Chapter 17 Historical Foundation of California’s Political Development

In This Chapter

17.1 Historical Foundation of California’s Political Development 17.2 The Geography of California 17.3 The Demographic Development of California 17.4 Progress and Turmoil on the Western Frontier: 1860– 1920 17.5 California in the Twentieth Century: 1900–Post-War Period 17.6 Post-Industrial California 17.7 Conclusion event would of globalproportions inthestate? produce radicalchange Constitution? there totheCalifornia bethree majorchanges What majorhistorical link and wouldportation it be used in the best interest of Californians? Why would the state for tremendous commercial expansion, but who would control this trans- The transcontinentalrailroad endedCalifornia’s isolation andopenedup geographic and resources. them beingthetremendous increase inpopulation that brought awide-rangeofskills whole, would receive benefi many long-term ts from the toCalifornia’scontributed politicaldevelopment. California, andthenation asa identifiThis chapter esmajor events,groups ofpeople, andconditionsthat have Chapter Objectives Gold Rush, foremost among (Thinkstock)

Introduction to American Government: California Edition | 505 Chapter 17 | Historical Foundation of California’s Political Development | 506 summer. withgold, Starting the ultimate attraction tothestate, continues California weather withreally only two distinct seasons: acool, wet winterandamild, dry valleys. coast, A temperatethe California like climate much Mediterranean permeated continent. tree, supplyingwithsomeofthetoughestandmostdurable wood settlers onthe fact, alargeamountofthe trees that they foundwere redwoods, theworld’s largest communities includingamplewater, soil, fertile andplentifulstandsoftimber. In andestablishing forsurvival alongthecoast hadalltheconditionsnecessary Settlers ofaquaticdeltas well life ofsalmonandotheredible forms withhugeschools stocked foundthecoastalareas,Early ofCalifornia explorers inlandwaterways, andrivers physical characteristics? geography.appreciation ofCalifornia How dowe much really know ofCalifornia decisionsisneversuch easy, but and they shouldbemadewithsomeunderstanding environment andrazingthelandscapeforeconomicsocial “progress.” Making altered. are regularly between thenatural Californians forcedtochoose preserving coastalvalleys,fertile andRedwood forests, economic, social, andpoliticaldevelopment, asthestate’s such mineralwealth, physical over barriers, thecenturies. Many that drove ofthephysical characteristics attributes, were which initially responsible fordrawing peopletothisregion, despite been oneofthestate’s attractions, principle world renowned foruniquephysical found whenthey cametothegreatGoldenState. geographyhasindeed California what successive stepinunderstanding wavesgeography isanimportant ofsettlers tion ofresolutionsissues. tocontemporary accounts ought to encourage the anticipation of future developments and contempla- Above all, thisoutline should cause more questions than answers. These historical state government of California and the state’sformation admission into the Union. conditions. The and ments andreforms, continuetobeinfluencedand even precipitated by past events matured, governmental policies and structure, as well as popular political move- toCalifornia’scontributed politicaldevelopment. tract, thisoutlineidentifiesmajor events,groups ofpeople, andconditionsthat have the repetition ofmistakes andbungled efforts. Rather thanfunctionasahistorical appreciation forthepast. The failure tothinkretrospectively frequently leadsto the present andanticipatedifficult tounderstand future developments without some omission oroverly laudatoryinterpretation. Yet, mostwould that agree itisvery portrayal ofhistoricallysignificant events willultimatelycritical suffer from some Political scientists are typically analysis, suspicious of historical that the fearing 17.1 17.2 Almost any type of agricultural production could be supported alongthecoastal production couldbesupported Almost any typeofagricultural However, realm before, venturingtoofar intothehistorical areview ofCalifornia Political Development Historical FoundationofCalifornia’s The GeographyofCalifornia Gold Rush isthebestexampleofthisinfluence, hasteningthe are now indangerofbeingdrastically As thestate’s politicalprocess has . ecology, and topography. that existstoday,Without the complex systemofirrigation made markedly andastrong hazardousby westward violentstorms current. natural harbors. SailingthePacific Oceanalong this coastlineisknownrisky, tobe had ever seen. have saidthat hefoundtheMojave tobeoneofthemostdesolate placeshe Desert suffered severe hardshipwhiletraversing theMojave. to Desert Heisrumored fur trapper who was considered by many to be the first to enter California, American crossing thismountainrange. south, Further Jedediah Smith, thefamous explorer and cially dauntingtosettlers mountain range, covers which almosthalfofthestate’s totallandmass, were espe- dable platinum, andtungsten. ofmineralwealthto containlargereserves notlimitedtooil, chromium, mercury, California isastate that ofdiversesub-regions vary dramaticallyCalifornia in temperature, coastline extendsmore than800miles,Although theCalifornia ithasonly three that would by isalsosurrounded prove natural barriers California - tobeformi for early pioneers. Nevada peaksoftheinlandSierra The jaggedgranite Kevin Starr, History California: A of California, Berkeley, accessedat www.berkeley.edu; SHGResources, California Timeline ofState History, www.sghresources.com; SOURCE: ClassBrain.com,, History TimelineofCalifornia www.classbrain.com, Timeline, Historical Bancroft Library, University Figure 17.1 . revealed oftheDonnerParty The trials thedifficultyof | Timeline of California History Timeline ofCalifornia (New York: Library Modern Edition, 2005); www.justdisney.com

Chapter 17 | Historical Foundation of California’s Political Development | 507 Chapter 17 | Historical Foundation of California’s Political Development | 508 south-eastern sideoftheSierra Nevada.south-eastern (Thinkstock) Mount Whitney, thehighestsummitincontiguousUnitedStates, canbefound onthe Miwok, Modoc, Costanoan, Ohlone, and Yokuts. and Yurok, Maidu, and Pomo. was as the occupied by groups Central California such were halfoftheregion represented byNative inthenorthern theShasta Californians California. Communities of of Southern terrain desert communities amidst the harsh Yuma, are especially noteworthy for establishing settlements and duetotheir knack orwildgame.acorns typically adaptedtheirlifestyles tothebountyofregion—salmon,Californians the Yuma andMojave Indianswhocultivated ofbasicstaplecrops, avariety Native varying qualitiesoflifeandculturaldevelopment.supported With theexceptionof that region diversityoftheCalifornia general assumptionsastothegeographic thatand sub-groups typically coalescedinsmallbands, villages, andextendedfamilies. population was extremely diverse andwas represented by hundreds ofdifferent tribal for approximately one-thirdofthenative populations across theUnitedStates. This ofEuropean settlers,native tothearrival accounting prior peopleslived inCalifornia It isestimated that between onehundred thousandandthree hundred thousand 17.3a today. misconceptionsthatcorrect existaboutCalifornia the successive waves willanswer andsettlers ofimmigrants many questionsand haveCalifornians come together to create remarkable a truly society. Understanding sity ofcooperation inovercoming posedby thechallenges thisgreatGoldenState, however, through conflict, assimilation, hardship, andmostimportantly, theneces- has overshadowed ofCalifornia’s therichness multicultural experience. Gradually, groups. of inequality,The persistence bigotry, oppression, and racial exclusivity meltingpot ofdiverse sity and yet atrue there has been fierce resistance to forming Since itsearliestsettlements, hasexemplified ethnicandculturaldiver California - 17.3 Tribal to the south, groups specifically theShoshone, Cahuilla, Mojave, and Although Nativeledrelatively Californians primitive lives, itisdifficulttomake American IndianPresence: 2000BCE–EighteenthCentury The DemographicDevelopmentofCalifornia between May andSeptember. thegrowingin thestate during season Mexican border. Virtually norainfalls alongthe coastto10inches the north on from varies 100 inches in California Nevada.Sierra Average yearly rainfall sideofthe found onthesouth-eastern the contiguousUnitedStates, canbe 14, 405feet, isthehighestsummitin Nevada.Sierra MountWhitney lowlands slopeofthe andtheeastern California almost alloftheSouthern conditionsenvelopeor semi-desert would still be uninhabited. Desert California large sectionsofSouthern , at at nizers made their first successful major made theirfirst led overlandnizers by the expedition toCalifornia coastal andinlandvalleys. alongtheCalifornia terrain In1769, the Spanish colo- ductive as atradingpost. Russians, coast, would Rosson thenorth whofoundedFort which prove tobeunpro- and France, andtospread Catholicism. the Spanish crown.British focusedontheinsatiable Spanish interests questtoextend inCalifornia naval commanderand explorer, coastal areas onbehalfof the surveyed northern 17.3b settlers Unfortunately, thistraitwould notbeadvantageous inrelations withEuropean conflict didinevitably occur, itrarely threatened theexistenceofanygroup. one Californians: original Resources, may theauthorimpliesabitofgratitude beduethe KnowledgeAmerican andtheManagement ofCalifornia’s Natural ofthesegroups. characterization toric InTending the Wild: Native basket weaving, tendtocontradictthepurely primitiveorprehis- the useofcurrency, and inpottery complexrituals, andartistry Indiansand ofCalifornia As theauthors Their Environment: An Introduction, pointout: climate, today. andearthquakes; Californians conditionsthat continuetochallenge as water such scarcity, regions aspectsofthedifferent California challenging harsh demonstrated thecapacitytopersevere over andovercome thousandsofyears the this vast territory for Spain. this vast territory In 1542, Cabrillo, Juan Rodriguez explored some 800 miles of coastline, claiming Spanish missionaries and soldiers zigzagged north, charting trails and surveying trailsandsurveying zigzaggednorth, charting andsoldiers Spanish missionaries The only early besidestheSpanishwere foreign presence inCalifornia the Despite the prehistoric characteristics of Native Californians, characteristics they Despite the prehistoric certainly For the most part, Nativewere Californians relatively peaceful, however, when Various culturaltraitsofNative Californians, notwithstanding existed in the first place.existed inthefirst as Mount Tamalpais andSaltPoint State Park mightnothave habitats thatgrassland today places insuch are disappearing plays, fewer largetrees, andfewer parklike forests, andthe encountered alandwithlessspectacularwildflower dis- Indian presence, theearly European would explorers have plantcommunities inCalifornia. biologically rich Without an prairies, valley grasslands, andoaksavannas, three ofthemost ence onmany diverselandscapes—inparticular, thecoastal had a profound influ- … the indigenous people of California and ceremonial regalia. implements,storage containers, harvesting burden carriers, ate clothing, houses, housefurnishings, foodprocessing tools, plant fibers, animalbones, skins, feathers, tocre- andfurs communities. Indiansskillfully employed California wood, culturealmostevery material thatperishable served needoflocalIndian isitscreationAmerica from plantandanimalresources ofaremarkable But what from really theremainder ofNorth setsNativeapart California Spanish Colonization:1769–1821 . empire, foreign fear of encroaching powers, most notably from England 4 later,A number of years Sir Francis Drake, the infamous 2 3 the world’s largest tree. (Thinkstock) Sequoia isonevariety oftheRedwood tree, considered Giant Sequoia Tree—Giant Forest, CA The 1

Chapter 17 | Historical Foundation of California’s Political Development | 509 Chapter 17 | Historical Foundation of California’s Political Development | 510 George Vancouver. (WikimediaCommons) “The MissionofSt. Carlos near Monterrey.” invasion. very circumstances madetheadministration ofcoloniesandterritories Such military target ofNapoleonic conquestasSpainquickly succumbedtoaFrench empire and Africa.the Americas,Europe, This Asia, often experiencing thorny relations thorny withthemissions.often experiencing ofresources,lack thepueblos were never very productive ofcommerce, ascenters and (inthevicinityofpresent-dayVilla deBranciforte from SantaCruz). the Suffering Spain’smanaging vast empire throughout the Americas faced with tocolonialadministrators thinly mannedandofminimalimportance Initially toforeign well-fortifiedandadeterrent incursions, thesepresidios were orpresidios,forts located inSanDiego, Monterey, San Francisco, andSantaBarbara. outpost,. themost successfulestablishment ofSpanishcontrol inCalifornia converts.and potentialreligious missionbecameaself-sufficientFranciscan Each natural resources andaNativepopulation whowould aslaborers Californian serve and managedby Franciscanfriars,whousually selectedlocations withadequate milesoroneday’sthirty ride horseback SpanishinstitutioninCalifornia. Usuallywas separated themostimportant by about be established alongthecoast. asSonoma, Extendingasfar north themissionsystem forthe21othermissionsthat wouldfounded, asthespringboard eventually serving the SanFranciscoBay later that year. California, DonGaspardePortolà. Portolà would eventually leadtheexpeditionto Franciscan missionary, By the beginning ofthenineteenthcentury,By thebeginning theSpanish empire extended across The Spanishestablished three maintowns orpueblos inSanJose, Los Angeles, componentofthecolonial administrationThe military was stationed inSpanish this expedition,During the first

Volume II, plate Ifrom: “A Voyage ofDiscovery Pacific totheNorth OceanandRoundthe World” by Captain Father Junípero Serra Franciscan mission—San Diego de Alcala was , themissionswere relatively well planned and the Spanish governor of Baja would eventually become the 5 .

during theSpanishcolonialperiod,during the regularlysoldiers went unpaidandsupply shipsbecameincreasing infrequent. Even territory. toinstillgovernmentalwithinCalifornia personnel authority Mexican were sion ofleaders unstable socialandpolitical situation inpost-independent Mexico. Mexico’s succes- oftherecently tocontainahighlyleaders independentMexicanstate struggled tothesouthandnorthwestofNorth America, toSpanishcolonialterritory As heirs 17.3c achieved in1821. decent), andindigenouspeoples. MexicanIndependencewould eventually be Spaniards),Spaniards), (Mexican-born Mestizos(Spanish-indigenous Criollos cated andconvoluted mixofcompetingfactions, (Native consistingoftheGachupine revolt againstSpanishcolonialismlastedmore andinvolved thantenyears acompli- to revolt againsttheSpanishmonarchy. that Intheregion would becomeMexico, the difficult, providing dissatisfied colonial subjects in “New Spain” with the opportunity future continentalexpansion. for notice thesevulnerabilities andrealize opportunities who regularly traveled could not help but to California that favored greaterindependencefrom Mexico. Americans ists, and Mexican nationals who opposed the Californios Californios, community thereligious against thesecular- versusSouthern relationships frequently pittedNorthern monious relations amongthemselves. These acrimonious - onacri with thecentralgovernment, carried Californios the dictates offoreign elements issues andproblems that would make themvulnerable to however, asthey beshort-lived facedoflong-term avariety families. affluent Californio redistributing largetractstowealthy and Mexican settlers law that began the process of confiscating mission land and the Mexican government enacteda general secularization and size and became even more profitable after 1833, when gradually grew in California. grew in number The ranchos foreign traders, especially Americans, tallow in regular contact with brought the Californios cowhides. ofhighly lucrativeThe export cowhide and of therancho, thecenterofraisingcattle andprocessing became increasing self-sufficient. That resulted self-sufficiency fromthe development Mexican government was largely irrelevant, asmostcommunities across theterritory overconstitutional authority andlocally theregional electedlegislative bodies. the Mexicangovernment appointedtheprovincial whohad governorsofCalifornia of theMexicancentralgovernment. With littleornoinputfrom theCalifornios, strained, due to inattention, partly but temperament also because of thedictatorial ical andcommercialleaders. toemergeasadistinctgroup, inCalifornia—began theregion’s forging born polit- The Whatever conflictarose between and representatives theCalifornios ofthe Relations between andMexico’s theCalifornios centralgovernment were often Mexican Territory: 1821–1848 prosperity of the Californios would,growing oftheCalifornios prosperity 6

unable toallocate adequate competent resources orrecruit . Besidesdifficult relations Californios whose numbers whose numbers —offspring of Mexican settlers ofMexicansettlers —offspring 1793–1794. (Thinkstock) Saint Louis, Bishop of Toulouse, France. Present building built founded by Father Junípero Serra, Sept. 1, 1772. Namedafter San LuisObispoMission The fifth California mission The fifthCalifornia

Chapter 17 | Historical Foundation of California’s Political Development | 511 Chapter 17 | Historical Foundation of California’s Political Development | 512 resources. (Thinkstock) finding asparsely populated withabundantregion natural that wouldEngineers makenumerousexpeditions toCalifornia, John C. Fremont, anofficeroftheArmy of Corps Topographical 17.3d Oklahoma. ofColorado, of portions andsmallparts and southern Wyoming, Nebraska, and encompassing present-day California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, western of the North Southwest,American on the focusing first Texas Republic and later means, however unjustthey may have been. tion ofslavery thesametimeperiod, during theendsofManifestDestiny justifiedthe belief inculturalandracialsuperiority. Notunlike thegeneralreaction totheinstitu- version of European imperialism, a bit more benign and egalitarian, to a but true and country “heathen” populations. an considered thisdoctrine Others American of a “blessed” way peopletospread theChristian American oflifetoanuntamed the mostconvincing interpretationsthat beingreligious presupposed adivineright that landanditsresources. justification todiscountthepeopleorcommunities that mightstake someclaim to lay west oftherelatively new republicAmerican andManifestDestiny provided the Manifest Destiny Doctrine. only fueledtheaimsofrecent Presidential-elect, James K. Polk, anadvocate ofthe daughter of Benton,Thomas Hart theexpansionistsenator from Missouri. Herwork by anoverly by dramatizedwritten hiswife, chronicle Jessie BentonFrémont, the minerals, sourcesofwater, andanimallife. Frémont’s adventure was popularized cally violentaffairs, gainedinvaluable Frémont certainly insightabout vegetation, resources. When crossing paths withNative were Californians, which - oftentragi land sparselypopulated, withlimitedgovernment authority, andabundant natural the San Joaquin Valley, east just below turning the Tehachapi Pass. Frémont found a andspendingthewinterat JohnSierras Sutter’s Fort, thencontinuingsouththrough Frémont followed Mountainrangesouth, sideoftheSierra crossing theeastern an officeroftheArmy of Corps Engineers.thisexpedition, Topographical During faded after the second western expedition of the then Captain John C. Frémont, by territory AnyU.S. doubtsaboutthesignificanceofCalifornia government officials Nonetheless, was onesideshow designfortheconquest California inagrand Manifest Destiny was forgedby ofperceptions and conditions, avariety oneof American ConquesttoStatehood:1846–1850 8 As Mexican territory north oftheRioGrandeRiver becamethe north As Mexicanterritory Texas designated U.S. ConsulinMonterey, was: Thomas O. Larkin, and along-timeresident ofCalifornia A HistoryoftheGoldenState, and Beck that Williams assert hadbeenneutralized.presence inCalifornia InCalifornia: long after Mexican governmental and military authority the occupation ofMexicoCityby theU.S. forces armed dose oftheunsavory. The culmination ofthewar cameafter of a western the action ingredients movie, with quite a heavy was allbut unavoidable initiated anaval oftheRio Grande, blockade conflict armed Troops totheU.S.-Mexican borderin Texas andU.S. forces interpretations,various but when President Polk sent U.S. theUnitedStates government.by ment couldnothelpbut suspectterritorial Republic withstatehood very probable, How these two nations specifically at arrived war has 7 Bythe1840s, land thousandsofmilesvacant fertile . The Mexican-American war hadall theMexicangovern- encroachment encroachment to anend, but ensuingevents would forever. rapidly andradicallyCalifornia change by theMexicangovernment earlier. years Mexicancontrolwould oftheregion come fora$15millionpaymentto theUnitedStates inreturn toMexico, anoffer rejected would bethetransferofabout40percentMexico’s territory, includingCalifornia, Hidalgo officially endedtheMexican-American War. Theconsequences ofthis treaty would underU.S.California befirmly unitsthat remained loyaland Californio totheMexicangovernment tosurrender. force andLarkin’s diplomatic efforts were justenoughtoconvince theMexican naval andarmy1846. units, during presence madeupthemilitary inCalifornia This historically astheBearFlagrebels, andasmallcontingentofrecently U.S. arrived from theirnature require publication, shallbepublished inEnglish andSpanish.” and provisions emanating from any ofthethree supreme powers ofthisState, which totherecognitionagree ofSpanishlanguagerights: “All laws, decrees, regulations, Massachusetts’ groups. Acompromise billpresentedby Kentucky Senator Clayby Henry supported factions inCongress. Until1849, theU.S. Senate was evenly splitbetween thesetwo institution ofslavery andthepoliticalinterests oftheproslavery andantislavery votes. the state’s constitutionof1849twelve first by amargin thousandto eight hundred males. Oncethework oftheconvention was completed, quicklyratified Californians they Although thedelegates totheconvention unanimously bannedslavery inCalifornia, property rights forwomen. rights property basic constitutionalblueprint, addinganumberofnovel ideasforthetime, as such These delegates would utilize the state constitutions of New York and Iowa as the and asmall of relatively young men undertheageof40whohadrecently toCalifornia migrated constitutionalconvention delegates tothisfirst consisted oftheforty-eight majority tutional convention by theterritory’s governor, military GeneralBennettRiley. The ment favoredmost of thenewly Californians arrived of a state the prompt govern formation - federal governmentthisisolated territory. toacceptthedifficulttaskofadministering status,ident were would which nonetooeagertoimposeterritorial have obliged the area desperately inneedthegovernment authority. Moreover, andthepres Congress - but theGold in the general vicinity. law, was For under martial interval, the newa brief territory asawmillRiver whileconstructing forJohn Sutter, andtradingpost whoranthefort 1848,in February however, John discoveredWilson Marshall goldinthe American isolation. Ninedays afterthesigningof theTreaty ofGuadalupedeHidalgo proven itssizeandgeographic considering tobeespecially difficult forCalifornia California asafree state,California strengthened An armed forceofvolunteersunderthecommandJohn C.An armed Frémont, known The one major deal-breaker in admitting California totheUnioninvolvedThe onemajordeal-breaker inadmittingCalifornia the Admitting a territory totheUnionwas usually alengthyAdmitting aterritory affair that would have Realizing that independencefrom Washington would benefits, bestow certain did acceptthedefinitively ignoble provisiongranted suffrageonly that towhite Micheltorena andhistroops.Micheltorena that theywith Mexicanmisrule hadonly recently drivenoutGovernor to fomentarevolt amongnativewhowere Californians soexasperated appointed aConfidential instructed AgentofthePresident andvirtually leading tostatehood. ofaconsti- The process beganwiththehastyscheduling 13 contingent Rush unleashedafloodofprospective andentrepreneursintoan miners Daniel Webster, andeventually of long-timeresidents like John Sutter, andeightCalifornios. 11

The delegates totheconstitutionalconvention didalso 9

control oneyear before the Treaty ofGuadalupe the fugitiveslave law, andprohibited approved by theU.S. Senate, admitted similar 10 12

Chapter 17 | Historical Foundation of California’s Political Development | 513 Chapter 17 | Historical Foundation of California’s Political Development | 514 complicated legaldisputesover landrights: orwere outright eitherlosttheir property forcedintolengthy and Californios for decades, reducing thepopulation ofthesenative peopleby 70–80percent. Most werefacing theonslaughtofgoldminers subjectedtogenocidethat would continue of theirlandandway of life. that agree Native historians Californians MostCalifornia state’s political development. and admissionintotheunion, two toaccelerate accomplishmentsthat the served was largelyofCalifornia’s theimpetusbehindrapidformation state government either directly from thegoldminesorfrom somerelated business. The Gold cial activitieswould investors befinanced whoacquiredby California theirfortunes monopoly overa virtual spin-offs. andotherindustrial thisindustry Thesecommer- west Mountainsgaveabsence ofmajorcommercialcenters oftheRocky California box, andminingwithhydraulic pressure. isolation ofthestateThe geographic and these advances includedtheconceptof “mining claim,” variations onthe “sluice” facture miningequipmentthat would beemployed throughout. theregion Someof miningcompanieswouldCalifornia steadily improve andmanu- miningtechniques ledtoCalifornia’speriod capitalofthe positionasthedefacto miningindustry West. San Francisco in continuestolocate businessitsglobalheadquarters which clothing manufacturing anextremelyhe addedcopperrivetstohispantsandproceeded tolaunch successful Strauss manufactured durable canvas pants that became popular with miners. Later, owners withclothingandhardware. by clothing, theideaofmanufacturing Struck goodsbusiness,the Levioutasadry StraussCompany started supplying smallshop traveling totheUnitedStates immigrated from Germany, whooriginally salesperson to SanFranciscoanddelivered suppliesandmailtothegoldfields. Conceived by a express company withastagecoach thatgold principally forgoldminers transferred very profitable businesses. andenduring Wells Fargo Bank combinedbankingservices tothegoldfields.new oruniqueminingtechniques andfrequently fromthat regions hadbeenminingforcenturies originally brought ingoldmining,or noexperience manyfrom SouthandCentral miners wereAmerica as San Francisco. such centers Although most of the had little prospectors American Europe,particularly Asia, andSouth America, tothegoldfieldsandcommercial fromof diversityactuallyaround ofsettlers theworld, beganwiththeimmigration potential for any man through hard work to realize his fortune. The state’s legacy night, becamesynonymous worldwide California withgold, wealth personal andthe thefuture developmentfrom goldminingthat supported ofcommerce. Almost over- population would likely have remained relatively small, brought awide-rangeofskillsandresources. Without thelure ofgold, Californian’s Gold California, andthenation asawhole, would receive benefitsfrom manythe long-term news ofstatehood would San FranciscountilOctober18. notreach intotheUniononSeptember9, theadmissionofCalifornia 1850,rizing althoughthe bans onslavery inotherterritories.President Zachary Taylor signedthebillautho- 17.3e For theNativeandCalifornios, theGoldRushcostthemmost Californians The resulted intheestablishmentProviding tothegoldminers of suppliesandservices Rush, foremost amongthembeingthetremendous increase inpopulation that Long-Term BenefitsandCostsoftheGoldRush Gold . Rush andtheconcentration ofgoldmininginthestate over aten-year lacking theinitialwealth lacking 14

Rush creating aboggymud that destroyed habitats andfloodedthelandoffarmers mining were especially totheenvironment, destructive water land diverting todry andfoothills.larly ofrivers thedegradation The environmental effectsof hydraulic problems, ecological caused serious manyare stillevident ofwhich today,- particu need formanpower andrelegatedwhostayed most goldminers topaidlaborers. withthehydraulicpectors miningtechnique. severelyThis technique reduced the discoverythe original ofgold, begantoreplace majorcorporations individualpros- greed, racism, gouging, price andlawlessness. Infact, withinthree of tofouryears elicit operations Nevada that dottedtheSierra Mountainswere covered costofsuppliesandequipment. theusurious Gold wealth was anelusive pipedream formostminers, whosediscoveries rarely ship around the navigationally difficult Drake’s Passage atthe tip of South America; overland by from trip horse-drawn Missouri; wagon asix-monthvoyage starting by enigma: illustrating this transportation and from California a two-month, perilous the state tothenation’s commercialcenters. continue tobeimpededwithout arapidandreliablelinking meansoftransportations Mojave Desert, itwas obvious tomost residents that California’s development would Nevada andSierra mountainrangesandthe theRocky such and natural barriers, statehood, remained theepitomeof California “frontier” state. Isolated by distance Despite allthedividendsthat were from theGold accrued sluice-box methods. (Thinkstock) employedGold Rushminers avariety ofminingtechniques. miningoperationThis gold rush was avariation onthe 17.4 The miningoperations intheSierras, eitherby individualsorcorporations, For twenty following years theGold the more unsavory aspectsofhumanbehavior, notlimitedtoinsatiable certainly loss andreduction tosecond-classcitizenship. deemed theirlandtitlesinvalid, thereby facilitating theireventual land fullprotection underthelawfornios whenwiththeLand Act of1851. It lawyers, land entrepreneurs, settlers, and denied the Cali- and squatters In effect, the government espoused the interests of banks, moneylenders, 1860–1920 Progress and Turmoil ontheWesternFrontier: Rush there were three basicroutes to 15

Lifeintheminingcampsand very difficultandtendedto Rush fordecadesfollowing .

Chapter 17 | Historical Foundation of California’s Political Development | 515 Chapter 17 | Historical Foundation of California’s Political Development | 516 railroad. (Shutterstock) Promontory Point Utah on May 10 1869 marking the completion of the transcontinental THE LASTSPIKE—1881—apaintingby Thomas Hilldepictstheceremony heldat mile of track laid.”mile oftrack roughly “12,800 acres (ortwenty sections)oflandfrom thepublic domainforevery Act of1862, mandated federalloansandlandgrants. which averagedThese landgrants as well as Theodore Judah’s lobbying effort, led to the passage of The Pacific Railway Confederate sympathizers. weakness overThis glaring infederalauthority California, easttoshippingFederal goldback troopsring unexpectedly in1863. transcontinental railroad would endwhenJudahcontractedyellow fever anddied issues. overThe struggles whowould lead thebuilding ofthewestern segmentofthe overto relentless financial, conflictwithhisfourpartners construction, andethical railroad, Theodore oftherailroad Judahfoundhimself seekingnew due financiers freight shippingpossibilities. between New York Cityand San Franciscowas cuttooneweek withalmostinfinite Company from the east at track Promontory Point in Utah Territory. Travel time half ofthetranscontinentalrailroad, linkingupwiththeUnionPacific Railroad loans, from countyandstate rights governments. grants, andproperty transcontinental railroad to the federal government, Railroad Company. The Civil War unequivocally demonstrated thenecessityofa Hopkins, CharlesCrocker, theCentralPacific andLelandStanford—inlaunching andpopularSacramentobusinessmen—Collis P.merchants Huntington, Mark ered Nevada. animpenetrable Sierra Judahwas joinedby foursuccessful Gold thewestern routethe western region,through what was butconsid- alsocharted and inCalifornia difficultiesunique torailroad construction the majorengineering region ofthecountry.region ofventures,a variety withtheexpansionofraillinesthroughout thewestern starting of thestate’s economy ontheBigFour. That control would provide thefoundation for state fortremendous commercialexpansion, bestowing effective control over much transcontinental railroad endedCalifornia’s isolation andopened upthe geographic the “Central Pacific,” titleoftherailroad. theactual corporate Oncecompleted, the became identifiedasthe “BigFour,” abrandasrepresentative as ofrailinCalifornia Not long after construction began on the western portion ofthetranscontinental beganonthewestern portion Not longafterconstruction On May 10, 1869, theCentralPacific Railroad Company completedthe western 16 The CentralPacific Railroad Company alsoobtainedadditional 17 With Judahgone, thefourbusinessmen from Sacramento building engineer, whonotonly solved pioneerandrailroad-early California nally the vision of Theodore Judah, the The 17.4a continental railroad. ofatrans- coasts was theconstruction for onbotheastandwestAmericans thisdivide obvious solutiontobridging Panama andupthePacific Coast. The Isthmusacross of themalaria-infested Mexico viaaone-hundred-mile portage and asix-week from theGulfof cruise west asprotection againstCalifornia’s - transcontinental railroad was origi Dangerous Monopoly Trailblazers or Transportation The BigFour: from the difficulty of transfer- Rush tices, historian Walton Beanwrites: Pacific subject tothepracticesofitsSouthern Political Bureau. prac- Illustrating such leum, andwater reserves. action, to relinquish these lands, often containing valuable lumber, mineral, petro- were Pacific, unsuccessfulintheirattempts toforceSouthern through legal primarily largest landowner in the state. For decades, governmentprivate officials and citizens Pacific,the Southern hadmergedwiththeCentral which Pacific, wouldbecomethe federal government, amountedtoyet anothermajorfinancialasset. Inlater years, cial sector. that theCentralPacificThe landgrants received,charge from freethe of gave power Pacificportation enormous theSouthern commer- over theCalifornia Dream, larly valuable totheBigFour when, accordingtoHoward A. DeWitt inTheCalifornia in 1861andlater asaU.S. senator. Stanford’s- asgovernment becameparticu term Stanford, amongtheBigFour, thelone attorney was electedgovernor ofCalifornia for decades. of buyingPacific themoutright, manipulated theSouthern public opinioninthestate train depots, and financialsupport. Bysubsidizingmajornewspapers, oftenjustshort and subsidies,or city unless the with land local grants government was forthcoming Pacific Railroad’spolitical influenceandpower. andvestiges history ofthat pastareCalifornia littered withinstancesof the Southern shipment.’” lowered level and then raised again when to Standard the Oil original had finished its Oil Company wanted to make ashipment, the rates along the way were suddenly as oneexample, recalling how “In the ‘nineties forexample, whentheStandard Pacific were likely to receive reduced rates. Mowry citesStandardOilCompany The varying freight rates cutbothways, whereas commercialalliesoftheSouthern concern’s rate of profits went up, so did railroad rates upon commodities it shipped.” toinspectthebooksofprivate companies.demanded andobtainedtheright When a George E. Mowry Progressives inTheCalifornia , “Once inoperation, railroad agents moreandlessonequity. ontheactualprofitscharges ofcustomers Accordingto that industry allowedtransportation CentralPacific to shippingrates,vary basing tional anddomesticsteamshiplines. network- energy andcapitaltodiversifyingtheirtransportation byinterna acquiring state. As they expandedcontrol over raillines, regional theBigFour committed the BigFour eventually dominated roughly inthe 85percentofrailtransportation What theBigFour couldnotcontrol (orat leastmanipulate commercially), was By gradually acquiring or controlling railroad other local and regional networks,By gradually acquiring During theCentral Pacific During andlaterPacific’s Southern ascendency, Leland PacificOne commontacticby theSouthern was tothreaten to bypass atown Substantial political influence over thestate legislatureproduced anunregulated almost every politicalthrone andbehindalmostevery insurgentrevolt.” check. As Ruef, recalled it, therailroad’s money “was thepower behind otherandsecretlyeach fostered new factions tokeep theoldonesin organizations,did therailroad control theparty but itplayed themagainst loaves andfishes, meantsuccesstopracticalpoliticians. which Notonly From hisofficesinSanFrancisco, the younger dispensedthe Crocker 19 The abilitytofluctuate itsunregulatedchargesandmonopolize trans-

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Chapter 17 | Historical Foundation of California’s Political Development | 517 Chapter 17 | Historical Foundation of California’s Political Development | 518 depression. asevere begantoexperience extent ajustifiable economic target whenCalifornia Pacific, as well asothernewly mademillionaires, becameanobvious andtosome Tacitly the boom times, accepted during the power and influence ofthe Central 17.4b different groupsdifferent ofpeople white maleworkers. difficulttimes,As sooftenhappensduring expanded of transcontinentalrailroad. Upon thecompletionofrailroad, Chineseworkers workers would almost80percentoftheworkforce comprise onthewestern portion accepted asahardworking andoftena highly skilledworkforce, Chineserailway ofChineseworkers.compelled theBigFour largenumbers torecruit Initially the result ofasilver boominNevada that absorbedmany prospective railworkers, wealthy, withtheBigFour andthentheChineseworkers. starting preponderance ofworking classtypesinCalifornia, tookatwo-pronged onthe attack . ofCalifornia Party Kearney’s inflammatoryspeeches,resonated which withthe drawing afollowing thatoftheWorkingmen’s propelled him intotheleadership asaseaman.in California Kearney quicklybecameknown forhis “sandlot” speeches, of thediscontent. immigrant,An Irish somehave illegally saidinthiscountry a labelderivedfrom DenisKearney, thehighlyandpolitically vitriolic adroit leader Pacific,Southern thecontemptible gougers corporate to beespecially whowere poignantinportrayingimpoverished farmers upagainst a numberofdeaths. This story, ornot, whethertoldinfictionalizedform continues land andrailroad agentsat MusselSloughintheSanJoaquin Valley that resulted in presents afictionalaccountofshootoutbetweenPacific onSouthern squatters ment loans,ofgovernment bribing officials. andoutright notwithstanding thesettingupofdummy companies, fraud, stock misuseofgovern- about the unsavory Pacific business practices becameof legendary,the Southern state thelate 1870s, economicdeclineduring experienced alargenumberof As California of whiteworkers. acting aspawns oftheBigFour, plottoinhibitthecollective allinagrand laborpower Chinese sentiment, wages, accusingtheChineseofundermining stealingjobs, and Californians and winmany localelections.Californians The Workingmen’s should certainly Party tually impulseslongenough topolitically of sheditsthuggish organizelargegroups in deplorable actsofviolence, especially againsttheChinesecommunity, itdideven- Party. Although there are numerous instanceswhere the Workingmen’s engaged Party rate community forthe andChineseworkers togainmasssupport Workingmen’s Labor shortages during the building of the transcontinental railroad, during Labor shortages partly In response totheseconditions, of therise ,” thestate experienced “Kearneyism Frank Norris’now celebratednovel, muckraking TheOctopus: , A StoryofCalifornia Denis Kearney successfully tappedinto residents believed Pacific that theSouthern was themostlikely culprit. Stories Central Pacific stock. counties toissuebonds, were which largeamountsof usedtopurchase legislature toallowford came to therescue by the California persuading available 40 miles of track until the first were completed. Governor Stan- The financial picture was clouded by the fact that federal money was not Second California Constitution Second California Anti-Railroad SentimentLedtothe into otherareas ofcommerce, ostensibly competing with California’s become victimsofscapegoating 21

the public’s . - condemnation ofthecorpo . anti- Kearney articulated culturally andracially , arrived Brown attempted to seat MajorJosé R. Pico ‘as arepresentative native Californian.’ tion, theproceedings hadnonative Spanish-speaking delegates. At onepoint, Joseph In fact, Lozanogoesontopointoutthat, constitutionalconven thefirst “Unlike during - Lozano writes: in California’s ConstitutionalConventions andState Legislature,Rosina A. 1848–1894, from officialdocuments.article, Inthe Translating California: OfficialSpanish Usage changes,past and future demographic the delegates removed the Spanish language ban on Chinese employment and land ownership. Without consideration much of sions that would politicsfordecades, cometo hauntCalifornia mostnoticeably the taxation. ment employees, theexpansionofpublic education, andequitable provisions for intothenew Constitution, platform asaneight-hourworkdayparty such forgovern- rates andservices. powers,tory obligating companies and other utilities to apply transportation uniform carriers,” a powerful tool even today in the state government’s of regula- repertories commission regulations. were Railroads inCalifornia designated as “common withthepoweryear terms tosetrailroad rates andimposefinesforviolations of new taxlaws, corporate onthepower andrestrictions ofthestate legislature. regulate railroadsinfluencethrough andcorporate anew state railroad commission, Constitutionof1879 weretant accomplishmentoftheCalifornia provisions to second Constitutionofthestate tookmore thansixmonthstodraft. ations, theaimsof but tendedtosupport Workingmen’s Party. and notanexpressly politicalorganization, were affili- party splitamongstthevarious oftheGrangeorGrangerMovement,Members farmer’s anonpartisan organization met inSacramento, ofwhich: California’s secondconstitutionalconvention onSeptember5, 1877, 152delegates solely controlled by the Workingmen’s intheirabsence. Party After votersapproved Constitution, oftheconvention realizing thepopularity that itwould andfearing be and Republicans quicklyjoined the Workingmen’s the to reform intheeffort Party thestate’sof 1849asameanstackling economicandpoliticalproblems. Democrats advocate foraconstitutional convention toreconsider andrevise thestate Constitution and introduce equitable methodsoftaxation. sought toalleviate poverty, guaranteeworker rights, education, institutecompulsory be condemnedforitsracisttendencies. Yet, that didpromote aplatform theparty The second California constitutionalsocontainedanumberofodiousproviThe secondCalifornia - The Workingmen’s succeededingettinganumberoftheplanksfrom Party their The state railroad commissionwould electedtofour- consistofthree members Although California’s constitutionalconvention first lastedonly six weeks, the One ofthecentralfeatures ofthe Workingmen’s politicalstrategy Party was to no otherthantheEnglishlanguage. and judicialproceedings, shallbeconducted, preserved, andpublished in Statewriting, ofCalifornia, andallofficial andthe executive, legislative, The delegates easily passedtheamendmentproviding that “all laws ofthe Francisco workingmen. tered over awiderangereflecting thediverseskilledtradesofSan conservatives, 39 were 8 were farmers; merchants; scat- and the others and 2Independents…Byoccupation, 57delegates were lawyers, mostly 78 were Non-partisan, 51 Workingmen, 11Republicans, 10Democrats, 23

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Chapter 17 | Historical Foundation of California’s Political Development | 519 Chapter 17 | Historical Foundation of California’s Political Development | 520 unlike the depictionshown here. (Thinkstock) their families were forcedtolive in “Chinatowns” not Throughout California’s history, Chineseworkers and sioners couldnotaccountforlargesumsofmoney intheirpossessionorexplain sioners rates andfew remained investigations unchanged were launched. Railroad commis- Pacific,Southern never or really toutilizeitsauthority power. madeany effort Freight loopholes were weakened ofpublic through officials thebribing orby onsomelegaltechnicality exploiting courts successfully contestinCalifornia that thesepowerfulConstitutional reforms interests couldnotsimply ignore or Pacific andotherpowerfulfor theSouthern elements, it was business asusual. Constitution of1879was aflawed andthat, ateconomicandpolitical reform effort believed ithadgonetoofar. highly of this document either because they critical felt it had not gone far enough tion ofthenew Constitution, but only by asmallmajority. were Many Californians Angeles CityCouncil. This electoralsuccessprovided theimpetusbehindratifica- California, includingthemayoral officeinOaklandandthe instances created inherent issuesandproblems indraftingconstitutionalreforms. the delegations, well versedinthepoliticalandlegalprocess, anticipated andinmany agrarian, smallbusinesses, andlarge corporations. Highly qualifiedlawyers among of the delegates were frequently at odds over divergent interests not limited to urban, lawmaking process, education amongmostofthem, school withlessthanagrade all of the Workingmen’s required deficientintheeducationalof Party background never reallyfrom thebeginning. ofachance hadmuch Notonly was thedelegation document, theattemptsCalifornia’s at reforming economicandpoliticalsystems remain loftyaspirations andthedelegates ofthis are duesomecredit forcertain the announcementthat, “Mr. Picowas repudiated by thedelegation.” ofthe He madehiscaseamidstthejeers Workingmen’s whoapplauded supporters Even therailroad commission, theforcebehindattempt toreign inthe Not very longafterratification, realized that theCalifornia mostCalifornians In 1879, the Workingmen’s was ofofficesthroughout Party electedtoavariety Constitutionstill Although manyofthesecondCalifornia ofthereforms woe alas, many menindulged. practicedart. of amuch And whilemany mencried were but themostskillful and forcefulpractitioners itself. CollisP.it corrupted Huntingtonandhisaides the state;point isthat theBigFour didnotcorrupt editors, jurists, legislators, andcity councilmen. The in had hundreds smallercounterparts ofpurchasable Every Huntington, Crocker, Hopkins, andStanford and even allover expectantcorruptibles thestate. als andopenpurses, there existedahostofwilling Pacific-Southern Pacific, with their easypublic mor- oftheCentral Along withthegreatcorruptionists of constitutionalreforms, findingthat: condemn thepowerful forthefailing interests inCalifornia Progressives, suggeststhat itwould beamistake tosimply ment inconstitutional government, future generations available avenues ofdemocracy.- Buildingonthis experi Californians of1879,Despite thefailure oftheconstitutionalreforms of the Southern Pacific.of theSouthern why they were able make aprofit by sellinglandtoofficers proved that they were capable ofutilizing the 26 GeorgeMowry, inTheCalifornia 27

majority ontheLos majority . 25 or provided legalrepresentation fortheSanFranciscoteamsters’ unionforeightyears. moderately conservative views, upsomepopulist credentials he picked from having who was the complete package. Despite his conservative and family background 1909 popularity, Progressive soughtacompetitive Party theCalifornia candidate forthe Progressive Movement. to the California runner Eventually statewide achieving oftheRepublican Party, bymembers reformist-minded California was thefore- professionalism andequity. The Lincoln-Roosevelt League, organizedinSouthern mental institutionsadoptedademocraticto governance approach that emphasized felt that thecompetitiveness ofcapitalismcouldonly ifgovern bepreserved - ofa capitalistprinciples “competitive”in preserving free market. The Progressives Progressivism, ofthecentury, at theturn soughtaslightly largerrole forgovernment 17.5a at Berkeley.of California Mills College, University of San Francisco, Saint Mary’s College, and the University astheUniversity of thePacific,colleges anduniversitiessuch SantaClara University, had established many institutions of higher education that would aburgeoning middle-class. supported which benefitedfrom thestate’s ofCalifornians sizeable portion economicprogression, isolation, urban areas, emerging and dominant position in the western region. A the nation. Steady growth was attributable in manufacturing to the state’s geographic discovered states across soonranked highamongthetopoilexporting andCalifornia andvegetables. offruits varieties At aboutthesametime, ofoilwere largereserves ofthetwentiethbeginning century, more than200different was exporting California state’s mildclimate that increased crop andextendedgrowing variety periods. Bythe however, production, quicklyshiftedtospecializedagricultural madepossible by the demandforwheat.became amajorsourceforanenormous The focusonwheat, ture production andtheexploitation ofothernatural resources. Initially, California asthestatea faint memory economy recovered- largely onthesuccessofagricul Not longafterratification, California’s attemptbecame at constitutionalreform atprofessionalism more toarrive effective andlong-lastingpolitical reforms. would acquireeducation thenecessary andapply significantly more forethought and the nation. California, but they were inspired truly by the valuable learned lessonsfromgeneration previous certainly attemptsin at reform thestatus quo. tochallenge ofthecentury emergedat theturn of Californians This philosophies of capitalism,long-standing monopolies anddistorted anew generation greed. andunbridled that suffered from corruption embraced middle-classaspirations inconsistentwithpoliticalandeconomicsystems 17.5 Californians have education,Californians alongtraditionofsupporting andby the1870s, With theireconomicandsocialadvance by thepower checked andinfluence of gubernatorial election. gubernatorial Major ConstitutionalChange ProgressiveCalifornia Movementand Period intheTwentiethCalifornia 1900–Post-War Century: 28 These institutionsproduced aprofessional classthat EnterHiramW.Johnson, aSanFranciscoattorney Progressive Movement sweeping become prestigious become prestigious

Chapter 17 | Historical Foundation of California’s Political Development | 521 Chapter 17 | Historical Foundation of California’s Political Development | 522 .in California (WikimediaCommons) Senator, andleaderoftheProgressive movement ofHiramJohnson,Photograph Governor, U.S. attractive gubernatorial candidate for the reform-minded state candidateRepublicans.attractive forthereform-minded gubernatorial violence, cast Johnson as “unquestionably and courageous,” incorruptible and as an one ofthemostpowerful politicalplayers inthestate, andcorrupt amidthreats of Johnson achieved real politicalprominence. Hissuccessfulconviction ofBossRuef, while prosecuting San Francisco’s political boss, Abraham Ruef, that for corruption, It was whenhereplaced anassistantprosecutor shotundersuspiciouscircumstances to thesevalues. ofhostilitytoward degree These values racial includedacertain company senseandithastily withissuesandpolicies thatrary were parted contrary wastheir political orientation anything but radical or even liberalinthecontempo- idealsaswomen’s such government andsupported suffrageand worker rights. Yet, class inCalifornia. Yes, theProgressivesa cleanandresponsive hadchampioned other middle-classvalues that were often at oddswiththe interests oftheworking Governor Johnson, heldat theircore adeeprespect forfree-market capitalism and a professionaltostate approach government. The forceofhisstature- andperson monopolies. Johnsonandinsistedon was fanatical aboutstampingoutcorruption that of significant reforms would finally break thenear-totalcontrol ofcorporate movement andrestore democratic government principles. torid ofcorruption newly in1911, electedgovernor ofCalifornia the becomingthepersonification acted as a check on acted as a check as conservation, corporations, housing, irrigation, civilservice,welfare, andindustrial appointment.to gubernatorial These commissions andboards, overseeing Johnson insistedonthecreation subject ofcommissionsandboardswithmembership ensuring that stateensuring government professionally was run andprudently. state board createdtheJohnson during administrations that acquired a reputation for Despite the “progressive” label, Progressives, mostCalifornia notwithstanding Between 1911until1916, Governor Johnson was theforcebehindawide-range Hiram Johnson would Progressives intogovernment leadtheCalifornia asthe Dedicated system, toestablishing aprofessional state civilservice Governor istration was the strengthening of the anddraftedJohnsonParty ashisvice-presidential candidate. forpresident asanindependent under hisBullMoose was running caughttheattention of wide popularity Theodore Roosevelt, who the state’s politicalandeconomicsystems. Infact, Johnson’s state- constitutional amendmentsthat would have effecton along-term ality government employees, bankinglaws. andreforming mandating anemployment bureau, settingaminimum wage for adopting laws regulatinglaborandworkmen’s child compensation, piloted thestate legislature, dominated by fellow Progressives, in referendum, andinitiative processes. The Johnson administration avenues through provisions fordirectdemocracy forrecall, another constitutionalamendmentthat provided with Californians Public UtilityCommissionin1946.California rather thanelected. The railroad commissionwas renamed asthe size and budget, and require be appointed that the commissioners toregulatecommission theauthority allutilities, increase itsown as aconstitutionalamendment, theStetson-Eshelman Act gave the Commission. and later as legislation approved Introduced first the One of the most important reforms of the Johnson reforms admin- One of the most important Governor Johnson also persuaded California voterstoapproveGovernor JohnsonCalifornia alsopersuaded were state legislature’s instrumental inwinningthepassage of state statutes and instrumental power. 30 The State Board of Control was one alifornia California 31 such issues such Railroad 29

partly partly immigrants. ofthecentury,minorities, by which theturn was specifically directed at Japanese viewofSanFranciscoThis aerial inthe1880sportrays abustling cityofcommerce. (Thinkstock) Progressives themovement. withoutastrong leaderwhoindeedpersonified nominationParty noless, onlyto hasten thiserosion, served leaving his California political base. Governor Johnson’s electionasU.S. senator, winning theRepublican class urban dwellers, Progressives suffered the California from anerosion of Too progressive formainstream Republicans, but frequently at oddswithworking- alcohol consumptionthat were very ofstate unpopularwithlarge groups residents. morality, proposing forexample, bansonprizefighting, betting, horse-race and political scene. Beneath progressive theirtruly policieswere to regulate also efforts andthenswiftly from1916—captured the theattention ofmostCalifornians departed relatively momentinthestate’s brief politicaldevelopment— roughly 1909until because ofsomephysical ormentaldeficiency. categories Constitution, theProgressives amendedCalifornia’s eugenicslaws tobroaden the garding to future generations. influenced Certainly by pseudo-science of the tions had left off, the Progressives felt that truly they could “cull the herd” for sake probably would notbetooproud oftoday. upwhere previous Picking administra- citizenship from owning land. Progressives tolimitthe Alien LandBilltopreventing alienswhowere for ineligible potential treaty violations withJapan andconstitutionaldiscrepancies forcedthe to enacttheAlienLandBill.totally written excludetheJapanese, Originally typically immunenotionsof tonineteenthcentury White supremacy, ledtheeffort In theirown andotherbusinesses causedalarm. farms landandstart tion topurchase workers won praisefortheirexcellentwork ethicandskilledlabor, but aninclina- to the rise inanti-Asian totherise sentiment,supporting theProgressives, whowere not Labor shortages in key industries, particularly agricultural production, inkey industries,Labor shortages agricultural were particularly Reminiscent ofthe Workingmen’s Party, Progressive Party theCalifornia Progressive’sThe California eugenics policies reflect values most Californians filled ethical considerations aswelloutlinedintheUnitedStates ascivilliberties of peoplewho by aslow but steady stream ofJapanese immigrants. Initially, these could becommittedtomentalhospitals period, disre- and sterilized and sterilized , fora their

Chapter 17 | Historical Foundation of California’s Political Development | 523 Chapter 17 | Historical Foundation of California’s Political Development | 524 which was usedtojailand silenceanyonewhich perceived tobeadvocating unlawful actsof with laws that stymiedunionorganizing, astheCriminal such rate community. The state legislatureactually buttressed thestate’s move totheright overwhelming power- andfrequently anti-labororganizingtacticsof thecorpo brutal employer organizations was correspondingly high.” this was remarkable. The prestige of organizedlaborwas low, andtheprestige of ship inlaborunionssteadily declined. andhighemployment, ofprosperity Inaperiod anddominatedunions asunpatriotic by subversives, “Throughout the1920smember- associations appealedtothepublic withpublic relations campaignsthat portrayed Central Valley region. Notexempt from theuseofviolencetobreak strikes, these Growers Fruit inthe ortheCalifornia Exchange California Association inSouthern ations, andManufacturers organizations asMerchants largesumstosuch contributing 17.5b continue ifthey were unionized.” tions were anew factor inCalifornia, andtheexploitation ofcasuallaborcouldnot over the newly organized Mexican and Filipino labor unions. Ethnic labor organiza- did engageincollective bargaining, “From 1926until1930there wasconcern much often realizingpositioninthelabormarket, theirprecarious workers foreign-born force that gave employers significantly more leverage withestablished workers. Very workers from mixed theEastCoast, withmigrants provided agrowinglabor surplus tive tariff, sotospeak, about the locallabor market.” alsostrengthened labor’sisolation ofCalifornia position…Distancethrew aprotec- inCalifornia: McWilliamsAs Cary observed The Great Exception ,geographic “The Until the 1920s, labor market never the California seemed to have enough workers. cally every inthecityorganizedby majorindustry aunionorfederation ofunions. in particular, was theenvy ofthenational labormovement, withworkers inpracti- employers saw feature unionsasanecessary ofthecommercialsector. SanFrancisco, does have ofcollective alonghistory bargaining, especially intheurbanareas, where that tolerantofworker was notparticularly andworking rights conditions. California is debatable.most Californians conservative impulse a rising experienced This period withintheburgeoning urbancenters. industries mills tothenorth, andservice coast, andvegetables,jobs tofillinfishingalongtheCalifornia canningfruit the state’s auraofglamour. Inaddition, there was stillplentyofmoney tobemadeand that suppliedaneverentertainment expandingglobalmarket to whilecontributing Hollywood, the motion picture became a highly industry lucrative of popular form andDouglas Corporation Aircraft Company in beganinCalifornia. Headquartered California’s base. future industrial aviation Legendary companies like Lockheed up, followed by theinauguration ofaircraftmanufacturing, thecore ofSouthern of theautomobileindustry. Soon, largeautomotive assembly plantswere springing the 1920s that coincided with the growth during California in Southern reserves The state’s by rapid economic growth discoveries was fueled in part of sizeable oil asfinance, such industries large-scalemanufacturing, andthemotionpicture industry. mineral extraction, andlightindustry. They saw innascent promising opportunities state’s foundations of economic development, enduring included agriculture, which decades ofthetwentieth century, of largenumbers wereAmericans attracted tothe 3,426,861 in 1920 and further increased to5,677,251in1930. 3,426,861 in1920andfurther In 1900, was barely the population of California 1.5 million people, but it grew to State government generally remained onthesidelines, even intheface ofthe To ontradeassoci- combat unions, begantoplaceagreaterimportance industries Whether the early reached twentieth of California economic prosperity century Economic ExpansionandDecline 34

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33 influx offoreign The gradual 32 During the first two thefirst During Syndicalism lumber aw, Law, social collapse of their communities in Missouri, Oklahoma, Texas, and Arkansas. people escapingdrought or “dust bowl” conditionsandtheneareconomic or assomemighthave saidat thetime, California. The Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential and Museum website Library lists sponsored many public works projects inliterately every countyandmost citiesin the work ofCCCwork crews orcompanies. find a federal and state recreational today area in California that did not benefit from projects,and wildlifeconservation andrestoredsites. historical of theCCCfoughtwildfires, built dams, plantedthousandsoftrees, conductedsoil state. and recreational across the wilderness areas Dispersed of California, members Deal measures, totalingasmany areas ofthe as150campsconcentrated inwilderness s (CCC)tendedtobeoneofmore popularNew Corp The CivilianConservation percent ofthestate’s incomeandfew states personal hadmore oftheseprojects. for sake ofpoliticalexpediency. relented somewhat whenfaced withanoverwhelmed government bureaucracy and Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New inCalifornia. Dealprograms Later, Governor Merriam withtheRepublican-controlled state senateMerriam—along resisted implementing thedepression—JamesRepublican governorsduring “Sunny Jim” RolphandFrank the marketplace itself advocated correct by President was extremelyCalifornia limited, following tosomeextent the strategy ofletting hasbeenableethnic group todosince. the “Okies” didattract attention totheplightofpoormore thanany otherraceor Steinbeck’s Joad family resemble thenoble progressive-minded that wereAmericans exemplified by John crossing countyboundaries. The “Okies” didnot usually that endedupinCalifornia set uproadblocks or “bum blockades” toprevent “Okies” thestate fromor entering pejoratively as characterized “Okies.” law California enforcement agencies regularly Californians, especially inthefarmlands, were not very welcoming ofthesemigrants, ofCalifornia, history itweresupported notsolucky, asillustrated by Rawls andBeanintheirinterpretive out thedepression instyle. production andthemyriadthat industries Agricultural a market formotionpictures, andHollywood’s immenseprofits allowed many tolive destitute. becametruly while others Somewhere intheworld there would always be toweather unscathed virtually someCalifornians the economiccrisis permitted 1929, spread unevenly across the state. economyThe diverse nature of the California hadbeendeniedbasiccivilliberties.hundreds ofCalifornians force orviolence. laws Such eventually failed constitutionaltests, but only after years Within ofthecrash of 1929, years thestate was alsofaced withthemigration, Federal expenditures addeduptoabout10 forNew Dealprojects inCalifornia The government’s initialresponse totheeffectsofGreat Depression in The onslaught of theGreat Depression, precipitated bymarket crashin thestock The the state. was more than1,250,000—aboutone-fifthofthewholepopulation of country, dependentonpublic relief in1934 thenumberofCalifornians figure of1925. With thespread ofmassunemployment inbothcityand in1933was lessthanone-ninththepeak The numberofbuilding permits it had been in1929, andthere were foreclosures. thousands of mortgage incomesankin1932toscarcely more farm thanhalfofwhat California Works Progress Administration (WPA) 36

. Although prone toberacist, ethnocentric, anduneducated, “invasion” was another New that Deal program ofroughly three hundred thousand Herbert HooverHerbert Itisindeedrare to . The two . The 38 37

Chapter 17 | Historical Foundation of California’s Political Development | 525 Chapter 17 | Historical Foundation of California’s Political Development | 526 receiving 1,138,000votes to the879,000 sank Sinclairinthepolls. would goontowintheelectionforgovernor, Merriam campaign, andPresidentby stateRoosevelt, thebrush-off Democraticleaders Party steady stream offinancialcontributions, Hollywood’s mass-market cinematic smear extremely imageofSinclair. unflattering The weight ofthe business community’s and pseudonewsreels shown inmovie theaters picture joined forces with industry Whitaker and Baxter, producing movie trailers from thepublic relations time. andadvertisingprofessions forthefirst Themotion Clem Whitaker andLeoneBaxtertoinstitutedinnovative campaigntacticsadapted around itsnomineeFrankMerriam. support hired political consultants The party party’s nomination forgovernor over leaders. theobjectionsofstate party popularity, Sinclairswitchedfrom theSocialisttoDemocratic Party, winningthat raising andwere committedtospreading Sinclair’s ideas. Inresponse tohisgrowing hundreds ofEPICclubsthatfund- over engagedingrassroots thestate chartering society. andautopianvisionofCalifornia intervention These followers fanned out hisEPICprogram, favored which tosupport sands ofCalifornians heavy government political development. Remarkably Today, Sinclair’s campaignremains asignificantpoliticalmilestoneinCalifornia’s of hisEndPoverty (EPIC)movement campaign. InCalifornia andgubernatorial ideas aboutendingthedepression that were rather quicklyemployed asthetenets plans oftheirown. altogether oroffer recovery toeitheropposegovernmentand civicgroups efforts of thegreatdepression politicalorganizations, causedvarious commercialinterests, social conditionslingered untiltheadvent oftheSecond World War. The persistence enjoyable andattractive placebecauseof it. California’s New Dealprojects andprograms, more amuch andthestate iscertainly California. laborcamps, were asfarm which such extremely beneficialto “Okies”in arriving their crops. The Agricultural Adjustment Act alsosuppliedthefundingforinitiatives received for farmers inordertoincrease the prices sectors with largeagricultural productionasCalifornia Act—mandated instates theregulationsuch ofagricultural theCentral of thestate andtransform Valley. after decadesofconstruction, would greatly increase thewater andenergyresources Dam andLake Mead, theCentral Valley that, Project was acomplexundertaking Project.commencement oftheCentralValley Onascalethat dwarfed Hoover project, construction three-bridge of all New the Deal grandest endeavors was the marvel,Oakland Bay essentially isconsidered amajorengineering Bridge plants and city halls. widelyvaried from murals andsculptures tolibraries, courthouses, sewage treatment 352 WPA projects that were completedwithinthestate misplaced fears andxenophobia when statemisplaced fears government implemented laws, with the out thevery worstbring inCalifornians. Once again, thestate becamethesite of opinion couldbeshapedand moldedtowinelections. Baxter, whowould becomelegendsaspolitical consultants, demonstrated how public Fearing Sinclair’s massappeal, theRepublican galvanized Party well-financed Upton Sinclair, thecelebrated “muckracking” authorandSocialist, haddefinitive ofthefederalandstate governments,Despite theefforts severe economicand The New Dealdidnotend thedepression, but many peoplefoundwork among One ofthemore controversial New Dealprograms—the Agricultural Adjustment So often in California’s political and economic development, difficult times 39 of the original Although the construction , in1934, Sinclair convinced hundreds of thou- ballots castforSinclair throughout thestate, portrayingan . These public works projects San Francisco- . 40 Whitaker and Whitaker tion of African-Americans outside of the Southby thewar’s end. Texas inparticular. The cityofLos Angeles would have the thirdhighestconcentra- jobs, totheSouth—Louisianaand tofillindustrial Americans sending recruiters been relatively actively small. defensecontractors sought MajorCalifornia African- the to African-American populationprior inCalifornia, which World War II had shipyardsCalifornia employed nearly onehundred thousandwomen thewar. during physical labor, forwomen’s thestruggle giving equalityamajorboost. Northern prevailing stereotypes, inskilledandfrequently engaging dangerous tasksandheavy Japanese and business leaders, tofalsehoods vehemently andrumors, subscribing pressed for following theJapanese attack, many Californians, including influentialgovernment the ensuingwar withJapan freedom. resulted inthe lossofpersonal Immediately slightly more relaxed racialattitudes. income,increased theirpersonal butfreedom italsobrought amid greaterpersonal of African-Americans, work inthestate’s notonly defenseindustries dramatically United States. billion outofthe$360spentwithincontinental amounted to about $35 federal expenditures in California ofthecountry.any otherpart Between 1940and1946, the more baseswould military thanin bebuilt inCalifornian state.tions throughout ahastily fashioned garrison Infact, pouredinstalla- intoalargenumberofmilitary personnel centerforthewar againstJapan.logistics Millionsofmilitary area assumedthe role and asthemajor staging California days ofthePearl HarborbombinginDecemberof1941, World War IIliteratelyCalifornia. transformed Within five thousand new industrial plants in Southern California alone.” California five plantsinSouthern thousandnew industrial work. The filled by adiverse workforce of previouslywomen andminorities deniedindustrial the war were inCalifornia. constructed percent ofallaircraftandcloseto40naval andfreight shipsusedduring 17.5c origin, were toMexico. deported as well aslegalresidents and citizensofMexican American four hundred thousand undocumented Mexican workers, ofthesepolicies,brunt between 1931and1933, more than groups asvisibleidentified these scapegoats. the Bearing economicconditions,about deteriorating thegeneralpublic and repatriation ofFilipinoandMexicanresidents. Worried ofCongress, mandatingfull support themassdeportation California. andanother280,000workersCalifornia by shipbuilding companiesinNorthern 1943, 243,000defenseworkers were employed by aviation companiesinSouthern supplying thewar inthePacific. and longcoastwere ideallocations fordefenseindustries Employment opportunities in defense industries alsodramatically indefenseindustries Employment increased opportunities For theJapanese community in California, thebombing of Pearl Harbor and The wartime draftcreated that aseverewasThe wartime indefenseindustries laborshortage More than1.6millionpeoplemoved during toCalifornia The Effects ofWorld War IIonCalifornia internment. Initially opposed, Lieutenant General John DeWitt, head of the “Rosie theriveter” 43 “Between 1940and1944, more than$800millionwas invested insome 42 California’s vast and diverselandmass

iconic 41

defense plantworker broke many inCalifornia 45 Vultee Aircraft Downey Plant, Ca. 1942–43. ‘Valiant’ basictrainer while awoman works standingoutside. A smallmaninstallscontrolwires insidethefuselage ofa 44 For alargenumber Approximately 60 Approximately WorldII. War By

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Chapter 17 | Historical Foundation of California’s Political Development | 527 Chapter 17 | Historical Foundation of California’s Political Development | 528 (Thinkstock) and resident Japanese during alienswere interned World War II, located intheOwens Valley.Manzanar War Relocation Centerwas oneoftencampswhere Japanese citizens American extension oftheprogram. sured in1963tofinally Congress endwhat wastwo-year becomingthecustomary Bracero continuedwell program afterthewar untilgrowing pres public- criticism working thousands of Mexican farmworkers who tions andbasiclivingnecessities. Unfortunately, theprovision failed toprotect the ofMexicanworkerssibility fortherecruitment toensure decentworking condi- states. ofthatrequired Part agreement U.S. government officialsto take respon- employment Mexicanstemporary andother western granted status inCalifornia with theMexicangovernment. knownThis agreement astheBraceroprogram state population forcedtheU.S. government alaboragreement in1942toreach sector.agricultural Hugedemandsforfood from andgrowing boththe military remind all offreedom. ofthefragility Americans sions and lostanelementofitsmoralcredibility.America ordershould The interment 17.5d sion ofhousing tracts, retail businesses, andrecreational outlets, notwithstandingthe totheforefrontpropelled ofthe California experience,American providing anexplo- the Korean and Vietnam conflicts. the erectedwar during Theeconomic juggernaut that wouldand technology spantheonsetofCold War withtheSoviet Union, and industries, World War oflucrative IIwas only contractsforweapons thestart systems markets more becamemuch global.technological For defense many California-based powerAmerican oftheglobe, projected tofar-flung corners thestate’s and industrial the war years.demands during oftheworldWith and alargepart reduced toruins would indulgestate residents whohadaccumulated tidy sumsandpent-upconsumer basethat peacetimeindustrial fueledthegrowthditures ofanenormous inCalifornia relations, women’s rights, andtheplightofveterans. federalexpen- Massive wartime didnotoccureitherrapidlythat certainly oreasily, especially when confronting race required agooddealoftolerance culturalnorms diversity and changing emerging encompassed housing, schools, andpractically every consumable good. The state’s thatveterans population andagreatlyfaced asocietyofshortages enlargedCalifornia Postwar was a timeofguarded optimism about thefuture. California Returning If labor shortages wereIf laborshortages commoninindustry, forthestate’s they becamecritical California: Post-WarCalifornia: andBeyond and livingconditions. Extremelygrowers, popularamongCalifornia the 47

received low lost much of their property andposses- oftheirproperty lost much ation order, theJapanese inCalifornia interned. Byimplementingtheevacu- totheU.S.vital services military, were West Coastpopulation andprovided in Hawai‘i, outnumbered the which of the Japanesemembers community in California. legal aliensand citizens American ment of ninety three thousand Japanese Order 9066,- therelocation andintern issue what would becomeExecutive recommended that President Roosevelt Mainland. Indoingso, GeneralDeWitt threat of a Japanese on the attack to civilianpressure andtheperceived Western DefenseCommand, relented wages and 46 Paradoxically, few experienced experienced poor in 1948: by yet, inspiteofthesedifficulties, continuedto California move forward, chronicled both theairandwater, andsomany otheraffronts toCalifornia’s ecosystems. And continuously subjectedtomassive concrete paving, resource depletion, pollutionof less thanideallivingconditions. The environment also tookitspostwar hits, almost farmworkers,of California whoeven today often orafterwar neveron eitherduring seemedtoimprove thecontemptible conditions levels ofunemployment andpoverty. Shamefully, brought theeconomicprosperity thousandsofworkersnies that hadrecruited were forleaving notorious behindhigh who becameredundant inthepeacetimeeconomy. For instance, shipbuilding compa- workers industrial tideofeconomicsuccess, thosewartime with therising inparticular the direct result ofthestate’s postwar experience. Notevery Californian’s boatrose colleges anduniversitiesbecamethenorm. systems. of freeways, fortheconstruction of dollars public hospitals, andwater management forcontinuedgrowth necessary billions byexpanded theinfrastructure earmarking cultural icon—Disneyland! Ledinitially by Governor Earl Warren, state government Mural of San Bruno, portrays California the main street this city south of San Francisco in the 1950s. noted author and keen observer of California life, of California noted author and keen observer McWilliams Cary As many problems solved, asprosperity manyremained unsolved others orwere exception amongthe states.”American gotten. state; isnoordinary California itisananomaly, afreak, thegreat must belaidtoone side.the rules All thecopybook maximsmust befor- stand thistawny tigerby thewestern sea, thistigerall and tounderstand population tothe West, toward thePacific. Thenation needstounder- in thestates. Itistippingthescalesofnation’s interest andwealth and residents. isnotanother California state:American itisarevolution with- “Today ithas10,000,000 residents; tomorrow itmay have 20,000,000

Beginning inthe1940sand50s,Beginning affordablepublic andaccessible California 48

challenging labormarket and face achallenging who wrote

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Chapter 17 | Historical Foundation of California’s Political Development | 529 Chapter 17 | Historical Foundation of California’s Political Development | 530 states and split right downofgender.states andsplitright themiddleinterms was estimated tobe38,441,387. Based ontherecent estimates andgrowth rate, the2013population inCalifornia rate. percent higherthanthenational rate. Children under18have a23percentpoverty populationRoughly lives 17percentoftheCalifornia below poverty line, about2–3 the median household income was $58,328, about 10 percent higher than the nation. income non-Hispanic,American andlessthan1percent Indian.American The percapita non-Hispanic, 13percent Asian-American orPacific Islander, 5.8percent African- also projected that by mid-2014, thestate’s residents would be38.8 percentwhite 2014, makingup39percentofthestate’s population. California’s demographers projected inthestate tobecomethelargestsingleracial/ethnicgroup by March biotech), Hollywood (film, TV, music), andconstruction/building. are tourism, inCalifornia agriculture,top industries high-tech the state’s was worth $42.6billion. andranches 80,500farms Total receipts from offutureare job growth potential drivers forthis industry. In2012,he outputof t to overseaslost someground manufacturing, andalternativeenergy buttech green beingthestate’sserious sector multi-billion dollaragricultural drought conditionshasaffectedtheprofitability industries, of various themost the future justmightbepossible. with some appreciation that of the history preceded them, forecasting fragments of or facing interment. With anumberofbasiceconomicandsocialindicators, along settlers,to encroaching beingunemployed successive during economicdepressions, Nevada, crossing theSierra Imagine cashingoutat thegoldmine, losinglandrights have more beenmuch difficultthan anything even remotely closetothe present. demonstrated, hasseenhardtimes. Someeven venture tosuggestthat thesetimes the highcostofliving, itmay bevaluable toponderthepast. California, asaptly nesses, retirees escapingto Arizona, Nevada, marksthestate’stransformation decline. socialroles andculturalpatterns.and radically changing Somemightsay that this innovations, growing population diversity, resource scarcity, theend of theCold War, from developingimports nations, California’s technological computerandinternet ofthisevolutionthe mainaccelerators sector, has beenadecliningindustrial rising been induced by a multitude of causes, but it would be fair to suggest that some of the lateto1980s. nineteenthcentury Sincethe1980s, has thistransformation that hasenteredsignificantlyagefrom aperiod contraststheindustrial California 17.6b 17.6a teenth fastest growing state withayearly growth rate of1.09percent. largest economies. California’s state gross product exceeds$1.9trillion, makingitoneoftheworld’s it accountsforamixture ofmany high of theworld’s state largesteconomieswithagross product ofover $2trillion. 17.6 Before rushing tojudgmentaboutCalifornia’sBefore rushing future, citingtheexodusofbusi- 52 Demographics Economics level was $28,341, forCalifornians slightly higherthanthenational rate, and Post-Industrial California 53 The sector in California is services and isservices sectorinCalifornia single largestindustry 49 This population isslightly younger thaninother to low-paying positions. hasone California andOregon, lawless innercitiesor 50 California isthenine- California . has industry The tech (R&D, computers, 55 51 of A period Latinos were 54

The slightly higherthanthenational rate. jobs, but notnearly enoughtokeep upwithlaborforcegrowth. than thenational average, Approximately from graduated high school, slightly 80 percent of Californians lower the assimilation patterns ofother the assimilation patterns andshedthemajor features ethnicgroups American will betheeffect onthestate’s culturalandsocial fiber. Willthat population mirror ofLatino becomethenew ancestry majority,Californians many may wonder what not asfast asinthepastandthat shouldgenerally beapositive development. As about thefuture ofCalifornia. Demographically, thestate isstillgrowing, but just From there theseindicators are anumberofvery basicassumptionsthat canbemade 17.6d 17.6c werefarming about15percentofthenational total. The economicprogress canbemeasured ofCalifornia by theviewofLos Angeles Skyline. indicate that two ofevery five jobs(41percent)will require acollegedegree. of thestate’s working-age adultswillhave acollegedegree. Economicprojections that graduates go directlynumber of high school to college. By 2025, only 32 percent effort to place a moratorium on toplaceamoratorium hydraulic fracturing,effort or “fracking.” more energyefficient. Amongthe key issuesthat topthe environmental agendaisthe slight gases inthestate increased between 1990 and2011. Inrecent years, there hasbeena California. LevelsSouthern ofcarbondioxide, methane, andotherheat-trapping oftheCentral since 1895, seeninportions withthegreatestwarming Valley and average temperatures across the state have by Fahrenheit risen about 1.5 degrees and hydroelectric plants that relyfarmers on snowmelt to produce power. Annual have from snowmelt runoff shrunk. hasdeclined, Spring affecting Central Valley are getting more acidic.Coastal waters off California Nevada in the Sierra Glaciers 17.7 improvement inairquality, partly Education Environment Conclusion: TheFuture ofCalifornia and 30.9 percent earned a and30.9percentearned 57 California ranks fortieth inthenation forthe ranksfortieth California the result of industries andvehiclesthe result ofindustries becoming 56 California continuestoadd California bachelor’s orhigher, degree

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Chapter 17 | Historical Foundation of California’s Political Development | 531 Chapter 17 | Historical Foundation of California’s Political Development | 532 progress willbeassured. by Serra, Judah, Johnson, Sinclair, Morgan, Warren, andso many others, continued ments: imagination, innovation, open-mindedness, vigoranddedication, exemplified in building toward thefuture, the qualitiesof canassert Californians is in decline,California a fate automobile emissionlaws. gaslaws,of thegreenhouse airqualitycapandtradeprogram, andlongstanding world. progress that couldbereplicated asmodelsfortherest inotherareasofthe andserve stories, most noticeably in improved air quality and energy conservation, the type of werewhich created by Californians. Yet, there have beensome environmental success offoresight.and lack environment issues,The California hassomeserious notallof quality, climatic conditions, andecologyare eroded by environmental poorchoices economy, andeducational outcomeswillnotmatterifthestate’s much airandwater the numberofcollegeanduniversitystudentsthat graduate. California’s demography, public colleges and universities system in the world, in should be lagging California at improving theeducational qualityofitsresidents, inhighereducation. particularly route willhowever roadblocks unless thestate cando abetterjob encounterserious often engendered arouteand toprosperity not take anotherworld war toachieve. SolvingCalifornia’s enigmashave historically state’s in the future thatis expected to be a challenge hopefully main industries will even mostnations, hasthecapacitytoaccomplishany numberoffeats. the Preserving life. outofapoverty-ridden children industrial intolushfarmland,transcontinental railroad,anderected an milesofdesert turned livethe children belowthe nation with the bridged the poverty line? Californians the state’s of be assured when a quarter social and economic security long-term per in activism, socialandeconomicaffairs. andby theconductofnormal problemsmost ofsuch have eventually beenovercome through laws, education, cultural traits. Historically, hasbeenproblematic, racialandethnicintegration but developof Hispanicculture withinageneration orwillCalifornia very distinctLatin a state that hasoneofthehighestcostlivingstandardsinnation, It almostseemsinconceivable that withoneofthelargestandmostaffordable The California economicpowerhouse,The California stillrankingwell above allotherstates and wouldMost Californians probably that agree it’s thoughttoreside asobering capita incomelevel that isonly slightly higherthantherest ofthenation. Can used as ideal examples of the trend in developing innovative industries. That Noteworthy examplesofthisrecent successincludeCalifornia’s enactment powerhouse. astate Certainly There isthestarkpossibilitythat assomehave suggested, that commanding states.has befallen other formerly If, green-tech andalternativeenergysourcesare green-tech with such accomplishment can bring more accomplishmentcanbring with such past yet hasa achieve- Knopf, 1948. Knopf, in SanCommittee Francisco by Royce, Josiah New York: California from the in Conquest 1846 the to Second Vigilance New York: 1949. Books, Current California: Great The Exception by McWilliams, Carey 1994. Company, New York: Holt Fradkin, L. Henry and by Philip SevenThe of California: States AHuman and Natural History Study Readings forFurther 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Chapter Review Company. Stanford, theCentralPacific inlaunching Railroad Mark Hopkins, CharlesCrocker, andLeland Sacramento businessmen;Collis P. Huntington, and popular merchants four successful gold rush vision of Theodore Judah, whowas joinedby The transcontinentalrailroadthe was originally the government authority. entrepreneurs intoanarea desperately inneeded unleashed afloodofprospective and miners a sawconstructing mill for John Sutter, which discovered goldinthe River American while Guadalupe deHidalgo, John Wilson Marshall Nine days after the signing of the Treaty of within California. to instill governmentaltent personnel authority inadequate resourcesincompe- ordispatching inallocating independent Mexicohadlittlechoice unstable socialandpolitical situation in post- tocontainahighly struggling Mexican leaders families. coalesced insmallbands, villages, andextended that andsub-groups typicallydifferent tribal diverse and was represented by hundreds of The Nativepopulation was extremely Californian tiful standsoftimber. ties includingamplewater, soil, fertile andplen- andestablishing communi forsurvival - necessary alongthecoasthadallconditions Settlers York: Rawson, Wade, 1982. California, Inc Gentry, 1968. Edition, CA: Comstock Sausalito, Days Last ofThe Great the Late, ofState California NewEisen, York: 1968. Books, Collier Jonathan CaliforniaThe and Hale Dream by Dennis 1966. Gladys Gilmore (eds.) New York: Thomas Y.Reading in California by History Ray N.Crowell, Gilmore, Nand 10. 9. 8. 7. 6.

roles andculturalpatterns. of theCold War, social andradically changing innovation, growing population diversity, the end California’s technological computerandinternet sector, from developing imports nations, rising by adecliningindustrial gradually transformed Since the1980s, economy theCalifornia hasbeen outlets. housing tracts, retail businesses, andrecreational experience,American providing anexplosionof totheforefrontwar propelledofthe California the erected during The economicjuggernaut centerforthewar againstJapan.logistics area assuming the role and as the major staging World War IIliteratelyCalifornia, transformed and provide avenues fordirect democracy. that would strengthen therailroad commission voters to approve constitutional amendments movement, HiramJohnsonCalifornia persuaded ProgressiveGovernor andleaderoftheCalifornia chance. and politicalsystemsnever really ofa hadmuch the attemptsCalifornia’s at reforming economic rations ofthisdocument, from thebeginning, delegates were lofty aspi- responsible forcertain constitutionremain todate andthe California Although manyofthesecond ofthereforms by Joel Kotkin and Paul Grabowicz, New and by Joel Kotkin by Curt

Chapter 17 | Historical Foundation of California’s Political Development | 533 Chapter 17 | Historical Foundation of California’s Political Development | 534 24. 23. 22. 21. 20. 19. 18. 17. 16. 15. 14. 13. 12. 11. 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Notes

1894. LegalHistory. California 2011, Vol. 6, pp. 349–350. California’s ConstitutionalConventions andState Legislature, 1848– Lozano, Rosina A Ibid. p. 239–240. Bean, p. 239. Dewitt, p. 148. Press,of California 1952), p. 5. Walton Bean, BossRuef’s SanFrancisco (Berkeley: University Mowry, p. 10. Quadrangle Books, 1963), p. 9. George E. Mowry, Progressives TheCalifornia (Chicago: and Beck Williams, p. 221. Norman: 1974, UniversityofOklahomaPress, p. 67. Warren A. and Beck Ynes D. Haase, Historical , Atlas ofCalifornia p. 279. Minneapolis, Minn: Universityof Minnesota Press. 1995, TestimoniosRosaura Sánchez,Californio TellingIdentities:, The Bean, p. 134. and Beck Williams, pp. 156–159 net/index.html onOctober26, 2014. Site &Emporium, Accessed http://www.languagepolicy. 1879 Constitution, James Crawford’s LanguagePolicy Web Spanish LanguageRightsinCalifornia: Debates over the and Beck Williams, pp. 157–158. Kendall/Hunt, 1997), pp. 76–83. HowardDewitt, A. and Beck Williams, pp. 114–115. ABC-CLIO. 1999, p. 128. , T. Crawford, Mark, Heidler, David Stephen, Heidler, Jeanne McGraw-Hill, 1968, pp. 95–97. Walton Bean, California: New York: An Interpretive History, collections/caste-and-politics-in-mexican-independence. Collections fortheClassroom http://dcc.newberry.org/ and Politics for intheStruggle MexicanIndependence, Digital Hana Layson, Charlotte Ross, Boyer, and Christopher Ibid. p. 19. Company, 1972, pp. 35–36. of theGoldenState, New York/Garden City: Doubleday & Warren A. andDavid Beck A. Williams, California: History A Press.University ofCalifornia 2005, p. 2. and theManagement ofCalifornia’s Natural ResourcesBerkeley: Kat Anderson, Guides. Berkeley: Press. UniversityofCalifornia 2009, p. 18. Their Environment: NaturalAn IntroductionInCalifornia History Otis Parrish, andLeeM. Panich, Lee, Indiansand California Kent G. Lightfoot, Tsim D. Schneider, ElizabethK. Soluri, History, New York: Crowell, 1966, pp. 9–12. N. Ray Gilmore andGladys Gilmore, ReadingsinCalifornia Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American oftheMexican-American Encyclopedia War, SantaBarbara: Tending the Wild: Native Knowledge American Translating California: OfficialSpanishUsagein The California DreamThe California (Dubuque, IA: Caste Caste 54. 53. 52. 51. 50. 49. 48. 47. 46. 45. 44. 43. 42. 41. 40. 39. 38. 37. 36. 35. 34. 33. 32. 31. 30. 29. 28. 27. 26. 25.

International/Trade/Pages/TradeStatistics.aspx Chamber ofCommerce http://www.calchamber.com/ Cal Chamber Advocacy, Trade Statistics, California calfacts_010213.aspx 2, 2013http://www.lao.ca.gov/reports/2013/calfacts/ 2013 CalFacts: The Legislative Analyst’s Office, January Census Reporter PopulationCalifornia 2014, World Population Review, Novemberprofiles/04000US06-california/ 19, 2014 Census Reporter, accessed http://censusreporter.org/ Novemberfornia-population/ 19, 2014. Accessed http://worldpopulationreview.com/states/cali- PopulationCalifornia 2014, World Population Review, McWilliams, p. 24. Ibid, pp. 498–501. Bean, pp. 430–433. McWilliams, p. 24. 1982, Avon Books, p. 37. Joel New York: Kotkin andPaul Gradowicz, Inc., California White, p. 498. Bean, p. 425. Rawls andBean, p. 321. and Beck Williams, p. 404. marist.edu/archives/resources/newdealprojects.html. theNewDeal.Sponsored During http://www.fdrlibrary. Museum, The FranklinD. Roosevelt Presidentialand Library White, p. 477. University ofOklahomaPress, p. 482. Own,”—A New History of the American West, Norman: 1991, Richard White, “It’s Your andNoneofMy Misfortune Rawls andBean, p. 318. History, Seventh Edition, Boston: 1998, McGraw-Hill, p. 283. James J. Rawls and Walton Bean, California:Interpretive An Dewitt, p. 236. 1949, Books, Current p. 132. McWilliams,Cary California: New York:The Great Exception, and Beck Williams, p. 367. Ibid, p. 155. Mowry, pp. 152–155. Bean, pp. 323–324. wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_California. Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/ thefree encyclopedia List ofcollegesanduniversitiesinCalifornia, From Mowry, pp. 12–13. Bean, pp. 241–242. Lorzano, p. 350. The NewDealin Action: ListingsofPublic Works Projects 55.

six-key-industries-all-in-b/ November 19, 2014. com/2009/09/22/no-more-california-dreamin-states- Updated Dec 4th 2009 Accessed http://www.dailyfinance. all inbigtrouble by CharlesHighSmithDaily Finance dreamin’:No more California State’s sixkey industries 58. 57. 56.

Fact_Sheet_2008.pdf November 19, 2014 http://www.calgrants.org/documents/Education_Stats_ Education Statistics FactCalifornia Sheet, CalGrant Accessed Census Reporter cdfa.ca.gov/statistics/ November 19, 2014 Production Statistics Agricultural Accessed http://www. ofFood and Department California Agriculture, California

Chapter 17 | Historical Foundation of California’s Political Development | 535 Chapter 17 | Historical Foundation of California’s Political Development | 536 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Pop Quiz D) C) B) A) called and “heathen” populations. was That divineright waythe Christian oflifetoanuntamedcountry believed tospread hadadivineright thecountry Leading politicalfigures intheUnitedStates D) C) B) A) were livinginCalifornia called Mexican settlers D) C) B) A) Franciscanmission was establishedThe first at D) C) B) A) settlers? ofEuropean tothearrival prior lived inCalifornia How many native peoplesare estimated tohave D) C) B) A) Gaspar dePortolá was D) C) B) A) NevadaThe Sierra mountainrange Destiny’s child. divine imperialism. divine power. Manifest Destiny. Californios. Mexicanos. Spaniards. Native Americans. San Jose in1845. San Diegoin1769. San Franciscoin1849. Monterey in1776. Very few. Between 100,000and300,000 Between 50,000and100,000 Over 1million tional convention. constitu- a delegateCalifornia at thefirst the generalthat ledtheBearFlagRebellion. Baja California. an early Spanishexplorer andgovernor of governorthe first ofCalifornia. California. andSouthern divides Northern was Spanishmission. thelocation ofthefirst nowater.has virtually makes uphalfofthestate’s totallandarea. 12. 11. 10. 9. 8. 7.

D) C) B) A) thedepression inCalifornia? sitesduring historical projects,conducting conservation and restoring fighting wildfires, buildingdams, planting trees, ofthefollowingWhich was responsible for D) C) B) A) sentiment. ofthefollowing anti-Chinese Which articulated D) C) B) A) The BigFour were responsible for D) C) B) A) unleashedafloodof The goldrush D) C) B) A) Treaty ofGuadalupeHidalgoofficially endedthe D) C) B) A) Grande River called? oftheRio north what was theMexicanterritory theMexican-AmericanDuring War of1846, The of Engineers Army Corp The Mountain Menand Women’s League Corp The CivilianConservation The Forest Rangers Father JuniperSerra Charles Crocker Leland Sanford Denis Kearney continental railroad. Lending money ofthetrans- tothebuilders tinental railroad. of the transcon- building thewestern portion slaverybeginning inCalifornia. the discovery ofsilver inNevada. andshopclerks.farmers government officials. prospective andentrepreneurs. miners mining company executives. Spanish missionsinCalifornia. U.S. annexation ofSpain. Mexican-American War. gold rush. Cozumel Iowa Territory the TexasRepublic Utah 14. 13.

D) C) B) A) for the Alien LandBill? What ofthefollowing were groups responsible D) C) B) A) In California, HiramJohnson would leadthe The Californios Progressives The California The Grange The California Workingmen’s Party Women’s SuffrageMovement. anti-Workingmen’s Party. Workingmen’s Party. Progressive movement. 15.

D) C) B) A) As aresult of World War II, experienced California spending. an economicboominthestate duetofederal production. a declineinindustrial working-age males. duetothedraftingof major laborshortages heavy cities. damagetoCalifornian 8. B B 8. A 7. Answers:D 6. C 5. D C 4. C 15. B 3. 14. A A 2. B 13. 1. 12. A C 11. B 10. 9.

Chapter 17 | Historical Foundation of California’s Political Development | 537