Notes and References

1 'In the Beginning All Things were in Common'

1. Hesiod, Theogony and Works and Days, translated by M.L. West (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), p.40. 2. Homeric, 'Hymn to Hephaestus', in Arthur 0. Lovejoy and George Boas, Primitivism and Related Ideas in Antiquity (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press, 1935), pp.199-200. 3. Aeschylus, 'Prometheus Bound', ibid., p.202. 4. Ovid, Metamorphoses II, ibid., p.47 and p.49. 5. Virgil, 'Georgics 1', ibid., p.370. 6. Virgil, 'Georgics 1', quoted by Seneca in 'Epistolae Morales', XC, ibid., p.273. 7. Virgil, 'Oracular Sibyllina', ibid., p.85. 8. Seneca, 'Epistolae Morales XC', ibid., p.273. 9. Lucian, 'Saturnian Letters', ibid., pp.64-5. 10. Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, Bk 1, Ch. 8, translated by C.H. Oldfather (London: The Loeb Classical Library, William Heinemann, 1933). 11. Lucretius, 'De Rerum Novarum', in Lovejoy and Boas, op. cit., p.227. 12. Homer, 'Epodi II', ibid., p.293. 13. Diodorus Siculus, op. cit., Bk II, Ch. 47 and Chs 55-60. 14. Solinus, 'Collectanea', in Lovejoy and Boas, op. cit., p.367. 15. Homer, 'Iliad XII' and Aeschylus, 'Frag 196', ibid., p.288 and p.316. 16. Strabo, Geography, Bk 7, Ch. 3, section 9, translated by H.L. Jones (London: Loeb Classical Library, William Heinemann, 1983). 17. Tragus Pompeius' Historiae Philippicae is lost, but the Christian martyr, Justinian (second century AD), produced selections from his book: see Lovejoy and Boas, op. cit., p.328. Heroditus in his History, Bk 4, presents a more detailed and critical account of the milk-drinking Scythians, claiming they blinded the slaves who prepared the mares' milk. 18. Philo Judaeus, Quod Omnis Prolics XII, ibid., pp.353-4. 19. Flavius Josephus, The Jewish War, translated with an introduction by G.A. Williamson (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1959), p.125. 20. M.J. Finley, 'Homer and Mycenae: Property and Tenure' (Historia, 6, 1957) reprinted in Economy and Society in Ancient Greece, edited by Brent D. Shaw and Richard P. Saller (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1983), pp.217, 218, 287, n. 82, 229. 21. Diodorus Siculus, op. cit., Bk V, Ch. 9. 22. Aristotle, Constitution of Athens, 40.3, quoted in Finley, op. cit., p.259; Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, Bk VIII, Ch. XXI, translated by Charles Forster Smith (London: Loeb Classical Library, William Heinemann, 1930). 23. George Thomson, Studies in Ancient Greek Society: The Prehistoric Aegean (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1949), p.314. 24. Thucydides, op. cit., Bk III, Ch. L. 25. George Thomson, op. cit., p.319. 26. Joseph Vogt, Ancient Slavery and the Ideal of Man, translated by Thomas Wiedmann (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1974), p.89.

298 Notes and References 299

27. See Paul Cartledge, Sparta and Lakonia: A Regional History, 1300-362BC (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979); and N.G.L. Hammond, 'The Peloponnese', in The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume III, Pt I, 2nd edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982). 28. See R.F. Willetts, 'Cretan Laws and Society', in The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume III, 2nd edn, Pt III (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1982); Aristotle, Politics, Bk II, Ch. X. 29. B. Jowett, 'Introduction to Plato's Republic' in The Dialogues of Plato, trans• lated by Jowett, 1st edn 1879, 4th edn 1953 (Oxford: Clarendon Press) pp.148-9. 30. K.J. Dover,Aristophanic Comedy (London: Batsford, 1972), pp.190--201. 31. Ernest Barker, Greek Political Theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1918; reprinted 1947), pp.92-3. See also Aristotle, Politics, Bk II, Ch. VII. 32. Barker, op. cit., pp.93-4. Aristotle criticises Hippodamus' scheme in the Politics Bk II, Ch. VIII. 33. The Republic of Plato, translated by Francis MacDonald Cornford (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1941), Ch. VI: 502c, p.206. 34. Laws, Bk V, 730 d-e, translated by A.E. Taylor, The Collected Dialogues of Plato, edited by E. Hamilton and H. Cairns, Bollingen Series XXI (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961), p.1324. 35. See Ellen Meiksins Wood and Neal Wood, Class Ideology and Ancient Political Theory: Socrates Plato and Aristotle in Social Context (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1978), Ch. IV. 36. Ernest Barker, The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle (London: Methuen, 1906), p.399. 37. The Politics ofAristotle, translated by Ernest Barker (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1946), Bk II, Ch. V, 1263a. 38. Ernest Barker, The Political Thought ofPlato and Aristotle, p.416, n.l.

2 Property and Poverty: The Christian Message

1. Ernst Troeltsch, The Social Teaching of the Christian Churches (1911), trans• lated by Olive Wyon (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1931), Vol. I, footnote 10, pp.165-6. 2. Ibid., p.40. 3. Ibid., p.49. 4. The Bible, King James edn, Mark, 10.25. 5. Luke, 6.20--1,24-5. 6. James, 2.5-6, 5.1-7. 7. Boniface Ramsey, OP, 'Christian Attitudes to Poverty and Wealth', in Ian Haglett ( ed. ), Early Christianity: Origins and Evolution to AD600 (London: SPCK, 1991), p.257. 8. Troeltsch, op. cit., p.135. 9. Mark, 10.21-2 and 28-30; Luke recounts this event in the same vein but gives an extreme expression to the doctrine of family renunciation: If any man come to me, and hate not his father and mother, and wife and children, and brethren; and sisters, yea and his own life also, he cannot be my disciple' (15.26). 10. Acts of the Apostles, 2.44-5 and 4.32, 33-5. 11. Troeltsch, op. cit., pp.58-64. 300 Notes and References

12. Geza Vermes, The Dead Sea Scrolls: Qumran in Perspective (London: Collins, 1977), pp.212-20. 13. Boniface Ramsey, op. cit., pp.257-8. 14. Charles Avila, Ownership: Early Christian Teaching (London: Sheed & Ward, 1983), p.133. 15. R.W. and A.J. Carlyle, A History of Medieval Political Theory in the West, Vol. I (Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1903), p.139. 16. Cicero, De officis I, quoted in Arthur 0. Lovejoy and George Boas, Primitivism and Related Ideas in Antiquity (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press, 1935), p.258. 17. R.W. and A.J. Carlyle, op. cit., pp.136-7. 18. Boniface Ramsey, op. cit., pp.259 and 264. 19. Avila, op. cit., pp.86 and 100-1. 20. See R.W. and A.J. Carlyle, op. cit., Vol. II, Ch. VI, 'The Theory of Property'. 21. Ibid., Vol. V, pp.17-20; Janet Coleman, 'Property and Poverty', in J.H. Burns (ed.), The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought c.350-1450 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988}, pp.621-5. 22. Boniface Ramsey, op. cit., p.262. 23. A.J. Gurewich, Categories of Medieval Culture, translated by G.L. Campbell (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972), p.263. 24. Lester K. Little, 'Evangelical Poverty, the New Money Economy and Violence', in David Foot (ed.), Poverty in the Middle Ages (Dietrich-Coelde, Verlag Werl/Westf, 1925), p.16. 25. Janet Coleman, op. cit., pp.631-3. 26. Troeltsch, op. cit., p.356. 27. Coleman, op. cit., p.637. 28. Matthew, 24.29-35. 29. John the Divine, 19.11-21, 20.4, 21.1 30. Quoted in Norman Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millennium (London: Seeker & Warburg, 1957), pp.10-11. I have extensively drawn on Cohn's rich and fasci• nating account of millenarianism down to the sixteenth century. 31. Ibid., p.11. 32. Ibid., p.12. 33. Ibid., pp.12-13. 34. Ibid., pp.14-15. 35. Ibid., pp.103-7. 36. Ibid., pp.ll4-23. 37. Ibid., pp.96-7. 38. Ibid., pp.210-11, 215. 39. Ibid., pp.213-14. 40. M.E. Aston, 'Lollardy and Sedition 1381-1431', Past and Present, No. 17 (April 1960), p.19. 41. Ibid., p.20, 27, 29. 42. Cohn, op. cit., pp.228 and 230. 43. Karl Kautsky, Communism in Central Europe in the Time of the Reforma• tion translated by J.L. and E.G. Mulliken, T. Fisher (London: Unwin, 1897), p.68. 44. James M. Stayer, The German Peasant War and the Anabaptist Community of Goods (Montreal: McGill University Press, 1991}, pp.28-9. 45. Cohn, op. cit., pp.251-71. 46. Kautsky, op. cit., pp.267-76. 47. Cohn, op. cit., pp.279-306. Notes and References 301

48. Stayer, op. cit., pp.96-105 and 144-58. See also Claus-Peter Closen,Anabaptism: A Social History 1525-1618 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1972). 49. AS. Woodhouse, Puritanism and Liberty: The Anny Debates 1647-49 (London: J.M. Dent, 1938), p.63. 50. Second Agreement ofthe People, 15 December 1648, ibid., p.363. 51. Gerrard Winstanley, Fire in the Bush (1650) in George H. Sabine, The Works' of Gen-ard Winstanley (New York: Russell & Russell, 1965), p.493. 52. Arthur Bester, 'The Evolution of the Socialist Vocabulary', in Journal of the History ofIdeas, Vol. IX, No.3 (June 1948). 53. See Arthur Bradstock, 'Sowing in Hope: The Relevance of Theology to Gerrard Winstanley's Political Programme', The Seventeenth Century, Vol. VI, No.2 (Autumn 1991). 54. Sabine, op. cit., p.408. 55. Ibid., p.380. 56. Ibid., p.503. 57. Ibid., p.513. 58. Eduard Bernstein, Cromwell and Communism: Socialism and Democracy in the Great English Revolution, translated by RJ. Stenning (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1930), Ch. X. 59. Eduard Bernstein, The Preconditions of Socialism (1899), edited and translated by Henry Tudor (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), p.160. 60. Peter Chamberlen, Poor Man's Advocate, 1649 (Oxford: Bodleian Library); introduction. 61. Ibid., p.4. 62. Louis Baudin, A Socialist Empire: The Incas of Pe1U, translated by K. Woods (Princeton: Van Nostrand, 1961). See also Alfred Metraux, 'Inca Empire: Despotism or Socialism',Diogenes, No. 35 (Fall1961). 63. K. Kautsky, The Dictatorship of the Proletariat, translated by H.J. Stenning (National Labour Press, London n.d.) [Germany edn 1918), p.60. See also R.B. Cunningham Graham, A Vanished Arcadia: Some Account of the Jesuits in Paraguay, 1607-1767 (London: William Heinemann, 1901). See also John Hemming, Red Gold: The Conquest of the Brazilian Indians (London: Macmillan, 1978). Ch. 21. 64. John Locke, The Second Treatise of Government, para. 25, in John Locke: Two Treatises of Government, edited by Peter Laslett (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960). 65. Ibid., section 27. 66. Ibid., section 37, 30--40, and 38.1-9. 67. Ibid., section 27. 68. Richard Ashcroft, Revolutionary Politics and Locke's Two Treatises of Government (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986), p.273. 69. James Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), pp.151-4. 70. John Locke, op. cit., section 120. 71. Ibid., section 139 and 140. 72. Ashcroft, op. cit., pp.587-8.

3 Eighteenth-Century Social Radicalism and Social Revolution

1. Joseph Priestley,An Essay on the First Principles of Government (1768), pp.24-5, quoted in H.T. Dickinson, Liberty and Property: Political Ideology in Eighteenth 302 Notes and References

Century Britain (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1977), p.199. I have drawn on Chapters 6 and 7 of this book in the opening section on radicalism. 2. T. Paine's letter to Samuel Adams dated 1 January 1803, quoted in Mark Philp, Paine (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), p.20. 3. Dickinson, op. cit., pp.228-30. 4. Ibid., p.230 and pp.256--7. 5. Thomas Spence, 'The Real Rights of Man', quoted in Malcolm Chase, 'The People's Farm': English Radical Agrarianism, 1775-1840 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988), p.36. 6. G.I. Gallop, introductory essay in Pig's Meat, Selected Writings of Thomas Spence (Nottingham: Spokesman, 1982), p.29. 7. Spence, The Restorer of Society to its Natural State, 1801, p.23, quoted in Thomas R. Knox, 'Thomas Spence: The Trumpet of Jubilee', Past and Present, Vol. 76 (1977), p.89. 8. Spence, The Restorer of Society, p.64, quoted in Gallop, op. cit., p.42. 9. Spence, The End of Oppression, 1795, quoted in ibid., p.44. 10. Spence, The Restorer of Society, quoted in ibid., p.44. 11. T.M. Parssinen, 'Thomas Spence and the Origins of English Land Nationalisation', Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 34 (1973), p.141, with quotation from Hansard Parliamentary Debates (1817), xxxv, 444. 12. Dickinson, op. cit., pp.267-8. 13. Chase, op. cit., p.3. 14. M. Beer,A History ofBritish Socialism, Vol. 1 (London: National Labour Press, 1921), p.109. 15. William Ogilvie, Essay on the Right ofProperty in Land, 1782, quoted in William Stafford, Socialism, Radicalism and Nostalgia: Social Criticism in Britain 1775-1830 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p.109. 16. Ibid., p.llO. 17. Ibid., p.llO. 18. M. Beer, op. cit., pp.111-12. 19. G.D.H. Cole, Chartist Portraits (London: Macmillan, 1965), p.266. 20. Charles Hall, The Effects of Civilisation on the People in European States, 1805, p.67, quoted in William Stafford, op. cit., p.148. 21. Charles Hall, op. cit., pp.94-6, quoted in M. Beer, op. cit., p.129. 22. Charles Hall, ibid., p.218, in Stafford, op. cit., p.150. 23. Stafford, op. cit., pp.151-2 and p.162. 24. J.R. Dinwiddy, Radicalism and Reform in Britain 1780-1850 (London: Hambledon Press, 1992), p.107. 25. Thomas Paine, Rights of Man: Being an Answer to Mr. Burke's Attack on the French Revolution, dedicated to President George Washington, 1791, edited by Henry Collins (Harmondsworth: Penguin Classics, 1969), p.136. 26. Ibid., Ch. 5, 'Ways and Means'. 27. Gregory Claeys, Thomas Paine: Social and Political Thought (london: Unwin Hyman, 1989), p.99. 28. Thomas Paine, Agrarian Justice, 1796, in Thomas Paine Reader, edited by Michael Foot and Isaac Kramnick (Harmondsworth: Penguin Classics, 1987), pp.475, 485 and 477-8. 29. Thomas Spence, Rights of Infants, quoted in Chase, op. cit., p.66. 30. Paine, Agrarian Justice, p.485. 31. Ibid., p.486. 32. Philp, op. cit., pp.90-3; John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972). Notes and References 303

33. Quoted in Ernest Belfort Bax, The Last Episode of the French Revolution: Being the History of Gracchus Babeuf and the Conspiracy of Equals (London: Grant Richards, 1911), pp.77-9. Bax's account is largely based on Victoire Advielle's Histoire de Gracchus Babeuf et du babouvism (1884). Advielle had access to a great mass of papers seized by the authorities when they arrested the conspirators. 34. Ibid., p.114. 35. Ibid., p.163. 36. Ibid., p.126. 37. Ibid., p.133. 38. Ibid., p.128. 39. Ibid., pp.146-9. 40. Ibid., pp.255-6.

4 Utopian Socialists and Anti-Capitalist Economists

1. Anthony Kenny, More's Utopia, Past Masters Series (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981), p.20; Ernest Barker, Greek Political Theory (London: Methuen, 1917), pp.448-9. 2. The Utopia of Sir Thomas More, translated by Ralph Robinson, 1556, introduction and notes by H.B. Cotterill (London: Macmillan, 1908), pp.28-9. 3. R.W. Chambers, Thomas More (London: Jonathan Cape, 1935), p.128 and p.136. 4. Judith Shklar, 'The Political Theory of Utopia: From Melancholy to Nostalgia', in Frank and Manuel (eds), Utopias and Utopian Thought (London: Souvenir Press, 1963), pp.103-9. See also Zygmunt Bauman, Socialism: The Active Utopia (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1976), and J.C. Davis, Utopia and the Ideal Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). 5. K. Marx and F. Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party (1848), section III, 'Critical-Utopian Socialism and Communism', in Robert C. Tucker (ed.), The Marx-Engels Reader, 2nd edn (New York: W.W. Norton, 1978). The ascription of the term 'Utopian Socialists' to Saint-Simon, Fourier and Owen was first made in 1839 by the French economist Jerome Blanqui. 6. See G.D.H. Cole, A History of Socialist Thought, Vol. I The Forerunners, Ch. IV, 'Saint-Simon', Ch. V 'The Saint-Simonians' (London: Macmillan, 1953). 7. See ibid., Ch. VI 'Fourier and Fourierism'. 8. Robert Owen, 'A New View of Society' (1813), in A New View of Society and Other Writings, edited by G.D.H. Cole (London: Everyman Library, J.M. Dent, 1927), p.260. 9. R. Owen, Development of the Plan for the Relief of the Poor (1820), p.4, quoted in Noel Thompson, The People's Science: The popular Political Economy of Exploitation and Crisis, 1816-34 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), p.78. 10. See Cole, op. cit., Ch. XI, 'Owen and Owenism - Earlier Phases.' 11. Ibid., p.1; New Moral World, 31 December 1836; Arthur E. Bester, 'The Evolution of the Socialist Vocabulary', Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. IX, No.3 (June 1948), p.277. 12. Cole, ibid., p.4. 13. Ibid., p.7 and Ch. VII, 'Cabet and the Icarian Communists'. 14. See Ibid, Ch. X, 'Socialist Economics in the 1820s'. 304 Notes and References

15. William Thompson, An Inquiry into the Principles of the Distribution of Wealth most conducive to Human Happiness (1824), p.590, quoted in Noel Thompson, The People's Science, p.96. 16. William Thompson, ibid., pp.166-7, quoted in William Stafford, Socialism, Radicalism and Nostalgia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p.216. 17. William Thompson, Labour Rewarded (1827), p.116, quoted in Noel Thompson, The People's Science, pp.101-2. 18. Thomas Hodgskin, Labour Defended against the Claims of Capital or the Unproductiveness of Capital Proved with Reference to the Present Combinations amongst Journeymen (1825), pp.71-2, quoted in Stafford, op. cit., p.244. 19. Thomas Hodgskin, Labour Defended, p.89, quoted in Stafford, ibid., p.237. 20. Cole, op. cit., pp.ll0-12. 21. Noel Thompson, The Market and its Critics: Socialist Political Economy in Nineteenth Century Britain (London: Routledge, 1988), p.72, and Noel Thompson, The People's Science, op. cit., pp.98-9, quoting from Marx, Theories of Surplus Value, Vol. ill, edited by Karl Kautsky and published in 1910. 22. Definition of 'Capital' from chapter 48 of Marx, Capital, Vol. III, edited by Engels and first published in 1894, in Tom Bottomore (ed.),A Dictionary of Marxist Thought (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983). 23. Marx and Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party, in R. Tucker, Marx-Engels Reader, p.496. 24. William Stafford, Socialism, Radicalism and Nostalgia, p.239 and p.248. 25. Quoted in M. Beer, A History of British Socialism (London: National Labour Press, 1921), pp.215-6. 26. Quoted in Gregory Claeys, Citizens and Saints (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1989), p.l63. 27. Beer, op. cit., Ch. VII, 'The Co-operative Socialists', section 4. 28. Gregory Claeys, op. cit., p.163.

5 Owenite Socialism and Working-Class Struggles

1. G.D.H. Cole, A Short History of the British Working-Class Movement, rev. edn (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1948), pp.76-7. 2. G.D.H. Cole, The Life of Robert Owen 2nd edn (London, Macmillan 1930), pp.263-4. 3. Exchange Bazaars Gazette, 5 (1832), p.53, quoted in Noel Thompson, The People's Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), p.146. 4. George Mudie, Exchange Bazaars Gazette 1 (1832), quoted ibid., p.146. 5. Crisis 1 (1832), p.19, quoted ibid., p.141. 6. R. Owen, lecture given on 8 September 1833, printed in R.W. Postgate, Revolution from 1789 to 1906 (London: Harper Torchbacks edn, 1962), p.91. 7. R. Owen, 'Address to the Operative Builders', 26 August 1833, ibid., p.90. 8. See Iorwertho Prothero, 'William Benbow and the Concept of the General Strike', Past and Present, No. 63 (May 1974). Prothero argues that the 'Holiday' Benbow had in mind was 'a political revolution and a violent one at that' (p.148). 9. Cole, A Short History of the British Working-Class Movement, p.407. 10. Sidney and Beatrice Webb, The History of Trade Unionism 1666-1920, printed by the authors (1920), p.134, quoting from the Owenite journal, Crisis, 12 October 1833. Notes and References 305

11. Ibid., appendix II Rules and Regulations of the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union of Great Britain and Ireland, Rule XL VI, pp.732-3. 12. Postgate, op. cit., p.97 and p.96. 13. Crisis, 23 August 1834, quoted in Cole, The Life ofRobert Owen, pp.289-90. 14. Editorial written by Robert Owen, 'Mr. Owen's Plan Preliminary to the Complete Adoption of the Community System', New Moral World, 17 September 1836. 15. Cole, The Life ofRobert Owen, p.303. 16. Quoted in Gregory aaeys, Citizens and Saints, pp.154-5. 17. J.F. Bray, Labour's Wrongs and Labour's Remedy (1839), p.162. 18. Ibid., pp.157, 164 and 170. 19. Marx, Capital, Vol. ill, quoted by R.N. Berki, Insight and Vrsion: The Problem of Communism in Marx's Thought (London: J .M. Dent, 1983), p.105. 20. J.F. Bray, Labour's Wrongs and Labour's Remedy, pp.174 and 175. 21. Quoted from Chartist, 1839, in Asa Briggs' essay 'National Bearings' in Asa Briggs (ed.), Chartist Studies (London: Macmillan, 1959), p.295; see also Nicolas C. Edsall, The Anti-Poor Law Movement, 1834-44 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1971), pp.169-70. 22. 'National Petition', published in Birmingham Journal, 19 May 1838; M. Beer, A History of British Socialism (London: National Labour Press, 1921), pp.36-7. 23. Quoted by Asa Briggs, 'National Bearings', Chartist Studies, p.295. 24. Ibid., p.297. 25. Ibid., p.299. 26. Trygue R. Tholfsen, Working-Class Radicalism in Mid-Victorian England (London: Croom Helm, 1976), p.86. 27. Charter, 17 March 1839. 28. 'Rethinking Chartism', Gareth Stedman Jones, in Languages of Class: Studies in English Working Class History 1832-1982 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), p.171. 29. Ibid., pp.173/4. 30. Claeys, Citizens and Saints, pp.146-7. 31. Raphael Samuel, 'The Workshop of the World: Steam Power and Hand Technology in mid-Victorian England', History Workshop, 3 (Spring, 1977), p.ll. 32. Neville Kirk, 'In Defence of Class: A Critique of Recent Revisionist Writings Upon the Nineteenth Century English Working Class', International Review of Social History, Vol. XXXII (1987), p.30. 33. The Charter of 25 August 1839 listed six urgent measures which would only be enacted if the Chartist demands were acceded to: repeal of taxes on articles of consumption, provision for the poor, sick and aged; education for all; improve• ment of dwelling houses; 'a fair day's wages for a fair day's work'; and major schemes of public works to create employment. See F.C. Mather (ed.), Chartism and Society: An Anthology of Documents (London: Bell & Hyman, 1980), pp.90-1. 34. Quoted in Beer, op. cit., Vol. II, p.80. 35. Ibid., p.88. 36. Quoted in Beer, ibid., p.133. 37. Ibid., p.136. 38. Malcolm Chase, The People's Farm (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988), p.143, quoting Bronterre's National Register, 7 January 1837, and pp.144-5. 306 Notes and References

39. John Belchem, Industrialisation and the Working Class: The English Experience 1750-1900 (London: Croom Helm, 1982), p.251. 40. James Epstein, The Lion of Freedom: Fergus O'Connor and the Chartist Movement, 1832-1842 (London: Croom Helm, 1982), p.251. 41. Northern Star, 9 May 1841. 42. Bronterre O'Brien, 'The Power of the Pence', 21 April1849, quoted in Alfred Plummer, Bronterre: A Political Biography of Bronterre O'Brien 1804-1864 (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1971), p.181. 43. Chase, op. cit., p.174. 44. Joy MacAskil, 'The Chartist Land Plan', in Asa Briggs (ed.), Chartist Studies, p.316 and p.331. 45. Northern Star, 3 May 1845; Chase, op. cit., p.175. 46. MacAskil, op. cit., p.352 and p.329; Beer, op. cit., Vol. II, pp.157-8. 47. Plummer, Bronterre, p.187, based on O'Brien's articles in National Reformer, 9 January and 17 April1847. 48. Beer, op. cit., pp.166-70. 49. F. Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England (1845), translated and edited by W.O. Henderson and W.H. Chaloner (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1958), pp.267-8. 50. Letter from Harney to Engels, 30 March 1846. See Richard N. Hunt, The Political Ideas of Marx and Engels, Vol. I, Marxism and Totalitarian Democracy (London: Macmillan, 1975), p.141. 51. Louis Blanc, 'The Land for the Labourers', edited and translated by Thomas Cooper, 1848, p.14. The pamphlet is in two parts. The first dealing with the land is not directly attributed to Blanc, but Cooper's introduction makes it plain that he is the author. The second comes from a programme submitted by Blanc to the Luxembourg Commission set up by the Government, with Blanc as its chairman to report on 'les questions ouvrieres'. 52. Ibid., p.9 and p.10. 53. G.D.H. Cole, A History of Socialist Thought, Vol. I The Forerunners (London: Macmillan, 1953), p.176. 54. Bronterre O'Brien, State Socialism: Propositions of the National Reform League, 1850, p.3. 55. 'Programme Adopted by the Chartist Convention of 1851', in John Saville, Ernest Jones: Chartist (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1952), Appendix III, pp.258-9. 56. Claeys, Citizen and Saints, p.265. 57. Bronterre O'Brien, State Socialism, pp.4-5. 58. 'Programme Adopted by the Chartist Convention of 1851', op. cit., pp.259-60. 59. O'Brien, State Socialism, p.6. 60. Ibid., p.7; Harney, Reynolds, 30 March 1851, in Plummer, Bronterre, pp.183-4. 61. People's Paper, 8 May 1852, printed in Saville, Ernest Jones, p.151. 62. Cole, Socialist Thought: The Foreronners, p.155; Saville, Ernest Jones, p.45. 63. Marx and Engels, The German Ideology, in Robert C. Tucker, The Marx-Engels Reader (New York: W.W. Norton, 1978), p.162. 64. See Leszek Kolakowski, Main Currents in Marxism, VoL I The Founders, Ch. IX 'Recapitulation' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978). 65. Marx and Engels, The Manifesto of the Communist Party, in Tucker, op. cit., p.490. 66. Marx and Engels, Demands of the Communist Party of Germany, Cologne, 1848, in Marx-Engels Collected Works, Vol. 7 (London: Lawrence & Wishart) 1977, Notes and References 307

pp.3-4. See also Richard N. Hunt, The Political Ideas of Marx and Engels I (London: Macmillan, 1975), pp.182-6. 67. Marx and Engels, 'Address to the Communist League', March 1850, in Tucker, op. cit., pp.509 and 510. 68. Engels, Introduction to 1895 German edition of Karl Marx's The Class Struggles in France 1848 to 1850, in Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works-, Volume I (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1962), pp.122 and 125. 69. Preface to Marx, The Critique ofPolitical Economy, ibid., p.363. 70. Engels, Introduction to The Class Struggles in France, 1848 to 1850, ibid., p.125.

6 German Socialism to 1914

1. Fratemisation, 3 Oct. 1848, quoted in Susanne Miller and Heinrich Potthoff, A History of German Social Democracy from 1848 to the Present, translated by J.A. Underwood (Leamington Spa: Berg, 1986), pp.15-16. 2. Quoted in ibid., pp.16-17. 3. Helga Grebing, The History of the German Labour Movement: A Survey, abridged by Mary Saran and translated by Edith Korner (Leamington Spa: Berg, 1985), p.34. 4. Worker.r' Programme, quoted in Miller and Potthoff, op. cit., p.21. 5. See G.D.H. Cole, A History of Socialist Thought, VoL II Marxism and Anarchism 1850-1890 (London: Macmillan, 1954), Ch. V. 6. W.H. Dawson, Bismarck and State Socialism (London, Swan Sonnenschein, 1890), pp.30-l. 7. Ibid., pp.63-4. 8. Ibid., pp.110, 113 and 109. 9. Quoted in ibid., p.3. 10. Vernon L. Lidtke, The Outlawed Party: Social Democracy in Germany 1878-1890 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966), footnote, p.62; Dawson, op. cit., p.12. 11. Ibid., pp.S-13. 12. The terms 'socialist' and 'social democrat' were used interchangeably in Germany. See W.L. Guttsman, The German Social Democratic Party, 1875-1933 (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1981), pp.43-4. 13. Quoted in Lidtke, op. cit., pp.64-5. 14. 'Programme of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, Erfurt, 1891', Miller and Potthoff, op. cit., p.241. 15. Lidtke, op. cit., p.298. 16. Karl Marx, Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 (first complete edition published in Germany, 1932) in Robert C. Tucker, The Marx-Engels Reader (New York: W.W. Norton, 1978), pp.79 and 80. 17. lbid.,p.283. 18. Ibid., p.84. 19. For an alternative interpretation, see R.N. Berki, Insight and Vision: The Problem of Communism in Marx's Thought (London: J.M. Dent, 1983), pp.50-l. 20. Marx, Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts, op. cit., p.84. 21. Ibid., p.99. 22. K. Marx and F. Engels, The German Ideology, extracts in David McLellan (ed.), Karl Marx: Selected Writings (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), p.191. 23. Ibid., p.171. 308 Notes and References

24. Ibid., p.169. 25. Marx, Critique of the Gotha Programme, in Tucker, op. cit., p.529. 26. Ibid., p.531. 27. Marx, Capital Vol. III (ed. Engels), 1894; McLellan, op. cit., pp.496-7. 28. Marx, Grundrisse, 1857-8 (not published until1941); McLellan, op. cit., p.364. 29. Marx, Capital, Vol III, quoted in Berki, op. cit., p.105. 30. Ibid., p.139. Engels, writing in On Authority in 1872, declared: 'Wanting to abolish authority in large scale industry is tantamount to wanting to abolish industry itself; Tucker, op. cit., p.731. 31. Marx, Capital, Vol. III, quoted in Berki, op. cit., p.140. 32. Marx and Engels, The Communist Manifesto (1848), in Tucker, op. cit., p.490. 33. Marx, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Boniparte (1852), in Tucker, op. cit., pp.606-7. 34. Ibid., p.614. 35. Marx, The Civil War in France (1871), ibid., p.652. 36. Quoted by Ralph Miliband, 'Marx and the State', in The Socialist Register, 1965 (London: The Merlin Press, 1965), p.290. 37. Marx, The Civil War in France, in Tucker, op. cit., p.632. 38. Ibid., pp.634-5. 39. Ibid., p.635. 40. F. Engels, Anti-Diihring, 3rd edn 1894, translated by Emile Burns (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1942), p.305. 41. Marx, Capital Vol. III, quoted in Berki, op. cit., p.105. 42. Engels,Anti-Diihring, p.305. 43. Ibid., pp.307-8. 44. Ibid., pp.309 and 312. 45. Ibid., footnote, pp.305-6. 46. Ibid., footnote, p.305. 47. Lidtke, op. cit., p.60. 48. Ibid., p.65 and V.L. Lidtke, 'German Social Democracy and German State Socialism', International Review of Social History, Vol. IX (1964), p.208. 49. Lidtke, The Outlawed Party, pp.166-71. 50. Letter from Engels to Bebel, quoted in ibid., pp.199-200. 51. Marx, Critique of the Gotha Programme, in Tucker, op. cit., pp.536-7. 52. Karl Kautsky, The Class Struggle (Erfurt Programme), trans. and abridged by W.E. Bohn from 8th German edn, 1907 (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1910), p.llO. 53. Kautsky, The Class Struggle, quoted in M. Salvadori, Karl Kautsky and the Socialist Revolution, 1880-1932, trans. J. Rothschild (London and New York, NLB, 1979), p.32. 54. Minutes of the 1891 SPD Conference, Berlin 1891, p.172 quoted in Miller and Potthoff, op. cit., p.46. 55. Quoted by Cole A History of Socialist Thought, Vol. III Part I. The Second International, 1889-1914 (London: Macmillan, 1956), p.274. 56. Ibid., p.275. 57. Edward Bernstein, 'The Struggle of Social Democracy and the Socialist Revolution, 2, the theory of collapse and Colonial Policy', Neue Zeit, 19 January 1898, in H. Tudor and J.M. Tudor,Mar.tism and Social Democracy: The Revisionist Debate 1896-1898 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), p.167. 58. Bernstein, 'Critical Interlude', Neue Zeit, 1 March 1898, ibid., p.222. 59. Ibid., p.223. Notes and References 309

60. Bernstein, 'The Struggle of Social Democracy', ibid., p.168. 61. Ibid., p.169. 62. Bernstein, 'Critical Interlude', ibid., pp.213-4. 63. Salvadori, op. cit., pp.295 and 297. 64. Bernstein, The Preconditions of Socialism (more commonly known in England as Evolutionary Socialism), 1899, edited and translated by Henry Tudor (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), introduction, xv. 65. Ibid., pp.141-3. 66. Ibid., p.147. 67. Ibid., p.152 68. Salvadori, op. cit., pp.63-4. 69. Kautsky, A Social-Democratic Catechism, 1893, quoted in Guttsman, op. cit., p.288. 70. Engels, introduction to Marx's Class Struggles in France, 1848-50, in Tucker, op. cit., pp.571-2. 71. Marx, Capital Vol. I, translated by Eden and Cedar Paul (London: J.M. Dent, Everyman Library, 1930), p.846. 72. Rosa Luxemburg: Selected Political Writings, edited and introduced by David Howard (New York: MRP, 1971), pp.115-16. 73. Kautsky, The Social Revolution, 1902, translated by A.M. and Mary Wood Simons (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1916), p.113. 74. Kautsky, Das Eifurter Programm, edited by Charles Kerr, selections reprinted in Irving Howe, Essential Works of Socialism (New York: Rinehart & Winston, 1970), pp.101-9.

7 British Socialism, 185~1914

1. T. Tholfsen, Working-Class Radicalism in Mid-Victorian England (London: Croom Helm, 1976), writes, 'of all working class institutions the friendly soci• eties were most in harmony with the culture as a whole', embodying as they did 'the values central to consensus liberalism: self-help, thrift, prudence, decorum, independence' (p.288). An 1872 estimate reported 32 000 societies with some 4 million members. 2. K. Marx, Inaugural Address of the Working Men's International Associations, 1864, in Robert C. Tucker, The Marx-Engels Reader (New York: W.W. Norton, 1978), p.517. 3. See Henry Collins and Chimen Abramsky, Karl Marx and the British Labour Movement: Year.v of the Fir.vt International (London: Macmillan, 1965), pp.62-7 and 95. Quotation from R.W. Postgate, Revolution from 1789-1906 (London: Harper Torchbacks edn, 1962), pp.393-4. 4. G.D.H. Cole, A History of Socialist Thought, Vol II: Marxism and Anarchism (London: Macmillan, 1954), pp.381-3. 5. John Stuart Mill, Principles ofEconomics, 9th edn 1905, with minor corrections to 1871 edn (London: Longman Green), pp.208 and 209. 6. Ibid., p.754. 7. Ibid., p.757. 8. Ibid., pp.772-3. 9. Ibid., pp.774, 782 and 780. 10. Ibid., pp.789-90. 11. Ibid., pp.791-2. 12. Ibid., pp. 792-4. 310 Notes and References

13. John Stuart Mill, 'Chapters on Socialism', Fortnightly Review, 1879 in John Stuart Mill: Collected Worla Vol. V, edited by J.M. Robson (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1967), pp.748 and 749. 14. John Stuart Mill, Autobiography, edited and published by his stepdaughter Helen Taylor, 1873, World Classics Edition edited by Harold J. Laski (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1924), p.196. 15. Michael Freeden, The New Liberalism: An Ideology of Social Reform (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), pp.23-4. 16. William Morris, 'How I Became a Socialist', Justice, 16 June 1894, in A.L. Morton (ed.), Political Writings of William Morris (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1973), p.242. 17. Quoted by M. Beer, A History of British Socialism, Vol. II (London: National Labour Press, 1921), p.181. 18. N. Thompson, The Market and its Critics, p.156. 19. See G.D.H. Cole, Socialist Thought: Vol. I The Forerunners (London: Macmillan, 1953), Ch. XXV, 'The Christian Socialists'. 20. See Beer, op. cit., pp.247-8. 21. See G.D.H. Cole, A Short History of the British Working Class Movement 1789-1947 (London: George Allen & Union, 1948), p.250. 22. Ibid., pp.253-4. 23. Ibid., pp.261-3. 24. Fiona MacCarthy, William Morris: A Life for Our Time (London: Faber & Faber, 1994), introduction, vii. 25. William Morris, 'The Lesser Arts', delivered on 12 April 1877, in Morton, op. cit., p.54. 26. Peter Clark writes, 'the case for seeing him [William Morris] as our greatest diagnostician of alienation seemed strong at the time and is equally persuasive today: Liberals and Social Democrats (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), p.29. 27. William Morris, 'Art and Socialism', ibid., p.111. 28. William Morris, 'How We Live and How We Might Live', lecture to Hammersmith Branch of SDF, 30 November 1884, ibid., p.152. 29. William Morris, 'The Society of the Future', lecture to Hammersmith Branch of the Socialist League, November 1887, ibid., p.196. 30. Ibid., p.201. 31. 'Manifesto of the English Socialists', 1 May 1893, extract in Eric Hobsbawn (ed.), Labour's Turning Point, Nineteenth Century, Vol III, 1880-1900 (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1948), p.59. 32. William Morris, 'Communism', lecture delivered to Hammersmith Socialist Society, 10 March 1893, published as Fabian Tract 1903, in Morton, op. cit., pp.230, 237 and 238. 33. Ibid., p.228. 34. Ibid., p.230. 35. Ibid., p.231. 36. Edward R. Pease, The History of the Fabian Society, Appendix II, 'The Basis of the Fabian Society' adopted in June 1887 and never since altered (London: A.C. Fifield, 1916). 37. Quoted by Cole, A History of Socialist Thought: Marxism and Anarchism, p.389. 38. Fabian Tract 70, Report on Fabian Policy, 1896, drafted by G.B. Shaw, p.3. 39. Sidney Webb, 'Social Movements', Ch. XXIII in A.W. Ward (ed.), Cambridge Modem History, Volume XII The Latest Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1910), p.758. Notes and References 311

40. Sidney Webb, Fabian Tract 15, Towards Social Democracy, 1896, p.15. 41. Sidney Webb, 'Social Movements', op. cit., p.758. 42. A.M. McBriar, Fabian Socialism and English Politics, 1884-1918 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962), pp.29-47. 43. Sidney Webb, 'The Basis of Socialism: Historic', Fabian Essays in Socialism, edited by G.B. Shaw (London: The Fabian Society, 1889), 1931 edn, p.56. 44. McBriar, op. cit., p.67. 45. Shaw, Fabian Tract 45, The Impossibilities ofAnarchism, 1893. 46. Fabian Tract 40, Fabian Election Manifesto, 1892, p.8. 47. Sidney Webb, 'The Basis of Socialism: Historic', op. cit., p.56. 48. Sidney Webb, Fabian Tract 69, The Difficulties of Individualism, 1896, p.ll, reprinted from The Economic Journal, June 1891. 49. Hubert Bland, 'The Transition to Social Democracy: The Outlook', Fabian Essays, p.198. 50. Sidney and Beatrice Webb, Constitution of the Socialist Commonwealth, printed by the authors (1920), pp.146, 168, 236-7, 268. Essentially the same position on private enterprise under socialism had been taken up by Shaw in Report on Fabian Policy, p.6. 51. Sidney Webb, The Difficulties of Individualism, p.15. Webb's criticism of Guild Socialism is contained in S. and B. Webb, The Consumers' Co-operative Movement (London: Longmans, 1921), pp.448-62. 52. Sidney Webb, 'The Basis of Socialism: Historic', op. cit., p.55. 53. Sidney Ball, Fabian Tract No. 72, The Mora/Aspect of Socialism, 1896, p.20. 54. Sidney Webb, 'Social Movements', op. cit., p.757. 55. See Philip Magnus, Gladstone: A Biography (London: John Murray, 1963), p.258, based on an article by Gladstone published in the Nineteenth Century, November 1890. 56. J.M. Robertson, The Meaning of Liberalism (1912), p.64 quoted in Freeden, op. cit., p.34. 57. L.T. Hobhouse, Liberalism (1911), 1964 edn, p.62 quoted ibid., p.50. 58. Hob house, Liberalism, pp.88-90, quoted ibid., p.29. 59. S. Webb, Fabian Essays, op. cit., p.46. 60. J.A. Hobson, The Crisis of Liberalism (1909), pp.172-3, quoted in Freeden, op. cit., p.47. 61. Hobson, The Social Problem (1901), pp.78-9, in ibid., p.71. 62. J.M. Robertson, Modem Humanists (London: Swan, Sonnenchein, 1891), pp.268-71. 63. See Freeden, op. cit., p.258. 64. M. Freeden, Liberalism Divided: A Study in British Political Thought 1914-1939 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p.220. 65. See Frank Bealey and Henry Pelling, Labour History and Politics 1900-1906: A History of the Labour Representation Committee (London: Macmillan, 1958), pp.48-9 and 289. 66. Quoted by Henry Pelling,A Short History of the Labour Party, 9th edn (London: Macmillan, 1991), pp.24-5 from Leonard Hallet al., Let Us Refonn the Labour Party (1910), p.3. 67. Labour Representation Committee Conference Reports, 1903, p.36; 1905, p.52. Labour Party Conference Reports, 1912, pp.101-2; 1913, p.113. 68. Fabian Tract 150 (1910), Emil Davies, State Purchase of the Railways: A Practical Scheme, proposed as a first step the state purchase of two small inefficient lines and their reorganisation to the benefit of train users, without throwing any financial burden on the community. The success of this experi- 312 Notes and References

mental scheme would lead, Davis believed, to further state purchase of rail• ways. See also Fabian Tract 171 (1913), Henry Schloesser (later Sir Henry Slesser), The Nationalisation of Mines and Minerals Bill, drawn up for the Miners' Federation. 69. Emrys Hughes (ed.), Keir Hardie's Speeches and Writings (Glasgow: 'Forward', 1928), p.108. 70. Kenneth 0. Morgan, Keir Hardie: Radical and Socialist (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1975), p.290. 71. Hughes, op. cit., p.17. 72. Labour Leader, March 1896, ibid., p.53. 73. Open letter to John Burns in the Leader, 1903 in Hughes, op. cit., p.l13. 74. G.D.H. Cole, A History of Socialist Thought: Volume III: The Second International, 1889-1914 Pt I (London: Macmillan, 1956), p.230. 75. David Marquand, Ramsay MacDonald (London: Jonathan Cape, 1977), p.93. 76. McBriar, op. cit., pp.293-4. 77. J. Ramsay MacDonald, Socialism and Society, (London: ILP, 1907), pp.121-2. 78. Ibid., pp.126-7. 79. Ibid., p.128. 80. Ibid., p.l54. 81. Ibid., p.143. 82. Extract from J.R. MacDonald, Socialism and Government (1909), included in Frank Bealey ( ed. ), The Social and Political Thought of the British Labour Party (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1970), pp.70-1. 83. MacDonald, Socialism and Society, pp.144 and 150. 84. Ibid., pp.172-3 and 174. 85. Ibid., p.180.

8 From Russian Socialism to Soviet Communism

1. Isaiah Berlin, 'Russian Populism', in Isaiah Berlin, Russian Thinkers (London: The Hogarth Press, 1978), p.210. 2. See Richard Pipes, Russia under the Old Regime (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1974), Ch. 6. 3. Quoted by Franco Venturi, Roots of Revolution: A History of the Populist and Socialist Movements in Nineteenth-Century Russia, translated by Francis Haskell (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1960; New York: Grosset & Dunlop, paper• back, 1966), p.488. Isaiah Berlin's essay, 'Russian Populism', first appeared as the introduction to Roots of Revolution. 4. Venturi, op. cit., pp.490-4. 5. Berlin, 'Russian Populism', p.228. 6. Venturi, op. cit., pp.573-4. 7. Ibid., p.621. 8. F. Engels, 'On Social Relations in Russia', published in Volksstraat, April1875, and in Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works, Vol. II (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1958), pp.49-61. 9. Marx and Engels, Preface to the 1882 Russian edition of the Manifesto of the Communist Party, translated into Russian by Plekhanov, Marx and Engels, Selected Works, Vol. I, pp.22-4. 10. Letter from Karl Marx to Vera Zasulich, 8 March 1881, in David McLellan, Karl Marx: Selected Writings (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), pp.576-7. Notes and References 313

11. Quoted in Lazar Volin, A Century of Russian Agriculture: From Alexander II to Khrushchev (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970), p.85. 12. Samuel H. Baron, Plekhanov: The Father of Russian Marxism (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1963), pp.100 and 96. 13. Marx in his 1877 letter to the populist theoretician Milkhailovsky firmly rejects the latter's metamorphorisation of 'my historical sketch of the genesis of capi• talism in Western Europe into a historic-philosophic theory of the general path every people is fated to tread, whatever the historical circumstances in which it finds itself: McLellan, op. cit., p.572. 14. Baron, op. cit., p.103. 15. See Robert Service, Lenin: A Political Life VoL I (London: Macmillan, 1985), pp.65-70. 16. Ibid., pp.122 and 97-8. 17. Lenin, Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution, August 1905, in The Essentials of Lenin, Volume I (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1947), p.381. 18. Ibid., p.382. 19. Lenin, The Attitude of Social-Democracy Towards the Peasant Movement, Proletary, September 1905, ibid., p.452. 20. Pipes, op. cit., p.169. 21. Lenin, Collected Works', English Edition, Vol. 21, 'The Defeat of Russia and the Revolutionary Crisis', p.382 and 'Kautsky, Axelrod and Martov - True Internationalists', pp.398-9. 22. Lenin, Collected Worb, Vol. 23, 'Lecture on the 1905 Revolution', January 1917, p.253. 23. Lenin, The Tasb of the Proletariat in the Present Revolution (first published Pravda, 7 April1917), The Essentials of Lenin, pp.17-21. 24. Lenin, 'The Russian Revolution and Civil War', Robochy Pur, 29 September 1917, Collected Worb of Lenin, Vol. 26, pp.40-1. 25. Lenin, State and Revolution (first published in 1918), The Essentials of Lenin, p.170. 26. Lenin, Can the Bolshevib Retain State Power?, 1 October 1917, in Lenin, Collected Worb Vol. 26, p.106. 27. Ibid., pp.114-15. 28. Lenin, Immediate Tasb of the Soviet Government, in The Essentials of Lenin, Vol. II, p.235. 29. See Lenin, 'Speech to the First All-Russian Congress of Land Departments, Poor Peasants' Committees and Communes', 11 December 1918, in Lenin, Collected Worb, Vol. 28, pp.344-5. 30. See Orlando Figes, A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891-1924 (London: Jonathan Cape, 1996), pp.751-8 and 775-80. 31. See Leonard Schapiro, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Andover: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1960), pp.191-2. 32. Lenin, 'On Co-operation', The Essentials of Lenin, Vol II, pp.832-5. 33. Lenin, 'Better Fewer, But Better', ibid., pp.844-5. 34. Ibid., pp.853-4. 35. Stalin, 'The October Revolution and the Tactics of the Russian Communists', Preface to On the Road to October, December 1924, in J. Stalin Problem of Leninism (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1947), p.107. 36. Quoted by E.H. Carr, Socialism in One Country Vol. I, 1924-1926 (London: Macmillan, 1958; Penguin edn 1970), p.201. 314 Notes and References

37. Dimitri Volkogonov, Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy, translated and edited by Harold Shukman (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1991), p.162. Volkogonov, as head of the Soviet Institute of Military History, had unrivalled access to classified state documents. 38. Volin, op. cit., p.201. 39. Ibid., p.207. 40. Stalin, 'Problems of Agrarian Policy in the USSR', 27 December 1929, in Problems of Leninism, p.319. 41. Stalin, 'Dizzy with Success: Problems of the Collective Farm movement', Pravda, 2 March 1930, in Problems of Leninism, p.326. 42. Quoted by Roy Medvedev, Let History Judge: The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism, edited and translated by George Shriver (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), p.225. 43. Robert Conquest, The Harvest of So"ow: Soviet Collectivization and the Te"or Famine (London: Arrow, 1986), pp.220-2. 44. Volkogonov, op. cit., p.524. 45. Medvedev, op. cit., pp.250-3; Alec Nove, An Economic History of the USSR 1917-1991 (London: Pelican Books, 1992), pp.194-200. 46. Ibid., p.220. 47. Ibid., p.230. 48. Robert Conquest, The Great Te"or: A Re-Assessment (London: Macmillan, 1990), quoting from Ogonek, No. 28 (1987) and No. 25 (1989). 49. Medvedev, op. cit., p.424. 50. Ibid., p.425. 51. Nove, op. cit., pp.277-9. 52. Medvedev, op. cit., p.775. 53. See Alan Bullock, Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives (London: HarperCollins, 1991), pp.1001-3. 54. Volkogonov, op. cit., p.524. 55. Beatrice Heuser, Western Containment Policies in the Cold War. The Yugoslav Case 1948-53 (London: Routledge, 1989), p.22. 56. Medvedev, op. cit., pp.792-3. 57. Ibid., pp.793-7. 58. See Nove, op. cit., pp.292-8. 59. Volin, op. cit., p.308. 60. Nove, op. cit., p.340. 61. Volin, op. cit., pp.484-96. 62. Ibid., p.498. 63. Nove, op. cit., p.372. 64. See Jerry Hough and Merle Fainsod, How the Soviet Union Is Governed (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), pp.222-6. 65. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, 1918-1956 (3), translated by H.T. Willetts (London: 1978 Collins and Harvill Press), p.494. 66. Nicholas Bethell, Gomulka, His Poland and His Communism (London: Longman, 1969), Ch. XIV, 'October'. 67. See L.J. Macfarlane, Human Rights: Realities and Possibilities (London: Macmillan, 1990), Ch. 4, 'Human Rights in Hungary', pp.170-4. 68. Quoted by Archie Brown and Gordon Wightman, 'Czechoslovakia: Revival and Retreat' in Archie Brown and Jack Gray (eds), Political Culture and Political Change in Communist States, 2nd edn (London: Macmillan, 1979), p.174. Notes and References 315

69. See Archie Brown, 'The Power of the General Secretary of the CPSU', in T.H. Rigby et al. ( eds ), Authority, Power and Policy in the USSR (London: Macmillan, 1980), pp.147-8. 70. Timothy Garton Ash, The Polish Revolution: Solidarity (Harmondsworth: Granta books in association with Penguin Books, 1991 ), pp.80 and 181. 71. Ibid., p.178. 72. Ibid., p.185. 73. Hough and Fainsod, op. cit., pp.256-65. 74. Nove, op. cit., pp.378-81. 75. Ibid., p.382. 76. Ibid., p.388. 77. Ibid., pp.389-405. 78. Archie Brown, The Gorbachev Factor (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), p.134. 79. Alec Nove, 'Glasnost' inAction: Cultural Renaissance in Russia (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989), pp.196-7. 80. Speech by Gorbachev, April 1986, quoted in Brown, The Gorbachev Factor, p.123. 81. Ibid., p.125. 82. For a fascinating account of the early years of glasnost see Nove, 'Glasnost' in Action. 83. See Archie Brown, The Gorbachev Factor, pp.128-29. 84. Live television and radio relay of Gorbachev's report to 19th All Union CPSU Conference, BBC Daily Summer of World Broadcasts, Part I Soviet Union, SU 0191. C2 and C3, 30 June 1988. 85. Ibid., SU 0196, C25, 6 July 1988. 86. Ibid., SU 0196, C26, 6 July 1988. 87. Ibid., SU 0196, C33, 6 July 1988. 88. Ibid., SU 0196, C34, 6 July 1988. 89. Brown, The Gorbachev Factor, p.l31. 90. BBC, SU 0688, C4, 14 February 1990. 91. BBC, SU 0683, C17, 8 February 1990. 92. See Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago (3), pp.506-14. 93. Archie Brown, op. cit., pp.197-8. 94. Quoted in Stephen White, After Gorbachev (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), p.133. 95. Quoted ibid., p.136. 96. BBC, SU 0821, C2.6 and C2.7, 20 July 1990. 97. Stephen White et al. (eds), The Politics of Transition: Shaping a Post-Soviet Future, adapted from the Times-Mirror survey, Washington, DC (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), p.16. 98. BBC, SU 0987, C1.2, 4 February 1991. 99. The Russian Republic was the only Soviet Republic which had never had its own party organisation, being directly under the jurisdiction of the central party apparatus. In June 1990 dissatisfaction with Gorbachev, and resentment at the growing independence of the Communist parties in other Republics, led to a Russian Communist Party being set up. 100. BBC, SU 0987, C1.6. 101. Quoted in White, The Politics of Transition, p.270. 102. White, After Gorbachev, pp.270-85. 316 Notes and References

103. White, The Politics of Transition, p.19. 104. White, After Gorbachev, p.281.

9 German Socialism since 1914

1. Valuable studies of this period are to be found in G.D.H. Cole, A History of Socialist Thought, Vol. W. Pt I Communism and Social Democracy, 1914-1931, Ch. IV and Chapter V (London: Macmillan, 1958); and in A.J. Ryder, The German Revolution of 1918: A Study of German Socialism in War and Revolt (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967). 2. Quoted in Susanne Miller and Heinrich Potthoff, A History of Gennan Social Democracy from 1848 to the Present, translated by J.A. Underwood (Leamington Spa: Berg, 1986), p.Sl. 3. 'What Does the Spartakusbund Want?' Berlin, 14 December 1918, in Robert Looker (ed.), Rosa Luxemburg: Selected Political Writings (London: Jonathan Cape, 1972), p.282. 4. Quoted in J.P. Netty!, Rosa Luxemburg, Vol. II (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966), p.763. 5. 'Order Reigns in Berlin', Die Rote Fahne, 14 January 1919 in Looker, op. cit., p.304. 6. See John Moses, Trade Unionism in Germany from Bismarck to Hitler, 1869-1933, Vol. II (London: George Prior, 1982), p.335. 7. Quoted, ibid., p.227. 8. Quoted, ibid., p.230. 9. Quoted in Massimo Salvadori, Karl Kautsky and the Socialist Revolution 1880-1938, translated by Jon Rothschild (London: NLB, 1979), p.235. 10. Quoted in Gerard Braun thai, Socialist Labor and Politics in Weimar Germany (Connecticut: Arch Books, 1978), p.163. 11. Ryder, op. cit., p.168. 12. Reich-Gesetzblatt 1919, p.341, quoted in Miller and Potthoff, op. cit., p.74. 13. Quoted in Braunthal, op. cit., p.164. 14. Salvadori, op. cit., based on Commission documents, from D.A. Riter and S. Miller ( eds), La rivoluzione tedesca 1918-1919 (1969), pp.282-302. 15. Quoted from pamphlet issued by the MSPD Executive Committee, in Heinrich Strobel, Socialism in Theory and Practice, translated by H.J. Stenning (London: P.S. King, 1922), pp.198-200. 16. Ryder, op. cit., quoting from H.A. Turner, Stresemann and the Politics of the Weimar Republic (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963), p.82. 17. See Salvadori, op. cit., pp.218-22, derived from article by Kautsky, 'The Prospects of the Russian Revolution' in Neue Zeit. 18. Karl Kautsky, The Dictatorship of the Proletariat, translated by H.J. Stenning (London: National Labour Press, 1919; 1964 edition introduced by John H. Kautsky, University of Michigan Press), p.4. 19. Ibid., p.5. 20. Ibid., p.46. 21. Ibid., p.51. 22. Ibid., pp.l39-40. 23. In The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegrade Kautsky, Lenin stated that the question of depriving the exploiters of the franchise was a purely Russian ques• tion and not a Marxist question of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat. Notes and References 317

24. Rosa Luxemburg, Leninism or Marxism, in Bertram D. Wolfe, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1961, (published in Neue Zeit, 1904), pp.88 and 102. 25. Rosa Luxemburg, The Russian Revolution, in ibid., p.38. 26. Ibid., p.28. 27. Ibid., p.27. 28. Ibid., p.40. 29. Ibid., p.45. 30. Ibid., p.69. 31. Ibid., pp.71-2. 32. Nettyl, op. cit., Vol. II, p.703. 33. Luxemburg, The Russian Revolution, op. cit., p.79. 34. Quoted by Isaac Deutscher, The Prophet Anned: Trotsky 1879-1921 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1954; paperback 1970), p.452. 35. Quoted from the Communist Manifesto of 1919 in G.D.H. Cole, Communism and Social Democracy 1914-1931, pp.306-7. 36. Ibid., pp.315-6. 37. Julius Braunthal, History of the Intemational1914-1943, Vol. II, translated by John Clark (London: Nelson, 1967), p.137, quoting from Fischer, The Life of Lenin. 38. Deutscher, op. cit., p.466, quoting from The Trotsky Archives; L.J. Macfarlane, 'Hands Off Russia: British Labour and the Russo-Polish War, 1920', Past and Present, No. 38 (December, 1967), p.140. 39. Quoted in E.W. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution 1917-1923, Vol. III (London: Macmillan, 1953), p.336. 40. Miller and Potthoff, op. cit., 'Programme of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, Heidelberg 1925', pp.258-64. 41. W.L. Guttsman, The Gennan Social Democratic Party, 1875-1933 (London: Allen & Unwin, 1981), p.319. 42. Moses, op. cit., Vol. II, Ch. 15, pp.36 and 443-4, footnote 18. 43. Hans Mommsen, 'Class War or Co-determination: On the Control of Economic Power in the Weimar Republic' (1978), in Mommsen, From Weimar to Auschwitz: Essays in Gennan History, translated by Philip O'Connor (Cambridge Polity Press, 1991), pp.73-4. 44. Leon Trotsky, 'For a Workers' United Front Against Fascism', in The Struggle Against Fascism in Gennany (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1971), p.109. 45. J. Braunthal, History of the International 1914-1943, Vol. II, gives a Reichsbanner national membership figure in 1932 of 3 million members, of whom 400 000 belonged to 'a hard-hitting, highly trained military style elite, the Schufo ("defence units")': p.373. 46. Ibid., p.374. 47. Quoted ibid., p.375. 48. Erich Eyck,A History of the Weimar Republic, Vol. II (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1964), p.451. 49. Alan Bullock, Hitler: A Study of Tyranny (Harmondsworth: revised Penguin edn, 1963), p.257. 50. Quoted in Miller and Potthoff, op. cit., p.121. 51. Braunthal, History of the International, Vol. II, pp.384-5. 52. Letter: Leipart to Hitler, 21 March 1933; Moses, op. cit., Vol. II, Appendix X. 53. See Salvadori, op. cit., pp.348-9 and 362-3, quotations from Kautsky, Neue Programme, Vienna-Leipzig, 1933, p.38 and pp.70-1. 318 Notes and References

54. Quoted Miller and Potthoff, op. cit., 'The Prague Manifesto of the Sopade - The Struggle and the Goal of Revolutionary Socialism in the Policy of the Social Democratic Party of Germany', January 1934, pp.265-6. 55. Miller and Potthoff, op. cit., p.129. 56. Ibid., p.142. 57. Quoted from KPD Declaration of 11 June 1945 in William David Graf, The German Left Since 1945: Socialism and Social Democracy in the Germany Federal Republic (Cambridge: Oleander Press, 1976), pp.42-3. 58. Ibid., quoted from Wolfgang Leonhard, Die Revolution entlasst ihre kinder (Cologne, 1955), p.351. 59. Ibid., p.45. 60. Quoted in Peter Pulzer, German Politics, 1945-1995 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), p.49. 61. Graf, op. cit., p.46. 62. Quoted in Helga Grebing, The History of the German Labour Movement: A Survey, abridged by Mary Saran, translated by Edith Korner (Leamington Spa: Berg, 1985), p.158. 63. Abridged version of speech by Schumacher in Miller and Potthoff, op. cit., pp.268-9. 64. Ibid., p.269. 65. Graf, op. cit., pp.50-1. 66. Quoted in Andreis Markovits, The Politics of the West German Trade Unions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), p.66. 67. Ibid., pp.378 and 33. 68. See Kenneth 0. Morgan, Labour in Power, 1945-1951 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984) pp.255-60. 69. Graf, op. cit., p.121. 70. See Markovits, op. cit., pp.S0-8. 71. Graf, op. cit., Ch. VII, 'The SPD and the Godesberg Programme', pp.197-8. 72. 'Basic Programme of the Social Democratic Party of Germany: Bad Godesberg, 13-15 November 1995', in Miller and Potthoff, op. cit., p.286. 73. Graf, op. cit., p.199. 74. 'Programme of the Social Democratic Party Programme of Germany, Erfurt 1891', in Miller and Potthoff, op. cit., p.240. 75. Kautsky, The Dictatorship of the Proletariat, pp.4-5. 76. 'Bad Godesberg Programme', op. cit., p.278. 77. Ibid., p.279. 78. Ibid., pp.275 and 281. 79. Abendroth quoted in Graf, op. cit., p.220. 80. George Braunthal, The West Germany Social Democrats, 1969-1982 (Colorado: Westview, 1983), p.144. 81. Ibid., pp.144-5. 82. See Pulzer, op. cit., p.l19. 83. Markovits, op. cit., p.119. 84. Ibid., pp.133-4. 85. Ibid., pp.l41-3. 86. Donald Sassoon, One Hundred Years of Socialism: The West European Left in the Twentieth Century (London: I.B. Tauris, 1996), p.715. 87. Ibid., pp.720-5. Notes and References 319

88. Stephen Padgett, 'The German Social Democrats: A Redefinition of Social Democracy, or Bad Godesberg Mark II', West European Politics, Vol. 16, No. 1 (1993).

10 Socialism: The Swedish Model

1. G~sta Esping-Anderson, 'The Making of the Social Democratic Welfare State', in Klaus Misgeld, Karl Molin and Klas Amork, Creating Social Democracy: A Century of the Social Democratic Labor Party in Sweden (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992), pp.40-l. 2. Branting, speech delivered 24 October 1986, quoted in Tim Tilton, The Political Theory of Swedish Social Democracy: Through the Welfare State to Socialism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), pp.19-20. 3. Branting, 'A Modern Social Democratic Programme', 1897, ibid., pp.31-2. 4. Ibid., p.26. 5. Clas-Erik Odhner, 'Workers and Farmers Shape the Swedish Model', in Misgeld, Molin andAmork, op. cit., pp.178 and 185. 6. See G.D.H. Cole, A History of Socialist Thought, Vol. W Communism and Social Democracy 1914-1931 (London: Macmillan, 1958), Part II, pp.520-l. 7. Gustav Moller, 'The Social Revolution', 1918 quoted in Tilton, op. cit., pp.106 and 107. 8. Villy Bergstrom, 'Party Program and Economic Policy: The Social Democrats in Government', in Misgeld, Molin and Amork, op. cit., pp.133-4. 9. Malcolm B. Hamilton, Democratic Socialism in Britain and Sweden (London: Macmillan, 1989), pp.160-l. 10. Tilton, op. cit., p.90; Bergstrom, op. cit., p.135. 11. 'Socialised market economy' is the term used by Tilton, op. cit., p.93. 12. Quoted ibid., pp.80-l. 13. Ibid., pp.83-6. 14. Gustav Steffen, 'Some Viewpoints on the Socialisation Question' (1920), quoted ibid., p.258. 15. Ibid., pp.101-2. 16. Ibid., p.99. 17. Hamilton, op. cit., pp.170-l. 18. Quoted Tilton, op. cit., p.127. 19. Donald Sassoon, One Hundred Years of Socialism (London: I.B. Tauris, 1996), p.86. 20. Villy Bergstrom, op. cit., p.148. 21. Ibid., p.148. 22. See John D. Stephens, The Transition from Capitalism to Socialism (University of Illinois Press, 1979), pp.178-9; Henry Milner, Sweden: Social Democracy in Practice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), pp.126-8. 23. G~sta Esping-Anderson, op. cit., pp.36 and 37. 24. Milner, op. cit., p.107. 25. Rudolf Meidner, 'Why Did the Swedish Model Fail?', Socialist Register 1993, edited by Ralph Miliband and Leo Panitch (London: Merlin Press, 1993), pp.222-3. 26. Hamilton, op. cit., pp.197-9. 320 Notes and References

27. Milner, op. cit., pp.138-9. 28. Table 8, Real GDP Per Capita in International Prices (Constant Prices; US $ 1980 at 1980 Exchange Rates), Appendix to Understanding the Swedish Model, edited by Jan-Erik Lane (London: Frank Cass, 1991), p.202. 29. Meidner, op. cit., p.224. 30. Quoted in Tilton, op. cit., p.231. 31. Quoted in Sven Steinmo, 'Social Democracy v Socialism: Goal Adaptation in Democratic Sweden', Politics and Society, Vol. 16, No. 4 (December 1988), p.431. 32. Quoted in Hamilton, op. cit., pp.207-8. 33. Steinmo, op. cit., p.432; Hamilton, op. cit., p.209. 34. Sven Steinmo, op. cit., p.432. 35. Hamilton, op. cit., pp.209-14; Sassoon, op. cit., pp.706-13. 36. Tilton, op. cit., pp.234-5. 37. Quoted in Tilton, op. cit., p.244. 38. Ibid., p.246. 39. See Diana Salisbury, 'Swedish Social Democracy in Transition: The Party's Record in the 1980s and the Challenge of the 1990s', West European Politics, Vol. 14, No.3 (1991), pp.36-7. 40. See Hans Bergstrom, 'Sweden's Politics and Party System at the Crossroads', West European Politics, Vol. 14, No.3 (1991), pp.15-16. 41. Rune Premfors, 'The "Swedish Model" and Public Sector Reform', West European Politics, Vol. 14, No.3 (1991), pp.85-92. 42. See Salisbury, op. cit., pp.42-4 and Diana Salisbury, 'The Swedish Social Democrats and the Legacy of Continuous Reform: Asset or Dilemma?', West European Politics, Vol. 16, No. 1 (1993), pp.55-6. 43. John Madeley, 'The Return of Swedish Social Democracy: Phoenix or Ostrich?', West European Politics, Vol. 18, No.2 (April1995), p.427.

11 Socialism and the British Labour Party

1. Quoted in G.D.H. Cole, A History of the Labour Party from 1914 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1948), pp.6-7. 2. Quoted in Julius Braunthal, History of the Intemational1914-1943 (London: Nelson, 1967), p.93. 3. The new Labour Party constitution was narrowly referred back to the National Executive for amendment. The amendments made provided for an increase in the number of Executive Committee representatives from the affiliated organisations from eleven to thirteen and for the Parliamentary Labour Party to be associated with the NEC in deciding General Election policy. With these amendments the constitution was approved at a February 1918 conference. 4. The Trades Union Congress General Council replaced the ineffectual Trades Union Congress Parliamentary Committee in 1921. 5. 'The Labour Party Constitution of 1918', Appendix II, G.D.H. Cole, op. cit., p.72. 6. See Cole, op. cit., Chapter II, 'The New Labour Party of 1918', pp.44-64 and Appendices I and II; Labour Party, Labour and the New Social Order, revised in accordance with the resolution of the Labour Party Conference, June 1918. Notes and References 321

7. Cole, op. cit., p.56. 8. Labour Party Conference Report, 1924, p.244. 9. Labour Manifesto 1924, in F.W.S. Craig, British General Election Manifestos 1900-1974 (London: Macmillan, 1975), p.64. 10. Cole, op. cit., pp.205-6 and 212. 11. Labour Party, Labour and the Nation, approved by the Labour Party Conference, October 1928, introduction by Ramsay MacDonald, pp.24-29. 12. See Ch. VII, 'British Socialism, 1850-1914', above for Hobson's pre-war support for a 'living wage'. 13. David Marquand, Ramsay MacDonald (London: Jonathan Cape), pp.452-3, quoting H.N. Brailsford in ILP journal, New Leader, January 1926. 14. R.E. Dowse, Left in the Centre (London: Longman, 1966), pp.212-15. 15. Labour Party Conference Report 1928, p.198. 16. Ibid., pp.202 and 212-15. 17. See L.J. Macfarlane, The British Communist Party: Its Origin and Development unti/1929 (London: MacGibbon & Kee, 1966), Ch. II, 'The Formation of the Communist Party'. 18. See Cole, op. cit., pp.160-3. 19. See Macfarlane, op. cit., p.108; H. Pelling, The British Communist Party: A Historical Profile (London: Adam & Charles Black, 1958), pp.30-1; Daily Telegraph, 15 January 1998. 20. Labour Party Conference Report, 1925, pp.4-5. 21. Quoted Marquand, op. cit., p.539. 22. See 'Sir Oswald Mosley's Manifesto', Nation, 13 December 1930. 23. Quoted in Robert Skidelsky, Politicians and the Slump: The Labour Government of 1929-1931 (London: Macmillan, 1967; Pelican Books, 1970), p.23. 24. Ibid., pp.241-2. 25. Quoted in Marquand, op. cit. p.589. 26. Ibid., p.602. 27. Skidelsky, op. cit., p.426, no. 10. 28. Ross McKibbin, 'The Economic Policy of the Second Labour Government, 1929-1931', in McKibbin, The Ideologies of Class: Social Relations in Britain 1880-1950 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990). 29. Labour Manifesto, 1931, in Craig, op. cit., p.95. 30. Labour Party Conference Report, 1932, p.177. 31. Labour Party Conference Report, 1932, p.32. 32. Ibid., p.182. 33. Labour Party Conference Report, October 1933, pp.159-60. 34. Labour Party Conference Report, October 1934, p.263. 35. Labour Party Conference Report, 1933, p.230. 36. Labour Manifesto 1935 in Craig, op. cit., pp.108-9. 37. BBC General Election Broadcasts, The Listener, 6 and 13 November 1935. 38. Quoted in Labour Party Conference Report, May 1939, p.148. 39. R.H. Tawney, Equality (London: George Allen & Unwin 1964), p.205, p.208 andp.209. 40. Harold J. Laski, A Grammar of Politics (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1925), p.25 and p.29. 41. Harold J. Laski, The State in Theory and Practice (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1935), p.270. 42. Ibid., p.328. 43. Ibid., pp.282-4. 322 Notes and References

44. Ibid., p.327, 45. G.D.H. Cole, A Plan for Britain (London: Clarion Press, 1932), quoted by A.W. Wright, G.D.H. Cole and Socialist Democracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979), p.166. 46. G.D.H. Cole, The Need for a Socialist Programme, Socialist League (1933), quoted in ibid., p.167. 47. Wright, ibid., pp.200-l. 48. G.D.H. Cole, The People's Front (1937), quoted in ibid., p.247. 49. Labour Party Conference Report, 1942, p.lll. 50. Labour Party Conference Report, 1945, p.90. 51. BBC Election Broadcast, The Listener, 7 June 1945. 52. Labour Party Conference Report, 1946, p.124. 53. See Kenneth 0. Morgan, Labour in Power (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984), pp.122-3. 54. Labour Party Conference Report, 1949, Morrison, p.155; Bevan pp.170-71. 55. Labour Party Conference Report, 1947 p.l18; Labour Party Conference Report, 1948, p.131. 56. Morgan, op. cit., p.479. 57. Labour Manifesto, 1951 in Craig, op. cit., p.175. 58. Morgan, op. cit., Appendix II. 59. Labour Party Conference Report, 1952, p.91. 60. Labour Manifesto, 1959 in Craig, op. cit., p.227. 61. Philip Williams, Hugh Gaitskell: A Political Biography (London: Jonathan Cape, 1979), pp.531 and 546. 62. Labour Party Conference Report, 1959, pp.ll0-11. 63. See Labour Party Conference Report, 1960, pp.12-13 for revised wording. 64. Labour Party Conference Report, 1961, p.173 65. C.A.R. Crosland, The Future of Socialism (London: Jonathan Cape, 1956), pp.181 and 249. 66. Raymond Plant, 'Democratic Socialism and Equality', in David Lipsey and Dick Leonard (eds), The Socialist Agenda: Crosland's Legacy (London: Jonathan Cape, 1981), p.137. 67. Crosland, op. cit., p.113. 68. Ibid., p.116. 69. Ibid., pp.485 and 496-7. 70. Ibid., p.476. 71. Ibid., p.510. 72. Ibid., p.505. 73. Ben Pimlott, Harold Wilson (London: HarperCollins, 1992), p.272. 74. Quoted in ibid., p.304. 75. Labour Manifesto, 1964 in Craig, op. cit., pp.255-64. 76. Harold Wilson, The New Britain: Labour's Plan (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1964 ), p.5 quoted in David Coates, The Labour Party and the Struggle for Socialism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975), p.lOO. 77. See Alec Nove, An Economic History of the USSR, 1917-1991 (London: Pelican Books, 1992), pp.349 and 371. 78. Pimlott, op. cit., quoting The Times, 18 September and 29 September 1965. 79. David Coates, op. cit., pp.l16 and 118, quoting Edmund Dell, Political Responsibility and Industry (London: Allen & Unwin, 1973), p.84. 80. See Pimlott, op. cit., p.512. 81. Ibid., p.564. Notes and References 323

82. Figures quoted in Tony Cliff and Donny Gluckstein, The Labour Party - A Marxist History (London: Bookmarks, 1988), pp.304-5 and p.313. 83. Labour Party Conference Report, 1972, p.175 and pp.178-9. 84. Labour's Programme 1973, quoted in Cliff and Gluckstein, op. cit., pp.313-15. 85. Labour Party Conference Report, 1973, pp.161 and 162. 86. Ibid., p.166. 87. Ibid., p.129. 88. Ibid., p.172. 89. Pimlott, op. cit., pp.665-6. 90. James Callaghan, Time and Chance (London: Collins, 1987), pp.427-8. 91. Denis Healey, The Time of My Life (London: Michael Joseph, 1989; Penguin Books, 1990), p.484. 92. Labour Party Conference Report, 1981, p.64. 93. Patrick Seyd, The Rise and Fall of the Labour Left (London: Macmillan, 1987), pp.133-6; Jad Adams, Tony Benn (London: Macmillan, 1992), pp.409-19. 94. Labour's Programme 1982, p.9. 95. Labour's Manifesto 1983, The New Hope for Britain, pp.12-13. 96. Tony Benn, Guardian, 23 June 1983 quoted in Cliff and Gluckstein, op. cit., p.359. 97. Eric Shaw, The Labour Party Since 1979: Crises and Transfonnation (London: Routledge, 1994), p.27, quoting from Ivor Crewe, 'The Disturbing Truth Behind Labour's Rout', Guardian 13 June 1983. 98. Labour Party Conference Report, 1985, p.128 quoted in Shaw, op. cit., p.36. 99. Shaw, ibid., pp.47-50. 100. Roy Hattersley, Choose Freedom (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1987), p.22. 101. Bryan Gould, A Future for SOCIALISM (London: Jonathan Cape, 1989), pp.95-6. 102. Giles Radice, Labour's Path to Power, the New Revisionism (London: Macmillan, 1989), p.95. 103. Labour Party, Meet the Challenge, Make the Change (London, 1989), p.lO. 104. Ibid., pp.15-16. 105. Radice, op. cit., pp.102-3. 106. Meet the Challenge, Make the Change, p.13. 107. Gould, op. cit., Ch. 7, 'Democratising the Enterprise', p.135. See also Hattersley, op. cit., Ch. 10, 'The Case for Clause IV'. 108. Gould, ibid., pp.117-18. 109. Meet the Challenge, Make the Change, p.55. 110. Ibid., pp.29-30, 11 and 13. 111. Shaw, op. cit., pp.92-3. 112. Noel Thompson, Political Economy and the Labour Party: The Economics of Democratic Socialism, 1884-1995 (London: UCL Press, 1996), p.273. 113. Harris exit poll, 9 April1992, in Anthony King et al., Britain at the Polls 1992 (New Jersey: Chatham House, 1992), p.207. 114. Labour's Election Manifesto: It's time to get Britain working again, April1992, p.13. 115. Anthony King, op. cit., pp.151-2. 116. The Sunday Times, 30 April1995. 117. Daily Telegraph, 14 March 1995. 118. The Observer, 30 April1995. 119. Labour Party Manifesto, May 1997, New Labour: because Britain deserves better, p.3. 324 Notes and References

12 Socialism, Past and Present

1. Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, 3rd edn (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1959), pp.170-1. 2. Karl Kautsk.y, The Dictatorship of the Proletariat, first published 1918 (London: National Labour Press, 1919), pp.4-5. 3. See George Woodcock and Ivan Avakumovic, The Doukhobors (London: Faber & Faber, 1968), pp.220-1. 4. David Miller, Market, State and Community: Theoretical Foundations of Market Socialism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), p.8. 5. Ibid., p.10. 6. Ibid., pp.5-11 and 309-12. 7. Ibid., pp.18-19. 8. Ibid., p.336. 9. 'New Labour's Aims and Values', printed in TheDaio/ Telegraph, 14 March 1995. 10. Kautsk.y, op. cit., pp.4-5. 11. See Michael Freeden, Liberalism Divided: A Study in British Political Thought 1914-1939 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), pp.4-5. 12. G.D.H. Cole, The Second lntemationa/1889-1914, Pt I (London: Macmillan, 1956), p.34. Quotation from a resolution passed at 1896 Congress of the Second International restricting representation from party organisations to those accepting the resolution. Index

Abendroth, Prof., 208-9 Bax, Belfort, 58, 123 Abioi peoples, 12 Bebel, August, 107; and Engels, 108; Adenaue~FGonrad,204-5 and Vollmar, 109, 175 Aeschylus, 9, 12 Beckett, Margaret, 285 Alienation, 99-100 · Belchem, John, 83-4 'Alternative Programme' of Liberal Bellamy, Edward, Looking Backward, radicals, 127-8 60 Ambrose, St, 27 Benn,Tony,273,274,277,278 Anabaptists, 36-7 Bentham, Jeremy, 131-2 Andropov, Yuri, 168 Berki, R.N., 104 Anglo-Soviet relations, 1924, 247-8 Berlin, Sir Isaiah, Russian populism, Anti-capitalism, see capitalism 142,143 Anti-capitalist economists, 67-71 Bernstein, Eduard, Winstanley, 39; Aquinas, St, 26, 28 Engels, 108; revisionist Aristophanes, 16 controversy, 110-13; USPD, 175, Aristotle, 14, 16 180 criticisms of Plato, 20 Bevan, Aneurin, 256, 258, 259; Aquinas and, 28 resignation, 261-2; Shadow Arnold, Brother, Joachite manifesto, Foreign Sec., 262 31 Beveridge Report, 257 Ashcroft, Richard, on Locke, 42 Bevin Ernest, 204, 256; Foreign Sec., Attlee, Clement: Labour Party leader, 258 253; Deputy Prime Minister, 256; Bismarck, Otto von: state socialism Prime Minister, 258; and Anti-Socialist Laws, 94-5, 97, nationalisation, 258,261-2 107; Engels on, 106 Atwood, Thomas, 79 Blackstone, Sir William, on Locke, 44 Atwood, William, on Locke, 44 Blair, Tony: Labour Leader, 284-5; Augustine, St., 26 revises Clause 4, 285-6 Blanc, Louis, 85, 86-8 Babeuf, Gracchus, French communist Bland, Herbert, 130 coup,55-8,66 Blatchford, Robert, Merrie England, 123 Bacon, Francis, New Atlantis, 59 Blunkert, David, 279 Bad Godesberg Programme (SPD), Bockelson, Jan, 36 207-9,212 Bockler, Hans, 206 Baden, Prince Max of, 176-7 Bohemia, peasant risings, 34-5 Baldwin, Stanley, 246 Brandler, Heinrich, KPD leader, 190 Balogh, Thomas, 267 Brandt, Willy, Reich Chancellor Ball, John, 33 1969-74: concept of socialism, Ball, Sidney, The Moral Aspects of 209; Ostpolitik, 210 Socialism, 132 Branting, Hjalmar, SAP leader, Barker, Ernest, 59 214-18 Barnes,George,239 Braun, Otto, 195, 198 Baudin, Louis, 40-1 Bray, John, Labour's Wrongs and Bauer, Gustav, 176 Labour's Remedies, 76-8

325 326 Index

Brezhnev, Leonid: 1968 invasion of Chamberlen, Peter, Poor Man's Czechoslovakia, 164; threats Advocate, 39-40 against Poland, 165; style of Chambers, R.W., 59 leadership, 164, 165; economic Charity, right to, 26-9 policies, 166-7 Chartism, 78-80; and capitalism, 80-1; Briggs, Asa, 80 and machinery, 81; trade unions British Socialist Party (BSP), 122; see and, 83; Land Plan, 83-5; Engels, also SDF and SDP 86 Bromyard, John, 33-4 Chartist petitions: 1st, 79-82; 2nd, Brotherhood of the Yellow Cross, 32 82-3;3rd,85-6 Brown,Class conflict: Spence, 47-9; Babeuf, Fabians, 130-1; SPD, 203-4; Bad 55-8; Chartists and, 82-3; Marx

Cole, GDH, Utopian socialists, 65; Mill, 119; Liberal socialists, Hodgskin, 70; National Guilds' 133-4 League, 74; Louis Blanc, 87-8; Conscription, 1914-18 war, 238 O'Brien, 89-90; MacDonald, 139; Consolidated Association of Industry, 1918 Labour Party Programme, Humanity and Knowledge, 76 241; Labour Govt adviser, 249; Co-operative communities, Fourier, priority of socialisation over• 62;0wen,63-4,88;Thompson social welfare, 255-6 w.,68-9 Collective farming, Soviet, 156-8, 162, Co-operative farming, NCA and NRL, 166 88; Blanc, 87; Kautsky, 114 Combination Acts, 72 Co-operatives, consumer, 76, 96; Commodianus, 31 producer, 72-3, 89; Lassatte and, Common ownership and common 94-5; Bismarck and, 95; Marx sharing, Greek and Roman, 9-16; and, 95, 105, 108; Mill, 118-9; Christian teaching, 25-6; Christian socialists, 121 Millenarianism and, 32-6; Cousins Frank, 263, 267 Anabaptism and, 36-7; Crete, 16 Winstanley, 37-9; Chamberlen, Cripps, Sir Stafford, 253, 258, 260 39-40, Babeut's revolutionary Cromwell and Winstanley, 38-9 plans, 56-7; see also Crosland, Anthony, The Future of co-operatives, Russian Peasant Socialism, 264-6; Swedish communities, socialisation and socialism, 264; social ownership, social ownership, socialism 265-6; comprehensive schools, Communism, origin and meaning, 269-70 66-7, Marx, 'crude communism' Crossman, Richard, 267 and 'full communism', 100-1; and Czar Nicholas II, 147 revolution,90-2,101-2,104,and Czechoslovak communist state, Paris Commune, 104-5; William 164-5 Morris, 126-7; Bolshevik 'war communism', 153-4; of wives and Dalton, Hugh, socialist planning, 253, property; Plato, 18, 19, 21; 256,258,259,260 Aristotle, 20 Dell, Edmund, 268-9 Communist International Democratic Federation, 122; see also (Comintem), formation, 187-8; Social Democratic Federation Russian domination and (SDF), Social Democratic Party revolutionary action, 188-91 (SDP), British Socialist Party Communist League, 66 (BSP) Communist Manifesto, 60, 70,90-1 Diggers, the, 37-8 Communist Party of Great Britain Dilke, Charles, 127 (CPGB), 245, 246, 254, 255 Disraeli, Benjamin, 81 Communities, Russian peasant, 142, Dinwiddy, J.R., 52 149; Marx and Engels on, 144; Diodorus, 10-11, 11-12, 13-14 Plekhanov on, 144-5 Doherty, John, 73-4 Competition, opposition to, Hall, 51; Doukhobors, 288-9 Babeu~56-7;0wen,63-4, 75; Dyer,George,47 Utopian socialists, 65; Thompson W, 68; Bray, 77-8; Blanc, 86-7; Eaton, Daniel, 47 Marx, 103-4, 105; Fabians, Ebert, Frederich, 176, 177, 178, 179, 131-2; support for, Hodgskin, 69; 181 328 Index

Education, Plato, 17-18; Winstanley, 40-1, Jesuit Missions, 41; 39; Jesuits, 41; St Simon, 61, 62; individual peasant and Owen, 62; Godwin, 62, 63; NCA, smallholders, Spence, 47-9, 89; Marx and Engels, 91; Lasselle, Ogilvie, 49-50; Hall, 51-2, 94; German SPD, 99; Land and Chartist Land Plan, 83-5, NCA Labour League, 117; Mill, 118; and NRL plans, 88-9 Labour Party, 241, 269-70 see also land redistribution and Eisner, K., 181 Russian peasant communities Emergency Powers Act proposal, 253 Felden, John, 74 Engels, Fredrick: Socialism Utopian Feldt, Kjell-Olof, 231- 2 and Scientific, 66 Feminism, 211, 212 The Condition of the Working Class Finley, Sir Moses, 13 in England, 86;Anti-Duhring, Firstlnternational, 116-17; 105-6, state socialism, 108, nationalisation of land and Russia, 144-5; see also Marx industries, 117 and Engels Flerovsky, The Situation of the Working English Civil War, 37-40 Class in Russia, 143 English electoral reform, 45-6 Foot, Michael, 274, Labour Party Epstein, James, 84 Leader,275-6,278 Equality: Hyberboreans, 11-12; Fourier, FCM, 62-3, 65-6 Essenes, 12-13; Christian Church, Francis, St. and the Franciscans, 29 25-6, 27-8, 29; Anabaptists, 37; France, attempted communist Bray, 76-7; Mill, 118; Morris, revolution (1796), 55-8 117-18; Fabians, 130; Webb's, Frederick II of Sicily and Germany, equality and liberty, 131-2; 31-2 Crosland, 264-5, Sweden, 215, 219 Freeden, Michael, Mill and Erfurt Programme (SPD), 97-9, 109 individualism, 120; social Erhard, L., 205 liberalism, 134; political ideology, Erlander, Tage, 225 296 Esping-Anderson, G., 214, 225 Freikorp, 179 Essenes, 12-13,22,25-6,288 Frick, Wilhelm, 196 Euripides, 16 Exploitation of the workers, Spence, Gaitskell, Hugh, 261; Leader of Labour 47; Hall, 50-2; Thompson W, Party, 262; Clause 4, 262-3; 67-8; St Simonians, 61; Utopian unilateral disarmament, 263-4 socialists, 65; Marx, 90, 99-100; George V, 251 Democratic Federation, 122; George, Henry, Progress and Poverty, Plekhanov, 145; Schumacher, 127-8,129 203-4;SAP,216-7,218,219-20; German Centre Party, 193; and Hilter, Gairskell, 263 197, 199 German Communist Party (KPD), Fabian Society, 123, 126; and Marx, formation of, 178, 180, 189; 1923 128-9; theory of rent, 129; failed revolution, 189-91; social evolutionary socialism, 129-30; democracy as 'social fascism', 192, and Liberals, 129-30, 134; 193-4, 199; Trotsky's warning, equality, 130-2 194; banned by Nazis, 197; Falklands war, 277 resistance to Nazis, 200-1; Farming, communal, Winstanley, banned by Adenauer 37-9, Chamberlen, 39-40, Incas, Government, 203 Index 329

German Democratic Union and regime, 199-200; merger of KPD Christian Social Union (CDU• and SPD in East Germany to CSU), 204-5, 206, 209, 210-11 form German Socialist Unity German elections 1919, 178; 1930, Party (SED), 201-2; SED 1946 193; July and Nov, 1932, 196; elections, 202-3, collapse of SED 1934, 197; 1949,205; 1969,and (1990), 212; West German KPD 1972,210;1983,211; 1994,212 banned, 203; Schumacher SPD German Free Democratic Party leader, 203-4; losses to CDU• (PDP), 210--11 CSU, 205; 1966 Grand Coalition, German General Workers' CDU-SPD, 205; 1952 Action Association, 94 Programme and socialisation, German Green Party, 211, 212 207-9; 1959 Bad Godesberg German Independent SPD (USPD), Programme, 207-9; Emergency 115, 1914-18 War, 175, 176, 1918 Laws, 209-10; Extra• Berlin strikes, 176, Naval mutiny, Parliamentary Opposition 176, Nov. 1918 revolution, 176-9; (APO), 210; Brandt and socialisation of industry, 180--2; Ostpolitik, 210; and PDP, 210-11; demise of, 180, 191; and Left support co-determination Comintern, 189 not socialisation, 211; nuclear German Liberal Democratic Party weapons, 211-12; feminism, 212; (LDP), 201 election failures, 212 German National Assembly, 1848, German Socialist Unity Party (SED), 93-4 merger of KPD & SPD in East German National Party, 197 Germany, 202; 1964 elections, German Nazi Party, 1930 election, 202-3; 1990 collapse of, 212 193; banning of Nazi storm German Socialist Workers' Party, 97 troopers, 194; lifting of ban, German state socialism, 93-9, Marx, 194-5; July and Nov. 1932 94; Bismarck, 95-6; 'Professorial elections, 196; 1934 election, 197; Socialists', 96-7 Enabling Bill, 198; KPD & SPD German trade unions, 114, 179; and opposition, 200--1 socialisation, 180--3; and German People's Party, 193, 199 economic democracy, 192-3; and German Progresive Party, 94, 95 Nazis, 195-6, 198-9; socialisation German Social Democratic Party and co-determination, 205-7, 212; (SPD), Erfurt Programme, 97-9, and employers, 180, 192-3, 206-7, 109; state socialism, 107-8; 210 revisionist controversy, 109-15; German workers' and soldiers 1917 split, 115; Independent councils, 177-8 SPD (USPD) and war credits, German works' councils, 180, 191-2, 175; MSPD & USPD 205 Government, 177-8; Gladstone, William, 132 socialisation, 181, 191; Glasnost, 168 Heidelberg Programme, 191-2; Godwin, William, 62, 63 Muller Reich Chancellor, Goebbels, Josef, 195-6 1928-30, 193; 1930 and '32 Goering, Hermann, 196, 197 elections, votes lost to KPD, 193, 'Golden age', classical conceptions, 196; Prussian SPD ministers 9-13; and British prosperity, sacked, 195; SPD banned, 199; in 116-7 exile, 198, 200--1; and Nazi Gomulka, W., 163 330 Index

Gorbachev, Mikhail, and Polish Hegel, GWF, 99, Lassalle and, 94; Solidarity, 166; Soviet Min. Agric, Marx and, 99 167; Gen Sec Communist Party, Helots, 15-16 1985-91, 168;perestroika, 168; Henderson,Arthur,238-9,252-3 reform of agriculture, 169; Henderson, Hubert, 250 political democratisation, 169-70; Herzen,Alexander,142 plans for market economy, 170--1; Heseltine, Michael, 283 'Towards a Humane Democratic Hesiod, 9 Socialism', 172; August 1991 Hilferding, R., 189, 192, 198 coup, 173; resigns Party Hindenburg, General, Reich President, Secretaryship, 173 193; and Nazi Party, 194-8 Gould, Bryan, A Future for Socialism, Hippodamus, 17 280,282 Hitler, Adolph, Munich putsch, 191; Graf, William, 207-8 rise to power, 193-8; reaction to Grand National Consolidated Trades Russian army purges, 159; Hitler• Union, 74-6 Stalin Pact, 200; invades Russia Grand National Guild of Builders, 74, 1941,160 75 Hobhouse, L.T., liberal socialism cf. Gratian, 28 economic and political socialism, Gray, Robert, Lectures on Human 132-3 Happiness and Social System, 70--1 Hobson, J.A., practical socialism and Gromyko, Andrei, 168 theoretical socialism, 133-4; Grotewohl, Otto, 202 MacDonald and, 140; The Living Guilds League, 131 Wage,242-3 Gulags, 159, 161, 163 Hodgskin Thomas, Labour Defended against the Claims of Capital, Hall, Charles, The Effects of 69-70,128-9 Civilisation on the People in Horner,9,11, 12,13 European States, 50--2 Hue, Otto, 181 Hamburg rising (1923), 191 Hungary, 1919 communist govt; 188; Hamilton, Malcolm, 221 post-1945 communist purges, 161; Hammersmith Socialist Society, 125-6 1956 revolution, 163-4 Hansson, Per Albin, 218; 'people's Hurd, Douglas, 283 home', 222-3 Hus, John, 34 Harcourt, Sir William, 127, 132 Hussites see Taborites Hardie, Keir, 123, 135-6, 137-9, 237, Hut, Hans, 36 238 Hyberboreans, 11-12 Harney, George,86,88,89 Hyndman, Henry, 122,125 Harrington, James, Oceana, 59 Haase,Hugo,175,176,181 In Place of Strife, 269 Hattersley, Roy, 278; Choose Freedom, 'Inca socialism', 40--1 280,282,284 Independent Labour Party (ILP), Headlam, Rev. 121 123-4, 237; disputes with Labour Healey, Dennis, 267; 'squeezing the Party,242-3,246,247 rich', 272; Chancellor, 273, 274; International of Trade Unions Deputy Leader, 275-6,277 (Amsterdam), 189 Heath, Edward, 269; miners' strike, Internationals, 1st, 116-7; 2nd, see 272 Socialist International; 3rd, see Hebrideans, 12 Communist International Index 331

Irenaeus, 30 Kirk, Neville, 81 Ireton, General, 37 Kohl, Helmut, German Chancellor, 'Iron law of subsistence wages', 67 1983-,211 JCU/aks,143,146,148, 153,157-8 Jaruzelski, General, 165-6 Kun, Bela, 189 Jebb, John, 46 Jenkins,lloy,270-1,274,276 Labour Campaign for Democratic Jesuit Missions, 41 Socialism, 263-4 Joachim of Fiore, 29 Labour exchanges, Owen, 72-3, Bray, Joachite manifesto, 31 77-8, Christian socialists, 121 John, St, The Divine, 30 Labour Leader, 123, 138 John of lloquetaillade, 32-3 Labour Party, 'Lib-Lab' MPs, 135-6; Johnstone, Tom, 249 conference resolutions supporting Joint Stock Companies, Bray, 77; socialisation, 1905-13, 136-7; Marx, 77, 103-4; Engels, 105-6 weakness of pre 1914, 140; and Jones, Ernest, 88,89 1st World War, 237-9; 1918 Party Jones,Jack,271 Constitution, 239-40; Labour and Josephus, 13 the New Social Order, (1918), Jowett, B., 16 240-1; Clause 4, 240, Gaitskell's Justice, see Social Justice 1958 alternative defeated, 262-3, Blair's 1995 alternative accepted, Kamenev, L., 155-6, 190 285-6; anti-capitalism and KnppPutch, 179,182,188 pro-socialisation, 240-2; 1st Karlesby, Nils, and Swedish Labour Govt, 247-8, and llussia, Socialisation Committee, 218-19; 247-8; Labour and the Nation Socialisation in the Face ofReality, (1928), 241-2; unemployment, 219 242, 249; relations with ILP, Kautsky, Karl, Christian teaching, 23; 242-3; relations with CPGB, 245; Jesuit missions, 41; state socialism, 2nd Labour Govt., 249-52; 1931 108; opposition to revisionism, crisis, 250-2; MacDonald heads a 111-15; USPD, 175, 180; National Govt., 251; 'forward to Commission on Socialisation, socialism', 252-4; socialist 181-2; attacks Bolsheviks in The theorists, Tawney, 254; Laski, Dictatorship ofthe Proletariat, 254-5, Cole, 255-6; 1935 183-5; socialism and democracy, election, 253; wartime coalition, 184, 288; and Nazis, 199-200; and 256-7; 1945 election programme, Swedish SAP, 215,217 Let Us Face The Future, 257; Kerensky, Alexander, 151 socialisation measures, 258-60; Keynes, J.M., 249, 250 socialist economic planning, 260; Khrushchev, Nikita, re-collectivisation resignation of Bevan and Wilson, of Ukraine, 160; 'virgin lands' 261; defeated 1951 election, 261; campaign, 162-3; 20th Party Gaitskell and Bevan, 262; Congress speech, 163; Poland and unilateral disarmament, 263-4; Hungary, 163-4; replaced by Wilson leads Labour Party to Brezhnev, 164 1964 victory, Let's Go with Kibbutz, 289-90 Labour for the New Britain, Kiesinger, Kurt-Georg, 205 266-7; The National Plan, 267-9; Kinnock, Neil, Labour Party Leader, Common Market and EC, 270-1, 278-9,284 273; Labour's Programme for 332 Index

Labour Party (cont.) Lenin, V.I., 146, Development of Britain (1973), 271; storming the Capitalism in Russia, 146; heights of the capitalist economic 'revolutionary dictatorship of the system, 271-2; National proletariat and peasantry' (1905), Enterprise Board, 271, 274; 148; 1st World War, 150; Feb Callaghan Prime Minister, 274; 1917 revolution, 150-1; Oct 1917 IMF loan, 274-5; 'winter of revolution, 151-2; State and discontent', 275; defeated in Revolution (1917), 151-2; NEP, Commons & looses election, 275; 154; death, 154-5; The Bolshevik changing Party rules, 276, Revolution and the Renegade formation of breakaway SDP, Kautsky (1918), 183; Kautsky's 276, rate capping and 'Militant criticisms of Lenin, 183-5, rule', 279; Social Ownership Luxemburg's criticisms of Lenin, (1986), 279; Meet the challenge, 185-7; and Comintem, 187-90; Make the change (1989), 280-3; revolutionary expectations, 187, 1992 tax proposals, 284; Tony 188 Blair and New Labour, 284-6; Levellers, 37-9 1997 landslide victory, 287; 'Lib-Lab' MPs, 135-6 Labour Party 'a democratic Liberal Democratic Party, 284,287 socialist party', 285 Liberal Party, 116, 127-8; and LRC, Labour Representation Committee 127-8; 1924 electoral collapse, (LRC), 123-4, 135-6 248; and 2nd Labour Govt, 250-2 Labour theory of value, Locke, 42; Liberal Radicals and socialism, 132-4; Ogilvie, 49-50; Ricardo, 67; opposed to progressive Thompson W., 67-9; Hodgskin, socialisation, 134; priority to 69-70; Owen, 72-3; Rodbertus, individual liberty, 134 95;Marx, 102-3;Fabians, 128-9 Liberal socialists, see Liberal Lactantius, 30-1 Radicals Land expropriation and redistribution, Lidtke, Vernon, 96-7 Greece, 14; Winstanley, 37-9; Liebknecht, Karl, and Engels, 108; Chamberlen, 39-40; Spence, state capitalism, 110; and 47-9; Ogilvie, 49-50; Hall, 50-2 Sparticists, 115,175,177,179 Land, nationalisation, O'Brien, 84; Livingstone, Ken, 279 Blanc, 87; NRL and NCA, 88; Liverpool and the Militants, 279 Land and Labour League, 117; Lloyd George, 238,244,249,251-2 SDF, 122; Russia, 151 Locke, John, on property, 42-4 Land Tenure Reform Association, 117 Lollards, 34 Lansbury, George, 248,249,253 London Working Men's Assoc, 79 Laski, Harold, 254-5, 256 Lucretius, 11 Lassalle, Ferdinand, and Hegel, 94; Ludendorf, General, 176, 191 and Marx, 94-5; and Bismarck, Ludlow, John, 121 94 Luxemburg, Rosa, and revisionism, League of the Elect, 35-6 113-14; Sparticists, 115, 175, League of the Just, see Communist 178-9; criticisms of Lenin, 185-7 League Left Book Club, 255 Macaulay, Thon1as,82 Left-Wing Movement (CPGB), 245 McBriar, Fabian Socialism and English Legien, K., 180-1; and Nazis, 195, Politics, 129; MacDonald's 198-9 socialisn1, 139 Index 333

MacCarthy, Fiona, 124 Address to the Communist League, MacDonald, J. Ramsay, Seretary 91-2 see also Engels LRC, 124; electoral deal with May, Sir Charles, 250-1 Liberal Party, 135-6; evolutionary Meacher, Michael, 278 socialism, 139-40; Socialism and Medvedev, Roy, purging of Red Society, 141; unemployment Army, 159; deportations, 160; programme, 141; opposes 1st Stalin and Tito, 161 World War, 238; Labour and the Meidner, Rudolf, 225, wage-earner Nation, 243; Prime Minister, funds, 228-31 247-8; 1924 election, 248; Militant (Trotskyist) Group, 279 socialist declaration, 248-9; 2nd Mill, John Stuart, and socialism, Labour Govt, 249-52; Prime 117-20; worker co-ops, 118-19; Minister National Govt, 251, 252; competition necessary, 119; MacDonald's socialist theory, individualism, 120; Sidney Webb Cole, Marquand and McBriar on, and, 120; liberal radicals and, 139 132-3 McKibbon, Ross, 252 Millenarianism, 30-33; Winstanley Madeley, J., 297 and,38 Major, John, 283 Miller, David, Marker, State and Malthus, Thomas, 67 Community: Theoretical Marquand, David, 139,251-2 Foundations ofMarket Socialism, Marshall Plan, 205 294-5 Martov, J., 145 Miners' Federation of Gr Britain Maurice, Frederick, 121 (MFGB), 123; 1919 Royal Maximum of Turin, 27 Commission and nationalisation, Maxton,James,242,243 244-5; Samuel Commission and Marx, Karl, and John Bray, 76; and 1926 General Strike, 245-6 Hegel, 90, 99; and Lessalle, 94-5, Minimum wage, National, 242-3 108; Preface to The Critique of Minority Movement (CPGB), 245 Political Economy, 92; Economic Mir, see Russian peasant and Philosophic Manuscripts, communities 99-101; alienation, 99-100; crude Moller, Gustav, 218,222 communism and mature More, Sir Thomas, Utopia, 21, 59 communism, 100-1; materialist Morelly, Abbe, 56 conception of history, 101-2; Morris, William, 122, 124-1;Artand revolution, 90-2, 102, 104; Socialism, 124; The Society of the Critique of the Gotha Programme, Future, 124-5; Communism, 102-3, 108; Capital, Vol. III, 103; 126-7 the state, 104-5, 'withering away' Morrison, Herbert, 252, 253, 256; of, 106, bureaucracy in, 104; socialisation programme, 257, French revolutionary struggles 258-9 1848-52, 104; Civil War in France, Mosley, Sir Oswald, 249-50 105; 1st International, 116; Mudie, George, 73 Russia, 144-5 Munster and Anabaptism, 35-6 Marl, K. and Engels, F., Communist Miintzer, Thomas, 35-6 Manifesto, Utopian socialists, 60, Programme of, 90-1; The German Nagy, lmre, 164 Ideology, 101-2;Demandsofthe National Association for the communist Party of Germany, 91; Protection of Labour, 73-4 334 Index

National Charter Association (NCA), exchanges, 72-3; trade unions 82,88-90 and, 73-6 National Regeneration Society, 74 National Guilds League, 74 Paine, Tom, 46, Rights of Man and National Reform League (NRL), Agrarian Justice, 52-5 88-90 Palme, Olaf, 230 National Socialist German Workers' Papen,Countvon,194-7 Party, see German Nazi Party Papias, Apostolic Father, 30 National Unemployed Workers' Paris Commune, 105 Committee Movement, 245 Parliamentary reform, 45-6, 78-9 National Union of Mineworkers, 1982 Parssinen, T.M., 48 strike, 278-9 Peasant risings, England, 33-4; Nationalisation, see socialisation and Bohemia, 34-5; Germany, 35-6; social ownership and land Russia, 153 nationalisation Peasant socialism, Russia, 143-5 Natural Right to Land, Spence, 47-8; Peloponnesian War, 14, 16 Ogilvie, 49; Paine, 53-4 Perestroika, 168, 171 Neale, E., 121 Persson, Goran, 235, 236 Nettl, P., 186 Peruvian Inca socialism, 40-1 New Economic Policy (NEP), 154-6 Perersburg Soviet, 1905, 147, 149, New Labour see Labour Party 1917,150 New Testament teachings on the rich Phalansteres (Fourier), 62-3, 87 and the poor, 23-6 Phaleas of Chalcedon, 17 Noske, G., 179 Philo, Judaeus, 12-13 Nove, Alec, 162,166 Philp, Mark, 55 Nuclear disarmament, 263-4 Pieck, Wilhelm, 201 Nuclear weapons, 211-12 Pigou, A. C., 250 Pimlott, Ben, on Harold Wilson, 266, O'Brien, Bronterre, 80, 85; on 270,273 nationalisation, 84; NRL Plant, Raymond, 264 Programme, 88-90 Plato, model state; in the Republic, Obschina, see Russian peasant 16-19; in the Laws, 19-20 communities Plekhanov, G.V., 144-5 O'Connor,Feargus, 79,82,83-6 Poland, 1920 Bolshevik invasion, 188; Oertzen, Peter von, 209 1956 Soviet threat, 163; Solidarity Ogilvie, William, Essay on the Right of movement, 165-6 Property in Land, 49-50 Poor, the, in Rome, 10; Christian OGPU, 157 teaching on, 23-30; Oliver, Sidney, 128, 129 Millenarianism and, 30-4; Operative Builders' Union, 74-5 Winstanley, 37-9; Chamberlen's Ostpolitik, 210 plan, 39-40; Thomas Spence, Ovid, 9-10 47-9; Hall, 50-2, Owen, 63; Owen, David, 276 Chartists, 79-80; Webb, 128; ILP, Owen, Robert, A New View of Society 137; MacDonald, 139-40 and Plan for the Relief of the Poor, Poor Law Amendment Act, 1834, 79; 63; 'Villages of Co-operation', Anti-Poor Law Associations, 79 63-4, 72, 76; New Harmony Popular Front movement, 254, 255 Settlement, 64; Harmony Hall, Populism, see Russian populism 76; Co-operatives, 72, 88; Labour Premfors, Rune, 233 Index 335

Preobrazhensky, E., 156 Russian Bolshevik Party (Soviet Prescott, John, 285 Communist Party), 1905 Price, Richard, 45-6 Revolution, 147-9; Feb 1917 Priestley, Joseph, 46 Revolution, 150-1; Oct 1917 Primitive communism, Greek and Revolution, 151-2; workers' Roman conceptions of, 9-12 control152-3; 1918 civil war and Privatisation, Russia, 173-4, Labour famine, 153; nationalisation, 153; Party opposition to, 279, 281, 294 NEP, 154-6; 'socialism in one 'Professorial Socialists' (Germany), country', 155-6; 1st Five Year 96-7 Plan, 157, 158-9; Great Patriotic Property, origins of, 9-10; Aristotle, War, 160-1; collective farming, 20; Christian teaching, 23; threats 156-8, 160, 161; deportations and to, England, 33-4, Bohemia, labour camps (Gulags), 159, 34-5; Putney Debates on, 37; 160-1, 163; post-war John Locke's theory, 42-4; Marx reconstruction, 162; sovietisation and Engels, 99-106, see also of E. Europe, 161; purging of Socialisation and Social Party leaderships, 161; Soviet Ownership interventions in, Poland and Proudhon, P.J., 70 Flungary,1956,163-4, Public corporations and public Czechoslovakia, 1968, 165-6; ownership, see Socialisation and agricultural problems, 162-3, 166; Social Ownership agricultural reforms, 169; Putney debates, 37 democratisation of the Party, 169-70; plans for a market Radice, Giles, Labour's Road to Power, economy, 170-2; 'Towards a the new revisionism, 280, 281-2 Flumane Democratic Socialism', Rawls, John, Theory ofJustice, 55 172; divisions within the Party, Rebellions, England, 33-4; Bohemia, 172-3; August '91 coup, and 34-5;Germany,35-6 disbanding of the Party, 173 Reform Act, 1832, 79 Russian Congress of Workers' and Reform Act, 1867, 116 Soldiers' Deputies, 151 Reform League, 116 Russian Constituent Assembly, Rehn, G!llsta, 225-6 199-200 Reichsbanner, 195 Russian Duma, 147-8, 150 Revisionist Controversy, Germany, Russian Land and Liberty Party, 109-115 143-4 Revolution, Anabaptism and, 35-6; Russian Mensheviks, orthodox Babeu~55-8;Spence,47-8;Marx Marxists, 146-7; 1905 Revolution, and Engels, 90-2, 101-2, 104-5 147-8, 149; in 1917 Provisional Revolutionary of the Upper Rhine, 32 Govt., 151; banning of, 154 Ricardo,David,67,128-9 Russian peasant communities Right to work, 91 (obshchina or mir), 142, 143, 149 Rights ofMan, Tom Paine, 53 Russian 'peasant road to socialism', Robbins, Lionel, 250 143-5 Robertson, J.M., 132, 134 Russian peasants, 142-3; seizure of Rochdale Pioneers, 76 estates, 153; NEP and, 154, 156; Rodbertus, Karl, 95-6 forced collectivisation, 157-8; Rogers, Bill, 276 1932 'terror famine', 158; Roosevelt, Franklin, D., 222 recollectivisation of Ukraine, 160 336 Index

Russian populism, 142-4, 147 Social Democratic Federation (SDF), Russian Provisional Govt, 150-1 122-3 Russian rich and poor peasants, 143; Social Democratic Party (SDP, UK Lenin and, 146, 148, 150, 153; 1908), 122 Stalin and, 157- 8 Social Democratic Party (SDP, UK Russian secret police, cheka, 153, 1981), 276 OGPU, 157, NKVD, 160 Social justice, Hyberboreans and Russian Social Democratic Labour Hebrideans, 11-12; Scythians, 12; Party (RSDLP), 146; split into millenarianism, 33-4, 35; Bolshevik and Menshevik Winstanley, 38-9; Chamberlen, factions, 146-7 39-40; Spence, 47-9; Ogilvie, Russian Socialist Revolutionary Party, 49-50; Hall, 50-2; Paine, 53-4; 147, 152, banning of, 154; Left Babeuf, 55-8; St Simon, 61; Socialist Revolutionaries, 151, 152 Fourier, 62; Owen, 63; Blanc, 87; Lassalle, 94, 95; Rodbertus, 95; Sadler, M.T., 74 Schmoller and Wagner, 96-7; Saint Simon and the Saint-Simonians, Mill, 118-9; Maurice, 121; Webb, 60-1,65,66 S. 128; Hobson, 133-4; Towney, Samuel, Sir Herbert, 246 254; Laski, 254-5; Labour Party, Samuel, Raphael, 81 257, 261; Gaitskell, 263; Crosland, Sandler, Rickard, 218; Swedish 264-5; New Labour, 285, 296 Socialisation Comm., 218-19,220 Social welfare, Paine, 53-5; Blanc, Sankey, Sir John, 244 86-7; Lassalle, 94; Bismarck, Saville, John, 90 95-6; Swedish SAP, 221-5; Scanlon,Hugh,271 Labour Party, 241, 247, 257, 260, Scargill, Arthur, 273, 1984 miners' 269-70 strike, 278-9 Social Liberalism, 127-8, 132-4 Schaeffie, Albert, 97 Socialisation and social ownership Scheidemann, Philip, 176, 178 Britain, O'Brien, 89; Democratic Schleicher, General, 194-5, 196 Federation, 122; ILP, 123, 136; Schmidt, Helmut, SPD Chancellor Fabian Society, 129-31, 137; 1974-82,210 Labour Party, resolutions, Schmoller, Gustav, 96 136-7; Hardie, 137-8; Schumacher, Kurt, anti-communist, MacDonald, 140-1; anti-capitalist, anti-European socialisation proposals, 240-2, co-operation, 203-4, 208 271-2; Tawney, Laski and Cole, Schumpeter, Joseph, Capitalism, 254-6; socialisation measures, Socialism and Democracy, 288 258-60, 271-3; Clause IV, 240, Seneca, 10,27 262-3, 271; Labour Party and Severing, K., 195 privatisation, 279, 281-2 Shaw, Bernard, 123,125,128,129 France,Babeu~55-8;Blanc,86-8 Shinwell, Emmanuel, 242, 256-7 Germany, Wagner, 96-7; Schaeffie, Shklar, Judith, 59-60 97; SPD Erfurt Programme, Skidelsky, R., 250 97-9; Marx and Engels, 100-6, Smith, Adam, 67 113 Smith, John, 279, 283; Labour Leader, Kautsky, 109, 110, 112-3, 114, 284 183-4; Vollmar, 109-10; Snowden, Philip, 243, 248, 250, 251, Bernstein, 110-13; 1919 252-3 Socialisation Commission, Index 337

181-3; Post-1945 calls for, Programme, 97-9; Engels, 205-9;Schumacher,203-4, 106-7; Fabians, 130--1; 208; Bad Godesberg MacDonald, 140--1; Weimar Programme, 207-9; Alternative Germany and, 181-3; Labour Programme, 208-10; lack of Party,240-2,257-9 interest in, 211 Swedish socialism, wage-earner Russia (Soviet), industries funds, 225-31 socialised, 153-4, privatisation, Utopian socialism, 60-4 170--3 Socialism and competition, see Sweden, 1897 Programme, 215-6; competition Socialisation Committee, Socialism and democracy, Kautsky, 218-20; socialisation proposals, 183-4,288 223-4, wage-earner funds, Socialism and equality, see equality 227-31; privatisation, 235; see Socialism and liberty, Mill, 120, also collective farming, Fabians, 131-2 common ownership and Socialism and social radicalism, common-sharing, consumer 132-4 co-operatives, producer Socialism, as culturally co-operatives, land indeterministic, Shumpeter and nationalisation and socialism Kautsky, 288 Socialism Socialism as socialisation, Bray, Origin and meaning of 'socialism' 76--8; Blanc, 86--8; Marx and and 'socialist', 64-6 Engels, 90--1, 102-3, 113; Christian socialism, 121 Erfurt Programme, 97-9; Despotic socialism, Incas of Peru, Kautsky, 114; 'Manifesto of the 40--1; Jesuits, 41 English socialists', 125-6; S. & Evolutionary socialism, Bernstein, B. Webb, 130--1, Hardie, 137; 110-11; Mill, 118-9 MacDonald, 140-1; Lenin, Fabians, 129-30; MacDonald, 151-2; Graf, 207-8; SAP, 215, 139-40 228-9; Morrison, 258 Guild socialism, 74-5 Socialism, inevitability of, Marx and Liberal socialism, economic and Engels, 90-2, 113; Kautsky, politicial, Hobhouse, 132-3 109, 112-13; Fabians, 129; Market socialism, 294-5 Hardie, 137; MacDonald, 137, Practical socialism and theoretical 140-1; Lenin, 155 socialism (Hobson), 133-4 Socialist communities, Essenes, Revolutionary socialism, Spence, 12-3, 22, 25-6, 288; Fourier, 47-9; Babeuf, 55-8 62-3; Owen, 64; Cabet, 65-6; Marx and Engels, 90--2, 101-2, Kibbutz, 289-90 104-5; Lenin, 148-55 see also common ownership and Russian peasant socialism, 142-5, common-sharing, communism, 147 land nationalisation, Marx and State socialism Winstanley, 38-9; Engels St Simonites, 61; Gray, 70-1; Socialist International, Lenin and, 149; Bray, 76-8; Blanc, 86--7; anti-war declaration, 237, 296 O'Brien, 84, 88-9; Lassalle, Socialist League, 123, 125 93-4; Rodbertus, 95-6; Society for the Supporters of the Bill Bismarck, 96; 'Professorial of Rights, 45 socialists', 96--7; SPD Erfurt Solinus, 12 338 Index

Solon, 14 franchise, 216-17; close ties with Solzhenitsyn, A., The Gulag unions, 216; and small farmers, Archipelago, 159, 163 216-7, 222; SAP Left in 1914-18 Soviet Communists see Russian War, 217; coalition with Liberals, Bolsheviks 217-18; anti-capitalist policy, 216, Spanish civil war, 254 218; Socialisation Committee, Sparta, 15-16,21 218-9; and Agrarian Party, 222; Spartacists, 115, 175, 178-9 welfare policies, 222, 225, 234; Spence, Thomas, 47-9, 51-2, 54, 290 1944 Programme, 223; limited Stafford, William, 70 socialisation, 223-4; wages policy, Stalin, J., 'Socialism in one country', 225-6; co-determination, 227-8; 155-6; collectivisation, 156-8; wage-earner funds, 228-31; tax plots and purges, 159, 161; and reforms, 232; 1990 Action Tito, 161; transforming nature, Programme, 233-5; endorsement 162-3; and Comintem, 187-91 of 'mixed economy', 234; Stalinism, attacks on, 168 unemployment policy, 233, 235-6; Stamp, Sir Josiah, 250 Crosland on, 264 State capitalism see capitalism Swedish trade union organisation State socialism see socialism (LO), 216; Basic Agreement with Stedman Jones, Gareth, 81 employers, 221; and pensions, Steffen, Gustav, 219-20 224-5; solidaristic wages policy, Stinnes, Hugo, 180 225-6; consultation and Stolypin, Peter, 149 co-determination; 227; Strabo, 11, 12 wage-earner funds, 227-31 Stresemann, Gustav, 182-3 Sunday Worker, 245 Taborites, 34-5 Sweden, poverty in, 214; peasants and Tawney, R.H., 249, 254 small farmers, 214, 216-17; and Thatcher, Margaret, 275; Falklands Norway, 216; neutrality 1914-18 War, 277; loses Conservative war, 217; assistance to Germany leadership election, 283 1939-45, 223; welfare society, Thelwell, John, 47 224; privatisation, 232-3; Thomas, J.H., 251 unemployment, 235-6; enters EC, Thompson, George, 14 236 Thompson, Noel, 68, 70, 283 Swedish Agrarian Party, 222 Thompson, William, An Inquiry into the Swedish Communist Party, 217, 233 Principles ofthe Distribution of Swedish Conservative Party, 217, 232; Wealth and Labour Rewarded, 67-9 in office, 235 Thucydides,14,15,15-6 Swedish employers' organisation Tilton, Tim, The Political Theory of (SAF), 216; Basic Agreement Swedish Social Democracy, 219, with unions, 221; wages policy, 230-1,231-2 225-6; opposition to wage-earner Tingsten, Herbert, The Ideological funds,229 Development of the Swedish Social Swedish Liberal Party, 217-8 Democrats, 220-1 Swedish pension schemes, 217, 222, Tito, and Stalin, 161 224-5 Tkachev,144 Swedish Social Democratic Party Trade unions (British), and Owenite (SAP), formation and socialism, 72-6; and Chartism, 83; programme, 215; struggle for and Liberal Party, 121, 135-6; Index 339

LRC and Labour Party, 124, Wealth, Christian teaching on, 23-30; 135-6, Obsorne Judgement, 136, redistribution of, Winstanley, Trades Disputes Act, 1927, 246; 37-9, Chamberlen, 39-40, union militancy, 271 Spence, 47-9, Hall, 50-2, Paine, see also German trade unions and 53-5, Babeuf, 56-8, Mill, 117-18, Swedish trade union Hobson, 133-4, Labour Party, organisation 241, 257, Gaitskell, 263 Trades Disputes Act, 1927, 246 Webb, Sidney, 128,130, 131,239-41; Trades Union Congress (British), 238, Sidney and Beatrice, 130-1 239-40; and the miners, 244-5, Wels, Otto, 195, 1933 Reichstag 245-6; In Place of Strife, 269; speech,198 wage restraint, 275 Wheatley,John,242,243,247 Triple Alliance, 244-5 Wigfoss, Ernst, 223 Troeltsch, Ernst, The Social Teaching Wilkes, John, 45 of the Christian Churches, 23,25 Williams, Shirley, 276 Tragus, 12 Wilson, Harold, 258, Party leader, 264, Trotsky, Leon, 149, 153, 156; and technological socialism, 266-7, Comintern, 187-8, 190, 194 The New Britain: Labour's Plan, Trygue, Tholfsen, 80 267, Russian planning successes, Tully, James, on Locke, 42-3 267, anti-strike proposals, 269, comprehensive schools and the Uegel, Hans-Jocken, 209 Open University, 269-70, the Ukraine, 1931 'terror-famine', 158, Common Market, 270-1, support 1945-6, forcible for social ownership, 271-2, recollectivisation, 160 balance of payments crisis and Ulbricht, Walter, 201 resignation, 274 Unemployed Workers' Charter, 245 Winstanley, Gerard, The Law of Unemployment; Britain, Owen, 63-4, Freedom in a Platform, 37-9 Thompson W., 68, Chartists and, Wissell, R., 182, 193 89, Hardie, 138, MacDonald, Workers'Brotherhood,93,94 140-1,249, Labour Party, 241-2, Workers' control of industry, Louis 247, 249-51; Germany, 193; Blanc, 86-8, Lassalle, 94, Marx, Sweden,233,235-6 108, Mill, 118-9, S. Webb, 131, Utopian Socialists, 60-5, Marx and 240-1; in Russia (1917-18), 152-3 Engels on, 60 Working Men's International see First Utopianism, 59-60 International Wycliffe, 34 "ermes, Geza,25-6 '"illages of Co-operation', Owen and, Y eltsin, Boris, Russian President, 63-4, 72, 76 171, leads fight against Aug '91 "irgil, 10 coup, 173, privatisation "ogt, Joseph, 15 measures, 173-4 "olkogonov, General, 158, 161 "ollmar, George, 109-10 Zemlya i Volya (Land and Liberty), 143-4 Wage-earner funds, 227-31 Zimmerwald Conferences, 217, 238-9 Wagner, Adolph, 96-7 Zinoviev, G., 155, 156, and Walesa, Lech and Solidarity, 165-6 Comintern, 190 Wallas, Graham, 128 Zinoviev Letter, 248