Notes and References 1 'In the Beginning All Things were in Common' 1. Hesiod, Theogony and Works and Days, translated by M.L. West (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), p.40. 2. Homeric, 'Hymn to Hephaestus', in Arthur 0. Lovejoy and George Boas, Primitivism and Related Ideas in Antiquity (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press, 1935), pp.199-200. 3. Aeschylus, 'Prometheus Bound', ibid., p.202. 4. Ovid, Metamorphoses II, ibid., p.47 and p.49. 5. Virgil, 'Georgics 1', ibid., p.370. 6. Virgil, 'Georgics 1', quoted by Seneca in 'Epistolae Morales', XC, ibid., p.273. 7. Virgil, 'Oracular Sibyllina', ibid., p.85. 8. Seneca, 'Epistolae Morales XC', ibid., p.273. 9. Lucian, 'Saturnian Letters', ibid., pp.64-5. 10. Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, Bk 1, Ch. 8, translated by C.H. Oldfather (London: The Loeb Classical Library, William Heinemann, 1933). 11. Lucretius, 'De Rerum Novarum', in Lovejoy and Boas, op. cit., p.227. 12. Homer, 'Epodi II', ibid., p.293. 13. Diodorus Siculus, op. cit., Bk II, Ch. 47 and Chs 55-60. 14. Solinus, 'Collectanea', in Lovejoy and Boas, op. cit., p.367. 15. Homer, 'Iliad XII' and Aeschylus, 'Frag 196', ibid., p.288 and p.316. 16. Strabo, Geography, Bk 7, Ch. 3, section 9, translated by H.L. Jones (London: Loeb Classical Library, William Heinemann, 1983). 17. Tragus Pompeius' Historiae Philippicae is lost, but the Christian martyr, Justinian (second century AD), produced selections from his book: see Lovejoy and Boas, op. cit., p.328. Heroditus in his History, Bk 4, presents a more detailed and critical account of the milk-drinking Scythians, claiming they blinded the slaves who prepared the mares' milk. 18. Philo Judaeus, Quod Omnis Prolics XII, ibid., pp.353-4. 19. Flavius Josephus, The Jewish War, translated with an introduction by G.A. Williamson (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1959), p.125. 20. M.J. Finley, 'Homer and Mycenae: Property and Tenure' (Historia, 6, 1957) reprinted in Economy and Society in Ancient Greece, edited by Brent D. Shaw and Richard P. Saller (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1983), pp.217, 218, 287, n. 82, 229. 21. Diodorus Siculus, op. cit., Bk V, Ch. 9. 22. Aristotle, Constitution of Athens, 40.3, quoted in Finley, op. cit., p.259; Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, Bk VIII, Ch. XXI, translated by Charles Forster Smith (London: Loeb Classical Library, William Heinemann, 1930). 23. George Thomson, Studies in Ancient Greek Society: The Prehistoric Aegean (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1949), p.314. 24. Thucydides, op. cit., Bk III, Ch. L. 25. George Thomson, op. cit., p.319. 26. Joseph Vogt, Ancient Slavery and the Ideal of Man, translated by Thomas Wiedmann (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1974), p.89. 298 Notes and References 299 27. See Paul Cartledge, Sparta and Lakonia: A Regional History, 1300-362BC (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979); and N.G.L. Hammond, 'The Peloponnese', in The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume III, Pt I, 2nd edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982). 28. See R.F. Willetts, 'Cretan Laws and Society', in The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume III, 2nd edn, Pt III (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1982); Aristotle, Politics, Bk II, Ch. X. 29. B. Jowett, 'Introduction to Plato's Republic' in The Dialogues of Plato, trans­ lated by Jowett, 1st edn 1879, 4th edn 1953 (Oxford: Clarendon Press) pp.148-9. 30. K.J. Dover,Aristophanic Comedy (London: Batsford, 1972), pp.190--201. 31. Ernest Barker, Greek Political Theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1918; reprinted 1947), pp.92-3. See also Aristotle, Politics, Bk II, Ch. VII. 32. Barker, op. cit., pp.93-4. Aristotle criticises Hippodamus' scheme in the Politics Bk II, Ch. VIII. 33. The Republic of Plato, translated by Francis MacDonald Cornford (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1941), Ch. VI: 502c, p.206. 34. Laws, Bk V, 730 d-e, translated by A.E. Taylor, The Collected Dialogues of Plato, edited by E. Hamilton and H. Cairns, Bollingen Series XXI (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961), p.1324. 35. See Ellen Meiksins Wood and Neal Wood, Class Ideology and Ancient Political Theory: Socrates Plato and Aristotle in Social Context (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1978), Ch. IV. 36. Ernest Barker, The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle (London: Methuen, 1906), p.399. 37. The Politics ofAristotle, translated by Ernest Barker (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1946), Bk II, Ch. V, 1263a. 38. Ernest Barker, The Political Thought ofPlato and Aristotle, p.416, n.l. 2 Property and Poverty: The Christian Message 1. Ernst Troeltsch, The Social Teaching of the Christian Churches (1911), trans­ lated by Olive Wyon (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1931), Vol. I, footnote 10, pp.165-6. 2. Ibid., p.40. 3. Ibid., p.49. 4. The Bible, King James edn, Mark, 10.25. 5. Luke, 6.20--1,24-5. 6. James, 2.5-6, 5.1-7. 7. Boniface Ramsey, OP, 'Christian Attitudes to Poverty and Wealth', in Ian Haglett ( ed. ), Early Christianity: Origins and Evolution to AD600 (London: SPCK, 1991), p.257. 8. Troeltsch, op. cit., p.135. 9. Mark, 10.21-2 and 28-30; Luke recounts this event in the same vein but gives an extreme expression to the doctrine of family renunciation: If any man come to me, and hate not his father and mother, and wife and children, and brethren; and sisters, yea and his own life also, he cannot be my disciple' (15.26). 10. Acts of the Apostles, 2.44-5 and 4.32, 33-5. 11. Troeltsch, op. cit., pp.58-64. 300 Notes and References 12. Geza Vermes, The Dead Sea Scrolls: Qumran in Perspective (London: Collins, 1977), pp.212-20. 13. Boniface Ramsey, op. cit., pp.257-8. 14. Charles Avila, Ownership: Early Christian Teaching (London: Sheed & Ward, 1983), p.133. 15. R.W. and A.J. Carlyle, A History of Medieval Political Theory in the West, Vol. I (Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1903), p.139. 16. Cicero, De officis I, quoted in Arthur 0. Lovejoy and George Boas, Primitivism and Related Ideas in Antiquity (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press, 1935), p.258. 17. R.W. and A.J. Carlyle, op. cit., pp.136-7. 18. Boniface Ramsey, op. cit., pp.259 and 264. 19. Avila, op. cit., pp.86 and 100-1. 20. See R.W. and A.J. Carlyle, op. cit., Vol. II, Ch. VI, 'The Theory of Property'. 21. Ibid., Vol. V, pp.17-20; Janet Coleman, 'Property and Poverty', in J.H. Burns (ed.), The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought c.350-1450 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988}, pp.621-5. 22. Boniface Ramsey, op. cit., p.262. 23. A.J. Gurewich, Categories of Medieval Culture, translated by G.L. Campbell (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972), p.263. 24. Lester K. Little, 'Evangelical Poverty, the New Money Economy and Violence', in David Foot (ed.), Poverty in the Middle Ages (Dietrich-Coelde, Verlag Werl/Westf, 1925), p.16. 25. Janet Coleman, op. cit., pp.631-3. 26. Troeltsch, op. cit., p.356. 27. Coleman, op. cit., p.637. 28. Matthew, 24.29-35. 29. John the Divine, 19.11-21, 20.4, 21.1 30. Quoted in Norman Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millennium (London: Seeker & Warburg, 1957), pp.10-11. I have extensively drawn on Cohn's rich and fasci­ nating account of millenarianism down to the sixteenth century. 31. Ibid., p.11. 32. Ibid., p.12. 33. Ibid., pp.12-13. 34. Ibid., pp.14-15. 35. Ibid., pp.103-7. 36. Ibid., pp.ll4-23. 37. Ibid., pp.96-7. 38. Ibid., pp.210-11, 215. 39. Ibid., pp.213-14. 40. M.E. Aston, 'Lollardy and Sedition 1381-1431', Past and Present, No. 17 (April 1960), p.19. 41. Ibid., p.20, 27, 29. 42. Cohn, op. cit., pp.228 and 230. 43. Karl Kautsky, Communism in Central Europe in the Time of the Reforma­ tion translated by J.L. and E.G. Mulliken, T. Fisher (London: Unwin, 1897), p.68. 44. James M. Stayer, The German Peasant War and the Anabaptist Community of Goods (Montreal: McGill University Press, 1991}, pp.28-9. 45. Cohn, op. cit., pp.251-71. 46. Kautsky, op. cit., pp.267-76. 47. Cohn, op. cit., pp.279-306. Notes and References 301 48. Stayer, op. cit., pp.96-105 and 144-58. See also Claus-Peter Closen,Anabaptism: A Social History 1525-1618 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1972). 49. AS. Woodhouse, Puritanism and Liberty: The Anny Debates 1647-49 (London: J.M. Dent, 1938), p.63. 50. Second Agreement ofthe People, 15 December 1648, ibid., p.363. 51. Gerrard Winstanley, Fire in the Bush (1650) in George H. Sabine, The Works' of Gen-ard Winstanley (New York: Russell & Russell, 1965), p.493. 52. Arthur Bester, 'The Evolution of the Socialist Vocabulary', in Journal of the History ofIdeas, Vol. IX, No.3 (June 1948). 53. See Arthur Bradstock, 'Sowing in Hope: The Relevance of Theology to Gerrard Winstanley's Political Programme', The Seventeenth Century, Vol. VI, No.2 (Autumn 1991). 54. Sabine, op. cit., p.408. 55. Ibid., p.380. 56. Ibid., p.503. 57. Ibid., p.513. 58. Eduard Bernstein, Cromwell and Communism: Socialism and Democracy in the Great English Revolution, translated by RJ. Stenning (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1930), Ch. X. 59. Eduard Bernstein, The Preconditions of Socialism (1899), edited and translated by Henry Tudor (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), p.160. 60. Peter Chamberlen, Poor Man's Advocate, 1649 (Oxford: Bodleian Library); introduction. 61. Ibid., p.4. 62. Louis Baudin, A Socialist Empire: The Incas of Pe1U, translated by K. Woods (Princeton: Van Nostrand, 1961). See also Alfred Metraux, 'Inca Empire: Despotism or Socialism',Diogenes, No.