the adoption of the Julian calendar in 45 B.C. 46 B.C. was made to consist of 445 days to adjust for earlier faults known as the "Year of Confusion". In the Christian system, years are distinguished by numbers before or after the Incarnation denoted by the letters B.C. (Before Christ) and A.D. (Anno Domini). The starting point is the Jewish calendar year 3761 A.M. (Anno Mundi) and the 754th year from the foundation of Rome. said to have been introduced into England by St. Augustine about 596 A.D. not in general use until ordered by the bishops at council of Chelsea 816 A.D. The Julian calendar all centennial years were leap years (ie the years A.D. 1200, 1300, 1400 etc.) end of the 16th century difference of 10 days between the Tropical and calendar years. -
Suvarnabhumi-Gregorian Rule to Determine Whether Thai Lunar
Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2018; 45(6) 2491 Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2018; 45(6) : 2491-2508 http://epg.science.cmu.ac.th/ejournal/ Contributed Paper Suvarnabhumi-Gregorian Rule to Determine Whether Thai Lunar Calendar Year 2012 is a Leap-month Year Cherdsak Saelee* [a], Mullika Tawonatiwas [b] and Smai Yodintra1 [a] Department of Physics and Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand. [b] Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand. * Author for correspondence; e-mail: [email protected] 1 Deceased date: Received: 26 October 2016 Accepted: 20 March 2017 ABSTRACT Following a widespread disagreement on whether the Thai lunar calendar year 2012 is a leap-month year, qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted to determine where the inaccuracy lies. Through in-depth studies of the Thai lunar calendar, we discovered an ancient rule used by the Suvarnabhumi civilization to determine leap-month lunar years. By observing natural occurrences, the Suvarnabhumi people were able to develop a calendar that synchronized with the seasons. This calendar is believed to have been the origin of the current Thai lunar calendar, as the two share similar characteristics. We restore the Suvarnabhumi rule and adapt it to the internationally recognized and accepted Gregorian calendar and name the resulting adaptation the “Suvarnabhumi-Gregorian” rule. We then apply the rule to reveal that the year 2012 is not a leap-month lunar year. The rule provides a more accurate way to predict leap-month lunar years while maintaining the same characteristics as the Thai lunar calendar, which should make it a welcome alternative for both academic scholars and practitioners of traditional Thai astrology. -
Calendars from Around the World
Calendars from around the world Written by Alan Longstaff © National Maritime Museum 2005 - Contents - Introduction The astronomical basis of calendars Day Months Years Types of calendar Solar Lunar Luni-solar Sidereal Calendars in history Egypt Megalith culture Mesopotamia Ancient China Republican Rome Julian calendar Medieval Christian calendar Gregorian calendar Calendars today Gregorian Hebrew Islamic Indian Chinese Appendices Appendix 1 - Mean solar day Appendix 2 - Why the sidereal year is not the same length as the tropical year Appendix 3 - Factors affecting the visibility of the new crescent Moon Appendix 4 - Standstills Appendix 5 - Mean solar year - Introduction - All human societies have developed ways to determine the length of the year, when the year should begin, and how to divide the year into manageable units of time, such as months, weeks and days. Many systems for doing this – calendars – have been adopted throughout history. About 40 remain in use today. We cannot know when our ancestors first noted the cyclical events in the heavens that govern our sense of passing time. We have proof that Palaeolithic people thought about and recorded the astronomical cycles that give us our modern calendars. For example, a 30,000 year-old animal bone with gouged symbols resembling the phases of the Moon was discovered in France. It is difficult for many of us to imagine how much more important the cycles of the days, months and seasons must have been for people in the past than today. Most of us never experience the true darkness of night, notice the phases of the Moon or feel the full impact of the seasons. -
How Many Days Are in a Year?
Document ID: 04_21_97_1 Date Received: 1997-04-21 Date Revised: 11/21/97 Date Accepted: 09/05/97 Curriculum Topic Benchmarks: S17.4.1, S17.4.2, S17.4.3, M3.4.2 Grade Level: [9-12] High School Subject Keywords: leap year, year, calendar, error analysis, successive approximations, fractions Rating: moderate How Many Days Are in a Year? By: Evan M Manning, MS 233-305 Jet Propulsion Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena CA 91109 e-mail: [email protected] From: The PUMAS Collection http://pumas.jpl.nasa.gov ©1997, California Institute of Technology. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Based on U.S. Gov't sponsored research. Calendar design is a classic use of fractions, and is a good application of successive approximations and basic error analysis. Background: The true length of a year on Earth is 365.2422 days, or about 365.25 days. We keep our calendar in sync with the seasons by having most years 365 days long but making just under 1/4 of all years 366-day "leap" years. Exercise: Design a reasonable calendar for an imaginary planet. Your calendar will consist of a pattern of 366-day "leap" years and 365-day regular years that approximates your planet's average number of days per year. Presentation: Give each student a different fractional number of days per year, perhaps using dice. You can also give each planet a whimsical name like "George-world" or "Planet Sue". Some sample year lengths might be 365.1234 days, 365.1119 days, 365.8712 days. Then present the history of the Gregorian Calendar as a story, drawing upon material from the other sections as appropriate. -
The Law of Calendar Reform: We Got Rid of Year 2020, but Why Stop There?
G THE B IN EN V C R H E S A N 8 8 D 8 B 1 AR SINCE WWW. NYLJ.COM VOLUME 265—NO. 21 TUESDAY, FEBRUAY 2, 2021 COMMENTARY The Law of Calendar Reform: We Got Rid of Year 2020, But Why Stop There? BY TIMOTHY G. NELSON hen the year 2020 ended, business friendly system. The calen- it was met with almost dar is more malleable than might be unprecedented derision. thought. “Good Riddance, 2020,” The Components Of the Calendar Wwas a common refrain. Netflix’s end- of-year comedy retrospective was titled The “calendar” is a system for orga- “Death to 2020.” The Washington Post nizing time—both time already elapsed, even convened a panel of historians to and time yet to elapse. Today’s cal- debate whether 2020 was the “Worst endar is an amalgam of five different shutterstock Year Ever.” concepts: all time units, including the base unit The expiry of the “Annus Horribilus,” Days. The day is the length of time of one second, were once calibrated of course, merely marks the comple- for the Earth to rotate. according to the length of a “tropical tion of a numbered calendar year. And The “Calendar Year.” Although a year” (using the length of the year 1900 a calendar in turn, is a complex (and “year” is considered a constant, as the base) in some respects convoluted) system the “calendar year” varies from Anno Domini. The numbering of 365 days in a normal calendar for organizing and measuring time. our years is based on the assump- year and 366 days in a leap year.